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Statute of Rhuddlan - Wikipedia

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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statud_Rhuddlan" title="Statud Rhuddlan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Statud Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatut_de_Rhudlan" title="Estatut de Rhudlan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estatut de Rhudlan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statud_Rhuddlan" title="Statud Rhuddlan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Statud Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_von_Rhuddlan" title="Statut von Rhuddlan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statut von Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatuto_de_Rhuddlan" title="Estatuto de Rhuddlan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estatuto de Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_de_Rhuddlan" title="Statut de Rhuddlan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statut de Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%A4%EB%9E%9C_%EB%B2%95" title="러들랜 법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러들랜 법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuta_Rhuddlan" title="Statuta Rhuddlan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Statuta Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuto_di_Rhuddlan" title="Statuto di Rhuddlan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statuto di Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuut_van_Rhuddlan" title="Statuut van Rhuddlan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statuut van Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddlan-statuttene" title="Rhuddlan-statuttene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rhuddlan-statuttene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatuto_de_Rhuddlan" title="Estatuto de Rhuddlan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatuto de Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Ридланский статут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ридланский статут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_o_Rhuddlan" title="Statute o Rhuddlan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Statute o Rhuddlan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddlan-asetus" title="Rhuddlan-asetus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rhuddlan-asetus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddlanstadgan" title="Rhuddlanstadgan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rhuddlanstadgan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1190809#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1284 decree by King Edward I establishing the Principality of Wales</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg/170px-Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg/255px-Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg/340px-Statute_of_Rhuddlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Page from <a href="/wiki/Peniarth_Manuscripts" title="Peniarth Manuscripts">Peniarth MS</a> 41, a 15th-century manuscript of the Statute of Rhuddlan in Welsh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Statute of Rhuddlan</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Statud Rhuddlan</i>), also known as the <b>Statutes of Wales</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Statuta Walliae</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <i>Valliae</i>) or as the <b>Statute of Wales</b> (Latin: <i lang="la">Statutum Walliae</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <i>Valliae</i>), was a royal ordinance by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>, which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> from 1284 until 1536. </p><p>The statute followed the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Conquest of Wales by Edward I</a> and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> in 1282. The statute introduced <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Welsh law</a> and the native <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wales">Princes of Wales</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Conquest of Wales by Edward I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhuddlan_Castle,_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg/220px-Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg/330px-Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg/440px-Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5089" data-file-height="3019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle" title="Rhuddlan Castle">Rhuddlan Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Prince of Gwynedd</a> had been recognised by the English Crown as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> in 1267, holding his lands with the king of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal overlord</a>. It was thus that the English interpreted the title of <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gwynedd" title="House of Gwynedd">Lord of Aberffraw</a>, which was briefly held after his death by his successor <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffudd" title="Dafydd ap Gruffudd">Dafydd ap Gruffudd</a>. This meant that when Llywelyn rebelled, the English interpreted it as an act of treason. Accordingly, his lands <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheated</a> to the king of England, and Edward I took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">military conquest from 1282 to 1283</a>. By this means the principality became "united and annexed" to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Following his conquest Edward I erected four new <a href="/wiki/Marcher_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher lords">marcher lordships</a> in northeast Wales: <a href="/wiki/Chirk" title="Chirk">Chirk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chirkland" title="Chirkland">Chirkland</a>), Bromfield and Yale (<a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Powys Fadog</a>), Ruthin (<a href="/wiki/Dyffryn_Clwyd" title="Dyffryn Clwyd">Dyffryn Clwyd</a>) and Denbigh (<a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Denbigh" title="Lordship of Denbigh">Lordship of Denbigh</a>); and one in South Wales, <a href="/wiki/Cantref_Bychan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantref Bychan">Cantref Bychan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000363_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000363-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He restored the principality of <a href="/wiki/Powys_Wenwynwyn" title="Powys Wenwynwyn">Powys Wenwynwyn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Gwenwynwyn" title="Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn">Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn</a> who had suffered at the hands of Llewelyn, and he and his successor <a href="/wiki/Owen_de_la_Pole" title="Owen de la Pole">Owen de la Pole</a> held it as a marcher lordship. Rhys ap Maredudd of Dryslwyn would have been in a similar position in <a href="/wiki/Cantref_Mawr" title="Cantref Mawr">Cantref Mawr</a>, having adhered to the king during Llewelyn's rebellion, but he forfeited his lands by rebelling in 1287. A few other minor Welsh nobles submitted in time to retain their lands, but became little more than <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000361_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000361-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="English Crown">English Crown</a> already had a means of governing South Wales in the <a href="/wiki/Honour_(feudal_barony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (feudal barony)">honours</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardigan,_Ceredigion" title="Cardigan, Ceredigion">Cardigan</a>, which went back to 1240. These became counties under the government of the <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_South_Wales" title="Justiciar of South Wales">Justiciar of South Wales</a> (or of West Wales), who was based in Carmarthen. The changes of the period made little difference in the substantial swathe of land from <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> through South Wales to the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Borders">Welsh Borders</a> which was already in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher lords">marcher lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nor did they alter the administration of the royal lordships of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys" title="Montgomery, Powys">Montgomery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Builth" class="mw-redirect" title="Builth">Builth</a>, which retained their existing institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357,_364_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357,_364-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statute">Statute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Statute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statute also divided Wales into administrations of government via shires which were essentially provinces of the English crown.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a> and the native <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wales">Princes of Wales</a>, the last prince to rule the whole Principality being <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, killed in an ambush by the English in 1282.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statute was not an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act of Parliament</a>, but rather a royal <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">ordinance</a> made after careful consideration by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> on 3 March 1284.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1969_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1969-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle" title="Rhuddlan Castle">Rhuddlan Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a> where it was first <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> on 19 March 1284.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow1956_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow1956-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Statute was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a> when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> made Wales unequivocally part of the "realm of England".<sup id="cite_ref-LiWA1535_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiWA1535-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The statute was formally repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1887" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1887">Statute Law Revision Act 1887</a> (<a href="/wiki/50_%26_51_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="50 &amp; 51 Vict.">50 &amp; 51 Vict.</a> c. 59).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counties">Counties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg/220px-Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg/330px-Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg/440px-Wales_after_the_Statute_of_Rhuddlan_1284.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> after the Statute of Rhuddlan. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87de87; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">principality of Gwynedd</a> with counties created by the Statute of Rhuddlan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aaeeff; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Counties created by the Statute of Ruddlan</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb380; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Lordships of the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher barons</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Statute of Rhuddlan was issued from <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle" title="Rhuddlan Castle">Rhuddlan Castle</a> in North Wales, one of the "iron ring" of fortresses built by Edward I to control his newly conquered lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357–360_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357–360-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It provided the constitutional basis for the government of what was called "The Land of Wales" or "the king's lands of Snowdon and his other lands in Wales", but subsequently called the "Principality of North Wales".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000356_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000356-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Statute divided the principality into the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Anglesey" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Merionethshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caernarfonshire" title="Caernarfonshire">Caernarfonshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flintshire_(historic)" title="Flintshire (historic)">Flintshire</a>, which were created out of the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1990_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1990-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Flintshire was created out of the lordships of <a href="/wiki/Tegeingl" title="Tegeingl">Tegeingl</a>, Hopedale, and <a href="/wiki/Maelor_Saesneg" title="Maelor Saesneg">Maelor Saesneg</a>. It was administered with the <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">Palatinate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justiciar of Chester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other three counties were overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_North_Wales" title="Justiciar of North Wales">Justiciar of North Wales</a> and a provincial exchequer at <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a>, run by the <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_of_North_Wales" title="Chamberlain of North Wales">Chamberlain of North Wales</a>, who accounted to the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> for the revenues he collected. Under them were royal officials such as <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiffs</a> to collect taxes and administer justice.<sup id="cite_ref-BlakeleyCollins1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlakeleyCollins1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364–365_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364–365-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The king had ordered an inquiry into the rents and other dues to which the princes had been entitled, and these were enforced by the new officials. At the local level, <a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">commotes</a> became <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">hundreds</a>, but their customs, boundaries and offices remained largely unchanged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Statute introduced the <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> system to Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but the law administered was not precisely the same as in England. The criminal law was much the same, with felonies such as <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> prosecuted before the justiciar, as in England. The English writs and forms of action, such as <a href="/wiki/Novel_disseisin" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel disseisin">novel disseisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>, operated, but with oversight from Caernarfon, rather than the distant Westminster. However, the Welsh practice of settling disputes by arbitration was retained. The procedure for debt was in advance of that in England, in that a default judgment could be obtained. In land law, the Welsh practice of <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a> continued, but in accordance with English practice: </p> <ul><li>Daughters could inherit their father's lands if there was no son.