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<li id="toc-Theory_of_optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Theory of optics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_of_reflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_of_reflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Law of reflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_of_reflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alhazen's_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alhazen's_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Alhazen's problem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alhazen's_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_Obscura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_Obscura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Camera Obscura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_Obscura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refractometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refractometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Refractometer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refractometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconscious_inference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconscious_inference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Unconscious inference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconscious_inference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_constancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_constancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Color constancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_constancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Other contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scientific method </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works_on_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works_on_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Other works on physics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_works_on_physics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other works on physics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_works_on_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_treatises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_treatises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Optical treatises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_treatises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celestial_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celestial_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Celestial physics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celestial_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Astronomical works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Astronomical_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Astronomical works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_the_Configuration_of_the_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_Configuration_of_the_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 On the Configuration of the World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_Configuration_of_the_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubts_Concerning_Ptolemy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubts_Concerning_Ptolemy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Doubts Concerning Ptolemy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubts_Concerning_Ptolemy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_of_the_Motions_of_Each_of_the_Seven_Planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_of_the_Motions_of_Each_of_the_Seven_Planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_of_the_Motions_of_Each_of_the_Seven_Planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_astronomical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_astronomical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other astronomical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_astronomical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mathematical works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mathematical_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mathematical works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Geometry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Number theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Calculus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Other works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Melodies_on_the_Souls_of_Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Melodies_on_the_Souls_of_Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Melodies_on_the_Souls_of_Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 List of works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lost_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Lost works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Primary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ibn al-Haytham</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن الهيثم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن الهيثم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhac%C3%A9n" title="Alhacén – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alhacén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Heys%C9%99m" title="İbn Heysəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Heysəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن هیثم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن هیثم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="হাসান ইবনুল হায়সাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাসান ইবনুল হায়সাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ibn al-Haytham" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ибн әл-Хайсам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ибн әл-Хайсам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ібн аль-Хайсам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібн аль-Хайсам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ибн ал-Хайтам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ибн ал-Хайтам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-H%C3%A0ytham" title="Ibn al-Hàytham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn al-Hàytham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Αλχαζέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλχαζέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhac%C3%A9n" title="Alhacén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alhacén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن هیثم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن هیثم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%8C%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%BC" title="이븐 알하이삼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 알하이삼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn al-Haytham" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="इब्न अल-हेथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न अल-हेथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haitam" title="Ibn al-Haitam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ibn al-Haitam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_al-Haitsam" title="Ibnu al-Haitsam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu al-Haitsam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ibn al-Haytham" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%27%D7%9D" title="אבן אל-היית'ם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן אל-היית'ם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Haitam" title="Ibnu Haitam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Haitam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ალ-ჰაისამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ ალ-ჰაისამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D1%83_%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Әбу Әли әл-Хайсам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әбу Әли әл-Хайсам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Heysem" title="Îbn Heysem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Heysem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ибн ал-Хэйсам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ибн ал-Хэйсам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazenus" title="Alhazenus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alhazenus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazens" title="Alhazens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alhazens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al_Haitamas" title="Ibn al Haitamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ibn al Haitamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajszam" title="Ibn al-Hajszam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibn al-Hajszam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Алхазен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алхазен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al_Haytham" title="Ibn al Haytham – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ibn al Haytham" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ഹസൻ ഇബ്നു അൽ-ഹയ്ത്താം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹസൻ ഇബ്നു അൽ-ഹയ്ത്താം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ალ-ჰაისამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბნ ალ-ჰაისამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن الهيثم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن الهيثم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_Hasan_Ibn_Al-Haitham" title="Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0" title="イブン・ハイサム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・ハイサム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haitham" title="Al-Haitham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Haitham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haitham" title="Ibn al-Haitham – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn al-Haitham" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haysam" title="Ibn al-Haysam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn al-Haysam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਬਨ ਅਲ-ਹੀਸ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਨ ਅਲ-ਹੀਸ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ابن الہیشم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن الہیشم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن الهيثم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن الهيثم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajsam" title="Ibn al-Hajsam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ibn al-Hajsam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaz%C3%A9m" title="Alhazém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alhazém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ибн аль-Хайсам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн аль-Хайсам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن الہیثم – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابن الہیثم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_el-Hejthem" title="Ibn el-Hejthem – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn el-Hejthem" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85" title="ابن الهيثم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن الهيثم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhacen" title="Alhacen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alhacen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haytham" title="Ibn Haytham – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibn Haytham" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DA%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئیبن ئەلھەیسەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن ئەلھەیسەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5e%D1%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ибн Хeјсам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Хeјсам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haitam" title="Ibn al-Haitam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn al-Haitam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_ibn_al-Haitham" title="Abu al-Hasan ibn al-Haitham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abu al-Hasan ibn al-Haitham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alhazen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alhazen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alhazen (disambiguation)">Alhazen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alhazen Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">ابن الهيثم</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hazan.png/220px-Hazan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Hazan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 965 (0965) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 354 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Lorch-1">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buyid_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid Emirate">Buyid Emirate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1040 (1041) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430 AH)<a href="#cite_note-Lorch-1">[1]</a> (aged around 75) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a>, <a href="#Doubts_Concerning_Ptolemy">Doubts Concerning Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alhazen%27s_problem" title="Alhazen's problem">Alhazen's problem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horopter" title="Horopter">horopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">Spherical aberration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intromission_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Intromission theory">intromission theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">moon illusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimental science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methodology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">animal psychology</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham (<a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinized</a> as Alhazen; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈhæzən/</a>; full name Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم; c. 965 – c. 1040) was a medieval <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">astronomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">physicist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> from present-day Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vernet_1996_788-9">[9]</a> Referred to as "the father of modern optics",<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khalili-12">[12]</a> he made significant contributions to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> in particular. His most influential work is titled <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Kitāb al-Manāẓir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: كتاب المناظر, "Book of Optics"), written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. Ibn al-Haytham was the first to correctly explain the theory of vision,<a href="#cite_note-Adamson_2016_77-14">[14]</a> and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012445-15">[15]</a> He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle" title="Fermat's principle">Fermat's principle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He made major contributions to catoptrics and dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction and nature of images formed by light rays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelin20081817-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Ibn al-Haytham was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be supported by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical reasoning—an early pioneer in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> five centuries before <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Renaissance scientists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> he is sometimes described as the world's "first true scientist".<a href="#cite_note-Khalili-12">[12]</a> He was also a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, writing on <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, he spent most of his productive period in the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and earned his living authoring various treatises and tutoring members of the nobilities.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes given the <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">byname</a> al-Baṣrī after his birthplace,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> or al-Miṣrī ("the Egyptian").<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Al-Haytham was dubbed the "Second <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi</a><a href="#cite_note-bayhaqi-28">[28]</a> and "The Physicist" by <a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ibn al-Haytham paved the way for the modern science of physical optics.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to a family of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-Vernet_1996_788-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon_2006-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> origin in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Iraq">Iraq</a>, which was at the time part of the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid emirate</a>. His initial influences were in the study of religion and service to the community. At the time, society had a number of conflicting views of religion that he ultimately sought to step aside from religion. This led to him delving into the study of mathematics and science.<a href="#cite_note-Tbakhi-40">[40]</a> He held a position with the title of <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a> in his native Basra, and became famous for his knowledge of applied mathematics, as evidenced by his attempt to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">flooding of the Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Corbin_1993_149-41">[41]</a> Upon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Legend has it that Alhazen <a href="/wiki/Feigned_madness" title="Feigned madness">feigned madness</a> and was kept under house arrest during this period.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During this time, he wrote his influential <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a>. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">University of al-Azhar</a>, and lived from the proceeds of his literary production<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> until his death in c. 1040.<a href="#cite_note-Corbin_1993_149-41">[41]</a> (A copy of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a>' Conics, written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Aya Sofya</a>: (MS Aya Sofya 2762, 307 fob., dated Safar 415 A.H. [1024]).)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>: Note 2  Among his students were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from <a href="/wiki/Semnan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semnan (city)">Semnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Mubashshir_ibn_Fatik" title="Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik">Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek</a>, an Egyptian prince.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Optics">Book of Optics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a></div> Alhazen's most famous work is his seven-volume treatise on <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), written from 1011 to 1021.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In it, Ibn al-Haytham was the first to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes,<a href="#cite_note-Adamson_2016_77-14">[14]</a> and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012445-15">[15]</a> Optics was <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">translated into Latin</a> by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[a]</a> This work enjoyed a great reputation during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The Latin version of De aspectibus was translated at the end of the 14th century into Italian vernacular, under the title De li aspecti.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> It was printed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Risner" title="Friedrich Risner">Friedrich Risner</a> in 1572, with the title Opticae thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nuncprimum editi; Eiusdem liber De Crepusculis et nubium ascensionibus (English: Treasury of Optics: seven books by the Arab Alhazen, first edition; by the same, on twilight and the height of clouds).<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Risner is also the author of the name variant "Alhazen"; before Risner he was known in the west as Alhacen.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Works by Alhazen on geometric subjects were discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale">Bibliothèque nationale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1834 by E. A. Sedillot. In all, A. Mark Smith has accounted for 18 full or near-complete manuscripts, and five fragments, which are preserved in 14 locations, including one in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, and one in the library of <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_optics">Theory of optics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horopter" title="Horopter">Horopter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg/170px-Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg/255px-Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg/340px-Thesaurus_opticus_Titelblatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the Opticae Thesaurus, which included the first printed Latin translation of Alhazen's Book of Optics. The illustration incorporates many examples of optical phenomena including perspective effects, the rainbow, mirrors, and refraction.</figcaption></figure> Two major theories on vision prevailed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. The first theory, the <a href="/wiki/Emission_theory_(vision)" title="Emission theory (vision)">emission theory</a>, was supported by such thinkers as <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, who believed that sight worked by the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> emitting <a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">rays</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. The second theory, the <a href="/wiki/Intromission_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Intromission theory">intromission theory</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and his followers, had physical forms entering the eye from an object. Previous Islamic writers (such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a>) had argued essentially on Euclidean, Galenist, or Aristotelian lines. The strongest influence on the Book of Optics was from Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy#Optics" title="Ptolemy">Optics</a>, while the description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye was based on Galen's account.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Alhazen's achievement was to come up with a theory that successfully combined parts of the mathematical ray arguments of Euclid, the medical tradition of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, and the intromission theories of Aristotle. Alhazen's intromission theory followed al-Kindi (and broke with Aristotle) in asserting that "from each point of every colored body, illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point".<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|lindberg|1976|p=73}}.-56">[55]</a> This left him with the problem of explaining how a coherent image was formed from many independent sources of radiation; in particular, every point of an object would send rays to every point on the eye. What Alhazen needed was for each point on an object to correspond to one point only on the eye.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|lindberg|1976|p=73}}.