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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies,_services_and_high_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies,_services_and_high_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Companies, services and high technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies,_services_and_high_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tourism and attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayors_of_Marseille_since_the_beginning_of_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors_of_Marseille_since_the_beginning_of_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors_of_Marseille_since_the_beginning_of_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multi-cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Multi-cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarot_de_Marseille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarot_de_Marseille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tarot de Marseille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarot_de_Marseille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_events_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_events_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Popular events and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_events_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hip hop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_set_in_Marseille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_set_in_Marseille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Films set in Marseille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_set_in_Marseille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Marseille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Marseille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Central Marseille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Marseille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_central_Marseille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_central_Marseille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Outside central Marseille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_central_Marseille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_and_regional_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_and_regional_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>International and regional transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_and_regional_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marseille</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 157 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B4" title="ማርሴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርሴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مارسيليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارسيليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiella" title="Marsiella – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marsiella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Մարսէյլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարսէյլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselye" title="Marselye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Marselye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel" title="Marsel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marsel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مارسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87" title="মার্সেই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্সেই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марсэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Марсилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марсилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselha" title="Marselha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marselha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseglia" title="Marseglia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Marseglia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μασσαλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μασσαλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Марсель ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Марсель ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsejlo" title="Marsejlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marsejlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilla" title="Marseilla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marseilla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%84%B8%EC%9C%A0" title="마르세유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르세유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Մարսել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարսել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF" title="मार्सैय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्सैय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiglia" title="Marsiglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marsiglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99" title="מרסיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרסיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარსელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარსელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%A8y" title="Masèy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Masèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%C3%AElya" title="Marsîlya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Marsîlya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseya" title="Marseya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Marseya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massilia" title="Massilia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Massilia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marse%C4%BCa" title="Marseļa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marseļa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselis" title="Marselis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marselis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseggia" title="Marseggia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Marseggia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseja" title="Marseja – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marseja" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Марсеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марсеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="മാർസേയ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർസേയ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilja" title="Marsilja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Marsilja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="मार्सेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्सेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარსელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარსელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%89" title="مارساى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارساى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مارسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မာဆေးမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာဆေးမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maseli" title="Maseli – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Maseli" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A6" title="マルセイユ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルセイユ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseglia" title="Marseglia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Marseglia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="МагӀсель – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="МагӀсель" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseii" title="Marseii – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Marseii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%C3%AAle" title="Marsêle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Marsêle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselha" title="Marselha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marselha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel" title="Marsel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marsel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%88" title="ਮਾਰਸੇਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਸੇਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="مارسیلز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارسیلز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%C3%A8ja" title="Marsèja – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Marsèja" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsylia" title="Marsylia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marsylia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μασσαλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μασσαλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselha" title="Marselha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marselha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel" title="Marsel – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Marsel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel" title="Marsel – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Marsel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilia" title="Marsilia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marsilia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%C3%ACllia" title="Marsìllia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Marsìllia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marselha" title="Marselha – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Marselha" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseja" title="Marseja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marseja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsigghia" title="Marsigghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marsigghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsylij%C5%8F" title="Marsylijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Marsylijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مارسیلیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارسیلیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%99" title="Марсељ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марсељ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsella" title="Marsella – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marsella" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="மர்சேய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மர்சேய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur%E1%B9%A3ileyya" title="Murṣileyya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Murṣileyya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%87_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="మార్సే (ప్రాన్స్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్సే (ప్రాన్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มาร์แซย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์แซย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilya" title="Marsilya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marsilya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Марсель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марсель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مارسئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارسئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseja" title="Marseja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Marseja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel%27" title="Marsel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Marsel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD" title="馬賽 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬賽" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B" title="马赛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马赛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99" title="מארסיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מארסיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD" title="馬賽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬賽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Marseille" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B" title="马赛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马赛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel" title="Marsel – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Marsel" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23482#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marseille&params=43.2964_N_5.37_E_type:city(877215)_region:FR-PAC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°17′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°22′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.2964°N 5.37°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.2964; 5.37</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second-largest city in France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Mediterranean city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marseille_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marseille (disambiguation)">Marseille (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prefecture and commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Marseille</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Marselha</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg/268px-View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg/402px-View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg/536px-View_of_Marseille_from_Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10500" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Notre-Dame de la Garde</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="border:1;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_20131005_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Marseille_20131005_17.jpg/119px-Marseille_20131005_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Marseille_20131005_17.jpg/179px-Marseille_20131005_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Marseille_20131005_17.jpg/238px-Marseille_20131005_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><i>Le Panier</i> streets, near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Marseille)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)">Fort Saint-Jean</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="border:1;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg/145px-En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg/218px-En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg/290px-En-Vau_calanque_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4900" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Calanques_National_Park" title="Calanques National Park">Calanques National Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:257px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg/268px-Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg" decoding="async" width="268" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg/402px-Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg/536px-Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde_aerial_view_2020.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="2229" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Notre-Dame de la Garde</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="border:1;;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_-_Marseille_(29881013814).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/France_-_Marseille_%2829881013814%29.jpg/131px-France_-_Marseille_%2829881013814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/France_-_Marseille_%2829881013814%29.jpg/197px-France_-_Marseille_%2829881013814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/France_-_Marseille_%2829881013814%29.jpg/262px-France_-_Marseille_%2829881013814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Palais_Longchamp" title="Palais Longchamp">Palais Longchamp</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="border:1;;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG/133px-Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG/200px-Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG/266px-Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Marseille_tramway" title="Marseille tramway">Marseille tramway</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Marseille.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Marseille"><img alt="Flag of Marseille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Marseille.svg/100px-Flag_of_Marseille.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Marseille.svg/150px-Flag_of_Marseille.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Marseille.svg/200px-Flag_of_Marseille.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Marseille" title="Flag of Marseille">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Marseille"><img alt="Coat of arms of Marseille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg/80px-Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg/120px-Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg/160px-Armoiries_de_Marseille.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="352" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Marseille" title="Coat of arms of Marseille">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Actibus immensis urbs fulget massiliensis</i></span><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">"The city of Marseille shines from its great achievements"</span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Location of Marseille</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_235fbd56cd368b3d035962ff8b35eda967d4dd04"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Marseille&revid=1276398760&groups=_235fbd56cd368b3d035962ff8b35eda967d4dd04" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Marseille&revid=1276398760&groups=_235fbd56cd368b3d035962ff8b35eda967d4dd04 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marseille is located in France"><img alt="Marseille is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/270px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/405px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/540px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.13%;left:70.696%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marseille"><img alt="Marseille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Marseille</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of France</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marseille is located in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><img alt="Marseille is located in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg/270px-Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg/405px-Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg/540px-Provence-Alpes-Cotes_d%27Azur_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.244%;left:35.931%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marseille"><img alt="Marseille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Marseille</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marseille&params=43.2964_N_5.37_E_type:city(877215)_region:FR-PAC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°17′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°22′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.2964°N 5.37°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.2964; 5.37</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">Arrondissement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="Arrondissement of Marseille">Marseille</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">Canton</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Marseille" title="Cantons of Marseille">12 cantons</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France#Intercommunality" title="Communes of France">Intercommunality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille-Provence_Metropolis" title="Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis">Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Arrondissements of Marseille">16 arrondissements</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020–2026) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Payan" title="Benoît Payan">Benoît Payan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Divers_Gauche" class="mw-redirect" title="Divers Gauche">DVG</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup><b>1</b></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">240.62 km<sup>2</sup> (92.90 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,758.2 km<sup>2</sup> (678.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,971.8 km<sup>2</sup> (1,533.