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With those in mind, we construct alternative descriptive models of consciousness, each comprising a synthesis of recent literature in cognitive science. Presuming that consciousness arose through natural selection, we eliminate the subset of alternatives that lack selectable physical phenotypes, leaving the subset with limited free will (mostly in the form of free won't). We argue that membership in this subset implies a two-way exchange of energy between the conscious mental realm and the physical realm of the brain. We propose an analogy between the mental and physical phases of energy and the phases (e.g., gas/liquid) of matter, and a possible realization in the form of a generic resonator. As candidate undergirdings of such a system, we propose astroglial-pyramidal cell and electromagnetic-field models. Finally, we consider the problem of identification of the presence of consciousness in other beings or in machines.","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"Journal of Integrative Neuroscience","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"104665894"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A Natural Science Approach to Consciousness","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [39107866]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div 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class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">A Natural Science Approach to Consciousness</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39107866" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdwinLewisa"><img alt="Profile image of Edwin Lewis" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Edwin Lewis</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Journal of Integrative Neuroscience</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80338638/The_Nature_of_Consciousness_A_Hypothesis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37198466" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37198466/On_the_Universal_Mechanism_Underlying_Conscious_Systems_and_the_Foundations_for_a_Theory_of_Consciousness">On the Universal Mechanism Underlying Conscious Systems and the Foundations for a Theory of Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88279363" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KepplerJ">Joachim Keppler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Open Journal of Philosophy, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this article, I present a novel approach to the scientific understanding of consciousness. It is based on the hypothesis that the full range of phenomenal qualities is built into the frequency spectrum of a ubiquitous background field and proceeds on the assumption that conscious systems employ a universal mechanism by means of which they are able to extract phenomenal nuances selectively from this field. I set forth that in the form of the zero-point field (ZPF) physics can offer a promising candidate that is qualified for playing the dual role as both the carrier of energy and consciousness. The appropriate mechanism, which rests upon the principle of dy-namical coupling of ZPF modes, is a unique feature of quantum systems, suggesting that the dividing line between conscious and non-conscious systems is defined by the differentiation between quantum systems and classical systems. The presence of this mechanism in the brain is supported by the neurophysiological body of evidence, leading to a consistent explanation of the dynamical properties of the neural correlates of consciousness. Building on these findings, I lay the foundations for the conceptually coherent integration of consciousness into the physical worldview, derive an indicator for the quantity of consciousness of a given system, and outline the further steps toward a theory of consciousness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Universal Mechanism Underlying Conscious Systems and the Foundations for a Theory of Consciousness","attachmentId":58216599,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37198466/On_the_Universal_Mechanism_Underlying_Conscious_Systems_and_the_Foundations_for_a_Theory_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37198466/On_the_Universal_Mechanism_Underlying_Conscious_Systems_and_the_Foundations_for_a_Theory_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37215695" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37215695/A_Conceptual_Framework_for_Consciousness_Based_on_a_Deep_Understanding_of_Matter">A Conceptual Framework for Consciousness Based on a Deep Understanding of Matter</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88279363" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KepplerJ">Joachim Keppler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophy Study, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the main challenges in consciousness research is widely known as the hard problem of consciousness. In order to tackle this problem, I utilize an approach from theoretical physics, called stochastic electrodynamics (SED), which goes one step beyond quantum theory and sheds new light on the reality behind matter. According to this approach, matter is a resonant oscillator that is orchestrated by an all-pervasive stochastic radiation field, called zero-point field (ZPF). The properties of matter are not intrinsic but acquired by dynamic interaction with the ZPF, which in turn picks up information about the material system as soon as an ordered state, i.e., a stable attractor, is reached. I point out that these principles apply also to macroscopic biological systems. From this perspective, long-range correlations in the brain, such as neural gamma synchrony, can be interpreted in terms of order phenomena induced and stabilized by the ZPF, suggesting that every attractor in the brain goes along with an information state in the ZPF. In order to build the bridge to consciousness, I employ additional input from Eastern philosophy. From a comparison between SED and Eastern philosophy I draw the conclusion that the ZPF is an appropriate candidate for the substrate of consciousness, implying that information states in the ZPF are associated with conscious states. On this basis I develop a conceptual framework for consciousness that is fully consistent with physics, neurophysiology, and Eastern philosophy. I argue that this conceptual framework has many interesting features and opens a door to a theory of consciousness. Particularly, it solves the problem of how matter and consciousness communicate in a causally closed functional chain, it gives a physical grounding to existing approaches regarding the connection between consciousness and information, and it gives clear direction to future models and experiments.