-56">[55]</a> He attempted to resolve this by asserting that the eye would only perceive perpendicular rays from the object—for any one point on the eye, only the ray that reached it directly, without being refracted by any other part of the eye, would be perceived. He argued, using a physical analogy, that perpendicular rays were stronger than oblique rays: in the same way that a ball thrown directly at a board might break the board, whereas a ball thrown obliquely at the board would glance off, perpendicular rays were stronger than refracted rays, and it was only perpendicular rays which were perceived by the eye. As there was only one perpendicular ray that would enter the eye at any one point, and all these rays would converge on the centre of the eye in a cone, this allowed him to resolve the problem of each point on an object sending many rays to the eye; if only the perpendicular ray mattered, then he had a one-to-one correspondence and the confusion could be resolved.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> He later asserted (in book seven of the Optics) that other rays would be refracted through the eye and perceived as if perpendicular.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> His arguments regarding perpendicular rays do not clearly explain why only perpendicular rays were perceived; why would the weaker oblique rays not be perceived more weakly?<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> His later argument that refracted rays would be perceived as if perpendicular does not seem persuasive.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> However, despite its weaknesses, no other theory of the time was so comprehensive, and it was enormously influential, particularly in Western Europe. Directly or indirectly, his De Aspectibus (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a>) inspired much activity in optics between the 13th and 17th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a>'s later theory of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinal</a> image (which resolved the problem of the correspondence of points on an object and points in the eye) built directly on the conceptual framework of Alhazen.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Alhazen showed through experiment that light travels in straight lines, and carried out various experiments with <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-62">[61]</a> His analyses of reflection and refraction considered the vertical and horizontal components of light rays separately.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Alhazen studied the process of sight, the structure of the eye, image formation in the eye, and the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. Ian P. Howard argued in a 1996 <a href="/wiki/Perception_(journal)" title="Perception (journal)">Perception</a> article that Alhazen should be credited with many discoveries and theories previously attributed to Western Europeans writing centuries later. For example, he described what became in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Hering%27s_law_of_equal_innervation" title="Hering's law of equal innervation">Hering's law of equal innervation</a>. He wrote a description of vertical <a href="/wiki/Horopter" title="Horopter">horopters</a> 600 years before <a href="/wiki/Aguilonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguilonius">Aguilonius</a> that is actually closer to the modern definition than Aguilonius's—and his work on <a href="/wiki/Binocular_disparity" title="Binocular disparity">binocular disparity</a> was repeated by Panum in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Craig Aaen-Stockdale, while agreeing that Alhazen should be credited with many advances, has expressed some caution, especially when considering Alhazen in isolation from <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, with whom Alhazen was extremely familiar. Alhazen corrected a significant error of Ptolemy regarding binocular vision, but otherwise his account is very similar; Ptolemy also attempted to explain what is now called Hering's law.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In general, Alhazen built on and expanded the optics of Ptolemy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In a more detailed account of Ibn al-Haytham's contribution to the study of binocular vision based on Lejeune<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and Sabra,<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|sabra|1989}}.-68">[67]</a> Raynaud<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> showed that the concepts of correspondence, homonymous and crossed diplopia were in place in Ibn al-Haytham's optics. But contrary to Howard, he explained why Ibn al-Haytham did not give the circular figure of the horopter and why, by reasoning experimentally, he was in fact closer to the discovery of Panum's fusional area than that of the Vieth-Müller circle. In this regard, Ibn al-Haytham's theory of binocular vision faced two main limits: the lack of recognition of the role of the retina, and obviously the lack of an experimental investigation of ocular tracts. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhazen1652.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alhazen1652.png/170px-Alhazen1652.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alhazen1652.png/255px-Alhazen1652.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Alhazen1652.png/340px-Alhazen1652.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The structure of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> according to Ibn al-Haytham. Note the depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a>. —Manuscript copy of his <a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-Man%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitāb al-Manāẓir">Kitāb al-Manāẓir</a> (MS Fatih 3212, vol. 1, fol. 81b, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> Library, Istanbul)</figcaption></figure> Alhazen's most original contribution was that, after describing how he thought the eye was anatomically constructed, he went on to consider how this anatomy would behave functionally as an optical system.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> His understanding of <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera_model" title="Pinhole camera model">pinhole projection</a> from his experiments appears to have influenced his consideration of image inversion in the eye,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> which he sought to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> He maintained that the rays that fell perpendicularly on the lens (or glacial humor as he called it) were further refracted outward as they left the glacial humor and the resulting image thus passed upright into the optic nerve at the back of the eye.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> He followed <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> in believing that the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> was the receptive organ of sight, although some of his work hints that he thought the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> was also involved.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Alhazen's synthesis of light and vision adhered to the Aristotelian scheme, exhaustively describing the process of vision in a logical, complete fashion.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> His research in <a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">catoptrics</a> (the study of optical systems using mirrors) was centred on spherical and <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabolic</a> mirrors and <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>. He made the observation that the ratio between the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> does not remain constant, and investigated the <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnifying</a> power of a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_of_reflection">Law of reflection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">Specular reflection</a></div> Alhazen was the first physicist to give complete statement of the law of reflection.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelin20081817-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alhazen's_problem">Alhazen's problem</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alhazen%27s_problem" title="Alhazen's problem">Alhazen's problem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG/220px-Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG/330px-Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG/440px-Theorem_of_al-Haitham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Circle#Theorems" title="Circle">theorem of Ibn Haytham</a></figcaption></figure> His work on <a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">catoptrics</a> in Book V of the Book of Optics contains a discussion of what is now known as Alhazen's problem, first formulated by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in 150 AD. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">plane</a> of a circle meeting at a point on the <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> and making equal angles with the <a href="/wiki/Normal_(geometry)" title="Normal (geometry)">normal</a> at that point. This is equivalent to finding the point on the edge of a circular <a href="/wiki/Billiard_table" title="Billiard table">billiard table</a> at which a player must aim a cue ball at a given point to make it bounce off the table edge and hit another ball at a second given point. Thus, its main application in optics is to solve the problem, "Given a light source and a spherical mirror, find the point on the mirror where the light will be reflected to the eye of an observer." This leads to an <a href="/wiki/Quartic_equation" title="Quartic equation">equation of the fourth degree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> This eventually led Alhazen to derive a formula for the sum of <a href="/wiki/Fourth_power" title="Fourth power">fourth powers</a>, where previously only the formulas for the sums of squares and cubes had been stated. His method can be readily generalized to find the formula for the sum of any integral powers, although he did not himself do this (perhaps because he only needed the fourth power to calculate the volume of the paraboloid he was interested in). He used his result on sums of integral powers to perform what would now be called an <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integration</a>, where the formulas for the sums of integral squares and fourth powers allowed him to calculate the volume of a <a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">paraboloid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Alhazen eventually solved the problem using <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a> and a geometric proof. His solution was extremely long and complicated and may not have been understood by mathematicians reading him in Latin translation. Later mathematicians used <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>' analytical methods to analyse the problem.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> An algebraic solution to the problem was finally found in 1965 by Jack M. Elkin, an actuarian.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Other solutions were discovered in 1989, by Harald Riede<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and in 1997 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> mathematician <a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Neumann" title="Peter M. Neumann">Peter M. Neumann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Recently, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_Research_Laboratories" title="Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories">Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories</a> (MERL) researchers solved the extension of Alhazen's problem to general rotationally symmetric quadric mirrors including hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptical mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_Obscura">Camera Obscura</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a> was known to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Science and Technology in China">ancient Chinese</a>, and was described by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> in his scientific book <a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">Dream Pool Essays</a>, published in the year 1088 C.E. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had discussed the basic principle behind it in his Problems, but Alhazen's work contained the first clear description of <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> and early analysis<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> of the device. Ibn al-Haytham used a <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a> mainly to observe a partial solar eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In his essay, Ibn al-Haytham writes that he observed the sickle-like shape of the sun at the time of an eclipse. The introduction reads as follows: "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moonsickle." It is admitted that his findings solidified the importance in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> but this treatise is important in many other respects. Ancient optics and medieval optics were divided into optics and burning mirrors. Optics proper mainly focused on the study of vision, while burning mirrors focused on the properties of light and luminous rays. On the shape of the eclipse is probably one of the first attempts made by Ibn al-Haytham to articulate these two sciences. Very often Ibn al-Haytham's discoveries benefited from the intersection of mathematical and experimental contributions. This is the case with On the shape of the eclipse. Besides the fact that this treatise allowed more people to study partial eclipses of the sun, it especially allowed to better understand how the camera obscura works. This treatise is a physico-mathematical study of image formation inside the camera obscura. Ibn al-Haytham takes an experimental approach, and determines the result by varying the size and the shape of the aperture, the focal length of the camera, the shape and intensity of the light source.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In his work he explains the inversion of the image in the camera obscura,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> the fact that the image is similar to the source when the hole is small, but also the fact that the image can differ from the source when the hole is large. All these results are produced by using a point analysis of the image.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refractometer">Refractometer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refractometer" title="Refractometer">Refractometer</a></div> In the seventh tract of his book of optics, Alhazen described an apparatus for experimenting with various cases of refraction, in order to investigate the relations between the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction and the angle of deflection. This apparatus was a modified version of an apparatus used by Ptolemy for similar purpose.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconscious_inference">Unconscious inference</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_inference" title="Unconscious inference">Unconscious inference</a></div> Alhazen basically states the concept of unconscious inference in his discussion of colour before adding that the inferential step between sensing colour and differentiating it is shorter than the time taken between sensing and any other visible characteristic (aside from light), and that "time is so short as not to be clearly apparent to the beholder." Naturally, this suggests that the colour and form are perceived elsewhere. Alhazen goes on to say that information must travel to the central nerve cavity for processing and:<blockquote>the sentient organ does not sense the forms that reach it from the visible objects until after it has been affected by these forms; thus it does not sense color as color or light as light until after it has been affected by the form of color or light. Now the affectation received by the sentient organ from the form of color or of light is a certain change; and change must take place in time; .....and it is in the time during which the form extends from the sentient organ's surface to the cavity of the common nerve, and in (the time) following that, that the sensitive faculty, which exists in the whole of the sentient body will perceive color as color...Thus the last sentient's perception of color as such and of light as such takes place at a time following that in which the form arrives from the surface of the sentient organ to the cavity of the common nerve.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_constancy">Color constancy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></div> Alhazen explained <a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">color constancy</a> by observing that the light reflected from an object is modified by the object's color. He explained that the quality of the light and the color of the object are mixed, and the visual system separates light and color. In Book II, Chapter 3 he writes:<blockquote>Again the light does not travel from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the color, nor does the form of the color pass from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the light. Neither the form of the light nor that of the color existing in the colored object can pass except as mingled together and the last sentient can only perceive them as mingled together. Nevertheless, the sentient perceives that the visible object is luminous and that the light seen in the object is other than the color and that these are two properties.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_contributions">Other contributions</h3></div> The Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics) describes several experimental observations that Alhazen made and how he used his results to explain certain optical phenomena using mechanical analogies. He conducted experiments with <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a> and concluded that only the impact of <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> projectiles on surfaces was forceful enough to make them penetrate, whereas surfaces tended to deflect <a href="/wiki/Oblique_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique angle">oblique</a> projectile strikes. For example, to explain refraction from a rare to a dense medium, he used the mechanical analogy of an iron ball thrown at a thin slate covering a wide hole in a metal sheet. A perpendicular throw breaks the slate and passes through, whereas an oblique one with equal force and from an equal distance does not.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> He also used this result to explain how intense, direct light hurts the eye, using a mechanical analogy: Alhazen associated 'strong' lights with perpendicular rays and 'weak' lights with oblique ones. The obvious answer to the problem of multiple rays and the eye was in the choice of the perpendicular ray, since only one such ray from each point on the surface of the object could penetrate the eye.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Sudanese psychologist Omar Khaleefa has argued that Alhazen should be considered the founder of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">experimental psychology</a>, for his pioneering work on the psychology of visual perception and <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-102">[101]</a> Khaleefa has also argued that Alhazen should also be considered the "founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>", a sub-discipline and precursor to modern psychology.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-102">[101]</a> Although Alhazen made many subjective reports regarding vision, there is no evidence that he used quantitative psychophysical techniques and the claim has been rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Alhazen offered an explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a>, an illusion that played an important role in the scientific tradition of medieval Europe.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Many authors repeated explanations that attempted to solve the problem of the Moon appearing larger near the horizon than it does when higher up in the sky. Alhazen argued against Ptolemy's refraction theory, and defined the problem in terms of perceived, rather than real, enlargement. He said that judging the distance of an object depends on there being an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies between the object and the observer. When the Moon is high in the sky there are no intervening objects, so the Moon appears close. The perceived size of an object of constant angular size varies with its perceived distance. Therefore, the Moon appears closer and smaller high in the sky, and further and larger on the horizon. Through works by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pecham" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pecham">John Pecham</a> and Witelo based on Alhazen's explanation, the Moon illusion gradually came to be accepted as a psychological phenomenon, with the refraction theory being rejected in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Although Alhazen is often credited with the perceived distance explanation, he was not the first author to offer it. <a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2nd century) gave this account (in addition to refraction), and he credited it to <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 135–50 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Ptolemy may also have offered this explanation in his Optics, but the text is obscure.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Alhazen's writings were more widely available in the Middle Ages than those of these earlier authors, and that probably explains why Alhazen received the credit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_method">Scientific method</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and ... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alhazen<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|sabra|1989}}.-68">[67]</a></cite></div></blockquote> An aspect associated with Alhazen's optical research is related to systemic and methodological reliance on experimentation (i'tibar)(Arabic: اختبار) and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled testing</a> in his scientific inquiries. Moreover, his experimental directives rested on combining classical physics (ilm tabi'i) with mathematics (ta'alim; geometry in particular). This mathematical-physical approach to experimental science supported most of his propositions in Kitab al-Manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus or Perspectivae)<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> and grounded his theories of vision, light and colour, as well as his research in catoptrics and <a href="/wiki/Dioptrics" title="Dioptrics">dioptrics</a> (the study of the reflection and refraction of light, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}.-109">[108]</a> According to Matthias Schramm,<a href="#cite_note-thiele2005-110">[109]</a> Alhazen "was the first to make a systematic use of the method of varying the experimental conditions in a constant and uniform manner, in an experiment showing that the intensity of the light-spot formed by the projection of the <a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">moonlight</a> through two small <a href="/wiki/Apertures" class="mw-redirect" title="Apertures">apertures</a> onto a screen diminishes constantly as one of the apertures is gradually blocked up."<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> G. J. Toomer expressed some skepticism regarding Schramm's view,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[111]</a> partly because at the time (1964) the Book of Optics had not yet been fully translated from Arabic, and Toomer was concerned that without context, specific passages might be read anachronistically. While acknowledging Alhazen's importance in developing experimental techniques, Toomer argued that Alhazen should not be considered in isolation from other Islamic and ancient thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-112">[111]</a> Toomer concluded his review by saying that it would not be possible to assess Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics without translating more of Alhazen's work and fully investigating his influence on later medieval writers.