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popref2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popref2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">877,215</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">2nd in France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,600/km<sup>2</sup> (9,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Jan. 2021<sup id="cite_ref-UU_pop_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UU_pop-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,625,845</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">920/km<sup>2</sup> (2,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Jan. 2021<sup id="cite_ref-AAV_pop_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAV_pop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,888,788</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">480/km<sup>2</sup> (1,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Marseillais (French)<br />Marselhés (Occitan)<br />Massiliot (ancient)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/INSEE_code" title="INSEE code">INSEE</a>/Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-13055">13055</a> /13001-13016</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_France" title="Telephone numbers in France">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0491 or 0496</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marseille.fr">marseille.fr</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><sup><b>1</b></sup> French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marseille</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Marseille</i>; <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">Marselha</i>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a>. Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> region, it is located on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> river. Marseille is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">second-most populous city</a> in France, after <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, with 873,076 inhabitants in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-population_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille with its <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a> create the <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille-Provence_Metropolis" title="Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis">Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis</a>, with a population of 1,911,311 at the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAV_pop_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAV_pop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> by Greek settlers from <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a>, Marseille is the oldest city in France, as well as one of Europe's <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously inhabited settlements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a></i> and to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a> as <i>Massilia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille has been a trading port since ancient times. In particular, it experienced a considerable commercial boom during the colonial period and especially during the 19th century, becoming a prosperous industrial and trading city. Nowadays the <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port</a> still lies at the heart of the city, where the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Marseille_soap" title="Marseille soap">Marseille soap</a> began some six centuries ago. Overlooking the port is the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde</a> or "Bonne-mère" for the people of Marseille, a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Romano-Byzantine</a> church and the symbol of the city. Inherited from this past, the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille (GPMM) and the maritime economy are major poles of regional and national activity and Marseille remains the first French port, the second Mediterranean port and the fifth European port.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its origins, Marseille's openness to the Mediterranean Sea has made it a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> city marked by cultural and economic exchanges with Southern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. In Europe, the city has the third largest Jewish community after <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Eurom%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Euroméditerranée">Euroméditerranée</a> project for economic development and urban renewal was launched. New infrastructure projects and renovations were carried out in the 2000s and 2010s: the <a href="/wiki/Marseille_tramway" title="Marseille tramway">tramway</a>, the renovation of the <a href="/wiki/InterContinental_Marseille_Hotel_Dieu" title="InterContinental Marseille Hotel Dieu">Hôtel-Dieu</a> into a luxury hotel, the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome" title="Stade Vélodrome">Velodrome Stadium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM_Tower" title="CMA CGM Tower">CMA CGM Tower</a>, as well as other quayside museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_European_and_Mediterranean_Civilisations" title="Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations">Museum of Civilisations of Europe and the Mediterranean</a> (MuCEM). As a result, Marseille now has the most museums in France after Paris. The city was named <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017. Home of the <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> club <a href="/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille" title="Olympique de Marseille">Olympique de Marseille</a>, one of the most successful and widely supported clubs in France, Marseille has also hosted matches at the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">Euro 2016</a>. It is also home to several higher education institutions in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">University of Aix-Marseille</a>. A resident of Marseille is a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Marseillais</i></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Marseille is of unknown ultimate origin, but it is thought it may come from <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ancient Ligurian</a>, which was the local language before the arrival of the Greeks. Forms of the name include: </p> <ul><li>In English <i>Marseille</i> or <i>Marseilles</i>, both pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mar-<span style="font-size:90%">SAY</span></i></a>;</li> <li>In French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Marseille</i></span>, which is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[maʁsɛj]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg\/Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg/Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg" title="File:Fr-Normandie-Marseille.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> in <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[maχˈsɛjə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Fr-Marseille.ogg\/Fr-Marseille.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Marseille.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Fr-Marseille.ogg/Fr-Marseille.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Marseille.ogg" title="File:Fr-Marseille.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> in <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">local French</a>;</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a>) <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Marselha</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[maʁˈsejɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>maʁˈsijɔ]</a></span>) according to the Classical orthographic norm, which may be written <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Marsiho</i></span> according to the <a href="/wiki/Mistralian_norm" title="Mistralian norm">Mistralian norm</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Medieval Occitan</a> <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">Marselha</i></span> or <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">Masselha</i></span>;</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Massilia</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μασσαλία</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Massalía</i></span>), which is the oldest attestation of the name, since <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">the city was founded by Greek settlers</a> around 600 BC, and remained for a long time a Greek-speaking place even after it fell under Roman rule.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille-corniche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Marseille-corniche.jpg/220px-Marseille-corniche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Marseille-corniche.jpg/330px-Marseille-corniche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Marseille-corniche.jpg/440px-Marseille-corniche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of the "small" on Marseille's corniche (<a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="7th arrondissement of Marseille">7th arrondissement</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Frioul_archipelago" title="Frioul archipelago">Frioul archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="Château d'If">Château d'If</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarseilleFrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MarseilleFrance.jpg/220px-MarseilleFrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MarseilleFrance.jpg/330px-MarseilleFrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/MarseilleFrance.jpg/440px-MarseilleFrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> satellite view of Marseille</figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille is the third-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as <a href="/wiki/Cassis" title="Cassis">Cassis</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Calanque" title="Calanque">Calanques</a>, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>-like inlets. Farther east still are the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Baume" title="Sainte-Baume">Sainte-Baume</a> (a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees), the city of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low <a href="/wiki/Garlaban" title="Garlaban">Garlaban</a> and Etoile <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) <a href="/wiki/Montagne_Sainte-Victoire" title="Montagne Sainte-Victoire">Mont Sainte Victoire</a>. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of <a href="/wiki/L%27Estaque" title="L'Estaque">l'Estaque</a>; farther west are the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Bleue" title="Côte Bleue">Côte Bleue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_Airport" title="Marseille Provence Airport">airport</a> lies to the north west of the city at <a href="/wiki/Marignane" title="Marignane">Marignane</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tang_de_Berre" title="Étang de Berre">Étang de Berre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called the <a href="/wiki/Canebi%C3%A8re" title="Canebière">Canebière</a>) stretches eastward from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port</a> to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the south side and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Marseille)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)">Fort Saint-Jean</a> on the north. Farther out in the Bay of Marseille is the <a href="/wiki/Frioul_archipelago" title="Frioul archipelago">Frioul archipelago</a> which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="Château d'If">Château d'If</a>, made famous by the <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Dumas</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i>. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at Rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse (one of the city's main shopping malls). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones, most notably Rue St Ferréol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hôtel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the <a href="/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="6th arrondissement of Marseille">6th arrondissement</a> are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the <a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="7th arrondissement of Marseille">7th</a> and <a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="8th arrondissement of Marseille">8th arrondissements</a>, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Notre-Dame de la Garde</a>. Marseille's main railway station—<a href="/wiki/Marseille-Saint-Charles_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseille-Saint-Charles Station">Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles</a>—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">hot-summer mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Csa</i>) with cool-mild winters with moderate rainfall, because of the wet westerly winds, and hot, mostly dry summers.<sup id="cite_ref-Marseille,_France_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marseille,_France-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> December, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of around 28–30 °C (82–86 °F) during the day and 19 °C (66 °F) at night in the Marignane airport [35 km (22 mi) from Marseille] but in the city near the sea the average high temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) in July.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marseille receives the most sunlight of any French city, 2,897.6 hours per year on average,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the average sunshine in the country is around 1,950 hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also the driest major city with only 532.3 mm (21 in) of precipitation annually, mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">mistral</a>, a cold, dry wind originating in the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> Valley that occurs mostly in winter and spring and which generally brings clear skies and sunny weather to the region. Less frequent is the <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">sirocco</a>, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara. Snowfalls are infrequent; over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The hottest temperature was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 26 July 1983 during a great heat wave, the lowest temperature was −16.8 °C (1.8 °F) on 13 February 1929 during a strong cold wave.<sup id="cite_ref-marseilleobsnormals_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marseilleobsnormals-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Marseille-<a href="/wiki/Marignane" title="Marignane">Marignane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_Airport" title="Marseille Provence Airport">Marseille Provence Airport</a>), elevation: 36 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1921–present<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.8<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.8<br />(1.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1<br />(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(1.17) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(1.16) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(2.03) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(1.10) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(0.43) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(1.02) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(3.23) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3<br />(2.89) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.9<br />(2.99) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(1.61) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">532.3<br />(20.96) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.1 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.7 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.8 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">298.6 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">337.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">372.2 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">333.8 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.1 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.8 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,897.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Météo France">Météo France</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Marseille (Longchamp observatory), elevation: 75 m, 1981–2010 averages, extremes 1868–2003<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.5<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.3<br />(6.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(2.01) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(1.26) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(1.21) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(2.01) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(0.93) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(1.10) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.6<br />(2.82) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.6<br />(3.09) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">523.2<br />(20.60) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Météo France">Météo France</a><sup id="cite_ref-marseilleobsnormals_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marseilleobsnormals-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Infoclimat.fr<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Marseille-<a href="/wiki/Marignane" title="Marignane">Marignane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_Airport" title="Marseille Provence Airport">Marseille Provence Airport</a>), elevation: 36 m, 1961–1990 normals and extremes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15.0<br />(5.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.4<br />(1.67) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.7<br />(1.88) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(1.46) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(1.50) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(0.92) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(1.01) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(1.49) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(1.77) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3<br />(2.22) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">450.3<br />(17.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C4C40D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.5 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.1 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">292.5 </td> <td style="background: #F7F71F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">326.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">366.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">327.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.5 </td> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.3 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,835.