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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic_and_education_as_pastor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Weimar Republic and education as pastor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_education_as_pastor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment_and_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment_and_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Imprisonment and liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment_and_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_they_came" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_they_came"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First they came</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_they_came-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Niemöller</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="مارتن نيمولر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن نيمولر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Nim%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Nimöller – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martin Nimöller" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="مارتین نیمولر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین نیمولر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মার্টিন নিম্যোলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন নিম্যোলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марцін Німёлер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Німёлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартын Німёльлер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мартын Німёльлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Нимьолер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартин Нимьолер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μάρτιν Νήμελερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρτιν Νήμελερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="مارتین نیمولر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین نیمولر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4_%EB%8B%88%EB%AC%84%EB%9F%AC" title="마르틴 니묄러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르틴 니묄러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարտին Նիմյոլլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Նիմյոլլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन निमोलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन निमोलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="מרטין נימלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין נימלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martinus Niemöller – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="മാർട്ടിൻ നീംലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർട്ടിൻ നീംലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="مارتن نيمولر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن نيمولر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="マルティン・ニーメラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルティン・ニーメラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਨੀਮੋਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਨੀਮੋਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Нимёллер, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нимёллер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Niemöller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มาร์ทีน นีเมิลเลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ทีน นีเมิลเลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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– Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬丁·尼莫拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153839#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Martin Niemöller</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_(1952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of Martin Niemöller. He is a white middle-aged man wearing clerical clothing and glasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_%281952%29.jpg/220px-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_%281952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_%281952%29.jpg/330px-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_%281952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_%281952%29.jpg/440px-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_%281952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="770" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Niemöller at <a href="/wiki/Grote_or_Sint-Jacobskerk_(The_Hague)" title="Grote or Sint-Jacobskerk (The Hague)">St. James' Church, The Hague</a> in 1952</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller</div><br />14 January 1892<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lippstadt" title="Lippstadt">Lippstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 March 1984<span style="display:none">(1984-03-06)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">Westphalian Wilhelm University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Co-founding the <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." class="mw-redirect" title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Else Bremer</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="7 August 1961">1961</span>)<wbr /></div>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sibylle von Sell</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1971)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data">Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_old-Prussian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union">Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau" title="Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau">Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Congregations served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Dahlem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Anne's Church, Dahlem (page does not exist)">St. Anne's Church, Dahlem</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorfkirche_Dahlem" class="extiw" title="de:Dorfkirche Dahlem">de</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0)" class="extiw" title="ja:聖アンネン教会 (ダーレム)">ja</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Offices held</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau">Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau</a> (1945–1961)</li><li>President of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> (1961–1968)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1910–1919<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley19645_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley19645-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmaʁtiːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈniːmœlɐ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/De-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller.ogg\/De-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Martin Niem\u00f6ller.