<a href="#cite_note-toomer1964Review-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_works_on_physics">Other works on physics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_treatises">Optical treatises</h3></div> Besides the Book of Optics, Alhazen wrote several other treatises on the same subject, including his Risala fi l-Daw' (Treatise on Light). He investigated the properties of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">twilight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">moonlight</a>. Experiments with mirrors and the refractive interfaces between air, water, and glass cubes, hemispheres, and quarter-spheres provided the foundation for his theories on <a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">catoptrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}.-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celestial_physics">Celestial physics</h3></div> Alhazen discussed the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> of the celestial region in his Epitome of Astronomy, arguing that Ptolemaic models must be understood in terms of physical objects rather than abstract hypotheses—in other words that it should be possible to create physical models where (for example) none of the celestial bodies would collide with each other. The suggestion of mechanical models for the Earth centred <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic model">Ptolemaic model</a> "greatly contributed to the eventual triumph of the Ptolemaic system among the Christians of the West". Alhazen's determination to root astronomy in the realm of physical objects was important, however, because it meant astronomical hypotheses "were accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">laws of physics</a>", and could be criticised and improved upon in those terms.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> He also wrote Maqala fi daw al-qamar (On the Light of the Moon). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3></div> In his work, Alhazen discussed theories on the <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a> of a body.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}.-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomical_works">Astronomical works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_Configuration_of_the_World">On the Configuration of the World</h3></div> In his On the Configuration of the World Alhazen presented a detailed description of the physical structure of the earth:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The earth as a whole is a round sphere whose center is the center of the world. It is stationary in its [the world's] middle, fixed in it and not moving in any direction nor moving with any of the varieties of motion, but always at rest.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></blockquote> The book is a non-technical explanation of Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, which was eventually translated into <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently had an influence on astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Peuerbach" title="Georg von Peuerbach">Georg von Peuerbach</a><a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|lorch|2008}}.-117">[116]</a> during the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doubts_Concerning_Ptolemy">Doubts Concerning Ptolemy</h3></div> In his Al-Shukūk ‛alā Batlamyūs, variously translated as Doubts Concerning Ptolemy or Aporias against Ptolemy, published at some time between 1025 and 1028, Alhazen criticized <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s Almagest, Planetary Hypotheses, and Optics, pointing out various contradictions he found in these works, particularly in astronomy. Ptolemy's Almagest concerned mathematical theories regarding the motion of the planets, whereas the Hypotheses concerned what Ptolemy thought was the actual configuration of the planets. Ptolemy himself acknowledged that his theories and configurations did not always agree with each other, arguing that this was not a problem provided it did not result in noticeable error, but Alhazen was particularly scathing in his criticism of the inherent contradictions in Ptolemy's works.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}.-119">[118]</a> He considered that some of the mathematical devices Ptolemy introduced into astronomy, especially the <a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">equant</a>, failed to satisfy the physical requirement of uniform circular motion, and noted the absurdity of relating actual physical motions to imaginary mathematical points, lines and circles:<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Ptolemy assumed an arrangement (hay'a) that cannot exist, and the fact that this arrangement produces in his imagination the motions that belong to the planets does not free him from the error he committed in his assumed arrangement, for the existing motions of the planets cannot be the result of an arrangement that is impossible to exist... [F]or a man to imagine a circle in the heavens, and to imagine the planet moving in it does not bring about the planet's motion.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></blockquote> Having pointed out the problems, Alhazen appears to have intended to resolve the contradictions he pointed out in Ptolemy in a later work. Alhazen believed there was a "true configuration" of the planets that Ptolemy had failed to grasp. He intended to complete and repair Ptolemy's system, not to replace it completely.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}.-119">[118]</a> In the Doubts Concerning Ptolemy Alhazen set out his views on the difficulty of attaining scientific knowledge and the need to question existing authorities and theories: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Truth is sought for itself [but] the truths, [he warns] are immersed in uncertainties [and the scientific authorities (such as Ptolemy, whom he greatly respected) are] not immune from error...<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|sabra|1989}}.-68">[67]</a></blockquote> He held that the criticism of existing theories—which dominated this book—holds a special place in the growth of scientific knowledge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_of_the_Motions_of_Each_of_the_Seven_Planets">Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets</h3></div> Alhazen's The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets was written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1038. Only one damaged manuscript has been found, with only the introduction and the first section, on the theory of planetary motion, surviving. (There was also a second section on astronomical calculation, and a third section, on astronomical instruments.) Following on from his Doubts on Ptolemy, Alhazen described a new, geometry-based planetary model, describing the motions of the planets in terms of spherical geometry, infinitesimal geometry and trigonometry. He kept a geocentric universe and assumed that celestial motions are uniformly circular, which required the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Epicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicycles">epicycles</a> to explain observed motion, but he managed to eliminate Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">equant</a>. In general, his model didn't try to provide a causal explanation of the motions, but concentrated on providing a complete, geometric description that could explain observed motions without the contradictions inherent in Ptolemy's model.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_astronomical_works">Other astronomical works</h3></div> Alhazen wrote a total of twenty-five astronomical works, some concerning technical issues such as Exact Determination of the Meridian, a second group concerning accurate astronomical observation, a third group concerning various astronomical problems and questions such as the location of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>; Alhazen made the first systematic effort of evaluating the Milky Way's parallax, combining Ptolemy's data and his own. He concluded that the parallax is (probably very much) smaller than Lunar parallax, and the Milky way should be a celestial object. Though he was not the first who argued that the Milky Way does not belong to the atmosphere, he is the first who did quantitative analysis for the claim.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The fourth group consists of ten works on astronomical theory, including the Doubts and Model of the Motions discussed above.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_works">Mathematical works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlhazenSummation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlhazenSummation.svg/170px-AlhazenSummation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlhazenSummation.svg/255px-AlhazenSummation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlhazenSummation.svg/340px-AlhazenSummation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Alhazen's geometrically proven summation formula</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">mathematics</a>, Alhazen built on the mathematical works of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thabit_ibn_Qurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabit ibn Qurra">Thabit ibn Qurra</a> and worked on "the beginnings of the link between <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>". Alhazen made developments in <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a> and number theory.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> He developed a formula for summing the first 100 natural numbers, using a geometric proof to prove the formula.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometry">Geometry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LunesOfAlhazen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/LunesOfAlhazen.svg/170px-LunesOfAlhazen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/LunesOfAlhazen.svg/255px-LunesOfAlhazen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/LunesOfAlhazen.svg/340px-LunesOfAlhazen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The lunes of Alhazen. The two blue lunes together have the same area as the green right triangle.</figcaption></figure> Alhazen explored what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">parallel postulate</a>, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">postulate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's Elements</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">proof by contradiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and in effect introducing the concept of motion into geometry.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> He formulated the <a href="/wiki/Lambert_quadrilateral" title="Lambert quadrilateral">Lambert quadrilateral</a>, which Boris Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert quadrilateral".<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> He was criticised by Omar Khayyam who pointed that Aristotle had condemned the use of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(geometry)" title="Motion (geometry)">motion in geometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In elementary geometry, Alhazen attempted to solve the problem of <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">squaring the circle</a> using the area of <a href="/wiki/Lune_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lune (mathematics)">lunes</a> (crescent shapes), but later gave up on the impossible task.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}.-131">[130]</a> The two lunes formed from a <a href="/wiki/Right_triangle" title="Right triangle">right triangle</a> by erecting a semicircle on each of the triangle's sides, inward for the hypotenuse and outward for the other two sides, are known as the <a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">lunes of Alhazen</a>; they have the same total area as the triangle itself.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_theory">Number theory</h3></div> Alhazen's contributions to <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> include his work on <a href="/wiki/Perfect_number" title="Perfect number">perfect numbers</a>. In his Analysis and Synthesis, he may have been the first to state that every even perfect number is of the form 2n−1(2n − 1) where 2n − 1 is <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime</a>, but he was not able to prove this result; <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a> later proved it in the 18th century, and it is now called the <a href="/wiki/Euclid%E2%80%93Euler_theorem" title="Euclid–Euler theorem">Euclid–Euler theorem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}.-131">[130]</a> Alhazen solved problems involving <a href="/wiki/Congruence_relation" title="Congruence relation">congruences</a> using what is now called <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_theorem" title="Wilson's theorem">Wilson's theorem</a>. In his Opuscula, Alhazen considers the solution of a system of congruences, and gives two general methods of solution. His first method, the canonical method, involved Wilson's theorem, while his second method involved a version of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem" title="Chinese remainder theorem">Chinese remainder theorem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}.-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculus">Calculus</h3></div> Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. He used this to find the volume of a <a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">paraboloid</a>. He could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_works">Other works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Melodies_on_the_Souls_of_Animals">Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals</h3></div> Alhazen also wrote a Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals, although no copies have survived. It appears to have been concerned with the question of whether animals could react to music, for example whether a camel would increase or decrease its pace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions in the Islamic world">engineering</a>, one account of his career as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> has him summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River. He carried out a detailed scientific study of the annual <a href="/wiki/Inundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inundation">inundation</a> of the Nile River, and he drew plans for building a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a>, at the site of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>. His field work, however, later made him aware of the impracticality of this scheme, and he soon <a href="/wiki/Feigned_madness" title="Feigned madness">feigned madness</a> so he could avoid punishment from the Caliph.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> In his Treatise on Place, Alhazen disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s view that nature abhors a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">void</a>, and he used <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> in an attempt to demonstrate that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}.-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)">Abd-el-latif</a>, a supporter of Aristotle's philosophical view of place, later criticized the work in Fi al-Radd 'ala Ibn al-Haytham fi al-makan (A refutation of Ibn al-Haytham's place) for its geometrization of place.<a href="#cite_note-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}.-135">[134]</a> Alhazen also discussed <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">space perception</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> implications in his <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a>. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhazen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3></div> Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-ishaq-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-george-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sardar_1998-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bettany_1995_251-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Ziauddin Sardar</a> says that some of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in medieval Islam">Muslim scientists</a>, such as Ibn al-Haytham and <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a>, who were pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic theology.<a href="#cite_note-Sardar_1998-139">[138]</a> Like other Ashʿarites who believed that faith or taqlid should apply only to Islam and not to any ancient <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> authorities,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Ibn al-Haytham's view that taqlid should apply only to <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets of Islam</a> and not to any other authorities formed the basis for much of his <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">scientific skepticism</a> and criticism against <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and other ancient authorities in his Doubts Concerning Ptolemy and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Alhazen wrote a work on Islamic theology in which he discussed prophethood and developed a system of philosophical criteria to discern its false claimants in his time.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> He also wrote a treatise entitled Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation in which he discussed finding the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a>, where prayers (<a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a>) are directed towards, mathematically.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> There are occasional references to theology or religious sentiment in his technical works, e.g. in Doubts Concerning Ptolemy: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Truth is sought for its own sake ... Finding the truth is difficult, and the road to it is rough. For the truths are plunged in obscurity. ... God, however, has not preserved the scientist from error and has not safeguarded science from shortcomings and faults. If this had been the case, scientists would not have disagreed upon any point of science...<a href="#cite_note-Sambursky1974-145">[144]</a></blockquote> In The Winding Motion: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">From the statements made by the noble Shaykh, it is clear that he believes in Ptolemy's words in everything he says, without relying on a demonstration or calling on a proof, but by pure imitation (taqlid); that is how experts in the prophetic tradition have faith in Prophets, may the blessing of God be upon them. But it is not the way that mathematicians have faith in specialists in the demonstrative sciences.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></blockquote> Regarding the relation of objective truth and God: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the effulgence and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Optics_Cover_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Book_of_Optics_Cover_Page.jpg/170px-Book_of_Optics_Cover_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Book_of_Optics_Cover_Page.jpg/255px-Book_of_Optics_Cover_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Book_of_Optics_Cover_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of the Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Kitāb al-Manāẓir</a></figcaption></figure> Alhazen made significant contributions to optics, number theory, geometry, astronomy and natural philosophy. Alhazen's work on optics is credited with contributing a new emphasis on experiment. His main work, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Kitab al-Manazir</a> (Book of Optics), was known in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> mainly, but not exclusively, through the thirteenth-century commentary by <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-F%C4%81ris%C4%AB" title="Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī">Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī</a>, the Tanqīḥ al-Manāẓir li-dhawī l-abṣār wa l-baṣā'ir.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, it was used by the eleventh-century prince of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Banu Hud dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragossa</a> and author of an important mathematical text, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud">al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd</a>. A Latin translation of the Kitab al-Manazir was made probably in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> This translation was read by and greatly influenced a number of scholars in Christian Europe including: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Witelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Witelo">Witelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, Alhazen's work influenced <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>' writings on optics,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and his legacy was further advanced through the 'reforming' of his Optics by Persian scientist <a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Din_al-Farisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal al-Din al-Farisi">Kamal al-Din al-Farisi</a> (died c. 1320) in the latter's Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of [Ibn al-Haytham's] Optics).<a href="#cite_note-{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}.-109">[108]</a> Alhazen wrote as many as 200 books, although only 55 have survived. Some of his treatises on optics survived only through Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> were translated into Latin, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and other languages. H. J. J. Winter, a British historian of science, summing up the importance of Ibn al-Haytham in the history of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> wrote: <blockquote>After the death of Archimedes no really great physicist appeared until Ibn al-Haytham. If, therefore, we confine our interest only to the history of physics, there is a long period of over twelve hundred years during which the Golden Age of Greece gave way to the era of Muslim Scholasticism, and the experimental spirit of the noblest physicist of Antiquity lived again in the Arab Scholar from Basra.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></blockquote> Although only one commentary on Alhazen's optics has survived the Islamic Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> mentions the work in <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a>:<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> "They spoke of Alhazen and Vitello, And Aristotle, who wrote, in their lives, On strange mirrors and optical instruments." </div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a> <a href="/wiki/Alhazen_(crater)" title="Alhazen (crater)">Alhazen</a> on the Moon is named in his honour,<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> as was the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/59239_Alhazen" class="mw-redirect" title="59239 Alhazen">59239 Alhazen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In honour of Alhazen, the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> (Pakistan) named its Ophthalmology endowed chair as "The Ibn-e-Haitham Associate Professor and Chief of Ophthalmology".<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Light" title="International Year of Light">International Year of Light</a> celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the works on optics by Ibn Al-Haytham.