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity)<sup id="cite_ref-infoc_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Marseille" title="History of Marseille">History of Marseille</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Marseille" title="Timeline of Marseille">Timeline of Marseille</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg/495px-Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg/660px-Massalia_large_coin_5th_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4282" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption>A silver <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a> inscribed with MASSA[LIA] (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΜΑΣΣΑ[ΛΙΑ]</span></span>), dated 375–200 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> of Marseille, bearing the head of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Greek goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> and a lion on the reverse</figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille was founded as the <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>, and was populated by Greek settlers from <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Fo%C3%A7a" title="Foça">Foça</a>, Turkey). It became the preeminent Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">southern Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city-state sided with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> against <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> (218–201 BC), retaining its independence and commercial empire throughout the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">western Mediterranean</a> even as Rome expanded its empire into <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. However, the city lost its independence following the Roman <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Massilia" title="Siege of Massilia">Siege of Massilia</a> in 49 BC, during <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>, in which Massalia sided with the <a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">exiled faction</a> at war with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Afterward, the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> was initiated. </p><p>The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in the fifth century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of AD 739 by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. It became part of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Provence" title="County of Provence">County of Provence</a> during the tenth century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and a sack of the city by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> in 1423. The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René of Anjou</a>, Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century, the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>, which threatened the ports and navies of the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese Republic">Genoese Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid-century. In 1792, the city became a focal point of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and though France's <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, it was first sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille, hence the name the crowd gave it: <i><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French colonial empire">Second French colonial empire</a> during the 19th century allowed for the further expansion of the city, although it was occupied by the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> in November 1942 and subsequently heavily damaged during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies in Africa, such as <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Marseille" title="Talk:Marseille">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Marseille is a major French centre for trade and industry, with excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). Marseille Provence Airport is the fourth largest in France. In May 2005, the French financial magazine <i>L'Expansion</i> named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Marseille metropolitan area had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">GDP amounting to US$81.4 billion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or US$43,430 per capita (purchasing power parity).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port" title="Marseille-Fos Port">Marseille-Fos Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port of Marseille</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Docks_(Marseille)" title="Docks (Marseille)">Docks (Marseille)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg/440px-1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg/660px-1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg/880px-1_marseille_vieux_port_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9623" data-file-height="3444" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to the Old Port, flanked by Fort Saint-Jean and Fort Saint-Nicolas</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the French Empire, linking the North African colonies of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia with <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port</a> was replaced as the main port for trade by the Port de la Joliette (now part of <a href="/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port" title="Marseille-Fos Port">Marseille-Fos Port</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> and now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. The majority of the port and <a href="/wiki/Docks_(Marseille)" title="Docks (Marseille)">docks</a>, which experienced decline in the 1970s after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a>, have been recently redeveloped with funds from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Fishing remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is fed by the local catch; a daily fish market is still held on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Quai des Belges</a> of the Old Port. </p><p>The economy of Marseille and its region is still linked to its commercial port, the first French port and the fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_in_Europe" title="List of busiest ports in Europe">European port by cargo tonnage</a>, which lies north of the Old Port and eastern in <a href="/wiki/Fos-sur-Mer" title="Fos-sur-Mer">Fos-sur-Mer</a>. Some 45,000 jobs are linked to the port activities and it represents €4 billion of added value to the regional economy.<sup id="cite_ref-fos_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fos-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">freight</a> pass annually through the port, 60% of which is petroleum, making it number one in France and the Mediterranean and number three in Europe. However, in the early 2000s, the growth in container traffic was being stifled by the constant strikes and social upheaval.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port is among the 20th firsts in Europe for container traffic with 1,062,408 <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEU</a> and new infrastructure has already raised the capacity to 2 million TEU.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille is connected with the Rhône via a <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> and thus has access to the extensive waterway network of France. Petroleum is shipped northward to the Paris basin by pipeline. The city also serves as France's leading centre of oil refining.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies,_services_and_high_technologies"><span id="Companies.2C_services_and_high_technologies"></span>Companies, services and high technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Companies, services and high technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg/440px-Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg/660px-Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg/880px-Marseille_dock_strike-pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11259" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/La_Joliette" title="La Joliette">La Joliette</a> neighbourhood (<a href="/wiki/Docks_(Marseille)" title="Docks (Marseille)">old docks</a>), ferry ship docks, new port, <a href="/wiki/Eurom%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Euroméditerranée">Euroméditerranée</a> business district (<a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM_Tower" title="CMA CGM Tower">CMA CGM Tower</a>) and surrounding areas</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the city has also experienced a large growth in <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a> employment and a switch from <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">light manufacturing</a> to a cultural, <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-tech</a> economy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Marseille region is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which are <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" title="Small and medium enterprises">small and medium enterprises</a> with less than 500 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among the most famous are <a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM" title="CMA CGM">CMA CGM</a>, container-shipping giant; <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">Compagnie maritime d'expertises</a> (Comex), a leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems; <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters" title="Airbus Helicopters">Airbus Helicopters</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> division; Azur Promotel, an active <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a> company; <i>La Provence</i>, the local <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">daily newspaper</a>; RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major provider of passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western Mediterranean. The urban operation <a href="/wiki/Eurom%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Euroméditerranée">Euroméditerranée</a> has developed a large offer of offices and thus Marseille hosts one of the main business district in France. </p><p>Marseille is the home of three main <a href="/wiki/Technopole" title="Technopole">technopoles</a>: Château-Gombert (technological innovations), Luminy (biotechnology) and La Belle de Mai (17,000 sq.m. of offices dedicated to multimedia activities).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_attractions">Tourism and attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tourism and attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja,_Marsella,_Francia,_2016-06-22,_DD_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja%2C_Marsella%2C_Francia%2C_2016-06-22%2C_DD_04.jpg/220px-Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja%2C_Marsella%2C_Francia%2C_2016-06-22%2C_DD_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja%2C_Marsella%2C_Francia%2C_2016-06-22%2C_DD_04.jpg/330px-Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja%2C_Marsella%2C_Francia%2C_2016-06-22%2C_DD_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja%2C_Marsella%2C_Francia%2C_2016-06-22%2C_DD_04.jpg/440px-Playa_de_la_Punta_Roja%2C_Marsella%2C_Francia%2C_2016-06-22%2C_DD_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8675" data-file-height="3909" /></a><figcaption>Pointe Rouge Beach</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg/220px-Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg/330px-Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg/440px-Edmond_Dantes_20130630_Marseille_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Pharo" title="Palais du Pharo">Palais du Pharo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The port is also an important arrival base for millions of people each year, with 2.4 million including 890,100 from cruise ships.<sup id="cite_ref-fos_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fos-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its beaches, history, architecture and culture (24 museums and 42 theatres), Marseille is one of the most visited cities in France, with 4.1 million visitors in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They take place in three main sites, the <a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Pharo" title="Palais du Pharo">Palais du Pharo</a>, Palais des Congrès et des Expositions (Parc Chanot) and World Trade Center.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 Marseille hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Forum" title="World Water Forum">World Water Forum</a>. Several urban projects have been developed to make Marseille attractive. Thus new parks, museums, public spaces and real estate projects aim to improve the city's quality of life (<a href="/wiki/Parc_du_26e_Centenaire" title="Parc du 26e Centenaire">Parc du 26e Centenaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Old Port of Marseille</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> numerous places in <a href="/wiki/Eurom%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Euroméditerranée">Euroméditerranée</a>) to attract firms and people. Marseille municipality acts to develop Marseille as a regional nexus for entertainment in the south of France with high concentration of museums, cinemas, theatres, clubs, bars, restaurants, fashion shops, hotels, and <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art galleries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unemployment in the economy fell from 20% in 1995 to 14% in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Marseille unemployment rate remains higher than the national average. In some parts of Marseille, youth unemployment is reported to be as high as 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Arrondissements of Marseille">Arrondissements of Marseille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Marseille" title="Cantons of Marseille">Cantons of Marseille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg/220px-Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg/330px-Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg/440px-Secteurs_Arrondissements_Marseille.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The sectors and arrondissements of Marseille</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg/220px-Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg/330px-Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg/440px-Secteurs_de_Marseille_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Political majority in each sector since 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Marseille is divided into 16 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_arrondissements_of_France" title="Municipal arrondissements of France">municipal arrondissements</a>, which are themselves informally divided into 111 neighbourhoods (French: <i>quartiers</i>). The arrondissements are regrouped in pairs, into 8 sectors, each with a mayor and council (like the arrondissements in <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Lyon" title="Arrondissements of Lyon">Lyon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Municipal elections are held every six years and are carried out by sector. There are 303 councilmembers in total, two-thirds sitting in the sector councils and one third in the city council. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="9th arrondissement of Marseille">9th arrondissement of Marseille</a> is the largest in terms of area because it comprises parts of <a href="/wiki/Calanques_National_Park" title="Calanques National Park">Calanques National Park</a>. With a population of 89,316 (2007), the <a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="13th arrondissement of Marseille">13th arrondissement of Marseille</a> is the most populous one. </p><p>From 1950 to the mid-1990s, Marseille was a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist</a> (PS) and <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist</a> (PCF) stronghold. <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Gaston Defferre</a> (PS) was consecutively reelected six times as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 until his death in 1986. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vigouroux" title="Robert Vigouroux">Robert Vigouroux</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_and_Social_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="European Democratic and Social Rally">European Democratic and Social Rally</a> (RDSE). <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a> was elected Mayor of Marseille in 1995. Gaudin was reelected in 2001, 2008 and 2014. </p><p>In recent years, the Communist Party has lost most of its strength in the northern boroughs of the city, whereas the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> has received significant support. At the <a href="/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections" title="2014 French municipal elections">last municipal election</a> in 2014, Marseille was divided between the northern arrondissements dominated by the left (PS) and far-right (FN) and the southern part of town dominated by the conservative (UMP). Marseille is also divided in <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Marseille" title="Cantons of Marseille">twelve cantons</a>, each of them sending two members to the <a href="/wiki/Departmental_councils_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Departmental councils (France)">Departmental Council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayors_of_Marseille_since_the_beginning_of_the_20th_century">Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg/220px-Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg/330px-Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg/440px-Gaston_Defferre_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Gaston Defferre</a> served as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 to 1986.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin,_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_(5733216714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin%2C_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_%285733216714%29.jpg/220px-Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin%2C_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_%285733216714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin%2C_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_%285733216714%29.jpg/330px-Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin%2C_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_%285733216714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin%2C_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_%285733216714%29.jpg/440px-Ouverture_des_Assises_internationales_du_m%C3%A9c%C3%A9nat_d%27entreprise_par_Jean-Claude_Gaudin%2C_s%C3%A9nateur-maire_de_la_ville_de_Marseille_%285733216714%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> served as Mayor of Marseille from 1995 to 2020.