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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95" title="פטראקה פויינארו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטראקה פויינארו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Petrache Poenaru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Пойнару, Петраке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пойнару, Петраке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Петраке Поєнару – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Петраке Поєнару" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q748979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Petrache Poenaru</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru,_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru%2C_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg/220px-Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru%2C_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru%2C_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg/330px-Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru%2C_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru%2C_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg/440px-Carol_Popp_de_Szathm%C3%A1ry_-_Petrache_Poenaru%2C_portret_a%C5%9Fezat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An 1860s photograph by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Szathmari" title="Carol Szathmari">Carol Szathmari</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1799-01-10</span>)</span>January 10, 1799<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%83lce%C8%99ti" title="Bălcești">Benești</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County" title="Vâlcea County">Vâlcea County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 2, 1875<span style="display:none">(1875-10-02)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Inventor, mathematician, physicist, teacher, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Inventing the fountain pen</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Petrache Poenaru</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[peˈtrake<span class="wrap"> </span>po.eˈnaru]</a></span>; 10 January 1799 – 2 October 1875) was a <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>. </p><p>Poenaru, who had studied in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and, later, completed his specialized studies in England, was a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, teacher and organizer of the educational system, as well as a politician, agronomist, and zootechnologist, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Philharmonic Society">Philharmonic Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Botanical_Garden" title="Bucharest Botanical Garden">Botanical Gardens</a> and the National Museum of Antiquities in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. </p><p>While a student in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Petrache Poenaru invented the world's first <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a>, an invention for which the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French Government</a> issued a patent on 25 May 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrache_Poenaru&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in 1799 in <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83lce%C8%99ti" title="Bălcești">Benești</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County" title="Vâlcea County">Vâlcea County</a>, in the northwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Wallachia</a>. His uncle, Iordache Otetelişanu, was one of the promoters of an institutionalized educational system, in a time when a great part of the population was illiterate. Poenaru attended the secondary school Obedeanu in Craiova and worked as a copyist at the office of the bishop of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a>. Later on, between 1820 and 1821, he taught <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> at the Metropolitan School in Bucharest. </p><p>In 1821, the Revolution led by <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu" title="Tudor Vladimirescu">Tudor Vladimirescu</a> began. At that time, Wallachia was under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> domination and was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Phanariots</a> (Greeks originating from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a> and very loyal to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a>), who burdened the country with numerous taxes and an expensive and corrupt court. Tudor Vladimirescu gathered an army of <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenian</a> soldiers called <i><a href="/wiki/Vladimirescu%27s_Pandurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimirescu's Pandurs">panduri</a></i> and moved towards Bucharest to overthrow them. He was joined by many and, among them, was the young Petrache Poenaru. During his first skirmish, he proved he didn’t have any fighting abilities and his comrades took him in front of the revolution’s leader, for punishment. But Vladimirescu was impressed by the young man’s educated spirit and sharp mind and made him his personal assistant. From this position, he elaborated the army’s manifesto, now considered one of the first Romanian newspapers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Poenaru was lucky enough not to be around Tudor Vladimirescu when the leader was lured in a trap and assassinated, as he was sent in a diplomatic mission to advocate the Romanian cause to the representatives of the great powers, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> or <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. After news of Vladimirescu’s death spread, he took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>. </p><p>When the political situation improved, he was able to earn a scholarship to study in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, in 1822. There, he learnt about measuring tools and micrometers, unknown to the underdeveloped Romanian engineering field and discovered a great appetite for technical sciences, while also fervently studying <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. In a letter sent to his family, he confessed that he thought the sweetest pleasure a man can experience is learning. </p><p>In 1824, the Wallachian ruler <a href="/wiki/Grigore_IV_Ghica" title="Grigore IV Ghica">Grigore Ghica</a> granted him another scholarship, which compelled Poenaru to return to the country after the studies ended and share his acquired knowledge as a teacher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poenaru's_fountain_pen"><span id="Poenaru.27s_fountain_pen"></span>Poenaru's fountain pen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrache_Poenaru&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poenaru's fountain pen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Romania,_2010-78.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2010-78.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2010-78.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2010-78.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2010-78.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2010-78.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Romania%2C_2010-78.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamp commemorating Poenaru's invention</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1826 he went to France and attended the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> in Paris, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>. He was so busy taking notes and copying courses, that he invented a fountain pen that used a swan's quill as an ink reservoir. On 25 May 1827, the Manufacture Department of the French Ministry of the Interior registered Poenaru’s invention with the code number 3208 and the description <i>"plume portable sans fin, qui s’alimente elle-meme avec de l’ancre"</i> ("never-ending portable pen, which recharges itself with ink"). </p><p>In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Po%C8%99ta_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Poșta Română">Poșta Română</a> issued a 5 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">lei</a> stamp depicting Poenaru next to his fountain pen project.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru_metro_station" title="Petrache Poenaru metro station">Petrache Poenaru metro station</a> in Bucharest is named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrache_Poenaru&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petrache Poenaru- by Constantin Lecca"><img alt="Petrache Poenaru- by Constantin Lecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg/86px-Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg/129px-Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg/173px-Petrache_Poenaru_-_Foto01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Petrache Poenaru- by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Lecca" title="Constantin Lecca">Constantin Lecca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eufrosina Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca"><img alt="Eufrosina Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg/94px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg/141px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg/188px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Eufrosinei_Poenaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eufrosina Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caliope Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca"><img alt="Caliope Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg/82px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg/123px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg/164px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Portretul_Caliopei_Poenaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caliope Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petrache Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca"><img alt="Petrache Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg/86px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg/130px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg/173px-Constantin_Lecca_-_Petrache_Poenaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Petrache Poenaru - by Constantin Lecca</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrache_Poenaru&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fountainpen.it/images/a/ae/Patent-FR-Poenaru.pdf">"Brevets d'Invention Nr. 3208"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 25 May 1827<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brevets+d%27Invention+Nr.+3208&rft.date=1827-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fountainpen.it%2Fimages%2Fa%2Fae%2FPatent-FR-Poenaru.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrache+Poenaru" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poenari.ro/about-us">"Povestea Poenari"</a>. <i>www.poenari.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.poenari.ro&rft.atitle=Povestea+Poenari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poenari.ro%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrache+Poenaru" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/205740-The_Fountain_Pen_by_Petrache_Poenaru-World_Premieres-Romania">"The Fountain Pen by Petrache Poenaru"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fountain+Pen+by+Petrache+Poenaru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolnect.com%2Fen%2Fstamps%2Fstamp%2F205740-The_Fountain_Pen_by_Petrache_Poenaru-World_Premieres-Romania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrache+Poenaru" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrache_Poenaru&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/wipo_magazine/en/pdf/2006/wipo_pub_121_2006_01-02.pdf">http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/wipo_magazine/en/pdf/2006/wipo_pub_121_2006_01-02.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708232906/http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/wipo_magazine/en/pdf/2006/wipo_pub_121_2006_01-02.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen">https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114114742/https://www.bestfountainpen.com/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/">Archived</a> 2016-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gopens.com/Pen-Blog/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/">http://gopens.com/Pen-Blog/who-invented-the-fountain-pen/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923100320/http://nomber.one/10-is/17-who-invented-first-the-pen-petrache-poenaru#sthash.8jMbac93.dpbs">https://web.archive.org/web/20160923100320/http://nomber.one/10-is/17-who-invented-first-the-pen-petrache-poenaru#sthash.8jMbac93.dpbs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/fashion/s/fountain-pen">http://www.vogue.it/en/encyclo/fashion/s/fountain-pen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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