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia,_title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frontispiece of book showing two persons in robes, one holding a geometrical diagram, the other holding a telescope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia%2C_title.jpg/170px-Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia%2C_title.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia%2C_title.jpg/255px-Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia%2C_title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia%2C_title.jpg/340px-Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia%2C_title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hevelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevelius">Hevelius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Selenographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenographia">Selenographia</a>, showing Alhasen [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] representing reason, and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> representing the senses</figcaption></figure> In 2014, the "<a href="/wiki/Hiding_in_the_Light" title="Hiding in the Light">Hiding in the Light</a>" episode of <a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Spacetime_Odyssey" title="Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey">Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey</a>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a>, focused on the accomplishments of Ibn al-Haytham. He was voiced by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Molina" title="Alfred Molina">Alfred Molina</a> in the episode. Over forty years previously, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Jacob Bronowski</a> presented Alhazen's work in a similar television documentary (and the corresponding book), <a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Man" title="The Ascent of Man">The Ascent of Man</a>. In episode 5 (The Music of the Spheres), Bronowski remarked that in his view, Alhazen was "the one really original scientific mind that Arab culture produced", whose theory of optics was not improved on till the time of Newton and Leibniz. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared 2015 the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Light" title="International Year of Light">International Year of Light</a> and its Director-General Irina Bokova dubbed Ibn al-Haytham 'the father of optics'.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Amongst others, this was to celebrate Ibn Al-Haytham's achievements in optics, mathematics and astronomy. An international campaign, created by the <a href="/wiki/1001_Inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="1001 Inventions">1001 Inventions</a> organisation, titled 1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham featuring a series of interactive exhibits, workshops and live shows about his work, partnering with science centers, science festivals, museums, and educational institutions, as well as digital and social media platforms.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The campaign also produced and released the short educational film <a href="/wiki/1001_Inventions_and_the_World_of_Ibn_Al-Haytham" title="1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham">1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham</a>. Ibn al-Haytham appears on the 10,000 dinar banknote of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a>, series 2003.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2></div> According to medieval biographers, Alhazen wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known. Most of his works are now lost, but more than 50 of them have survived to some extent. Nearly half of his surviving works are on mathematics, 23 of them are on astronomy, and 14 of them are on optics, with a few on other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Not all his surviving works have yet been studied, but some of the ones that have are given below.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a> (كتاب المناظر)</li> <li>Analysis and Synthesis (مقالة في التحليل والتركيب)</li> <li>Balance of Wisdom (ميزان الحكمة)</li> <li>Corrections to the Almagest (تصويبات على المجسطي)</li> <li>Discourse on Place (مقالة في المكان)</li> <li>Exact Determination of the Pole (التحديد الدقيق للقطب)</li> <li>Exact Determination of the Meridian (رسالة في الشفق)</li> <li>Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation (كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة)</li> <li>Horizontal Sundials (المزولة الأفقية)</li> <li>Hour Lines (خطوط الساعة)</li> <li>Doubts Concerning Ptolemy (شكوك على بطليموس)</li> <li>Maqala fi'l-Qarastun (مقالة في قرسطون)</li> <li>On Completion of the Conics (إكمال المخاريط)</li> <li>On Seeing the Stars (رؤية الكواكب)</li> <li>On Squaring the Circle (مقالة فی تربیع الدائرة)</li> <li>On the Burning Sphere (المرايا المحرقة بالدوائر)</li> <li>On the Configuration of the World (تكوين العالم)</li> <li>On the Form of Eclipse (مقالة فی صورة ‌الکسوف)</li> <li>On the Light of Stars (مقالة في ضوء النجوم)<a href="#cite_note-onTheLightOfTheStars-169">[168]</a></li> <li>On the Light of the Moon (مقالة في ضوء القمر)</li> <li>On the Milky Way (مقالة في درب التبانة)</li> <li>On the Nature of Shadows (كيفيات الإظلال)</li> <li>On the Rainbow and Halo (مقالة في قوس قزح)</li> <li>Opuscula (Minor Works)</li> <li>Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest (تحليل شكوك حول الجست)</li> <li>Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding Motion</li> <li>The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy (تصحيح العمليات في الفلك)</li> <li>The Different Heights of the Planets (اختلاف ارتفاع الكواكب)</li> <li>The Direction of Mecca (اتجاه القبلة)</li> <li>The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets (نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة)</li> <li>The Model of the Universe (نموذج الكون)</li> <li>The Motion of the Moon (حركة القمر)</li> <li>The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights</li> <li>The Winding Motion (الحركة المتعرجة)</li> <li>Treatise on Light (رسالة في الضوء)<a href="#cite_note-treatiseOnLight2-170">[169]</a></li> <li>Treatise on Place (رسالة في المكان)</li> <li>Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals (تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية)</li> <li>كتاب في تحليل المسائل الهندسية (A book in engineering analysis)</li> <li>الجامع في أصول الحساب (The whole in the assets of the account)</li> <li>قول فی مساحة الکرة (Say in the sphere)</li> <li>القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات (Saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions)</li> <li>خواص المثلث من جهة العمود (Triangle properties from the side of the column)</li> <li>رسالة فی مساحة المسجم المکافی (A message in the free space)</li> <li>شرح أصول إقليدس (Explain the origins of Euclid)</li> <li>المرايا المحرقة بالقطوع (The burning mirrors of the rainbow)</li> <li>مقالة في القرصتن (Treatise on Centers of Gravity)</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h3></div> <ol><li>A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li> <li>Treatise on Burning Mirrors</li> <li>Treatise on the Nature of [the Organ of] Sight and on How Vision is Achieved Through It</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hiding_in_the_Light" title="Hiding in the Light">Hiding in the Light</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">History of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_optics" title="History of optics">History of optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scientific_method" title="History of scientific method">History of scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockney%E2%80%93Falco_thesis" title="Hockney–Falco thesis">Hockney–Falco thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">Mathematics in medieval Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics in medieval Islam">Physics in medieval Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> A. Mark Smith has determined that there were at least two translators, based on their facility with Arabic; the first, more experienced scholar began the translation at the beginning of Book One, and handed it off in the middle of Chapter Three of Book Three. <a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a> 91 Volume 1: Commentary and Latin text pp.xx-xxi. See also his 2006, 2008, 2010 translations. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lorch-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorch_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorch_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLorch2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lorch, Richard (1 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812045403/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+al-Haytham%3A+Arab+astronomer+and+mathematician&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft.aulast=Lorch&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-al-Haytham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1999">O'Connor & Robertson 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2010">El-Bizri 2010</a>, p. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRooney2012">Rooney 2012</a>, p. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2012">Baker 2012</a>, p. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Also Alhacen, Avennathan, Avenetan, etc.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century". (<a href="#CITEREFVernet1996">Vernet 1996</a>, p. 788) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Ibn_al-Haytham" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ibn+al-Haytham">"Ibn al-Haytham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Haytham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DIbn%2Bal-Haytham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2000" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988">: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics." </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernet_1996_788-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernet_1996_788_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernet_1996_788_9-1">b</a> For the description of his main fields, see e.g. <a href="#CITEREFVernet1996">Vernet 1996</a>, p. 788 ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") <a href="#CITEREFSabra2008">Sabra 2008</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKalinAyduzDagli2009">Kalin, Ayduz & Dagli 2009</a> ("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), <a href="#CITEREFDallal1999">Dallal 1999</a> ("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.") </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasic2008" class="citation journal cs1">Masic, Izet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23286650">"Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory"</a>. Medicinski Arhiv. 62 (3): 183–188. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18822953">18822953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicinski+Arhiv&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Haitham--father+of+optics+and+describer+of+vision+theory.&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183-188&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18822953&rft.aulast=Masic&rft.aufirst=Izet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F23286650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco">"International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918044445/https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=International+Year+of+Light%3A+Ibn+al+Haytham%2C+pioneer+of+modern+optics+celebrated+at+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fnews%2Finternational-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalili-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khalili_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalili_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Khalili,_Jim2009" class="citation news cs1">Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm">"The 'first true scientist'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+%27first+true+scientist%27&rft.date=2009-01-04&rft.au=Al-Khalili%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7810846.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelin2008">Selin 2008</a>: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YE3AAAAMAAJ">"Impact of Science on Society"</a>. UNESCO. 26–27: 140. 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005719/https://books.google.com/books?id=4YE3AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Science+on+Society&rft.volume=26%E2%80%9327&rft.pages=140&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YE3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988">. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001171116/http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html">"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics"</a>. www.light2015.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.light2015.org&rft.atitle=International+Year+of+Light+%E2%80%93+Ibn+Al-Haytham+and+the+Legacy+of+Arabic+Optics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.light2015.org%2FHome%2FScienceStories%2F1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988">. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco">"International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918044445/https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=International+Year+of+Light%3A+Ibn+al+Haytham%2C+pioneer+of+modern+optics+celebrated+at+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fnews%2Finternational-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988">. Specifically, he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2016" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ">Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957749-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957749-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005719/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+History+of+Philosophy+Without+Any+Gaps&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957749-1&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEpRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamson_2016_77-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adamson_2016_77_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adamson_2016_77_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2016" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ">Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957749-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957749-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005719/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+History+of+Philosophy+Without+Any+Gaps&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957749-1&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEpRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2012445-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2012445_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2012445_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2012">Baker 2012</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashed2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rashed, Roshdi (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crme.2019.03.010">"Fermat et le principe du moindre temps"</a>. Comptes Rendus Mécanique. 347 (4): 357–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CRMec.347..357R">2019CRMec.347..357R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crme.2019.03.010">10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1631-0721">1631-0721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145904123">145904123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+M%C3%A9canique&rft.atitle=Fermat+et+le+principe+du+moindre+temps&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357-364&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crme.2019.03.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145904123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1631-0721&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CRMec.347..357R&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Roshdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crme.2019.03.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelin20081817-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelin20081817_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelin20081817_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelin2008">Selin 2008</a>, p. 1817. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudriouaRashedLakshminarayanan2017" class="citation book cs1">Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_0wDwAAQBAJ&dq=Law+of+reflection+ibn+al+haitham&pg=PT29">Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-65112-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-65112-7"><bdi>978-1-351-65112-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306044312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_0wDwAAQBAJ&dq=Law+of+reflection+ibn+al+haitham&pg=PT29">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light-Based+Science%3A+Technology+and+Sustainable+Development%2C+The+Legacy+of+Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-351-65112-7&rft.aulast=Boudrioua&rft.aufirst=Azzedine&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&rft.au=Lakshminarayanan%2C+Vasudevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_0wDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLaw%2Bof%2Breflection%2Bibn%2Bal%2Bhaitham%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomanul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomanul Haq">Haq, Syed</a> (2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1703-7603">1703-7603</a>. Retrievedn 22 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/G._J._Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. J. Toomer">G. J. Toomer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464">Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963) Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326070235/http://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464">Archived</a> 26 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method." </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001171116/http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html">"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.light2015.org/Home/ScienceStories/1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Year+of+Light+%E2%80%93+Ibn+Al-Haytham+and+the+Legacy+of+Arabic+Optics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.light2015.org%2FHome%2FScienceStories%2F1000-Years-of-Arabic-Optics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorini2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf">"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision"</a> (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2 (4): 53–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Society+for+the+History+of+Islamic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Al-Haytham+the+man+of+experience.+First+steps+in+the+science+of+vision&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=53-55&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Gorini&rft.aufirst=Rosanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishim.net%2Fishimj%2F4%2F10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed" title="Roshdi Rashed">Roshdi Rashed</a>, Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5, Routledge (2017), p. 635 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qifti" title="Al-Qifti">Al-Qifti</a>. <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1999">O'Connor & Robertson 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1999">O'Connor & Robertson 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1999">O'Connor & Robertson 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Disputed: <a href="#CITEREFCorbin1993">Corbin 1993</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-bayhaqi-28"><a href="#cite_ref-bayhaqi_28-0">^</a> Noted by <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi</a> (c. 1097–1169), and by <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsnaAAAAMAAJ">Sabra 1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005728/https://books.google.com/books?id=AsnaAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 5 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 197</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rainbowfrommytht00boye">Carl Boyer 1959 p. 80</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindberg1967">Lindberg 1967</a>, p. 331:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Mark_Smith1996" class="citation book cs1">A. Mark Smith (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC">Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics</a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-862-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-862-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205005720/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Theory+of+Visual+Perception%3A+An+English+Translation+of+the+Optics&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-862-9&rft.au=A.+Mark+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhLVHR5QAQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_2006-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_2006_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon2006">Simon 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2004" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Richard Langton (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpMYAAAAIAAJ">The Oxford Companion to the Mind</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866224-2"><bdi>978-0-19-866224-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204161231/https://books.google.com/books?id=FpMYAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Mind&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866224-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Richard+Langton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpMYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq." Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Esposito (2000)، The Oxford History of Islam، Oxford University Press، P. 192. : "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics" </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarvoglis2014" class="citation book cs1">Varvoglis, Harry (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_CBAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics&pg=PA23">History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04292-3"><bdi>978-3-319-04292-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_CBAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics+page+24&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04292-3&rft.aulast=Varvoglis&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmk_CBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalhazen%2BHistory%2Band%2BEvolution%2Bof%2BConcepts%2Bin%2BPhysics%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=alhazen&pg=PA59">"Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Volume 34 page 59"</a>. 6 January 1876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164818/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=alhazen&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+News+and+Journal+of+Industrial+Science%2C+Volume+34+page+59&rft.date=1876-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nBJAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dalhazen%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrixCarman2016" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, John Shannon; Carman, Charles H. (5 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Renaissance++John+Shannon+Hendrix,+Charles+eleventh+century&pg=PA77">Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles page 77</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-06640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-06640-8"><bdi>978-1-317-06640-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Renaissance++John+Shannon+Hendrix,+Charles+eleventh+century&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Theories+of+Vision+edited+by+John+Shannon+Hendrix%2C+Charles+page+77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-317-06640-8&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=John+Shannon&rft.au=Carman%2C+Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NDOCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRenaissance%2B%2BJohn%2BShannon%2BHendrix%2C%2BCharles%2Beleventh%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhail_Zubairy2024" class="citation book cs1">Suhail Zubairy, M. (6 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners+alhazen&pg=PA81">Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy page 81</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885422-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885422-7"><bdi>978-0-19-885422-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164806/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners+alhazen&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners%3A+With+Applications+to+Quantum+Communication+By+M.