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mayor </th> <th>Term start </th> <th>Term end </th> <th class="unsortable">  </th> <th>Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%A9on_Flaissi%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siméon Flaissières (page does not exist)">Siméon Flaissières</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Flaissi%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Siméon Flaissières">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1895 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1902 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F0001C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Workers%27_Party" title="French Workers' Party">POF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albin_Curet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albin Curet (page does not exist)">Albin Curet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Curet" class="extiw" title="fr:Albin Curet">fr</a>]</span> <small>(acting)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1902 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1902 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste-Amable_Chanot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Amable_Chanot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1902 </td> <td align="center">1908 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#005ACA"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">FR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Allard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Allard (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Allard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Allard" class="extiw" title="fr:Emmanuel Allard">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1908 </td> <td align="center">1910 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#005ACA"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">FR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clément Lévy <small>(acting)</small> </td> <td align="center">1910 </td> <td align="center">1910 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cadenat" title="Bernard Cadenat">Bernard Cadenat</a> </td> <td align="center">1910 </td> <td align="center">1912 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F0001C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste-Amable_Chanot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Amable_Chanot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1912 </td> <td align="center">1914 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#005ACA"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">FR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Pierre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Pierre (page does not exist)">Eugène Pierre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Pierre_(homme_politique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Pierre (homme politique)">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1914 </td> <td align="center">1919 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%A9on_Flaissi%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siméon Flaissières (page does not exist)">Siméon Flaissières</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Flaissi%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Siméon Flaissières">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1919 </td> <td align="center">1931 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F0001C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sabiani" title="Simon Sabiani">Simon Sabiani</a> </td> <td align="center">1931 </td> <td align="center">1931 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ribot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Ribot (page does not exist)">Georges Ribot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ribot" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Ribot">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">1931 </td> <td align="center">1935 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E0B0FF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican,_Radical_and_Radical-Socialist_Party_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)">RAD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Tasso" title="Henri Tasso">Henri Tasso</a> </td> <td align="center">1935 </td> <td align="center">1939 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F0001C"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Nominated administrators</i> </td> <td align="center">1939 </td> <td align="center">1946 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cristofol" title="Jean Cristofol">Jean Cristofol</a> </td> <td align="center">1946 </td> <td align="center">1947 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E4002A"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Carlini" title="Michel Carlini">Michel Carlini</a> </td> <td align="center">1947 </td> <td align="center">1953 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#25038E"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">RPF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Defferre" title="Gaston Defferre">Gaston Defferre</a> </td> <td align="center">1953 </td> <td align="center">1986 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E3265B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Victor_Cordonnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Victor Cordonnier (page does not exist)">Jean-Victor Cordonnier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Victor_Cordonnier" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Victor Cordonnier">fr</a>]</span> <small>(acting)</small> </td> <td align="center">1986 </td> <td align="center">1986 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E3265B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vigouroux" title="Robert Vigouroux">Robert Vigouroux</a> </td> <td align="center">1986 </td> <td align="center">1995 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FFC0C0"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">DVG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> </td> <td align="center">1995 </td> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0051AE"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(France)" title="Republican Party (France)">UDF-PR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_(France)" title="Liberal Democracy (France)">DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_R%C3%A9publicains" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Républicains">LR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Rubirola" title="Michèle Rubirola">Michèle Rubirola</a> </td> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#79b41d"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_Ecology_-_The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe Ecology - The Greens">EELV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Payan" title="Benoît Payan">Benoît Payan</a> </td> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td align="center"><i>Incumbent</i> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E3265B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population of the commune of Marseille (241 km²)<br /><small>(within 2020 borders)</small></caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">96,413</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1806 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">99,169</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">109,483</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.66%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1831 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">145,115</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1836 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">146,239</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">154,035</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.04%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1846 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">183,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">195,258</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.28%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1856 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">233,817</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">260,910</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1866 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">300,131</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">312,864</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.69%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">318,868</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.42%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">360,099</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">376,143</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.96%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">403,749</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1896 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">442,239</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">491,161</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.13%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1906 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">517,498</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">550,619</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">586,341</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">600,196</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">609,881</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">620,232</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">636,264</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">661,407</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">778,071</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.10%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1968 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">889,029</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">908,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.31%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1982 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">874,436</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.54%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">800,550</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.10%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">798,430</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">850,726</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">861,635</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">873,076</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.22%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated by <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> to correct the overestimated population of Marseille published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).<sup id="cite_ref-census_fraud_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_fraud-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Source: EHESS<sup id="cite_ref-ehess_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehess-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and INSEE<sup id="cite_ref-population_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261442011"><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;margin:0.5em auto;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population of the Marseille metropolitan area (3,972 km²)<br /><small>(92 communes, within 2020 borders)</small></caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">249,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1806 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">256,191</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.46%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">274,426</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.46%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1831 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">315,951</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.42%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1836 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">319,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">328,244</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.56%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1846 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">360,774</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.88%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">373,521</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.70%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1856 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">413,542</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">446,330</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1866 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">486,571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.74%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">496,241</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,458</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">532,643</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">545,220</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">569,762</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1896 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">608,754</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">660,766</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.66%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1906 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">688,924</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">723,847</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.99%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">759,119</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">791,464</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">818,346</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">839,596</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">870,126</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.36%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">936,888</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,120,791</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1968 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,324,444</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.82%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,470,128</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1982 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,551,793</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.77%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,594,849</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,675,790</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,804,777</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.69%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,843,602</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,888,788</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.40%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) use for the commune of Marseille the redressed figures calculated by <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> to correct the overestimated population published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).<sup id="cite_ref-census_fraud_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_fraud-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Source: EHESS<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and INSEE<sup id="cite_ref-AAV_pop_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAV_pop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Largest groups of immigrants<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and natives of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> in the Marseille <a href="/wiki/Functional_area_(France)" title="Functional area (France)">metropolitan area</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/territory of birth</th> <th>Population (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-immig_1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immig_2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>59,927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td>17,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>16,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>11,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></td> <td>10,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>7,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>7,384 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>6,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>4,514 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg/18px-Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg/27px-Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg/36px-Blason_R%C3%A9union_DOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></td> <td>3,841 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>3,173 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td>2,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>2,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>2,594 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>2,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg/22px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg/44px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="273" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></td> <td>2,304 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/22px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/33px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/44px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></td> <td>2,168 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>2,078 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1,767 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,732 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>1,614 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because of its pre-eminence as a Mediterranean port, Marseille has always been one of the main gateways into France. This has attracted many immigrants and made Marseille a cosmopolitan <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>. By the end of the 18th century about half the population originated from elsewhere in Provence mostly and also from southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_E_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_E-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Economic conditions and political unrest in Europe and the rest of the world brought several other waves of immigrants during the 20th century: Greeks and Italians started arriving at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, up to 40% of the city's population was of Italian origin;<sup id="cite_ref-eu_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russians in 1917; Armenians in 1915 and 1923; Vietnamese in the 1920s, 1954 and after 1975;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsicans</a> during the 1920s and 1930s; Spanish after 1936; <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">inter-war period</a>; Sub-Saharan Africans after 1945; <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a> in the 1950s and 1960s; the <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pieds-Noirs</a> from the former <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> in 1962; and then from <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>. </p><p>At the 2019 census, 81.4% of the inhabitants of the Marseille <a href="/wiki/Functional_area_(France)" title="Functional area (France)">metropolitan area</a> were natives of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>, 0.6% were born in <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a>, and 18.0% were born in foreign countries (two-fifth of whom French citizens from birth, in particular <a href="/wiki/Pieds-Noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds-Noirs">Pieds-Noirs</a> from Algeria arrived in Metropolitan France after the independence of Algeria in 1962).<sup id="cite_ref-immig_1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A quarter of the immigrants living in the Marseille metropolitan area were born in Europe (half of them in Italy, Portugal, and Spain), 46% were born in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (almost two-third of them in Algeria), 14% in the rest of Africa (almost half of them in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, not counting those born in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> who are not legally immigrants), and 15.0% in the rest of the world (not counting those born in the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">French overseas departments</a> of the Americas and in the French territories of the South Pacific, who are not legally immigrants).<sup id="cite_ref-immig_2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, about one third of the population of Marseille can trace their roots back to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille also has the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> populations of France. Other significant communities include <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comorians_in_France" title="Comorians in France">Comorians</a>, Chinese, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest immigrant communities (including descendants) in 2002 were Italians (290,000 Italians, or 33%), then Muslims - mainly Maghrebis (200,000 Muslims, or 23%), then Corsicans (100,000 Corsicans, or 11.5%), then Armenians (80,000 Armenians, or 9%).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, in several arrondissements, about 40% of the young people under 18 were of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2013 a significant number of Central- and Eastern European immigrants have settled in Marseille, attracted by better job opportunities and the good climate of this Mediterranean city. The main nationalities of the immigrants are Romanian and Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="320px"> <caption style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Place of birth of residents of the Marseille <a href="/wiki/Functional_area_(France)" title="Functional area (France)">metropolitan area</a> at the 2019 census </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center"><span class="nowrap">Born in</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a></span></th> <th align="center"><span class="nowrap">Born in</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></span></th> <th align="center"><span class="nowrap">Born in foreign</span><br /><span class="nowrap">countries with French</span><br /><span class="nowrap">citizenship at birth</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_note1"><a href="#endnote_note1">[a]</a></sup></th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Immigrants<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_note2"><a href="#endnote_note2">[b]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="5">81.4%</td> <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.6%</td> <td align="center" rowspan="5">7.1%</td> <td align="center" colspan="3">10.