</li> <li>Widows were entitled to dower in a third of their late husband's lands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_(Law_of_England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastard (Law of England and Wales)">Bastards</a> were excluded from inheriting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000367–370_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000367–370-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building">Building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_III_Parliament_House,_Rhuddlan_1238..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_III_Parliament_House%2C_Rhuddlan_1238..png/220px-Edward_III_Parliament_House%2C_Rhuddlan_1238..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_III_Parliament_House%2C_Rhuddlan_1238..png/330px-Edward_III_Parliament_House%2C_Rhuddlan_1238..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_III_Parliament_House%2C_Rhuddlan_1238..png/440px-Edward_III_Parliament_House%2C_Rhuddlan_1238..png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Edward I Parliament House, Rhuddlan, 1238</figcaption></figure> <p>The Parliament House of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a> where it was thought that the Statute of Rhuddlan was promulgated. Thomas Pennant remarks in 1778, "A piece of antient building called the Parlement is still to be seen in Rhuddlan: probably where the king sat in council."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pennant was to get <a href="/wiki/John_Ingleby_(painter)" title="John Ingleby (painter)">John Ingleby</a> to provide a watercolour of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-wales_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Today the building still partially stands in Parliament Street, with a late 13th-century doorway and a 14th-century cusped <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogee</a> door head.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>Statute of Rutland</i> has been used erroneously by older authors, including in Blackstone's <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a></i>; that name properly refers to an unrelated statute made the same year at <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCompton1878" class="citation journal cs1">Compton, C. H. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shMpAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA452">"The Ancient Laws and Statutes of Wales"</a>. <i>Journal of the British Archaeological Association</i>. British Archaeological Association.: 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Archaeological+Association&amp;rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Laws+and+Statutes+of+Wales&amp;rft.pages=452&amp;rft.date=1878&amp;rft.aulast=Compton&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshMpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA452&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/1d375401-7d6b-3707-a0c3-9f65c17863eb?component=3e89413f-4b4a-323c-81b6-65475cb47ce5">https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/1d375401-7d6b-3707-a0c3-9f65c17863eb?component=3e89413f-4b4a-323c-81b6-65475cb47ce5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iwa.wales/agenda/2010/02/our-evolving-constitution/">https://www.iwa.wales/agenda/2010/02/our-evolving-constitution/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000363-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000363_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, p.&#160;363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000361-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000361_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, p.&#160;361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1987" class="citation cs2">Davies, R. R. (1987), <i>Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821732-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821732-3"><bdi>0-19-821732-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Conquest%2C+Coexistence+and+Change%3A+Wales+1063%E2%80%931415&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pages=ch.+14&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-821732-3&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357,_364-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357,_364_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, pp.&#160;357, 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2007" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, Thomas Glyn (2007). <i>The Legal History of Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp.&#160;101–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2064-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2064-8"><bdi>978-0-7083-2064-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Legal+History+of+Wales&amp;rft.place=Cardiff&amp;rft.pages=101-114&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2064-8&amp;rft.aulast=Watkin&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+Glyn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1969-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1969_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Jones1969" class="citation book cs1">Francis Jones (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SWTAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Princes and Principality of Wales</i></a>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900768200" title="Special:BookSources/9780900768200"><bdi>9780900768200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Princes+and+Principality+of+Wales&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.isbn=9780900768200&amp;rft.au=Francis+Jones&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SWTAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow1956-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow1956_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._W._S._Barrow1956" class="citation book cs1">G. W. S. Barrow (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FlnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Feudal Britain: the completion of the medieval kingdoms, 1066–1314</i></a>. E. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787240008980" title="Special:BookSources/9787240008980"><bdi>9787240008980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Feudal+Britain%3A+the+completion+of+the+medieval+kingdoms%2C+1066%E2%80%931314&amp;rft.pub=E.+Arnold&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.isbn=9787240008980&amp;rft.au=G.+W.+S.+Barrow&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FlnAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiWA1535-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiWA1535_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">A.D. 1535 Anno vicesimo septimo Henrici VIII c. 26</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1887/act/59/schedule/1/enacted/en/html">"Statute Law Revision Act 1887, Schedule"</a>. <i>electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)</i>. <q>12 Edw. 1. cc. 1–14 Statuta Wallie (the Statutes of Wales)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28eISB%29&amp;rft.atitle=Statute+Law+Revision+Act+1887%2C+Schedule&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1887%2Fact%2F59%2Fschedule%2F1%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357–360-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000357–360_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, pp.&#160;357–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000356-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000356_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, p.