+Suhail+Zubairy+page+81&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024-01-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885422-7&rft.aulast=Suhail+Zubairy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQfcDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DQuantum%2BMechanics%2Bfor%2BBeginners%2Balhazen%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFChildShuterTaylor1992">Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992</a>, p. 70), (<a href="#CITEREFDesselNehrichVoran1973">Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973</a>, p. 164), Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. " </li> <li id="cite_note-Tbakhi-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Tbakhi_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTbakhiAmr2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6074172">"Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics"</a>. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 27 (6): 464–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5144%2F0256-4947.2007.464">10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0256-4947">0256-4947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6074172">6074172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18059131">18059131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Saudi+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ibn+Al-Haytham%3A+Father+of+Modern+Optics&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=464-67&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6074172%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0256-4947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18059131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5144%2F0256-4947.2007.464&rft.aulast=Tbakhi&rft.aufirst=Abdelghani&rft.au=Amr%2C+Samir+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6074172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbin_1993_149-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corbin_1993_149_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corbin_1993_149_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorbin1993">Corbin 1993</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1682060160" title="Special:BookSources/1682060160">1682060160</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann" title="Carl Brockelmann">Carl Brockelmann</a>, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, vol. 1 (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederar00brocgoog#page/n522/mode/2up">p. 469</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930153427/http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917">"the Great Islamic Encyclopedia"</a>. Cgie.org.ir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+Great+Islamic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Cgie.org.ir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgie.org.ir%2Fshavad.asp%3Fid%3D123%26avaid%3D1917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> For Ibn al-Haytham's life and works, <a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a>, p. cxix recommends <a href="#CITEREFSabra1989">Sabra 1989</a>, pp. vol.2, xix–lxxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-al-haytham-abu">"A. I. Sabra encyclopedia.com Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025108/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-al-haytham-abu">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+I.+Sabra+encyclopedia.com+Ibn+Al-Haytham%2C+Ab%C5%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fdictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases%2Fibn-al-haytham-abu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Volume 1, Article No. 1917 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAl-Khalili2015">Al-Khalili 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrombie1971">Crombie 1971</a>, p. 147, n. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrico_Narducci1871" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Narducci" title="Enrico Narducci">Enrico Narducci</a> (1871). "Nota intorno ad una traduzione italiana fatta nel secolo decimoquarto del trattato d'ottica d'Alhazen". Bollettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche. 4: 1–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bollettino+di+Bibliografia+e+di+Storia+delle+Scienze+Matematiche+e+Fisiche&rft.atitle=Nota+intorno+ad+una+traduzione+italiana+fatta+nel+secolo+decimoquarto+del+trattato+d%27ottica+d%27Alhazen&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1-40&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Enrico+Narducci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988">. 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Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357">"Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two"</a>. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 91 (5): 339–819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3657357">10.2307/3657357</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357">3657357</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630235046/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2015. 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J. (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGQ-DwAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PT15">Waves in Focal Regions: Propagation, Diffraction and Focusing of Light, Sound and Water Waves</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-40468-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-40468-6"><bdi>978-1-351-40468-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331171120/https://books.google.com/books?id=dGQ-DwAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PT15">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waves+in+Focal+Regions%3A+Propagation%2C+Diffraction+and+Focusing+of+Light%2C+Sound+and+Water+Waves&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.isbn=978-1-351-40468-6&rft.aulast=Stamnes&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGQ-DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalhazen%2Blaw%2Bof%2Breflection%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMach2013" class="citation book cs1">Mach, Ernst (23 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29">The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment</a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-17347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-17347-4"><bdi>978-0-486-17347-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331172406/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Physical+Optics%3A+An+Historical+and+Philosophical+Treatment&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0-486-17347-4&rft.aulast=Mach&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dPCAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalhazen%2Bincident%2Bray%2Breflected%2Bray%2Blie%2Bon%2Bsame%2Bplane%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIizuka2013" class="citation book cs1">Iizuka, Keigo (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9n6CAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+law+of+reflection&pg=PA7">Engineering Optics</a>. 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Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Optics&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-3-662-07032-1&rft.aulast=Iizuka&rft.aufirst=Keigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9n6CAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalhazen%2Blaw%2Bof%2Breflection%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMach2013" class="citation book cs1">Mach, Ernst (23 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+first+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29">The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment</a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-17347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-17347-4"><bdi>978-0-486-17347-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331171118/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dPCAgAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+first+incident+ray+reflected+ray+lie+on+same+plane&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. 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(1965), "A deceptively easy problem", Mathematics Teacher, 58 (3): 194–99, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5951%2FMT.58.3.0194">10.5951/MT.58.3.0194</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27968003">27968003</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Teacher&rft.atitle=A+deceptively+easy+problem&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=194-99&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5951%2FMT.58.3.0194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27968003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elkin&rft.aufirst=Jack+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiede1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riede, Harald (1989), "Reflexion am Kugelspiegel. Oder: das Problem des Alhazen", Praxis der Mathematik (in German), 31 (2): 65–70</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Praxis+der+Mathematik&rft.atitle=Reflexion+am+Kugelspiegel.+Oder%3A+das+Problem+des+Alhazen&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-70&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Riede&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Neumann" title="Peter M. Neumann">Neumann, Peter M.</a> (1998), "Reflections on Reflection in a Spherical Mirror", <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="American Mathematical Monthly">American Mathematical Monthly</a>, 105 (6): 523–28, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.1998.12004920">10.1080/00029890.1998.12004920</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2589403">2589403</a>, <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1626185">1626185</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Reflection+in+a+Spherical+Mirror&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=523-28&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1626185%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2589403%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029890.1998.12004920&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Highfield" title="Roger Highfield">Highfield, Roger</a> (1 April 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041123051228/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F04%2F01%2Fngre01.html">"Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Telegraph">Electronic Telegraph</a>, 676, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/04/01/ngre01.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Don+solves+the+last+puzzle+left+by+ancient+Greeks&rft.volume=676&rft.date=1997-04-01&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2FhtmlContent.jhtml%3Fhtml%3D%2Farchive%2F1997%2F04%2F01%2Fngre01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgrawalTaguchiRamalingam2011">Agrawal, Taguchi & Ramalingam 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelleyMiloneAveni2005">Kelley, Milone & Aveni 2005</a>, p. 83: "The first clear description of the device appears in the Book of Optics of Alhazen." </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWadeFinger2001">Wade & Finger 2001</a>: "The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham." </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> German physicist Eilhard Wiedemann first provided an abridged German translation of On the shape of the eclipse: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilhard_Wiedemann1914" class="citation journal cs1">Eilhard Wiedemann (1914). "Über der Camera obscura bei Ibn al Haiṭam". Sitzungsberichte phys.-med. Sozietät in Erlangen. 46: 155–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+phys.-med.+Soziet%C3%A4t+in+Erlangen&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+der+Camera+obscura+bei+Ibn+al+Hai%E1%B9%ADam&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=155-169&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Eilhard+Wiedemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> The work is now available in full: <a href="#CITEREFRaynaud2016">Raynaud 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder1945" class="citation book cs1">Eder, Josef (1945). History of Photography. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaynaud2016">Raynaud 2016</a>, pp. 130–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaynaud2016">Raynaud 2016</a>, pp. 114–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaynaud2016">Raynaud 2016</a>, pp. 91–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/history-of-science-and-technology-in-islam-fuat-sezgin">History Of Science And Technology In Islam Fuat Sezgin</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Science+And+Technology+In+Islam+Fuat+Sezgin&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistory-of-science-and-technology-in-islam-fuat-sezgin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaukroger1995" class="citation book cs1">Gaukroger, Stephen (30 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVwDs_Ikad0C&dq=ptolemy+alhazen+refractometer&pg=PA142">Descartes: An Intellectual Biography</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151954-3"><bdi>978-0-19-151954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151954-3&rft.aulast=Gaukroger&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVwDs_Ikad0C%26dq%3Dptolemy%2Balhazen%2Brefractometer%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1984" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Isaac (29 March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gNrLQN0VbAoC&dq=ptolemy+alhazen+refractometer&pg=PA175">The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton: Volume 1, The Optical Lectures 1670-1672</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25248-5"><bdi>978-0-521-25248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Optical+Papers+of+Isaac+Newton%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Optical+Lectures+1670-1672&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984-03-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25248-5&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgNrLQN0VbAoC%26dq%3Dptolemy%2Balhazen%2Brefractometer%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudriouaRashedLakshminarayanan2017" class="citation book cs1">Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0PEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+sentient+organ+does+not+sense+the+forms+that+reach+it+from+the+visible+objects+until+after+it+has+been+a&pg=PA76">Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-7940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-7940-1"><bdi>978-1-4987-7940-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light-Based+Science%3A+Technology+and+Sustainable+Development%2C+The+Legacy+of+Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-7940-1&rft.aulast=Boudrioua&rft.aufirst=Azzedine&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&rft.au=Lakshminarayanan%2C+Vasudevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWD0PEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bsentient%2Borgan%2Bdoes%2Bnot%2Bsense%2Bthe%2Bforms%2Bthat%2Breach%2Bit%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bvisible%2Bobjects%2Buntil%2Bafter%2Bit%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Ba%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudriouaRashedLakshminarayanan2017" class="citation book cs1">Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0PEAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Haytham+described+color+constancy+by+observing+that+light+reflected+by+an+object+is+modified+by+the+color+of+the+object&pg=PA78">Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-7940-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-7940-1"><bdi>978-1-4987-7940-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light-Based+Science%3A+Technology+and+Sustainable+Development%2C+The+Legacy+of+Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-7940-1&rft.aulast=Boudrioua&rft.aufirst=Azzedine&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&rft.au=Lakshminarayanan%2C+Vasudevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWD0PEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAl-Haytham%2Bdescribed%2Bcolor%2Bconstancy%2Bby%2Bobserving%2Bthat%2Blight%2Breflected%2Bby%2Ban%2Bobject%2Bis%2Bmodified%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bcolor%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bobject%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 695. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhaleefa1999">Khaleefa 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAaen-Stockdale2008">Aaen-Stockdale 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossPlug2002">Ross & Plug 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHershenson1989">Hershenson 1989</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2000">Ross 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossRoss1976">Ross & Ross 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> See, for example,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perspectiva.biblhertz.it/doc01.VII.html">De aspectibus Book 7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818182120/http://perspectiva.biblhertz.it/doc01.VII.html">Archived</a> 18 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, for his experiments in refraction </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}.-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}._109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvs|nb|last=el-bizri|year=2005a|year2=2005b}}._109-1">b</a> El-Bizri <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2005a">2005a</a>, <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2005b">2005b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-thiele2005-110"><a href="#cite_ref-thiele2005_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82356023.pdf">"see Schramm's Habilitationsschrift, Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik (Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1963) as cited by Rüdiger Thiele (2005) Historia Mathematica 32, 271–74. "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005""</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025192431/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82356023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=see+Schramm%27s+Habilitationsschrift%2C+Ibn+al-Haythams+Weg+zur+Physik+%28Steiner%2C+Wiesbaden%2C+1963%29+as+cited+by+R%C3%BCdiger+Thiele+%282005%29+Historia+Mathematica+32%2C+271%E2%80%9374.+%22In+Memoriam%3A+Matthias+Schramm%2C+1928%E2%80%932005%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F82356023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToomer1964">Toomer 1964</a>, pp. 463–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFToomer1964">Toomer 1964</a>, p. 465 </li> <li id="cite_note-toomer1964Review-113"><a href="#cite_ref-toomer1964Review_113-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/G._J._Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. J. Toomer">G. J. Toomer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464">Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963) Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326070235/http://www.jstor.org/stable/228328?pg=464">Archived</a> 26 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "Only when the influence of ibn al-Haytam and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that ibn al-Haytam was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated." </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}.-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}._114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2006}}._114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2006">El-Bizri 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuhem1969">Duhem 1969</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangermann1990">Langermann 1990</a>, chap. 2, sect. 22, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvnb|lorch|2008}}.-117"><a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|lorch|2008}}._117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorch2008">Lorch 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangermann1990">Langermann 1990</a>, pp. 34–41; <a href="#CITEREFGondhalekar2001">Gondhalekar 2001</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}.-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}._119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|sabra|1998}}._119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabra1998">Sabra 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangermann1990">Langermann 1990</a>, pp. 8–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabra1978b">Sabra 1978b</a>, p. 121, n. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashed2007">Rashed 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckart2018">Eckart 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashed2007">Rashed 2007</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaruqi2006">Faruqi 2006</a>, pp. 395–96: In seventeenth century Europe the problems formulated by Ibn al-Haytham (965–1041) became known as 'Alhazen's problem'. ... Al-Haytham's contributions to geometry and number theory went well beyond the Archimedean tradition. Al-Haytham also worked on analytical geometry and the beginnings of the link between algebra and geometry. Subsequently, this work led in pure mathematics to the harmonious fusion of algebra and geometry that was epitomised by Descartes in geometric analysis and by Newton in the calculus. Al-Haytham was a scientist who made major contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomy during the latter half of the tenth century. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRottman2000">Rottman 2000</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2000">Eder 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz1998">Katz 1998</a>, p. 269: "In effect, this method characterised parallel lines as lines always equidistant from one another and also introduced the concept of motion into geometry." </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRozenfeld1988">Rozenfeld 1988</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyerMerzbach2011" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (25 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&dq=motion+geometry+alhazen&pg=PA220">A History of Mathematics</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-63056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-63056-3"><bdi>978-0-470-63056-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907232753/https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&dq=motion+geometry+alhazen&pg=PA220">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-470-63056-3&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rft.au=Merzbach%2C+Uta+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbR9HAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2Bgeometry%2Balhazen%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}.-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}._131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}._131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|o'connor|robertson|1999}}._131-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1999">O'Connor & Robertson 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlsinaNelsen2010">Alsina & Nelsen 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz,_Victor_J.1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Katz" title="Victor J. Katz">Katz, Victor J.</a> (1995). "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India". Mathematics Magazine. 