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><small><span class="nowrap">from Europe</span></small></th> <th align="center"><small><span class="nowrap">from the Maghreb</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_note3"><a href="#endnote_note3">[c]</a></sup></small></th> <th align="center"><small><span class="nowrap">from Africa (excl. Maghreb)</span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><small>2.7%</small></td> <td align="center"><small>5.0%</small></td> <td align="center"><small>1.5%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><small><span class="nowrap">from Turkey</span></small></th> <th align="center"><small><span class="nowrap">from Asia (excl. Turkey)</span></small></th> <th align="center"><small><span class="nowrap">from the Americas & Oceania</span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><small>0.4%</small></td> <td align="center"><small>1.0%</small></td> <td align="center"><small>0.3%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="9"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note1"><b><a href="#ref_note1">^a</a></b></span> Persons born abroad of French parents, such as <a href="/wiki/Pieds-Noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds-Noirs">Pieds-Noirs</a> and children of French expatriates.</small><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note2"><b><a href="#ref_note2">^b</a></b></span> An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note3"><b><a href="#ref_note3">^c</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="9">Source: INSEE<sup id="cite_ref-immig_1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immig_2_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="320px"> <caption style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Place of birth of residents of the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">city proper</a> of Marseille at the 1999 and 2019 censuses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="2">Year</th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">Born in</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a></span></th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">Born in</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></span></th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">Born in foreign</span><br /><span class="nowrap">countries with French</span><br /><span class="nowrap">citizenship at birth</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_note1"><a href="#endnote_note1">[a]</a></sup></th> <th align="center" colspan="6">Immigrants<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_note2"><a href="#endnote_note2">[b]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="2">2019</td> <td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="2">75.9%</td> <td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="2">0.8%</td> <td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="2">8.2%</td> <td align="center" colspan="6">15.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2"><small><span class="nowrap">from Europe</span></small></th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><small><span class="nowrap">from the Maghreb</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_note3"><a href="#endnote_note3">[c]</a></sup></small></th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><small><span class="nowrap">from Africa (excl. Maghreb)</span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small>2.6%</small></td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small>7.5%</small></td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small>2.7%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="2"><small><span class="nowrap">from Turkey</span></small></th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><small><span class="nowrap">from Asia (excl. Turkey)</span></small></th> <th align="center" colspan="2"><small><span class="nowrap">from the Americas & Oceania</span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small>0.6%</small></td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small>1.4%</small></td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small>0.3%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="2">1999</td> <td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="2">78.9%</td> <td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="2">0.9%</td> <td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="2">8.8%</td> <td align="center" colspan="6">11.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="3"><small><span class="nowrap">from <a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">EU-15</a></span></small></th> <th align="center" colspan="3"><small><span class="nowrap">non-EU-15</span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3"><small>2.1%</small></td> <td align="center" colspan="3"><small>9.3%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="20"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note1"><b><a href="#ref_note1">^a</a></b></span> Persons born abroad of French parents, such as <a href="/wiki/Pieds-Noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds-Noirs">Pieds-Noirs</a> and children of French expatriates.</small><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note2"><b><a href="#ref_note2">^b</a></b></span> An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note3"><b><a href="#ref_note3">^c</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="20">Source: INSEE<sup id="cite_ref-immig_1_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig_1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Marseille" title="Religion in Marseille">Religion in Marseille</a></div> <p>According to data from 2010, major religious communities in Marseille include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> - 909,930 or 84.5% (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> 68.5%,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> 7.5%, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> [mostly <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a>] 7.1%, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> 1.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> - 200,000 or 25%<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_2015_11_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz_2015_11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-religious -156.000 or 14.5%</li> <li>Jewish - 52,000 - 80,000<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_2015_11_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz_2015_11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 4.9%</li> <li>Hindu - 4,000 or 0.4%</li> <li>Buddhist - 3,000 or 0.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/220px-Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/330px-Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg/440px-Le_golfe_de_Marseille_vu_de_l%E2%80%99Estaque%2C_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>'s <i>The Bay of Marseille, Seen from L'Estaque</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg/220px-ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg/330px-ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg/440px-ERC_90_Sagaie-1RCA-IMG_5580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a> in Marseille, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille is a city that has its own unique culture and is proud of its differences from the rest of France.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with an important <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Marseille" title="Opéra de Marseille">opera house</a>, historical and maritime museums, five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants. </p><p>Marseille has a large number of theatres, including La Criée, Le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensive <a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">arts centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Friche" title="La Friche">La Friche</a>, a former match factory behind the Saint-Charles station. The <a href="/wiki/Alcazar_(Marseille)" title="Alcazar (Marseille)">Alcazar</a>, until the 1960s a well known <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety theatre</a>, has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other music venues in Marseille include Le Silo (also a theatre) and <a href="/wiki/GRIM" title="GRIM">GRIM</a>. </p><p>Marseille has also been important in the arts. It has been the birthplace and home of many French writers and poets, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_G%C3%A9lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Gélu (page does not exist)">Victor Gélu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_G%C3%A9lu" class="extiw" title="fr:Victor Gélu">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A8re_Bernard" title="Valère Bernard">Valère Bernard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bertas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bertas (page does not exist)">Pierre Bertas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Roussin" title="André Roussin">André Roussin</a>. The small port of <a href="/wiki/L%27Estaque" title="L'Estaque">l'Estaque</a> on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> (who frequently visited from his home in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix</a>), <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-cultural_influences">Multi-cultural influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multi-cultural influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rich and poor neighborhoods exist side by side. Although the city is not without crime, Marseille has a larger degree of multicultural tolerance. Urban geographers<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> say the city's geography, being surrounded by mountains, helps explain why Marseille does not have the same problems as Paris. In Paris, ethnic areas are segregated and concentrated in the periphery of the city. Residents of Marseille are of diverse origins, yet appear to share a similar particular identity.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is how Marseille responded in 2005, when ethnic populations living in other French cities' suburbs <a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">rioted</a>, but Marseille remained relatively calm.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottazzi_mp2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bottazzi_mp2013.jpg/220px-Bottazzi_mp2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bottazzi_mp2013.jpg/330px-Bottazzi_mp2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Bottazzi_mp2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Poster of <a href="/wiki/Marseille-Provence_2013" title="Marseille-Provence 2013">Marseille-Provence 2013</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bottazzi" title="Guillaume Bottazzi">Guillaume Bottazzi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille served as the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> for 2013 along with <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was chosen to give a 'human face' to the European Union to celebrate cultural diversity and to increase understanding between Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the intentions of highlighting culture is to help reposition Marseille internationally, stimulate the economy, and help to build better interconnection between groups.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marseille-Provence_2013" title="Marseille-Provence 2013">Marseille-Provence 2013</a> (MP2013) featured more than 900 cultural events held throughout Marseille and the surrounding communities. These cultural events generated more than 11 million visits.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Capital of Culture was also the occasion to unveil more than 600 million euros in new cultural infrastructure in Marseille and its environs, including the <a href="/wiki/MuCEM" class="mw-redirect" title="MuCEM">MuCEM</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ricciotti" title="Rudy Ricciotti">Rudy Ricciotti</a>. </p><p>Early on, immigrants came to Marseille locally from the surrounding Provence region. By the 1890s immigrants came from other regions of France as well as Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille became one of Europe's busiest ports by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille has served as a major port where immigrants from around the Mediterranean arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marseille continued to be multicultural. Armenians from the Ottoman Empire began arriving in 1913. In the 1930s, Italians settled in Marseille. After World War II, a wave of Jewish immigrants from North Africa arrived. In 1962, a number of French colonies gained their independence, and the French citizens from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia arrived in Marseille.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had an economic downturn and lost many jobs. Those who could afford to move left and the poorest remained. For a while, the mafia appeared to run the city, and for a period of time the communist party was prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multi-cultural Marseille can be observed by a visitor at the market at Noailles, also called Marché des Capucins, in old town near the Old Port. There, Lebanese bakeries, an African spice market, Chinese and Vietnamese groceries, fresh vegetables and fruit, shops selling couscous, shops selling Caribbean food are side by side with stalls selling shoes and clothing from around the Mediterranean. Nearby, people sell fresh fish and men from Tunisia drink tea.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most Armenians arrived after the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</a>, Armenians had a long presence even before the 20th and late 19th centuries. Armenians, having an extensive trade network worldwide, massively traded with Marseille and its port. Most notably, during the 16th century, and after the Armenians gained a monopoly over Iranian silk, which was granted to them by Shah Abbas of Iran, the trade flow of Armenians of Marseille increased tremendously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Merchants of Armenian origin received trade privileges in France by Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (1585–1642) and later on Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683) Marseille a free port in 1669. One notable Armenian-Iranian merchant gained a patent from Louis XIV (1638–1715) over Iranian silk.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenians also became successful money-lenders and bankers in the city. Due to these policies and the multiculturalism of the city of Marseille, Armenians became very wealthy, and the legacy of the Armenians in the city still lives on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarot_de_Marseille">Tarot de Marseille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tarot de Marseille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_13.jpg/170px-Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Jean_Dodal_Tarot_trump_13.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarot_of_Marseilles" title="Tarot of Marseilles">Marseille tarot card</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarot</a> deck takes its name from the city; it has been called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarot_of_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarot of Marseille">Tarot de Marseille</a></i> since the 1930s—a name coined for commercial use by the French cardmaker and cartomancer Paul Marteau, owner of B–P Grimaud. Previously this deck was called <i>Tarot italien</i> (Italian Tarot) and even earlier it was simply called Tarot. Before being <i>de Marseille</i>, it was used to play the local variant of <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarocchi</a> before it became used in <a href="/wiki/Cartomancy" title="Cartomancy">cartomancy</a> at the end of the 18th century, following the trend set by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Court_de_G%C3%A9belin" title="Antoine Court de Gébelin">Antoine Court de Gébelin</a>. The name <i>Tarot de Marseille</i> (Marteau used the name <i>ancien Tarot de Marseille</i>) was used by contrast to other types of Tarots such as <i>Tarot de <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></i>; those names were simply associated with cities where there were many cardmakers in the 18th century (previously several cities in France were involved in cardmaking).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another local tradition is the making of <a href="/wiki/Santon_(figurine)" title="Santon (figurine)">santons</a>, small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional Provençal Christmas <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">creche</a>. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laika_ac_Marseille_(9491261832).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Laika_ac_Marseille_%289491261832%29.jpg/220px-Laika_ac_Marseille_%289491261832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Laika_ac_Marseille_%289491261832%29.jpg/330px-Laika_ac_Marseille_%289491261832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Laika_ac_Marseille_%289491261832%29.jpg/440px-Laika_ac_Marseille_%289491261832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Marseille" title="Opéra de Marseille">Opéra de Marseille</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Marseille" title="Opéra de Marseille">Opéra</a>. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stone <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> from the original façade.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages six or seven operas each year.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Ballet_national_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet national de Marseille">Ballet national de Marseille</a> has performed at the opera house; its director from its foundation to 1998 was <a href="/wiki/Roland_Petit" title="Roland Petit">Roland Petit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_events_and_festivals">Popular events and festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Popular events and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several popular festivals in different neighborhoods, with concerts, animations, and outdoor bars, like the Fête du Panier in June. On 21 June, there are dozens of free concerts in the city as part of France's <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a>, featuring music from all over the world. Being free events, many Marseille residents attend. </p><p>Marseille hosts a Gay Pride event in early July. In 2013, Marseille hosted <a href="/wiki/Europride" class="mw-redirect" title="Europride">Europride</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> event, 10 July–20.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of July, there is the International Documentary Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of September, the electronic music festival <a href="/wiki/Marsatac" title="Marsatac">Marsatac</a> takes place. In October, the <i>Fiesta des Suds</i> offers many concerts of world music.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop_music">Hip hop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hip hop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marseille is also well known in France for its <a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="French hip hop">hip hop music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands like <a href="/wiki/IAM_(band)" title="IAM (band)">IAM</a> originated from Marseille. Other known groups include <a href="/wiki/Fonky_Family" title="Fonky Family">Fonky Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psy_4_de_la_Rime" title="Psy 4 de la Rime">Psy 4 de la Rime</a> (including rappers <a href="/wiki/Soprano_(rapper)" title="Soprano (rapper)">Soprano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_(rapper)" title="Alonzo (rapper)">Alonzo</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Keny_Arkana" title="Keny Arkana">Keny Arkana</a>. In a slightly different way, <a href="/wiki/Ragga_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragga music">ragga music</a> is represented by <a href="/wiki/Massilia_Sound_System" title="Massilia Sound System">Massilia Sound System</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullabessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bullabessa.jpg/170px-Bullabessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bullabessa.jpg/255px-Bullabessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bullabessa.jpg/340px-Bullabessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Marseille <a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">bouillabaisse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG/170px-Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG/255px-Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG/340px-Espadon_Ratatouille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">ratatouille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> rice</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG/170px-Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG/255px-Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG/340px-Pieds_%26_Paquets.