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/De-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller.ogg/De-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller.ogg" title="File:De-Martin Niemöller.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 14 January 1892 – 6 March 1984) was a German theologian and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime during the late 1930s and for his 1946 quote "<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." class="mw-redirect" title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>". Niemöller was sent to a concentration camp for his affiliation with the Confessing Church and his opposition to state involvement in Church. After the war, he went on tour around the world to condemn the Nazi cause and educate people about why it is important to protect human rights. </p><p>Niemöller was a <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservative</a> and initially a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stein_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a self-identified <a href="/wiki/Antisemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemite">antisemite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rmichael_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmichael-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a>, which opposed the Nazification of German Protestant churches. He opposed the Nazis' <a href="/wiki/Aryan_paragraph" title="Aryan paragraph">Aryan Paragraph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his opposition to the Nazis' state control of the churches, Niemöller was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camps</a> from 1938 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He narrowly escaped execution. After his imprisonment, he expressed his deep regret about not having done enough to help victims of the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He turned away from his earlier nationalistic beliefs and was one of the initiators of the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Declaration_of_Guilt" title="Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt">Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s on, he was a vocal <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> activist, and vice-chair of <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters%27_International" title="War Resisters' International">War Resisters' International</a> from 1966 to 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met with <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and was a committed campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-world_encyclopedia_of_peace_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_encyclopedia_of_peace-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_World_War_I_participation">Youth and World War I participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth and World War I participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niemöller was born in <a href="/wiki/Lippstadt" title="Lippstadt">Lippstadt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Province of Westphalia</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>), on 14 January 1892 to the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> pastor Heinrich Niemöller and his wife Pauline (née Müller), and grew up in a very conservative home.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Elberfeld" title="Elberfeld">Elberfeld</a> where he finished school, taking his <i><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a></i> exam in 1908. </p><p>He began a career as an <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial Navy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and his first assigment was as cadet on the cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Hertha_(1897)" title="SMS Hertha (1897)">SMS Hertha</a> after which he served on the battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Th%C3%BCringen" title="SMS Thüringen">SMS <i>Thüringen</i></a>. In 1915, was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> branch. In October of that year, he joined the submarine mother ship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Vulkan" title="SMS Vulkan"><i>Vulkan</i></a>, followed by training on the submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_U-3_(Germany)" title="SM U-3 (Germany)"><i>U-3</i></a>. In February 1916, he became second officer on <a href="/wiki/SM_U-73" title="SM U-73"><i>U-73</i></a>, which was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> in April 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-cb555_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb555-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There the submarine fought on the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Saloniki front</a>, patrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Otranto" title="Strait of Otranto">Strait of Otranto</a> and from December 1916 onward, planted many <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mines</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a> and was involved in <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiding</a>. Flying a French flag as a <a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">ruse of war</a>, the SM <i>U-73</i> sailed past British warships and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoed</a> two Allied troopships and a British man-of-war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg/220px-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg/330px-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg/440px-Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller_Marineoffizier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>Niemöller as an officer of the Imperial German Navy, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1917, Niemöller was <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a> of <a href="/wiki/SM_U-39" title="SM U-39"><i>U-39</i></a>. Later he returned to <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, and in August 1917, he became first officer on <a href="/wiki/SM_U-151" title="SM U-151"><i>U-151</i></a>, which attacked numerous ships at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>, and other places. During this time, the SM <i>U-151</i> crew set a record by sinking 55,000 tons of Allied ships in 115 days at sea. In June 1918, he became commander of the <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-67" title="SM UC-67"><i>UC-67</i></a>. Under his command, <i>UC-67</i> achieved a temporary closing of the French port of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> by sinking ships in the area, by torpedoes, and by the laying of mines.