68 (3): 163–74 [165–69, 173–74]year=1995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2691411">10.2307/2691411</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2691411">2691411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ideas+of+Calculus+in+Islam+and+India&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=163-74+165-69%2C+173-74year%3D1995&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2691411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2691411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Katz%2C+Victor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlott2000">Plott 2000</a>, Pt. II, p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}.-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}._135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-{{harvnb|el-bizri|2007}}._135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2007">El-Bizri 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith 2005</a>, pp. 219–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-ishaq-137"><a href="#cite_ref-ishaq_137-0">^</a> Ishaq, Usep Mohamad, and Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. "Tinjauan biografi-bibliografi Ibn al-haytham." HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah 5.2 (2017): 107–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-george-138"><a href="#cite_ref-george_138-0">^</a> Kaminski, Joseph J. "The Trajectory of the Development of Islamic Thought – A Comparison Between Two Earlier and Two Later Scholars." The Contemporary Islamic Governed State. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 31–70. "For example, Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī were among the most important medieval scholars who used the scientific method in their approach to natural science, and they were both Ash'arites" </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardar_1998-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sardar_1998_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardar_1998_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSardar1998">Sardar 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bettany_1995_251-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Bettany_1995_251_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBettany1995">Bettany 1995</a>, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Anwar, Sabieh (October 2008), "Is Ghazālī really the Halagu of Science in Islam?", <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Monthly Renaissance</a>, 18 (10), retrieved 14 October 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 17 (1): 7–55 [11], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1017/S0957423907000355 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlott2000">Plott 2000</a>, Pt. II, p. 464 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTopdemir2007">Topdemir 2007</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sambursky1974-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Sambursky1974_145-0">^</a> Translated by S. Pines, as quoted in <a href="#CITEREFSambursky1974">Sambursky 1974</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashed2007">Rashed 2007</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlott2000">Plott 2000</a>, Pt. II, p. 465 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabra2007">Sabra 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabra2007">Sabra 2007</a>, pp. 122, 128–29. <a href="#CITEREFGrant1974"> & Grant 1974</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAPN_3w4hAUC&pg=PA392">392</a> notes the Book of Optics has also been denoted as Opticae Thesaurus Alhazen Arabis, as De Aspectibus, and also as Perspectiva </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindberg1996">Lindberg 1996</a>, p. 11, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuthier2013">Authier 2013</a>, p. 23: "Alhazen's works in turn inspired many scientists of the Middle Ages, such as the English bishop, Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253), and the English Franciscan, Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294), Erazmus Ciolek Witelo, or Witelon (ca 1230* 1280), a Silesian-born Polish friar, philosopher and scholar, published in ca 1270 a treatise on optics, Perspectiva, largely based on Alhazen's works." </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagillAves1998">Magill & Aves 1998</a>, p. 66: "Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Giambattista della Porta are only some of the many thinkers who were influenced by Alhazen's work." </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZewailThomas2010">Zewail & Thomas 2010</a>, p. 5: "The Latin translation of Alhazen's work influenced scientists and philosophers such as (Roger) Bacon and da Vinci, and formed the foundation for the work by mathematicians like Kepler, Descartes and Huygens..." </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2010">El-Bizri 2010</a>, p. 12: "This [Latin] version of Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, which became available in print, was read and consulted by scientists and philosophers of the caliber of Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Huygens as discussed by <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagillAves1998">Magill & Aves 1998</a>, p. 66: "Sabra discusses in detail the impact of Alhazen's ideas on the optical discoveries of such men as Descartes and Christiaan Huygens; see also <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2005a">El-Bizri 2005a</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2010">El-Bizri 2010</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagillAves1998">Magill & Aves 1998</a>, p. 66: "Even Kepler, however, used some of Alhazen's ideas, for example, the one-to-one correspondence between points on the object and points in the eye. It would not be going too far to say that Alhazen's optical theories defined the scope and goals of the field from his day to ours." </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1953" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, H. J. J. (September 1953). "The Optical Researches of Ibn Al-Haitham". 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United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121010107/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/1000_years_of_arabic_optics_to_be_a_focus_of_the_international_year_of_light_in_2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1000+Years+of+Arabic+Optics+to+be+a+Focus+of+the+International+Year+of+Light+in+2015&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fmedia-services%2Fsingle-view%2Fnews%2F1000_years_of_arabic_optics_to_be_a_focus_of_the_international_year_of_light_in_2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note203100.html">"10 Dinars, Iraq"</a>. en.numista.com. 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I.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-56027684/configuring-universe-aporetic-problem.html">"Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy"</a>, Perspectives on Science, 6 (3): 288–330, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fposc_a_00552">10.1162/posc_a_00552</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117426616">117426616</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Science&rft.atitle=Configuring+the+Universe%3A+Aporetic%2C+Problem+Solving%2C+and+Kinematic+Modeling+as+Themes+of+Arabic+Astronomy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-330&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fposc_a_00552&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117426616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Farticle-1G1-56027684%2Fconfiguring-universe-aporetic-problem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabra2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._I._Sabra" title="A. I. Sabra">Sabra, A. I.</a> (October–December 2003), "Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224948/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/090351.html">Harvard Magazine</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/090351.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007, retrieved 23 January 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Haytham%3A+Brief+life+of+an+Arab+mathematician&rft.btitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.date=2003-10%2F2003-12&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardmagazine.com%2Fon-line%2F090351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabra2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._I._Sabra" title="A. I. Sabra">Sabra, A. I.</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233484584">"The "Commentary" That Saved the Text: The Hazardous Journey of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic "Optics""</a>, Early Science and Medicine, 12 (2): 117–33, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338207x194668">10.1163/157338207x194668</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20617660">20617660</a>, retrieved 22 January 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Science+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+%22Commentary%22+That+Saved+the+Text%3A+The+Hazardous+Journey+of+Ibn+al-Haytham%27s+Arabic+%22Optics%22&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-33&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338207x194668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20617660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233484584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabra2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._I._Sabra" title="A. I. Sabra">Sabra, A. I.</a> (2008) [1970–80], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901904.html">"Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a>, Charles Scribner's Sons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517132357/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901904.html">archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016, retrieved 28 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Al-Haytham%2C+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+Al-%E1%B8%A4asan+Ibn+Al-%E1%B8%A4asan&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830901904.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSambursky1974" class="citation cs2">Sambursky, Samuel (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalthoughtf0000unse/page/139">Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists</a>, Pica Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalthoughtf0000unse/page/51">51</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87663-712-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87663-712-8"><bdi>0-87663-712-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Thought+from+the+Presocratics+to+the+Quantum+Physicists&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Pica+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-87663-712-8&rft.aulast=Sambursky&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalthoughtf0000unse%2Fpage%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardar1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Sardar, Ziauddin</a> (1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H016.htm">Islamic Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180526222143/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H016.htm">archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2018, retrieved 3 February 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+in+Islamic+philosophy&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sardar&rft.aufirst=Ziauddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fip%2Frep%2FH016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelin2008" class="citation cs2">Selin, Helaine, ed. (2008), "M", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, vol. 1, Springer, p. 1667, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4559-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=1667&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2001), Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 91–4, 91–5, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> & DIANE Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-914-5"><bdi>978-0-87169-914-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/163278528">163278528</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alhacen%27s+theory+of+visual+perception%3A+a+critical+edition%2C+with+English+translation+and+commentary%2C+of+the+first+three+books+of+Alhacen%27s+De+aspectibus%2C+the+medieval+Latin+version+of+Ibn+al-Haytham%27s+Kitab+al-Manazir&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society+%26+DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F163278528&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-914-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657358">Books I-III (2001) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657358">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Vol 2 English translation I: TOC pp. 339–41, II: TOC pp. 415–16, III: TOC pp. 559–60, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721044955/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation cs2">Smith, A. Mark (June 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018045417/http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480202.pdf">"What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?"</a> (PDF), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 148 (2): 180–94, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1558283">1558283</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15338543">15338543</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=What+is+the+History+of+Medieval+Optics+Really+About%3F&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=180-94&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1558283%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15338543&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F480202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation cs2">Smith, A. Mark (2005), "The Alhacenian Account of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 15 (2), Cambridge University Press: 219–40, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423905000184">10.1017/S0957423905000184</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171003284">171003284</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Alhacenian+Account+of+Spatial+Perception+And+Its+Epistemological+Implications&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-40&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0957423905000184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171003284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2006), Alhacen on the principles of reflection : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 95–4, 95–5, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alhacen+on+the+principles+of+reflection+%3A+a+critical+edition%2C+with+English+translation+and+commentary%2C+of+books+4+and+5+of+Alhacen%27s+De+aspectibus%2C+%5Bthe+Medieval+Latin+version+of+Ibn-al-Haytham%27s+Kit%C4%81b+al-Man%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir%5D&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399">Books 4–5 (2006) 95 4 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924155318/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">95 5 – Vol 2 English translation IV: TOC pp. 289–94, V: TOC pp. 377–84, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006112053/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation cs2">Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2008), Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 98–1, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alhacen+on+Image-formation+and+distortion+in+mirrors%3A+a+critical+edition%2C+with+English+translation+and+commentary%2C+of+Book+6+of+Alhacen%27s+De+aspectibus%2C+%5Bthe+Medieval+Latin+version+of+Ibn-al-Haytham%27s+Kit%C4%81b+al-Man%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir%5D&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395">Book 6 (2008) 98 (#1, section 1) – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152501/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">98 (#1, section 2) – Vol 2 English translation VI:TOC pp. 155–160, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006050915/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2010), Alhacen on Refraction: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 100–3, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alhacen+on+Refraction%3A+a+critical+edition%2C+with+English+translation+and+commentary%2C+of+Book+7+of+Alhacen%27s+De+aspectibus%2C+%5Bthe+Medieval+Latin+version+of+Ibn-al-Haytham%27s+Kit%C4%81b+al-Man%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir%5D&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647">Book 7 (2010) 100(#3, section 1) – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152455/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">100(#3, section 2) – Vol 2 English translation VII: TOC pp. 213–18, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006052700/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation cs2">Smith, A. 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(1 March 1992), "The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham", The Mathematical Gazette, 76 (475), <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association" title="Mathematical Association">Mathematical Association</a>: 189–98, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3620392">10.2307/3620392</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5572">0025-5572</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3620392">3620392</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118597450">118597450</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematical+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Remarkable+Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=475&rft.pages=189-98&rft.date=1992-03-01&rft.issn=0025-5572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118597450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3620392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3620392&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomer1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G._J._Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. 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J.</a> (December 1964), "Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm", Isis, 55 (4): 463–65, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349914">10.1086/349914</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Ibn+al-Haythams+Weg+zur+Physik+by+Matthias+Schramm&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-65&rft.date=1964-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349914&rft.aulast=Toomer&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopdemir2007" class="citation cs2">Topdemir, Huseyin Gazi (18 July 2007), Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039): His Life and Works</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+al-Haytham+%28965%E2%80%931039%29%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.aulast=Topdemir&rft.aufirst=Huseyin+Gazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernet1996" class="citation cs2">Vernet, J. 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(eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> (Second ed.), Brill Online: Brill Publishers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109014419/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2">archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2012, retrieved 16 September 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Brill+Online&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vernet&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fibn-al-haytham-SIM_3195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1998" class="citation cs2">Wade, Nicholas J. (1998), A Natural History of Vision, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Vision&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+MA%3A+MIT+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeFinger2001" class="citation cs2">Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–77, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fp3210">10.1068/p3210</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11721819">11721819</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8185797">8185797</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perception&rft.atitle=The+eye+as+an+optical+instrument%3A+from+camera+obscura+to+Helmholtz%27s+perspective&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1157-77&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8185797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11721819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fp3210&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Finger%2C+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein2008" class="citation cs2">Weisstein, Eric (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/AlhazensBilliardProblem.html">Alhazen's Billiard Problem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathworld">Mathworld</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417150705/https://mathworld.wolfram.com/AlhazensBilliardProblem.html">archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021, retrieved 24 September 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alhazen%27s+Billiard+Problem&rft.pub=Mathworld&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FAlhazensBilliardProblem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Whitaker" title="Brian Whitaker">Whitaker, Brian</a> (23 September 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/sep/23/research.highereducation1">"Centuries in the House of Wisdom"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916200913/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/sep/23/research.highereducation1">archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2014, retrieved 16 September 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Centuries+in+the+House+of+Wisdom&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2004%2Fsep%2F23%2Fresearch.highereducation1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZewailThomas2010" class="citation cs2">Zewail, Ahmed H.; Thomas, John Meurig (2010), 4D Electron Microscopy: Imaging in Space and Time, World Scientific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-390-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-390-4"><bdi>978-1-84816-390-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=4D+Electron+Microscopy%3A+Imaging+in+Space+and+Time&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-390-4&rft.aulast=Zewail&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+H.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+John+Meurig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabra1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._I._Sabra" title="A. I. Sabra">Sabra, A. I</a>, ed. (1983), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Optics+of+Ibn+al-Haytham%2C+Books+I-II-III%3A+On+Direct+Vision.+The+Arabic+text%2C+edited+and+with+Introduction%2C+Arabic-Latin+Glossaries+and+Concordance+Tables&rft.place=Kuwait&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Letters&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabra2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._I._Sabra" title="A. I. Sabra">Sabra, A. I</a>, ed. (2002), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV–V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Optics+of+Ibn+al-Haytham.+Edition+of+the+Arabic+Text+of+Books+IV%E2%80%93V%3A+On+Reflection+and+Images+Seen+by+Reflection.+2+vols&rft.place=Kuwait&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Letters&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation cs2">Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2006), "Alhacen on the principles of reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 95 (2–3), Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Alhacen+on+the+principles+of+reflection%3A+A+Critical+Edition%2C+with+English+Translation+and+Commentary%2C+of+books+4+and+5+of+Alhacen%27s+De+Aspectibus%2C+the+Medieval+Latin+Version+of+Ibn+al-Haytham%27s+Kit%C4%81b+al-Man%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir%2C+2+vols.