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieds_paquets" title="Pieds paquets">Pieds paquets</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">Bouillabaisse</a> is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish: typically red rascasse (<a href="/wiki/Scorpaena_scrofa" title="Scorpaena scrofa">Scorpaena scrofa</a>); <a href="/wiki/Sea_robin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea robin">sea robin</a> (fr: <i>grondin</i>); and <a href="/wiki/European_conger" title="European conger">European conger</a> (fr: <i>congre</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can include gilt-head <a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a> (fr: <i>dorade</i>); <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a>; <a href="/wiki/Monkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkfish">monkfish</a> (fr: <i>lotte</i> or <i>baudroie</i>); <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullet</a>; or silver <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> (fr: <i>merlan</i>), and it usually includes shellfish and other seafood such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a> (fr: <i>oursins</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a> (fr: <i>moules</i>); <a href="/wiki/Velvet_crab" title="Velvet crab">velvet crabs</a> (fr: <i>étrilles</i>); <a href="/wiki/Spider_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider crab">spider crab</a> (fr: <i>araignées de mer</i>), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broth is served with <a href="/wiki/Rouille" title="Rouille">rouille</a>, a mayonnaise made with egg yolk, olive oil, red bell pepper, saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, or <i>croûtons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-david_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aioli" title="Aioli">Aïoli</a> is a sauce made from raw garlic, lemon juice, eggs and olive oil, served with boiled fish, hard boiled eggs and cooked vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-david_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancho%C3%AFade" title="Anchoïade">Anchoïade</a> is a paste made from anchovies, garlic, and olive oil, spread on bread or served with raw vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-david_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourride" title="Bourride">Bourride</a> is a soup made with white fish (monkfish, European sea bass, whiting, etc.) and aïoli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007104_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007104-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fougasse_(bread)" title="Fougasse (bread)">Fougasse</a> is a flat Provençal bread, similar to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Focaccia" title="Focaccia">focaccia</a>. It is traditionally baked in a wood oven and sometimes filled with olives, cheese or anchovies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navette_de_Marseille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navette de Marseille (page does not exist)">Navette de Marseille</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navette_de_Marseille" class="extiw" title="fr:Navette de Marseille">fr</a>]</span> are, in the words of food writer <a href="/wiki/M._F._K._Fisher" title="M. F. K. Fisher">M. F. K. Fisher</a>, "little boat-shaped cookies, tough dough tasting vaguely of orange peel, smelling better than they are."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sold in one specific shop, dedicated to its fabrication since 1781 called "<a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20des%20navettes">le four des navettes</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata#French_variations" title="Farinata">Farinata#French variations</a> is chickpea flour boiled into a thick mush, allowed to firm up, then cut into blocks and fried.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a> is an alcoholic beverage made with <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">aniseed</a> and spice. It is extremely popular in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieds_paquets" title="Pieds paquets">Pieds paquets</a> is a dish prepared from sheep's feet and offal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007104_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007104-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistou" title="Pistou">Pistou</a> is a combination of crushed fresh basil and garlic with olive oil, similar to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">pesto</a>. The "soupe au pistou" combines pistou in a broth with pasta and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-david_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapenade" title="Tapenade">Tapenade</a> is a paste made from chopped olives, capers, and olive oil (sometimes anchovies may be added).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_set_in_Marseille">Films set in Marseille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Films set in Marseille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Marseille" title="List of films set in Marseille">List of films set in Marseille</a></div> <p>Marseille has been the setting for many films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city has many museums and galleries and there are many ancient buildings and churches of historical interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Marseille">Central Marseille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Central Marseille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_(Marseille)_(14181557102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_%28Marseille%29_%2814181557102%29.jpg/220px-L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_%28Marseille%29_%2814181557102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_%28Marseille%29_%2814181557102%29.jpg/330px-L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_%28Marseille%29_%2814181557102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_%28Marseille%29_%2814181557102%29.jpg/440px-L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_%28Marseille%29_%2814181557102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Le Panier quarter with the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Marseille" title="Hôtel de Ville, Marseille">Hotel de Ville</a> and the church of Notre-Dame des Accoules</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_(Marseille)_(14177078901).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_%28Marseille%29_%2814177078901%29.jpg/220px-La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_%28Marseille%29_%2814177078901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_%28Marseille%29_%2814177078901%29.jpg/330px-La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_%28Marseille%29_%2814177078901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_%28Marseille%29_%2814177078901%29.jpg/440px-La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9_%28Marseille%29_%2814177078901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vieille Charité">La Vieille Charité</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Marseille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Christian_Marseille.jpg/220px-Christian_Marseille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Christian_Marseille.jpg/330px-Christian_Marseille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Christian_Marseille.jpg/440px-Christian_Marseille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Victor,_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille">Abbey of St. Victor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Notre-Dame de la Garde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007251–253_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007251–253-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-highlights_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highlights-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort Saint-Nicolas and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Marseille)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)">Fort Saint-Jean</a>) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> in 1943.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Marseille" title="Hôtel de Ville, Marseille">Hôtel de Ville</a> (City Hall), a <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> building dating from the 17th century.</li> <li>The Centre Bourse and the adjacent Rue St Ferreol district (including Rue de Rome and Rue Paradis), the main shopping area in central Marseille.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Porte_d%27Aix" title="Porte d'Aix">Porte d'Aix</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> commemorating French victories in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">Spanish Expedition</a>.</li> <li>The Hôtel-Dieu, a former hospital in <i>Le Panier</i>, transformed into an <a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">InterContinental</a> hotel in 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vieille_Charit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vieille Charité">La Vieille Charité</a> in <i>Le Panier</i>, an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as an <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">alms house</a>, it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café. It also houses the Marseille International Poetry Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Cathedral" title="Marseille Cathedral">Cathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure</a> or La Major, founded in the fourth century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architects <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Vaudoyer" title="Léon Vaudoyer">Léon Vaudoyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri-Jacques_Esp%C3%A9randieu" title="Henri-Jacques Espérandieu">Henri-Jacques Espérandieu</a>. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in Romano-Byzantine style. A <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">romanesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time.</li> <li>The 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence of Rome">Saint-Laurent</a> and adjoining 17th-century chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the cathedral.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Victor,_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille">Abbey of Saint-Victor</a>, one of the oldest places of <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Christian worship</a> in Europe. Its fifth-century <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a> occupy the site of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic</a> burial ground, later used for <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christian</a> martyrs and venerated ever since. Continuing a <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene#Speculations" title="Mary Magdalene">medieval tradition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> every year at <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Candlemas</a> a <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> from the crypt is carried in procession along Rue Sainte for a blessing from the archbishop, followed by a mass and the distribution of "navettes" and green <a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">votive candles</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the two in the Centre de la Vieille Charité, described above, the main museums are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007264–267_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007264–267-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Civilisations_de_l%27Europe_et_de_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée">Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée</a> (MuCEM) and the Villa Méditerranée were inaugurated in 2013. The MuCEM is devoted to the history and culture of European and Mediterranean civilisations. The adjacent Villa Méditerranée, an international centre for cultural and artistic interchange, is partially constructed underwater. The site is linked by footbridges to the Fort Saint-Jean and to the Panier.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Musée Regards de Provence, opened in 2013, is located between the Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Majeur and the Fort Saint-Jean. It occupies a converted port building constructed in 1945 to monitor and control potential sea-borne health hazards, in particular epidemics. It now houses a permanent collection of historical artworks from Provence as well as temporary exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Musée du Vieux Marseille, housed in the 16th-century Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the 18th century onwards.</li> <li>The Musée des Docks Romains preserves in situ the remains of Roman commercial warehouses, and has a small collection of objects, dating from the Greek period to the Middle Ages, that were uncovered on the site or retrieved from shipwrecks.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marseille_History_Museum" title="Marseille History Museum">Marseille History Museum</a> (Musée d'Histoire de Marseille), devoted to the history of the town, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains remains of the Greek, and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a sixth-century boat in the world. Ancient remains from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic</a> port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Vestiges" title="Jardin des Vestiges">Jardin des Vestiges</a></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini" title="Musée Cantini">Musée Cantini</a>, a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9" title="Musée Grobet-Labadié">Musée Grobet-Labadié</a>, opposite the Palais Longchamp, houses an exceptional collection of European <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">objets d'art</a> and old <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>.</li> <li>The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Palais_Longchamp" title="Palais Longchamp">Palais Longchamp</a>, designed by Esperandieu, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Parc_Longchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc Longchamp">Parc Longchamp</a>. Built on a grand scale, this <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">italianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnaded</a> building rises up behind a vast monumental fountain with cascading waterfalls. The <a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27eau" title="Jeux d'eau">jeux d'eau</a> marks and masks the entry point of the Canal de Provence into Marseille. Its two wings house the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Marseille" title="Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille">Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille</a> (a fine arts museum), and the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Marseille" title="Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille">Natural History Museum</a> (Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Bor%C3%A9ly" title="Château Borély">Château Borély</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Parc_Bor%C3%A9ly" title="Parc Borély">Parc Borély</a>, a park off the Bay of Marseille with the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_botanique_E.M._Heckel" title="Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel">Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Decorative_Arts,_Fashion_and_Ceramics" title="Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics">Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics</a> opened in the renovated château in June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Contemporain_de_Marseille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille (page does not exist)">Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_contemporain_de_Marseille" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée d'art contemporain de Marseille">fr</a>]</span> (MAC), a museum of contemporary art, opened in 1994. It is devoted to American and <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">European art</a> from the 1960s to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_du_Terroir_Marseillais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée du Terroir Marseillais (page does not exist)">Musée du Terroir Marseillais</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Terroir_Marseillais" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée du Terroir Marseillais">fr</a>]</span> in Château-Gombert, devoted to Provençal crafts and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007225_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007225-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right"><img alt="The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg/320px-Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg/480px-Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg/640px-Mucem-Villa-de-la-Mediterannee-Marseille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_(3x2_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille"><img alt="The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_%283x2_crop%29.jpg/270px-Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_%283x2_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_%283x2_crop%29.jpg/405px-Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_%283x2_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_%283x2_crop%29.jpg/540px-Maison_Diamant%C3%A9e_%283x2_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The music room in the Grobet-Labadié museum"><img alt="The music room in the Grobet-Labadié museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg/270px-Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg/405px-Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg/540px-Salon-de-musique-Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The music room in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9" title="Musée Grobet-Labadié">Grobet-Labadié museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palais Longchamp with its monumental fountain"><img alt="The Palais Longchamp with its monumental fountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg/284px-Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg/426px-Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg/568px-Palais_Longchamp_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Palais_Longchamp" title="Palais Longchamp">Palais Longchamp</a> with its monumental fountain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_central_Marseille">Outside central Marseille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Outside central Marseille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calanques.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Calanques.jpg/170px-Calanques.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Calanques.jpg/255px-Calanques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Calanques.jpg/340px-Calanques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Calanque of Sugiton in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg/220px-Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg/330px-Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg/440px-Marseille_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Château d'If</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_20160827_92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marseille_20160827_92.jpg/220px-Marseille_20160827_92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marseille_20160827_92.jpg/330px-Marseille_20160827_92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marseille_20160827_92.jpg/440px-Marseille_20160827_92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hollywood-style "Marseille" sign</figcaption></figure> <p>The main attractions outside the city centre include:<sup id="cite_ref-highlights_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highlights-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The 19th-century Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Notre-Dame de la Garde</a>, an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica built by architect Espérandieu in the hills to the south of the Old Port. The terrace offers views of Marseille and its surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007256–257_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007256–257-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome" title="Stade Vélodrome">Stade Vélodrome</a>, the home stadium of the city's main <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille" title="Olympique de Marseille">Olympique de Marseille</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité d'Habitation">Unité d'Habitation</a>, an influential and iconic modernist building designed by the Swiss architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> in 1952. On the third floor is the gastronomic restaurant, Le Ventre de l'Architecte. On the roof is the contemporary gallery MaMo opened in 2013.