<sup id="cite_ref-cb555_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb555-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his achievements, Niemöller was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> First Class. When the war drew to a close, he decided to become a preacher, a story he later recounted in his book <i>Vom U-Boot zur Kanzel</i> (<i>From U-boat to Pulpit</i>). At war's end, Niemöller resigned his commission, as he rejected the new democratic government of the German Empire that formed after the abdication of the German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weimar_Republic_and_education_as_pastor">Weimar Republic and education as pastor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic and education as pastor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, he married Else Bremer<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (20 July 1890 – 7 August 1961). That same year, he began working at a farm in Wersen near <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> but gave up becoming a farmer as he could not afford to buy his own farm. He subsequently pursued his earlier idea of becoming a Lutheran pastor and studied Protestant theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">Westphalian Wilhelm University</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> from 1919 to 1923. His motivation was his ambition to give a disordered society meaning and order through the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> and church bodies. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Uprising">Ruhr Uprising</a> in 1920, he was <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> commander of the "III. Bataillon der Akademischen Wehr Münster" belonging to the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a>. </p><p>Niemöller was ordained on 29 June 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-cb555_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb555-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_old-Prussian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union">Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union</a> appointed him curate of Münster's Church of the Redeemer. After serving as the superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Mission">Inner Mission</a> in the old-Prussian ecclesiastical province of Westphalia, Niemöller in 1931 became pastor of the Jesus Christus Kirche (comprising a congregation together with St. Anne's Church) in <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a>, an affluent suburb of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_Nazi_Germany">Role in Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most Protestant pastors, Niemöller was a national conservative, and openly supported the conservative opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. He voted for Nazis in 1924, 1928, and 1933. He thus welcomed Hitler's accession to power in 1933, believing that it would bring a national revival.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer-1960-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> In his autobiography, <i>From U-Boat to Pulpit</i> published in the spring of 1933, he called the time of "the System" (a pejorative name for the Weimar Republic) the "years of darkness" and hailed Adolf Hitler for beginning a "national revival".<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer-1960-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> Niemöller's autobiography received positive reviews in Nazi newspapers and was a bestseller.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer-1960-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> However, he decidedly opposed the Nazis' "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_paragraph" title="Aryan paragraph">Aryan Paragraph</a>" to Jewish converts to Lutheranism.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazi regime reacted with mass arrests and charges against almost 800 pastors and ecclesiastical lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, Niemöller founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Pfarrernotbund" title="Pfarrernotbund">Pfarrernotbund</a></i>, an organization of pastors to "combat rising discrimination against Christians of Jewish background".<sup id="cite_ref-bio_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the autumn of 1934, Niemöller joined other Lutheran and Protestant churchmen such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> in founding the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Church">Confessional Church</a>, a Protestant group that opposed the Nazification of the German <a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Protestant churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author and Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> published Niemöller's sermons in the United States and praised his bravery.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Niemöller only gradually abandoned his national conservative views. Even as he opposed the Nazis, he made pejorative remarks about Jews of faith while protecting – in his own church – baptised Christians of Jewish descent whom the Nazis persecuted. In one sermon in 1935, he remarked: "What is the reason for [their] obvious punishment, which has lasted for thousands of years? Dear brethren, the reason is easily given: the Jews brought the Christ of God to the cross!"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This has led to controversy about his attitude toward Jews and to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> historian Robert Michael argues that Niemöller's statements were a result of traditional <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>, and that Niemöller agreed with the Nazis' position on the "Jewish question" at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-rmichael_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmichael-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Cohn" title="Werner Cohn">Werner Cohn</a> lived as a Jew in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and he also reports on antisemitic statements by Niemöller.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemöller said, "The crucial issue was not whether the USA or the USSR would win the next war. The big question rather was whether there would still be a white race in thirty or forty years."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her book <i>Twisted Cross</i>, Doris L. Bergen says, "Martin Niemöller explained how he, a self-professed antisemite, had come to oppose plans to exclude non-Aryans from the clergy. Even his personal antipathy toward Jews, Niemöller indicated, had not blinded him to the realization that acceptance of an Aryan clause in the church would effectively negate the teaching of baptism."