&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+Mark%2C+ed.+and+trans.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) 2 vols: . (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>), 2006 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399">95(#2) Books 4–5 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924155318/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">95(#3) Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006112053/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2008) Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2 vols: Vol 1 98(#1, section 1 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); 98(#1, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>), 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395">Book 6 (2008) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152501/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006050915/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2010) Alhacen on Refraction : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's De aspectibus, [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 2 vols: 100(#3, section 1 – Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text); 100(#3, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>), 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647">Book 7 (2010) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152455/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006052700/http://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Belting, Hans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214052447/http://variantology.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Belting-Hans_Afterthoughts-on-Alhazen%E2%80%99s-Visual-Theory-and-Its-Presence-in-the-Pictorial-Theory-of-Western-Perspective_Variantology-4.pdf">Afterthoughts on Alhazen's Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective</a>, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Bizri2009b" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">El-Bizri, Nader</a> (2009b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", Oriens Occidens, 7 (1), Paris: <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>: 201–26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens+Occidens&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Haytham+et+le+probl%C3%A8me+de+la+couleur&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=201-26&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=El-Bizri&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Bizri2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">El-Bizri, Nader</a> (2016), "Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham", in Cunningham, Jack P.; Hocknull, Mark (eds.), Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages, Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, vol. 18, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 21–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33466-0"><bdi>978-3-319-33466-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grosseteste%27s+Meteorological+Optics%3A+Explications+of+the+Phenomenon+of+the+Rainbow+after+Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.btitle=Robert+Grosseteste+and+the+Pursuit+of+Religious+and+Scientific+Knowledge+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.pages=21-39&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-33466-0&rft.aulast=El-Bizri&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalco2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Falco" title="Charles M. Falco">Falco, Charles M.</a> (12–15 February 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204162652/https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/falco/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2016/08/FalcoPlenaryUAE.pdf">Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis</a> (PDF), presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/falco/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2016/08/FalcoPlenaryUAE.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 December 2020, retrieved 23 January 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+al-Haytham+and+the+Origins+of+Modern+Image+Analysis&rft.pub=presented+at+a+plenary+session+at+the+International+Conference+on+Information+Sciences%2C+Signal+Processing+and+its+Applications&rft.date=2007-02-12%2F2007-02-15&rft.aulast=Falco&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.optics.arizona.edu%2Ffalco%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F57%2F2016%2F08%2FFalcoPlenaryUAE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazı_Topdemır2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gazı Topdemır, Hüseyın (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnul-heysem">İBNÜ'l-HEYSEM – An article published in 21st volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam</a> (in Turkish). Vol. 21. Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/TDV_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a>. pp. 82–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89448-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89448-7"><bdi>978-97-53-89448-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609071112/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibnul-heysem">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0BN%C3%9C%27l-HEYSEM+%E2%80%93+An+article+published+in+21st+volume+of+Turkish+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=82-87&rft.pub=TDV+%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-97-53-89448-7&rft.aulast=Gaz%C4%B1+Topdem%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=H%C3%BCsey%C4%B1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fibnul-heysem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar1975" class="citation cs2">Omar, Saleh Beshara (June 1975), Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+al-Haytham+and+Greek+optics%3A+a+comparative+study+in+scientific+methodology&rft.pub=PhD+Dissertation%2C+University+of+Chicago%2C+Department+of+Near+Eastern+Languages+and+Civilizations&rft.date=1975-06&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Saleh+Beshara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed" title="Roshdi Rashed">Roshdi Rashed</a>, Optics and Mathematics: Research on the history of scientific thought in Arabic, Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 1992.</li> <li>Roshdi Rashed, Geometry and Dioptrics the tenth century: Ibn Sahl al-Quhi and Ibn al-Haytham (in French), Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1993</li> <li>Roshdi Rashed, Infinitesimal Mathematics, vols. 1–5, <a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a>, London, 1993–2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba">Saliba, George</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doaj.org/article/c3c039c19a15439aa5a01afcc8393031">Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19557-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19557-7"><bdi>978-0-262-19557-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419191742/https://doaj.org/article/c3c039c19a15439aa5a01afcc8393031">archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2017, retrieved 18 April 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Science+and+the+Making+of+the+European+Renaissance&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19557-7&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org%2Farticle%2Fc3c039c19a15439aa5a01afcc8393031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063948/http://www.buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de/cat/kwb_45_variantology_4/pid_170000000000790428.aspx">Buchhandlung Walther-König - KWB 45: Variantology 4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ibn_al-Haytham" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL883756A">Works by Ibn al-Haytham</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangermann2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.htm">"Ibn al-Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan"</a>. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 556–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+al-Haytham%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4asan&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=556-67&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Langermann&rft.aufirst=Y.+Tzvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FIbn_al-Haytham_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120111729/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.pdf">PDF version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/nader-el-bizri-ibn-al-haytham-introduction">'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm">Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223823/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm">Archived</a> 3 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141236E.pdf">The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaspina.org/alhazen.htm">Biography from Malaspina Global Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amaana.org/ISWEB/contents.htm#pos9">Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013041615/http://www.ionet.net/~usarch/WTB-Services/MiddleEast/WTB-ME-Thinkers-IbnAlHaitham.shtml">Biography from ioNET</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 13 October 1999)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211032459/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml">"Biography from the BBC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml">the original</a> on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+from+the+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Falhazen.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+al-Haytham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708215144/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/alhazen.html">Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/alhazen.html">Biography from Molecular Expressions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm">The First True Scientist</a> from BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002145/214579e.pdf#214593">Over the Moon</a> From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/mechanical-water-clock-ibn-al-haytham">The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham</a>, Muslim Heritage</li> <li>Alhazen's (1572) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/16985">Opticae thesaurus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145526/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/16985">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (English) – digital facsimile from the <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Template:Astronomy in medieval Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Template talk:Astronomy in medieval Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy in medieval Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim astronomers">Astronomers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_by_century"> <ul><li>by century</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nahavandi" title="Ahmad Nahavandi">Ahmad Nahavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Naubakht" title="Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht">Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" title="Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah ibn Athari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb_ibn_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81riq" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq">Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Khayyat" title="Abu Ali al-Khayyat">Abu Ali al-Khayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Gorgani" title="Abu Said Gorgani">Abu Said Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farghani" title="Al-Farghani">Al-Farghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani">Al-Mahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Ma%E1%B9%ADar" title="Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar">Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habash_al-Hasib_al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi">Al-Marwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Asturlabi" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi">Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers" title="Banū Mūsā brothers">Banū Mūsā brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Abd_al%E2%80%90Malik_al%E2%80%90Marwarrudhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi">Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_ibn_Bishr" title="Sahl ibn Bishr">Sahl ibn Bishr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra">Thābit ibn Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Abi_Mansur" title="Yahya ibn Abi Mansur">Yahya ibn Abi Mansur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">al-Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adami" title="Ibn al-Adami">Ibn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adami" title="Al-Adami">Al-Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_Khojandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud Khojandi">al-Khojandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Khazin" title="Abu Ja'far al-Khazin">al-Khazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_al-Quhi" title="Abu Sahl al-Quhi">al-Qūhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_Buzjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani">Abu al-Wafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ahmad ibn Yusuf">Ahmad ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Battani" title="Al-Battani">al-Battani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabisi" title="Al-Qabisi">Al-Qabisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-A%27lam" title="Ibn al-A'lam">Ibn al-A'lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi">Al-Nayrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saghani">Al-Saghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3-%E1%B9%A2aidan%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī">Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Sinan" title="Ibrahim ibn Sinan">Ibrahim ibn Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">al-Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BBIjliyyah" title="Al-ʻIjliyyah">Al-ʻIjliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastulus" title="Nastulus">Nastulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfadl_Harawi" title="Abolfadl Harawi">Abolfadl Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseb-i_Tabari" title="Haseb-i Tabari">Haseb-i Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslama_al-Majriti" title="Maslama al-Majriti">al-Majriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ahwazi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi">Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur">Abu Nasr Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī">Al-Zarqālī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Samh" title="Ibn al-Samh">Ibn al-Samh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alhazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Saffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Saffar">Ibn al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushyar_Gilani" title="Kushyar Gilani">Kushyar Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Andalusi" title="Said al-Andalusi">Said al-Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Said_al-Sahli" title="Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli">Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Jayyani" title="Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani">Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfizari" title="Al-Isfizari">Al-Isfizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Khalaf" title="Ali ibn Khalaf">Ali ibn Khalaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji" title="Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji">Al-Bitruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharaq%C4%AB" title="Al-Kharaqī">Al-Kharaqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Al-Khazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Salt">Abu al-Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kammad" title="Ibn al-Kammad">Ibn al-Kammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah" title="Jabir ibn Aflah">Jabir ibn Aflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi">Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Banna%27_al-Marrakushi" title="Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi">Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Ha%27im_al%E2%80%90Ishbili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili">Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_Bukhari" title="Jamal ad-Din Bukhari">Jamal ad-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_al-Hanafi" title="Alam al-Din al-Hanafi">Alam al-Din al-Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al%E2%80%90Din_al%E2%80%90Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al‐Din al‐Misri">Najm al‐Din al‐Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_al-Din_al-Maghribi" title="Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi">Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Din_al-Urdi" title="Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi">al-Urdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al%E2%80%90Farisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi">Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hasan_al-Marrakushi" title="Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi">Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq_al-Tunisi" title="Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi">Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Umar_II" title="Al-Ashraf Umar II">Al-Ashraf Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Akhlati" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati">Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir">Ibn al-Shatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Abu_Abd_Allah_al-Khalili" title="Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah al-Khalili">Al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muqri_Mohammed_al-Battiwi" title="Abu Muqri Mohammed al-Battiwi"> al-Battiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al%E2%80%90%CA%BFUq%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū al‐ʿUqūl">Abū al‐ʿUqūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wabkanawi" title="Al-Wabkanawi">Al-Wabkanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jadiri" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jadiri"> al-Jadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Shari%27a_al-Asghar" title="Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar">Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathullah_Shirazi" title="Fathullah Shirazi">Fathullah Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Kuşçu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al%E2%80%90Wajid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al‐Wajid">Abd al‐Wajid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_al-Kashi" title="Jamshid al-Kashi">Jamshid al-Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Z%C4%81da_al-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī">Kadızade Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_al-Maridini" title="Sibt al-Maridini">Sibt al-Maridini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Majdi" title="Ibn al-Majdi">Ibn al-Majdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i">al-Wafa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Kubunani" title="Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani">al-Kubunani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i">'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Al-Birjandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Khafri" title="Shams al-Din al-Khafri">al-Khafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-din_al-%27Amili" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-din al-'Amili">Baha' al-din al-'Amili </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Takiyüddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Guangxian" title="Yang Guangxian">Yang Guangxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmed%C3%AA_Xan%C3%AE" title="Ehmedê Xanî">Ehmedê Xanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Achsasi_al_Mouakket" title="Al Achsasi al Mouakket">Al Achsasi al Mouakket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Rudani" title="Muhammad al-Rudani">Muhammad al-Rudani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Works" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic star names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat" title="Aja'ib al-Makhluqat">Aja'ib al-Makhluqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huihui_Lifa" title="Huihui Lifa">Huihui Lifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledan_Tables" title="Toledan Tables">Toledan Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Ilkhani" title="Zij-i Ilkhani">Zij-i Ilkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Sultani" title="Zij-i Sultani">Zij-i Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullam_al-sama%27" title="Sullam al-sama'">Sullam al-sama'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Instruments" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alidade" title="Alidade">Alidade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">Analog computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Celestial globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorium" title="Equatorium">Equatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe" title="Mariner's astrolabe">Navigational astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octant_(instrument)" title="Octant (instrument)">Octant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">Planisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomy)" title="Sextant (astronomy)">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_square" title="Shadow square">Shadow square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Schema for horizontal sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almucantar" title="Almucantar">Almucantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">Gravitational energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Islamic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwaqqit" title="Muwaqqit">Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Obliquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_times" title="Salah times">Salah times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepidation" title="Trepidation">Trepidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">Triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Observatories" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Observatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_observatory_of_Taqi_ad-Din" title="Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din">Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Hellenistic_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Hellenistic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_mathematics" title="Template:Islamic mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_mathematics" title="Template talk:Islamic mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematicians_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Mathematicians of the medieval Islamic world">Mathematicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ham%C4%ABd_ibn_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk">'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanad_ibn_Ali" title="Sanad ibn Ali">Sanad ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abb%C4%81s_ibn_Said_al-Jawhar%C4%AB" title="Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī">al-Jawharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Ma%E1%B9%ADar" title="Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar">Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani">Al-Mahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">al-Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers" title="Banū Mūsā brothers">Banū Mūsā brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khuri" title="Yusuf al-Khuri">Yusuf al-Khuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27im_ibn_Musa" title="Na'im ibn Musa">Na'im ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra">Thābit