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Docks_(Marseille)" title="Docks (Marseille)">Docks de Marseille</a>, a 19th-century warehouse transformed into offices.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Pharo Gardens, a park with views of the Mediterranean and the Old Port.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007261_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007261-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Corniche, a waterfront road between the Old Port and the Bay of Marseille.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007261_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007261-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The beaches at the Prado, Pointe Rouge, Les Goudes, Callelongue and Le Prophète.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Calanques, a mountainous coastal area, is home to <a href="/wiki/Calanques_National_Park" title="Calanques National Park">Calanques National Park</a> which became France's tenth <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007195–197_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007195–197-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The islands of the <a href="/wiki/Frioul_archipelago" title="Frioul archipelago">Frioul archipelago</a> in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="Château d'If">Château d'If</a> was one of the settings for <a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a>, the novel by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007267_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007267-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a human-made <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a>. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of the faculties of the three universities that comprise <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a> are located in Marseille: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Provence" title="University of Provence">University of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Mediterranean" title="University of the Mediterranean">Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_University" title="Paul Cézanne University">Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III</a></li></ul> <p>In addition Marseille has four <i>grandes écoles</i>: </p> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">Ecole Centrale de Marseille</a></span></span> part of <a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">Centrale Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pour_l%27informatique_et_les_nouvelles_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies">École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es" title="Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées">Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEDGE_Business_School" title="KEDGE Business School">KEDGE Business School</a></li></ul> <p>The main French research bodies including the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_de_la_Recherche_Agronomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique">INRA</a> are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (<a href="/wiki/CIML" class="mw-redirect" title="CIML">CIML</a>), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus (a world-renowned institute of molecular and environmental microbiology) and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in medical microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut de recherche pour le développement">IRD</a>, which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Marseille" title="Transport in Marseille">Transport in Marseille</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_and_regional_transport">International and regional transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International and regional transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg/220px-Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg/330px-Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg/440px-Marseille_Provence_Airport_2017_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_Airport" title="Marseille Provence Airport">Marseille Provence Airport</a>, the fifth busiest in France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_Autoroutes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marseille_Autoroutes.svg/220px-Marseille_Autoroutes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marseille_Autoroutes.svg/330px-Marseille_Autoroutes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Marseille_Autoroutes.svg/440px-Marseille_Autoroutes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Motorways around Marseille</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is served by an international airport, <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_Airport" title="Marseille Provence Airport">Marseille Provence Airport</a>, located in Marignane. The airport is the fifth busiest French airport, was known as the fourth most important European traffic growth in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (<a href="/wiki/A7_autoroute" title="A7 autoroute">A7</a>), Aix-en-Provence in the north (<a href="/wiki/A51_autoroute" title="A51 autoroute">A51</a>), Toulon (<a href="/wiki/A50_autoroute" title="A50 autoroute">A50</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> It is the most populous city in the French Riviera(<a href="/wiki/A8_autoroute" title="A8 autoroute">A8</a>) to the east. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marseille-Saint-Charles_station" title="Marseille-Saint-Charles station">Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles</a> is Marseille's main railway station. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence, <a href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a>, Toulon, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines to <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, Brussels, Nantes, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> services to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (just in the summer) and Thello services to Milan (just one a day), via Nice and Genoa. </p><p>There is a new long-distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to other <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a> towns, including buses to <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>, Cassis, <a href="/wiki/La_Ciotat" title="La Ciotat">La Ciotat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aubagne" title="Aubagne">Aubagne</a>. The city is also served with 11 other regional trains stations in the east and the north of the city, including <a href="/wiki/Marseille-Blancarde_station" title="Marseille-Blancarde station">Marseille-Blancarde</a>. </p><p>Marseille has a large <a href="/wiki/Ferry_slip" title="Ferry slip">ferry terminal</a>, the <i>Gare Maritime</i>, with services to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png/220px-Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png/330px-Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png/440px-Marseille_-_SPNV_-_Netzplan.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Metro and tramway network</figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille is connected by the <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Metro" title="Marseille Metro">Marseille Métro</a> train system operated by the <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gie_des_transports_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Régie des transports de Marseille">Régie des transports de Marseille</a></i> (RTM). It consists of two lines: Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension of the Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992, another extension from La Timone to La Fourragère (2.5 km (1.6 mi) and 4 new stations) was opened in May 2010. The Métro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Métro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane. Three <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> lines are under construction to better connect the Métro to farther places (Castellane -> Luminy; Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves; La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérôme). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG/220px-Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG/330px-Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG/440px-Tramway_Marseille_Sadi_Carnot_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>The new tramway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG/220px-BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG/330px-BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG/440px-BB-67400_Estaque_Marseille_FRA_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_BB_67400" title="SNCF Class BB 67400">SNCF BB 67400</a> (567573) on the Viaduc de Corbières, near <a href="/wiki/L%27Estaque" title="L'Estaque">L'Estaque</a> and towards the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Bleue" title="Côte Bleue">Côte Bleue</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>An extensive <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">bus network</a> serves the city and suburbs of Marseille, with 104 lines and 633 buses. The three lines of the <a href="/wiki/Tramway_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramway de Marseille">tramway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened in 2007, go from the <a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM_Tower" title="CMA CGM Tower">CMA CGM Tower</a> towards Les Caillols. </p><p>As in many other French cities, a bike-sharing service nicknamed "Le vélo", free for trips of less than half an hour, was introduced by the city council in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A free ferry service operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. From 2011 ferry shuttle services operate between the Old Port and Pointe Rouge; in spring 2013 it will also run to l'Estaque.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also ferry services and boat trips available from the Old Port to <a href="/wiki/Frioul_archipelago" title="Frioul archipelago">Frioul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calanques" class="mw-redirect" title="Calanques">Calanques</a> and Cassis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_(20150405).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_%2820150405%29.jpg/220px-Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_%2820150405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_%2820150405%29.jpg/330px-Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_%2820150405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_%2820150405%29.jpg/440px-Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome_%2820150405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>The Stade Vélodrome, home of <a href="/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille" title="Olympique de Marseille">Olympique de Marseille</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's <a href="/wiki/Football_team" title="Football team">football club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille" title="Olympique de Marseille">Olympique de Marseille</a>, which was the finalist of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> in 1991, before winning the competition in 1993, the only French club to do so as of 2024. The club also became finalists of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Europa League</a> in 1999, 2004 and 2018. The club had a history of success under then-owner <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Tapie" title="Bernard Tapie">Bernard Tapie</a>. The club's home, the <a href="/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome" title="Stade Vélodrome">Stade Vélodrome</a>, which can seat around 67,000 people, also functions for other local sports, as well as the <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">national rugby team</a>. Stade Velodrome hosted a number of games during the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 Rugby World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023 Rugby World Cup</a>. The local rugby teams are <a href="/wiki/Marseille_XIII" title="Marseille XIII">Marseille XIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille_Vitrolles_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseille Vitrolles Rugby">Marseille Vitrolles Rugby</a>. </p><p>Marseille is famous for its important <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque" title="Pétanque">pétanque</a> activity, it is even renowned as the <i>pétanque capitale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year the <a href="/wiki/Mondial_la_Marseillaise_de_p%C3%A9tanque" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondial la Marseillaise de pétanque">Mondial la Marseillaise de pétanque</a>, the main pétanque competition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Match_Race_J80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Match_Race_J80.jpg/220px-Match_Race_J80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Match_Race_J80.jpg/330px-Match_Race_J80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Match_Race_J80.jpg/440px-Match_Race_J80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Match Race France 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Sailing is a major sport in Marseille. The wind conditions allow regattas in the warm waters of the Mediterranean.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout most seasons of the year it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. Marseille has been the host of 8 (2010) Match Race France events which are part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Match_Racing_Tour" title="World Match Racing Tour">World Match Racing Tour</a>. The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Marseille. The identical supplied boats (J Boats J-80 racing yachts) are raced two at a time in an on the water dogfight which tests the sailors and skippers to the limits of their physical abilities. Points accrued count towards the World Match Racing Tour and a place in the final event, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Marseille, as racing in close proximity to the shore provides excellent views. The city was also considered as a possible venue for 2007 <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CN_Marseille" title="CN Marseille">CN Marseille</a> has traditionally been one of France's dominant <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a> teams as it won the <a href="/wiki/Championnat_de_France_(water_polo)" title="Championnat de France (water polo)">Championnat de France</a> a total of 36 times. </p><p>Marseille is also a place for other <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powerboating" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerboating">powerboating</a>. Marseille has three <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a>. The city has dozens of gyms and several public swimming pools. Running is also popular in many of Marseille's parks such as Le Pharo and Le Jardin Pierre Puget. An annual footrace is held between the city and neighbouring Cassis: the <a href="/wiki/Marseille-Cassis_Classique_Internationale" title="Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale">Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2025_Tour_de_la_Provence" title="2025 Tour de la Provence">2025 Tour de la Provence</a> began in Marseille with stage 1. on 14th February 2025. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Marseille" title="List of people from Marseille">List of people from Marseille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg/170px-Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg/255px-Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg/340px-Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg/170px-Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg/255px-Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg/340px-Queen_desideria_by_locati-2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="3657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e_Clary" title="Désirée Clary">Désirée Clary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG/170px-Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG/255px-Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG/340px-Adolphe_Thiers_Nadar_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg/170px-Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg/255px-Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg/340px-Daumier_dimanche_au_musee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>: Sunday at the Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg/170px-Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg/255px-Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg/340px-Edmond_Rostand_en_habit_vert_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3815" data-file-height="5201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg/170px-Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg/255px-Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg/340px-Darius_Milhaud_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5050" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg/170px-Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg/255px-Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg/340px-Antonin_Artaud_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="3221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_B%C3%A9jart_(1988)_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart_%281988%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2c.jpg/170px-Maurice_B%C3%A9jart_%281988%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart_%281988%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2c.