&#160;356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1990-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1990_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Graham_Jones1990" class="citation book cs1">J. Graham Jones (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0XAQAAIAAJ"><i>The history of Wales: a pocket guide</i></a>. University of Wales Press. p.&#160;32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1076-2"><bdi>978-0-7083-1076-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+history+of+Wales%3A+a+pocket+guide&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1076-2&amp;rft.au=J.+Graham+Jones&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxA0XAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, p.&#160;364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlakeleyCollins1993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlakeleyCollins1993_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_L._BlakeleyJacquelin_Collins1993" class="citation book cs1">Brian L. Blakeley; Jacquelin Collins (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cIAQAAMAAJ"><i>Documents in British History: Early times to 1714</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. p.&#160;74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005701-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005701-2"><bdi>978-0-07-005701-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Documents+in+British+History%3A+Early+times+to+1714&amp;rft.pages=74&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-005701-2&amp;rft.au=Brian+L.+Blakeley&amp;rft.au=Jacquelin+Collins&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7cIAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364–365-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000364–365_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, pp.&#160;364–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2004" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Hilaire (2004). <i>Constitutional and Administrative Law</i> (5th&#160;ed.). Cavendish. p.&#160;59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Constitutional+and+Administrative+Law&amp;rft.pages=59&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Cavendish&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett&amp;rft.aufirst=Hilaire&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000367–370-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000367–370_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, pp.&#160;367–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennant T. (1778–84) <i>A Tour in Wales</i>, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wales-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wales_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llgc.org.uk/digitalmirror/jts/JTS00006/44/tudalen.html?lng=en">"A Tour in Wales, Volume 6 (PD09872) – National Library of Wales"</a>. <i>llgc.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=llgc.org.uk&amp;rft.atitle=A+Tour+in+Wales%2C+Volume+6+%28PD09872%29+%E2%80%93+National+Library+of+Wales&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llgc.org.uk%2Fdigitalmirror%2Fjts%2FJTS00006%2F44%2Ftudalen.html%3Flng%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard (1985), p. 426</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Rhuddlan&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Primary</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1908" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Ivor (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statuteswales01bowegoog/"><i>The statutes of Wales</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+statutes+of+Wales&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&amp;rft.date=1908&amp;rft.aulast=Bowen&amp;rft.aufirst=Ivor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatuteswales01bowegoog%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span> pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statuteswales01bowegoog/page/n131/">2–27</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffhead1765" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9MAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA8-PA3">"Statutum Wallie"</a>. <i>The Statutes at Large</i> (in Latin). Vol.&#160;9. London: Mark Basket; Henry Woodfall &amp; William Stratham. Appendix pp. 3–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Statutum+Wallie&amp;rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=Appendix+pp.+3-12&amp;rft.pub=Mark+Basket%3B+Henry+Woodfall+%26+William+Stratham&amp;rft.date=1765&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6P9MAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA8-PA3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Secondary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBowen1908">Bowen 1908</a>, pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statuteswales01bowegoog/page/n31">xxviii–xl</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2000" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R. R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klauMOoHXK0C&amp;pg=PA355">"14: Settlement"</a>. <i>The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820878-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820878-2"><bdi>0-19-820878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=14%3A+Settlement&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Conquest%3A+Wales+1063%E2%80%931415&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-820878-2&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklauMOoHXK0C%26pg%3DPA355&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Rhuddlan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Constitutional_law_of_Wales" title="Template:Constitutional law of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutional_law_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Constitutional law of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional_law_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional law of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutional_law_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutional law of Wales</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh pre-parliamentary legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh pre-parliamentary Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gwerneigron" title="Treaty of Gwerneigron">Treaty of Gwerneigron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pipton" title="Treaty of Pipton">Treaty of Pipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montgomery" title="Treaty of Montgomery">Treaty of Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aberconwy" title="Treaty of Aberconwy">Treaty of Aberconwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English pre-parliamentary legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England">Acts of English Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)">UK Acts of Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_1978" title="Wales Act 1978">Wales Act 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2014" title="Wales Act 2014">Wales Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Acts of the Senedd</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_and_Elections_(Wales)_Act_2020" title="Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020">Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law&#32;portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales&#32;portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>&#160;articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales&#39;s feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales&#32;portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐mdz77 Cached time: 20241124093652 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.702 seconds Real time usage: 0.879 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2981/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 105562/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 23333/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser 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