ibn Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habash_al-Hasib_al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi">al-Marwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Gorgani" title="Abu Said Gorgani">Abu Said Gorgani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_Buzjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani">Abu al-Wafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Khazin" title="Abu Ja'far al-Khazin">al-Khazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabisi" title="Al-Qabisi">Al-Qabisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamil" title="Abu Kamil">Abu Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ahmad ibn Yusuf">Ahmad ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3-%E1%B9%A2aidan%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī">Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin%C4%81n_ibn_al-Fat%E1%B8%A5" title="Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ">Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_Khojandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud Khojandi">al-Khojandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi">Al-Nayrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saghani">Al-Saghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sahl_(mathematician)" title="Ibn Sahl (mathematician)">Ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_al-Uqlidisi" title="Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi">al-Uqlidisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Battani" title="Al-Battani">Al-Battani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_ibn_Thabit" title="Sinan ibn Thabit">Sinan ibn Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Sinan" title="Ibrahim ibn Sinan">Ibrahim ibn Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfahani" title="Al-Isfahani">Al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazif_ibn_Yumn" title="Nazif ibn Yumn">Nazif ibn Yumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_al-Quhi" title="Abu Sahl al-Quhi">al-Qūhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Jud" title="Abu al-Jud">Abu al-Jud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">Al-Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karaji" title="Al-Karaji">Al-Karaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslama_al-Majriti" title="Maslama al-Majriti">al-Majriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali" title="Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali">al-Jabali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur">Abu Nasr Mansur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alhazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushyar_Gilani" title="Kushyar Gilani">Kushyar Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Samh" title="Ibn al-Samh">Ibn al-Samh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Jayyani" title="Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani">al-Jayyānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C4%AB_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasaw%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī"> al-Nasawī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī">al-Zarqālī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud" title="Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud"> ibn Hud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfizari" title="Al-Isfizari">Al-Isfizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baghdadi" title="Muhammad al-Baghdadi">Muhammad al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah" title="Jabir ibn Aflah">Jabir ibn Aflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharaq%C4%AB" title="Al-Kharaqī">Al-Kharaqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Al-Khazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Hassar" title="Abu Bakr al-Hassar">al-Hassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi">Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Yasamin" title="Ibn al-Yasamin">Ibn al-Yasamin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Ha%27im_al%E2%80%90Ishbili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili">Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Ahmad al-Buni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Munim_al-Abdari" title="Ahmad ibn Munim al-Abdari">Ibn Munim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_al-Hanafi" title="Alam al-Din al-Hanafi">Alam al-Din al-Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Adlan" title="Ibn Adlan">Ibn Adlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Din_al-Urdi" title="Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi">al-Urdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_al-Din_al-Maghribi" title="Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi">Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hasan_al-Marrakushi" title="Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi">al-Hasan al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Banna%27_al-Marrakushi" title="Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi">Ibn al-Banna'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-F%C4%81ris%C4%AB" title="Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī">Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir">Ibn al-Shatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Durayhim" title="Ibn al-Durayhim">Ibn al-Durayhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Abu_Abd_Allah_al-Khalili" title="Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah al-Khalili">Al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ish_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Umawi" title="Ya'ish ibn Ibrahim al-Umawi">al-Umawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Majdi" title="Ibn al-Majdi">Ibn al-Majdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Z%C4%81da_al-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī">al-Rūmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_al-Kashi" title="Jamshid al-Kashi">al-Kāshī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i">al-Wafa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_ibn_Ali_al-Qalasadi" title="Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi">al-Qalaṣādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_al-Maridini" title="Sibt al-Maridini">Sibt al-Maridini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ghazi_al-Miknasi" title="Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi">Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Al-Birjandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Yazdi" title="Muhammad Baqir Yazdi">Muhammad Baqir Yazdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi ad-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamza_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi">Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg/80px-Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg/120px-Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg/160px-Gravure_originale_du_compas_parfait_par_Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="612" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Mathematical works of the medieval Islamic world">Mathematical works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing">The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Hindu_Reckoning" title="Principles of Hindu Reckoning">Principles of Hindu Reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_on_the_Measurement_of_Plane_and_Spherical_Figures" title="Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures">Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledan_Tables" title="Toledan Tables">Toledan Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhazen%27s_problem" title="Alhazen's problem">Alhazen's problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University">Al-Mustansiriya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_observatory_of_Taqi_ad-Din" title="Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din">Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragheh observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics#Medieval_European_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">European mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonometric_functions" title="Trigonometric functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trigonometry" title="History of trigonometry">History of trigonometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">History of algebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Aqidah (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql (intellect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Kalam (dialectic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah (education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism (mysticism)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_medicine" title="Template talk:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Physicians of the medieval Islamic world">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafsa_Yazid" title="Abu Hafsa Yazid">Abu Hafsa Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Kalada" title="Al-Harith ibn Kalada">Al-Harith ibn Kalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Ramtha_al-Tamimi" title="Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi">Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthal" title="Ibn Uthal">Ibn Uthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masarjawaih" title="Masarjawaih">Masarjawaih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Harith" title="Nafi ibn al-Harith">Nafi ibn al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufaida_Al-Aslamia" title="Rufaida Al-Aslamia">Rufaida Al-Aslamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_al-Awadiya" title="Zaynab al-Awadiya">Zaynab al-Awadiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'ar al-Sadiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhawi" title="Al-Ruhawi">Al-Ruhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albubather" title="Albubather">Albubather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaiyh" title="Masawaiyh">Masawaiyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmawaih_ibn_Bunan" title="Salmawaih ibn Bunan">Salmawaih ibn Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_ibn_Sahl" title="Shapur ibn Sahl">Shapur ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun" title="Yahya ibn Sarafyun">Yahya ibn Sarafyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhanna_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu">Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khuri" title="Yusuf al-Khuri">Yusuf al-Khuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aayon_Ibn_Aayon" title="Aayon Ibn Aayon">Aayon Ibn Aayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Rabee_Ibn_Ahmad_Al-Akhawyni_Bokhari" title="Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari">Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_%27Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi" title="Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi">Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Tabari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari">Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_Muqane%27i" title="Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i">Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_ul-Ala_Shirazi" title="Abu ul-Ala Shirazi">Abu ul-Ala Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kashkari" title="Al-Kashkari">Al-Kaŝkarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Natili" title="Al-Natili">Al-Natili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamimi,_the_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tamimi, the physician">Al-Tamimi, the physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Ash%CA%BFath" title="Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath">Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juljul" title="Ibn Juljul">Ibn Juljul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar" title="Ibn al-Jazzar">Ibn al-Jazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Baks" title="Ibrahim ibn Baks">Ibrahim ibn Baks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali" title="Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali">Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Muvaffak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_ibn_Bukhtishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu">Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hakam_al-Kirmani" title="Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani">Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Kahhal" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal">Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi">Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Mawsili" title="Ammar al-Mawsili">Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badi%27_al-Asturlabi" title="Al-Badi' al-Asturlabi">Badi' al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Sadiq" title="Ibn Abi Sadiq">Ibn Abi Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Thahabi" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Butlan" title="Ibn Butlan">Ibn Butlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hindu" title="Ibn Hindu">Ibn Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jazla" title="Ibn Jazla">Ibn Jazla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn al-Haytham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wafid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaih_al-Mardini" title="Masawaih al-Mardini">Masawaih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jafar_ibn_Harun_al-Turjali" title="Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali">Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar" title="Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar">Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh" title="Ahmad ibn Farrokh">Ahmad ibn Farrokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Habal" title="Ibn Habal">Ibn Habal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jumay%CA%BF" title="Ibn Jumayʿ">Ibn Jumay‘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Ibn Zuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tilmidh" title="Ibn al-Tilmidh">Ibn al-Tilmīdh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moshe ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Aslam_Al-Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi">Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapion_the_Younger" title="Serapion the Younger">Serapion the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili" title="Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili">Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Gorgani" title="Zayn al-Din Gorgani">Zayn al-Din Gorgani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dakhwar" title="Al-Dakhwar">Al-Dakhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrazuri" title="Al-Shahrazuri">Al-Shahrazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Din_Rashid_al-Din_Vatvat" title="Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat">Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwaydi_(physician)" title="As-Suwaydi (physician)">As-Suwaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27ud_Abu_al-Fadl" title="Da'ud Abu al-Fadl">Da'ud Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussam_al-Din_al-Jarrahi" title="Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi">Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumlus" title="Ibn Tumlus">Ibn Tumlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Baitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Quff" title="Ibn al-Quff">Ibn al-Quff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Din_Samarqandi" title="Najib ad-Din Samarqandi">Najib ad-Din Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_al-Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun al-Suri">Rashidun al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nagawri" title="Al-Nagawri">Al-Nagawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqsara%27i" title="Aqsara'i">Aqsara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani" title="Ibn al-Akfani">Ibn al-Akfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaghmini" title="Jaghmini">Jaghmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Ilyas" title="Mansur ibn Ilyas">Mansur ibn Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%CA%BDud_ibn_Muhammad_Sijzi" title="Masʽud ibn Muhammad Sijzi">Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Mahmud_Amuli" title="Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli">Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Mahmud_ibn_Ilyas_al-Shirazi" title="Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi">Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhshabi" title="Nakhshabi">Nakhshabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadid_al-Din_al-Kazaruni" title="Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni">Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Ismail_al-Kutubi" title="Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi">Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn-e-Attar" title="Zayn-e-Attar">Zayn-e-Attar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif" title="Abu Sa'id al-Afif">Abu Sa'id al-Afif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-din_Kermani" title="Burhan-ud-din Kermani">Burhan-ud-din Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayni_Isfahani" title="Husayni Isfahani">Husayni Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Astarabadi" title="Muhammad Ali Astarabadi">Muhammad Ali Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi">Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurbakhshi" title="Nurbakhshi">Nurbakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Muhammad_ibn_Thaleb" title="Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb">Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin">Şerafeddin Kadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Gorgani" title="Rostam Gorgani">Rostam Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDImad_Shirazi" title="ʽImad Shirazi">ʽImad Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Qasim_ibn_Mohammed_al-Ghassani" title="Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani">Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Antaki" title="Dawud al-Antaki">Dawud al-Antaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim-e-Gilani" title="Hakim-e-Gilani">Hakim-e-Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Khorasani" title="Sultan Ali Khorasani">Sultan Ali Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiwam_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Hasani" title="Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani">Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_El_Razzaq_Al-Jaza%C3%AFri" title="Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri">Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurayshi_al-Shirazi" title="Qurayshi al-Shirazi">Qurayshi al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunakabuni" title="Tunakabuni">Tunakabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsud-Ali_Tabrizi" title="Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi">Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurasani_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi">Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_Charts_of_the_Arabs" title="Anatomy Charts of the Arabs">Anatomy Charts of the Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye" title="Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye">Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Al-Tasrif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi" title="Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi">Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamel_al-Sanaat_al-Tibbyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya">Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawi" title="Al-Hawi">Al-Hawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna%27s_Canon" title="Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon">Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Lives of the Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Adudi_Hospital" title="Al-'Adudi Hospital">Al-'Adudi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimarestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient Iranian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_medicine" title="Learned medicine">Learned medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medical Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11104#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11104#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11104#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011774221X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90038995">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90145857113022922818">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/950145857099122922251">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/69332/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118648160">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81027793">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028218d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028218d">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV093927">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35823962">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0083904&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX824608">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5329465">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/611188">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070049793">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90267631">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000390925">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=107581">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr572m6c5nhnjpd">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810618850705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/48101">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007586208405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507503106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14741534">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04680723?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ibn-al-haytham.">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/192332">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1104022">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118648160.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118648160">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08612756X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64n0086">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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title="Category:Medieval physicists">Medieval physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world">Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_science" title="Category:Philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_philosophers" title="Category:Natural philosophers">Natural philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Basra" title="Category:People from Basra">People from Basra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precursors_of_photography" title="Category:Precursors of photography">Precursors of photography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_who_worked_on_qibla_determination" title="Category:Scientists who worked on qibla determination">Scientists who worked on qibla determination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inventors_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world">Inventors of the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_scientific_method" title="Category:History of scientific method">History of scientific method</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_optics" title="Category:History of optics">History of optics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_inventors" title="Category:11th-century inventors">11th-century inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_critics_of_atheism" title="Category:Muslim critics of atheism">Muslim critics of atheism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback 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