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Conceptual Framework for Consciousness Based on a Deep Understanding of Matter","attachmentId":57166600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37215695/A_Conceptual_Framework_for_Consciousness_Based_on_a_Deep_Understanding_of_Matter","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37215695/A_Conceptual_Framework_for_Consciousness_Based_on_a_Deep_Understanding_of_Matter"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="120256561" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120256561/A_Natural_Account_of_Phenomenal_Consciousness">A Natural Account of Phenomenal Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136643" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/MaxVelmans">Max Velmans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuroquantology, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Natural Account of Phenomenal Consciousness","attachmentId":115467069,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120256561/A_Natural_Account_of_Phenomenal_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120256561/A_Natural_Account_of_Phenomenal_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="940870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/940870/Towards_a_Theory_of_Consciousness">Towards a Theory of Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="777976" href="https://victoria.academia.edu/DavidBalduzzi">David Balduzzi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cognitive neuroscience provides us with both clues and paradoxes about the neural substrate of consciousness. For example, we know that certain corticothalamic circuits are essential for conscious experience, whereas cerebellar circuits are not, despite their huge numbers. We also know that consciousness wanes during slow-wave sleep and generalized seizures, despite levels of neural activity that are comparable to wakefulness. To understand why this is so, empirical observations must be related to a theory that says, in a principled manner, what consciousness is and how it can be generated. This chapter introduces the integrated information theory. Starting from phenomenology and making a critical use of thought experiments, the theory claims that consciousness is integrated information. Specifically, (1) the quantity of consciousness is given by the amount of integrated information generated by a complex of elements, and (2) the quality of experience, such as the “redness” of red, is given by the set of informational relationships within that complex. Integrated information (symbol, Φ) is defined as the amount of information generated by causal interactions within a complex of elements, above and beyond the information generated independently by its parts. Qualia space (symbol, Q) is a space where each axis represents a possible state of the complex, each point is a probability distribution of its states, and arrows between points represent the informational relationships generated by causal interactions among its elements. Together, the set of informational relationships within a complex specifies a shape in Q that in turn specifies a particular experience. Several observations concerning the neural substrate of consciousness fall naturally into place within the integrated information framework.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards a Theory of Consciousness","attachmentId":5748623,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/940870/Towards_a_Theory_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/940870/Towards_a_Theory_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="63422353" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63422353/2_The_Emergence_of_the_Concept_of_Consciousness">2. 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The Emergence of the Concept of Consciousness","attachmentId":75857539,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63422353/2_The_Emergence_of_the_Concept_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63422353/2_The_Emergence_of_the_Concept_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="4390650" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4390650/CONSCIOUSNESS_AND_THE_STRUCTURE_OF_MATTER">CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="552958" href="https://google.academia.edu/RamLPandeyVimal">Ram L. Pandey Vimal</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER","attachmentId":31822388,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4390650/CONSCIOUSNESS_AND_THE_STRUCTURE_OF_MATTER","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4390650/CONSCIOUSNESS_AND_THE_STRUCTURE_OF_MATTER"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="12551336" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12551336/The_Evolutionary_Imperative_of_Consciousness_Full_paper_">The Evolutionary Imperative of Consciousness (Full paper)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13393868" href="https://webplus.academia.edu/JamesJimBeichler">James (Jim) E Beichler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Conscientiology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Every living organism is characterized by two different complex physical field patterns: the (1) ‘life force’ or biofield and (2) mind-consciousness complex. 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