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, he signed the petition of a group of Protestant churchmen which sharply criticized Nazi policies and declared the Aryan Paragraph incompatible with the Christian virtue of <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment_and_liberation">Imprisonment and liberation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imprisonment and liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niemöller was arrested on 1 July 1937. On 2 March 1938, he was tried by a <a href="/wiki/Sondergerichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Sondergerichte">"Special Court"</a> for activities against the state. He was given <a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a> status ('special or honourable detention'). He received a 2,000 Reichsmark fine and seven months' imprisonment. But as he had been detained pre-trial for longer than the seven-month jail term, he was released by the court after sentencing. However, he was immediately rearrested by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> – presumably because <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> found the sentence too lenient and decided to take "merciless action" against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer-1960-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interned in <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camps</a> for "protective custody" from 1938 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in the concentration camp, he "wrote to a military commander whom he had known in World War I asking to be released from Sachsenhausen so he could serve in the German Wehrmacht."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He volunteered in September 1939 to become a U-boat commander; his offer was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His former cellmate, Leo Stein, was released from Sachsenhausen to go to America, and he wrote an article about Niemöller for <i>The National Jewish Monthly</i> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stein reports having asked Niemöller why he ever supported the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, to which Niemöller replied: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I find myself wondering about that too. I wonder about it as much as I regret it. Still, it is true that Hitler betrayed me. I had an audience with him, as a representative of the Protestant Church, shortly before he became Chancellor, in 1932. Hitler promised me on his word of honor, to protect the Church, and not to issue any anti-Church laws. He also agreed not to allow <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against the Jews, assuring me as follows: "There will be restrictions against the Jews, but there will be no ghettos, no pogroms, in Germany." </p><p>I really believed, given the widespread anti-Semitism in Germany, at that time – that Jews should avoid aspiring to Government positions or seats in the Reichstag. There were many Jews, especially among the Zionists, who took a similar stand. Hitler's assurance satisfied me at the time. On the other hand, I hated the growing atheistic movement, which was fostered and promoted by the Social Democrats and the Communists. Their hostility toward the Church made me pin my hopes on Hitler for a while. </p><p> I am paying for that mistake now; and not me alone, but thousands of other persons like me.</p></blockquote> <p>In late April 1945, Niemöller – together with about <a href="/wiki/Transport_of_concentration_camp_inmates_to_Tyrol" title="Transport of concentration camp inmates to Tyrol">140 high-ranking prisoners</a> – was transported to the <a href="/wiki/Alpenfestung" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpenfestung">Alpenfestung</a>. The group possibly were to be used as hostages in surrender negotiations. The transport's SS guards had orders to kill everyone if liberation by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">advancing Western Allies</a> became imminent. However, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">south Tyrol</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">regular German troops</a> took the inmates into protective custody. The entire group was eventually liberated by advanced units of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Seventh_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Seventh Army">U.S. Seventh Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_they_came">First they came</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First they came"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> "<b>First They Came</b>" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Als sie kamen</i> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">When they came</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, or <i>Habe ich geschwiegen</i> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I did not speak out</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), is the poetic form of a 1946 post-war confessional prose by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niemöller</a> . The quote exists in many versions; the one featured on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Holocaust Memorial">United States Holocaust Memorial</a> reads: </p><blockquote><p>"First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out – because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out – because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out – because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me – and there was no one left to speak for me."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, Niemöller was denied Nazi victim status.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemöller himself acknowledged his guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-lammersdorf_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lammersdorf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, he was asked about his former attitude toward Jews by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wiener" title="Alfred Wiener">Alfred Wiener</a>, a Jewish researcher into racism and war crimes committed by the Nazi regime. In a letter to Wiener, Niemöller stated that his eight-year imprisonment by the Nazis became the turning point in his life, after which he viewed things differently.<sup id="cite_ref-stoehr_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on tour around the world to condemn the Nazi cause and educate people about why it's important to protect human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemöller was president of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau" title="Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau">Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau</a> from 1947 to 1961. He was one of the initiators of the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Declaration_of_Guilt" title="Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt">Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt</a>, signed by leading figures in the German Protestant churches. The document acknowledged that the churches had not done enough to resist the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the impact of a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> (referred to as the "father of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">nuclear chemistry</a>") in July 1954, Niemöller became an ardent <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> and campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-world_encyclopedia_of_peace_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_encyclopedia_of_peace-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was soon a leading figure in the post-war German <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> and was even brought to court in 1959 because he had spoken about the military in a very unflattering way.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> His visit to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>'s communist ruler <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> caused an uproar. Niemöller also took active part in protests against the Vietnam War and the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Double-Track_Decision" title="NATO Double-Track Decision">NATO Double-Track Decision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, he became president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">Lenin Peace Prize</a> in December 1966. </p><p>He gave a sermon at the 30 April 1967 dedication of a Protestant "Church of Atonement" in the former Dachau concentration camp, which in 1965 had been partially restored as a memorial site.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemöller died at <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, on 6 March 1984, at the age of 92.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Gedanken über den Weg der christlichen Kirche</i>, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus 2019 (edited by Alf Christophersen and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ziemann" title="Benjamin Ziemann">Benjamin Ziemann</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783579085449" title="Special:BookSources/9783579085449">9783579085449</a></li> <li><i>From U-boat to Pulpit</i>, including an Appendix From Pulpit to Prison by Henry Smith Leiper (Chicago, New York: Willett, Clark, 1937).</li> <li><i>Here Stand I!</i> with foreword by James Moffatt, translated by Jane Lymburn (Chicago, New York: Willett, Clark, 1937).</li> <li><i>The Gestapo Defied, Being the Last Twenty-eight Sermons by Martin Niemöller</i> (London [etc.]: W. Hodge and Company, Limited, 1941).</li> <li><i>Of Guilt and Hope</i>, translated by Renee Spodheim (New York: Philosophical Library, [1947]).</li> <li>"What is the Church?" <i>Princeton Seminary Bulletin</i>, vol. 40, no. 4 (1947): 10–16.</li> <li>"The Word of God is Not Bound", <i>Princeton Seminary Bulletin</i>, vol. 41, no. 1 (1947): 18–23.</li> <li><i>Exile in the Fatherland: Martin Niemöller's Letters from Moabit Prison</i>, translated by Ernst Kaemke, Kathy Elias, and Jacklyn Wilfred; edited by Hubert G. Locke (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., c1986).</li> <li>"Dachau Sermons", Martin Niemöller, translated by Robert H. Pfeiffer, Harvard Divinity School 1947 (published by Latimer House Limited, 33 Ludgate Hill, London EC4)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1984" class="citation news cs1">Pace, Eric (8 March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/08/obituaries/martin-niemoller-resolute-foe-of-hitler.html">"Martin Niemöller, Resolute Foe of Hitler"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. D22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Martin+Niem%C3%B6ller%2C+Resolute+Foe+of+Hitler&rft.pages=D22&rft.date=1984-03-08&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F03%2F08%2Fobituaries%2Fmartin-niemoller-resolute-foe-of-hitler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilley19645-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilley19645_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilley1964">Willey 1964</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Niemöller, (Friedrich Gustav Emil) Martin". <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993), 8:698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1941" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Leo (May 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/niem/njm415/NatJewMonthly415.htm">"NIEMOELLER speaks! An Exclusive Report by One Who Lived 22 Months in Prison with the Famous German Pastor Who Defied Adolf Hitler"</a>. <i>The National Jewish Monthly</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>5, <span class="nowrap">301–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Jewish+Monthly&rft.atitle=NIEMOELLER+speaks%21+An+Exclusive+Report+by+One+Who+Lived+22+Months+in+Prison+with+the+Famous+German+Pastor+Who+Defied+Adolf+Hitler&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E5%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1941-05&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmarcuse%2Fprojects%2Fniem%2Fnjm415%2FNatJewMonthly415.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rmichael-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rmichael_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rmichael_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael, Robert. <i>Theological Myth, German Antisemitism, and the Holocaust: The Case of Martin Niemoeller, Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. 1987; 2: 105–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoehr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoehr_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Stöhr, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130701012226/http://www.martin-niemoeller-stiftung.de/4/zumnachlesen/a100"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'... habe ich geschwiegen'. Zur Frage eines Antisemitismus bei Martin Niemöller"</a></i> tr. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'...I kept quiet'. On the question of anti-Semitism with Martin Niemöller".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114112329/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759113,00.html">"GERMANY: Dynamite"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 21 February 1938. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759113,00.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=GERMANY%3A+Dynamite&rft.date=1938-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C759113%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, F.L. and E.A. Livingstone, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 975 <i>sub loco</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prasad, Devi. <i>War Is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International</i>, London: War Resisters' International, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world_encyclopedia_of_peace-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_encyclopedia_of_peace_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_encyclopedia_of_peace_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rupp, Hans Karl. "Niemöller, Martin", in <i>The World Encyclopedia of Peace</i>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ervin_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Ervin László">Ervin László</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jong_Youl_Yoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jong Youl Yoo (page does not exist)">Jong Youl Yoo</a>. Oxford: Pergamon, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-032685-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-032685-4">0-08-032685-4</a> (vol. 2, pp. 45–46).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cb555-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cb555_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cb555_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cb555_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1943</i>, pg.555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/martin-niemoeller-biography">"Martin Niemöller: Biography"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <q>He married Else Bruner on April 20, 1919. The couple had 6 children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Niem%C3%B6ller%3A+Biography&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmartin-niemoeller-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Niemöller", 8:698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirer-1960-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shirer-1960_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William L (1960). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"><i>The rise and fall of the Third Reich: a history of Nazi Germany</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72869-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72869-4"><bdi>978-0-671-72869-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22888118">22888118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+a+history+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22888118&rft.isbn=978-0-671-72869-4&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeMO" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">LeMO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/bekennende/index.html">"Die Bekennende Kirche"</a> (in German). Dhm.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Bekennende+Kirche&rft.pub=Dhm.de&rft.au=LeMO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Finnenpolitik%2Fbekennende%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of this sermon, in English, is found in Martin Niemöller, First Commandment, London, 1937, pp. 243–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-antisemitism&month=9705&week=&msg=kDdjwbF4rXCQ4ZXMDQMQ%2bw&user=&pw=">"H-Net Discussion Networks – Christian theological antisemitism"</a>. H-net.msu.edu. 6 May 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H-Net+Discussion+Networks+%E2%80%93+Christian+theological+antisemitism&rft.pub=H-net.msu.edu&rft.date=1997-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh-net.msu.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Flogbrowse.pl%3Ftrx%3Dvx%26list%3Dh-antisemitism%26month%3D9705%26week%3D%26msg%3DkDdjwbF4rXCQ4ZXMDQMQ%252bw%26user%3D%26pw%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/niem/NiemAntisemCohnHMCorresp034.htm#cohnbiog">"Correspondence about Niemöller's Antisemitism"</a>. History.ucsb.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondence+about+Niem%C3%B6ller%27s+Antisemitism&rft.pub=History.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmarcuse%2Fprojects%2Fniem%2FNiemAntisemCohnHMCorresp034.htm%23cohnbiog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Wistrich2013" class="citation book cs1">S. Wistrich, Robert (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nT-psA9fj_AC&q=Martin+Niem%C3%B6ller+born&pg=PA180"><i>Who's Who in Nazi Germany</i></a> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-41388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-41388-9"><bdi>978-1-136-41388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-136-41388-9&rft.aulast=S.+Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnT-psA9fj_AC%26q%3DMartin%2BNiem%25C3%25B6ller%2Bborn%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett, Victoria. <i>For The Soul of The People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1992. p.150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1939/09/25/archives/niemoeller-volunteers-for-uboat-service-nazis-reject-imprisoned.html">"Niemoeller Volunteers for U-Boat Service; Nazis Reject Imprisoned Pastor's Offer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 25 September 1939. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Niemoeller+Volunteers+for+U-Boat+Service%3B+Nazis+Reject+Imprisoned+Pastor%27s+Offer&rft.date=1939-09-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1939%2F09%2F25%2Farchives%2Fniemoeller-volunteers-for-uboat-service-nazis-reject-imprisoned.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/defeat-and-deliverance">"Defeat And Deliverance 1945 (newsreel containing the liberation)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">British Pathé News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defeat+And+Deliverance+1945+%28newsreel+containing+the+liberation%29&rft.pub=British+Path%C3%A9+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fvideo%2Fdefeat-and-deliverance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span> Note Niemöller smoking a pipe in mid-clip.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardi2005" class="citation book cs1">Richardi, Hans-Günter (2005). <i>SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung</i>. 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Reuters. 28 July 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+Victim+Status+Denied+To+Niemoller&rft.date=1947-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9904EFDA143AE233A2575BC2A9619C946693D6CF%26legacy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lammersdorf-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lammersdorf_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauch1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mauch, Christof (Spring 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083421/http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/024/bulletin_S99.html#Westernization">"The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective"</a>. <i>GHI Bulletin</i>. <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical Institute">German Historical Institute</a>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>31. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278, 517 note 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+Dachau%3A+The+Uses+and+Abuses+of+a+Concentration+Camp%2C+1933%E2%80%932001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=278%2C+517+note+12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Borchmeyer, Doris (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/1062972147/34"><i>Die Bekennende Kirche und die Gründung der Evangelischen Kirche in Hessen und Nassau, EKHN.</i></a> Diss. Justus Liebig Universität Gießen.</li> <li>Bentley, James (1984) <i>Martin Niemoeller</i>, New York: The Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-902730-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-902730-6">0-02-902730-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaisen,_Carsten1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicolaisen, Carsten (1993). "Niemöller, Martin". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/{{{1}}}"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 6. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 735–748. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-044-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-044-1"><bdi>3-88309-044-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niem%C3%B6ller%2C+Martin&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Herzberg&rft.pages=cols.+735-748&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-88309-044-1&rft.au=Nicolaisen%2C+Carsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2F%7B%7B%7B1%7D%7D%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaisen,_Carsten1999" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicolaisen, Carsten (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016337/images/index.html?seite=253">"Niemöller, Emil Gustav Martin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 19. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>241</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niem%C3%B6ller%2C+Emil+Gustav+Martin&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Nicolaisen%2C+Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016337%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118587900.html">full text online</a>).</li> <li>Schreiber, Matthias (2008) <i>Martin Niemöller.</i> 2. Auflage. Reinbek: Rowohlt. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50550-8">978-3-499-50550-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette, Wolfram</a> (2010) <i>Seiner Zeit voraus. Martin Niemöllers Friedensinitiativen (1945–1955)</i>. In: Detlef Bald (Hrsg.): <i>Friedensinitiativen in der Frühzeit des Kalten Krieges 1945–1955</i> (= Frieden und Krieg, 17). Essen. S. 227–241.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley1964" class="citation thesis cs1">Willey, William J. (1964). <i>The Trial of Pastor Martin Niemöller</i> (master's thesis). Stillwater, Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11244%2F32715">11244/32715</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32025224">32025224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Trial+of+Pastor+Martin+Niem%C3%B6ller&rft.degree=master%27s&rft.inst=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11244%2F32715&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32025224&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Niem%C3%B6ller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ziemann, Benjamin (2024), Hitler's Personal Prisoner. The Life of Martin Niemöller, Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-86258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-192-86258-7">978-0-192-86258-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Which groups did he name? In what order?</a> Harold Marcuse, UC Santa Barbara (2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isurvived.org/home.html#Prologue">Niemöller's famous quotation as posted by Holocaust Survivors' Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/GERniemoller.htm">A biography of Niemöller</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/niem/StuttgartDeclaration.htm">The text (and an English translation) of the Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029104647/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-10-2006-101772.asp">Pastor Martin Niemöller</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Sonal Panse</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012892">Newspaper clippings about Martin Niemöller</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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signatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories1029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention" title="World Constitutional Convention">World Constitutional Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitutional Convention call">call</a> signatories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a></b> </span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> <small>(twice)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> <small>(Chemistry & Peace)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> <small>(Righteous Among the Nations)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> <small>(inventor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> <small>(Social realist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> <small>(educator)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> <small>(science editor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> <small>(scholar & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> <small>(union leader)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> <small>(writer)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> <small>(writer & scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> <small>(architect)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> <small>(economist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> <small>(social worker)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> <small>(artist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> <small>(feminist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> <small>(theosophist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> <small>(businessman)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> <small>(cultural theorist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> <small>(teacher & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> <small>(pacifist)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[4]</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153839#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2828" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114778073">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/94035448">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716316/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGT486B6bKbWCmkmBVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118587900">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50003848">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948184r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948184r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00524783">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span 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