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart" title="Maurice Béjart">Maurice Béjart</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg/170px-Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg/255px-Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg/340px-Eric_Cantona_Cannes_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantona" title="Eric Cantona">Eric Cantona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg/170px-Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg/255px-Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg/340px-Zinedine_Zidane_by_Tasnim_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg/170px-Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg/255px-Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg/340px-Jessica_Fox_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Fox_(canoeist)" title="Jessica Fox (canoeist)">Jessica Fox</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/170px-Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/255px-Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/340px-Theo_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Hernandez" title="Théo Hernandez">Théo Hernandez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marseille was the birthplace of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a> (fl. fourth century BC), Greek merchant, geographer and explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a> (fl. first century AD), Roman novelist and satirist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Demours" title="Pierre Demours">Pierre Demours</a> (1702–1795), physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blancard" title="Pierre Blancard">Pierre Blancard</a> (1741–1826), introduced the chrysanthemum to France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Gourgaud" title="Jean-Henri Gourgaud">Jean-Henri Gourgaud</a>, aka. "Dugazon" (1746–1809), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Beno%C3%AEt_Eyri%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès">Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès</a> (1767–1846), geographer, author and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e_Clary" title="Désirée Clary">Désirée Clary</a> (1777–1860), wife of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Carl XIV Johan of Sweden</a>, and therefore <i>Queen Desirée</i> or <i>Queen Desideria of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Sweden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Berthelot" title="Sabin Berthelot">Sabin Berthelot</a> (1794–1880), naturalist and ethnologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> (1797–1877), first president of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Joseph_Louis_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Étienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pagès">Étienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pages</a> (1801–1841), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> (1808–1879), <a href="/wiki/List_of_caricaturists" title="List of caricaturists">caricaturist</a> and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Autran" title="Joseph Autran">Joseph Autran</a> (1813–1877), poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Joseph-Eugene_de_Mazenod" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod">Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod</a> (1782–1861), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Marseille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Marseille">bishop of Marseille</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Petipa" title="Lucien Petipa">Lucien Petipa</a> (1815–1898), ballet dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mascarel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mascarel">Joseph Mascarel</a> (1816–1899), mayor of Los Angeles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Petipa" title="Marius Petipa">Marius Petipa</a> (1818–1910), ballet dancer and choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Reyer" title="Ernest Reyer">Ernest Reyer</a> (1823–1909), opera composer and music critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Olivier Émile Ollivier</a> (1825–1913), statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Marie_Jaubert" title="Jean Baptiste Marie Jaubert">Jean Baptiste Marie Jaubert</a> (1826–1884) Ornithologist and Physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Maurel" title="Victor Maurel">Victor Maurel</a> (1848–1923), operatic baritone</li> <li>Joseph Pujol, aka. "<a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A9tomane" title="Le Pétomane">Le Pétomane</a>" (1857–1945), entertainer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a> (1867–1945), physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostand</a> (1868–1918), poet and dramatist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Melas" title="Pavlos Melas">Pavlos Melas</a> (1870–1904), Greek <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">army officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nattero" title="Louis Nattero">Louis Nattero</a>, (1870–1915), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Scotto" title="Vincent Scotto">Vincent Scotto</a> (1876–1952), guitarist, songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a> (1879–1965), fauvist painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fabre" title="Henri Fabre">Henri Fabre</a> (1882–1984), aviator and inventor of the first <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mariotti" title="Frédéric Mariotti">Frédéric Mariotti</a> (1883–1971), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> (1892–1974), composer and teacher<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berty_Albrecht" title="Berty Albrecht">Berty Albrecht</a> (1893–1943), <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945">Croix de Guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> (1897–1948), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Tomasi" title="Henri Tomasi">Henri Tomasi</a> (1901–1971), composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zino_Francescatti" title="Zino Francescatti">Zino Francescatti</a> (1902–1991), violinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernandel" title="Fernandel">Fernandel</a> (1903–1971), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Madeleine_Fourcade" title="Marie-Madeleine Fourcade">Marie-Madeleine Fourcade</a> (1909–1989), <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, Commander of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliane_Plewman" title="Eliane Plewman">Éliane Browne-Bartroli</a> (Eliane Plewman, 1917–1944), French Resistance, Croix de Guerre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Baldaccini" title="César Baldaccini">César Baldaccini</a> (1921–1998), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jourdan" title="Louis Jourdan">Louis Jourdan</a> (1921–2015), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a> (1922–2000), flautist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Colonieu" title="Alice Colonieu">Alice Colonieu</a>, (1924–2010), ceramist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mauriat" title="Paul Mauriat">Paul Mauriat</a> (1925–2006), orchestra leader, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart" title="Maurice Béjart">Maurice Béjart</a> (1927–2007), ballet choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Crespin" title="Régine Crespin">Régine Crespin</a> (1927–2007), opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Garcin" title="Ginette Garcin">Ginette Garcin</a> (1928–2010), actor</li> <li>André di Fusco (1932–2001), known as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Pascal" title="André Pascal">André Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriter</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lumley" title="Henry de Lumley">Henry de Lumley</a> (born 1934), archaeologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacha_Sosno" title="Sacha Sosno">Sacha Sosno</a> (1937–2013), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chunga" title="La Chunga">La Chunga</a> (born 1938), flamenco dancer and naif artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Lazdunski" title="Michel Lazdunski">Michel Lazdunski</a> (born 1938), biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ricard" title="Jean-Pierre Ricard">Jean-Pierre Ricard</a> (born 1944), cardinal, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Chappe" title="Georges Chappe">Georges Chappe</a> (born 1944), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Izzo" title="Jean-Claude Izzo">Jean-Claude Izzo</a> (1945–2000), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Ranque" title="Denis Ranque">Denis Ranque</a> (born 1952), businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Ascaride" title="Ariane Ascaride">Ariane Ascaride</a> (born 1954), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Fox-Jerusalmi" title="Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi">Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi</a> (born 1961), world champion <a href="/wiki/Slalom_canoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slalom canoeing">slalom canoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantona" title="Eric Cantona">Eric Cantona</a> (born 1966), <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France national team</a> football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Galtier" title="Christophe Galtier">Christophe Galtier</a> (born 1966), football manager and former player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fiori" title="Patrick Fiori">Patrick Fiori</a> (born 1969), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Panther" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Panther">Marc Panther</a> (born 1970), member of the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japanese rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Globe_(band)" title="Globe (band)">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a> (born 1972), football player and former captain of the <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Barnier" title="Romain Barnier">Romain Barnier</a> (born 1976), freestyle swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Grosjean" title="Sébastien Grosjean">Sébastien Grosjean</a> (born 1978), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Echaroux" title="Philippe Echaroux">Philippe Echaroux</a> (born 1983), photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Flamini" title="Mathieu Flamini">Mathieu Flamini</a> (born 1984), football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Di_Gregorio" title="Rémy Di Gregorio">Rémy Di Gregorio</a> (born 1985), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Fox_(canoeist)" title="Jessica Fox (canoeist)">Jessica Fox</a> (born 1994), French-born Australian world and Olympic champion <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">slalom canoer</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Hernandez" title="Lucas Hernandez">Lucas Hernandez</a> (born 1996), football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Hernandez" title="Théo Hernandez">Théo Hernandez</a> (born 1997), football player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in France">List of twin towns and sister cities in France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marseille is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with 14 cities, all of them being port cities, with the exception of Marrakech.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, Ivory Coast (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal (1968)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, United Kingdom (2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany (1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, Japan (1961)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, Morocco (2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy (2024)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine (1972)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, Greece (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia (1989)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, Marseille has signed various types of formal agreements of cooperation with 21* Cities all over the world:<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>, Morocco (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, Algeria (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, Mali (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, Togo(1995)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_twinnings-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, Morocco (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-International_relations_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_relations-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli, Libya</a> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna, Bulgaria</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a>, Israel (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-accords_128-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accords-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Marseille" title="List of films set in Marseille">List of films set in Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pagnol" title="Marcel Pagnol">Marcel Pagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Marine_Fire_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseille Marine Fire Battalion">Marseille Marine Fire Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_soap" title="Marseille soap">Marseille soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dubourg" title="Maurice Dubourg">Maurice Dubourg</a> (Bishop of Marseille 1928 to 1936)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">conventionally</a> spelled in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as <i>Marseilles</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Port Saint-Nicholas is a 17th-century fortress built around the small medieval chapel of Entrecasteaux near the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Victor,_Marseille" title="Abbey of St Victor, Marseille">Abbey of St Victor, Marseille</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The altitude provided from the site varies about 31 m, a much larger value than the margin of error, which may mean that the station was relocated ms in one of the data had maintained the elevation from when measured, which should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-infoc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the values have a record of more than two decades, it can not be used as an overview of the local climate, as it does not reach the minimum period of 30 years required by <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constant <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> US dollars, base year 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not including <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503">"Répertoire national des élus: les maires"</a> (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9pertoire+national+des+%C3%A9lus%3A+les+maires&rft.pub=data.gouv.fr%2C+Plateforme+ouverte+des+donn%C3%A9es+publiques+fran%C3%A7aises&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdatasets%2Fr%2F2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00759">"Comparateur de territoire - Unité urbaine 2020 de Marseille-Aix-en-Provence (00759)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparateur+de+territoire+-+Unit%C3%A9+urbaine+2020+de+Marseille-Aix-en-Provence+%2800759%29&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F1405599%3Fgeo%3DUU2020-00759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-003">"Comparateur de territoire - Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Marseille - Aix-en-Provence (003)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparateur+de+territoire+-+Aire+d%27attraction+des+villes+2020+de+Marseille+-+Aix-en-Provence+%28003%29&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F1405599%3Fgeo%3DAAV2020-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popref2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popref2022_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8288323?geo=COM-13055">"Populations de référence 2022"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a>. 19 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence+2022&rft.pub=The+National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Economic+Studies&rft.date=2024-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F8288323%3Fgeo%3DCOM-13055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UU_pop-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UU_pop_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00759&t=A01&view=map12">"Statistiques locales - Marseille-Aix-en-Provence : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+locales+-+Marseille-Aix-en-Provence+%3A+Unit%C3%A9+urbaine+2020+-+Population+municipale+%28historique+depuis+1876%29&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques-locales.insee.fr%2F%23c%3Dindicator%26i%3Dpop_depuis_1876.pop%26s%3D2021%26selcodgeo%3D00759%26t%3DA01%26view%3Dmap12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAV_pop-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAV_pop_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAV_pop_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAV_pop_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=003&t=A01&view=map13">"Statistiques locales – Marseille – Aix-en-Provence : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+locales+%E2%80%93+Marseille+%E2%80%93+Aix-en-Provence+%3A+Aire+d%27attraction+des+villes+2020+-+Population+municipale+%28historique+depuis+1876%29&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques-locales.insee.fr%2F%23c%3Dindicator%26i%3Dpop_depuis_1876.pop%26s%3D2021%26selcodgeo%3D003%26t%3DA01%26view%3Dmap13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=13055&t=A01&view=map1">"Statistiques locales - Marseille : Commune - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+locales+-+Marseille+%3A+Commune+-+Population+municipale+%28historique+depuis+1876%29&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques-locales.insee.fr%2F%23c%3Dindicator%26i%3Dpop_depuis_1876.pop%26s%3D2021%26selcodgeo%3D13055%26t%3DA01%26view%3Dmap1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metropolis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metropolis_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=200054807&t=A01&view=map4">"Statistiques locales - Métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence : Intercommunalité-Métropole - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+locales+-+M%C3%A9tropole+d%27Aix-Marseille-Provence+%3A+Intercommunalit%C3%A9-M%C3%A9tropole+-+Population+municipale+%28historique+depuis+1876%29&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques-locales.insee.fr%2F%23c%3Dindicator%26i%3Dpop_depuis_1876.pop%26s%3D2021%26selcodgeo%3D200054807%26t%3DA01%26view%3Dmap4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchêneContrucci1998page_needed_A_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchêneContrucci1998">Duchêne & Contrucci 1998</a>, page needed A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbel1976" class="citation book cs1">Ebel, Charles (1976). <i>Transalpine Gaul: the emergence of a Roman province</i>. Brill Archive. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04384-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04384-5"><bdi>90-04-04384-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transalpine+Gaul%3A+the+emergence+of+a+Roman+province&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=90-04-04384-5&rft.aulast=Ebel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span>, Chapter 2, <i>Massilia and Rome before 390 B.C.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotteboom2009" class="citation book cs1">Notteboom, Theo (11 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789282102299-3-fr">"Les ports maritimes et leur arrière-pays intermodal"</a>. <i>Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays</i>. Tables rondes FIT. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789282102299-3-fr">10.1787/9789282102299-3-fr</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282102268" title="Special:BookSources/9789282102268"><bdi>9789282102268</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+ports+maritimes+et+leur+arri%C3%A8re-pays+intermodal&rft.btitle=Concurrence+entre+les+ports+et+les+liaisons+terrestres+avec+l%27arri%C3%A8re-pays&rft.series=Tables+rondes+FIT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789282102299-3-fr&rft.isbn=9789282102268&rft.aulast=Notteboom&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1787%2F9789282102299-3-fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2014" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Maud S. (5 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400848584"><i>Muslims and Jews in France</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400848584">10.1515/9781400848584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4858-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4858-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-4858-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Jews+in+France&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400848584&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4858-4&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Maud+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400848584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michelin Guide to Provence, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-06-137503-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-06-137503-0">2-06-137503-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchêneContrucci1998">Duchêne & Contrucci 1998</a>, p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marseille,_France-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marseille,_France_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5670&cityname=Marseille,+France">"Marseille, France Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Marseille%2C+France+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D5670%26cityname%3DMarseille%2C%2BFrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Météo France, 1981–2010 averages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeluzarche" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deluzarche, Céline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/questions-reponses/meteorologie-france-top-20-villes-plus-ensoleillees-11296/">"France : top 20 des villes les plus ensoleillées"</a>. <i>Futura Sciences</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marseille-Marignane+%2807650%29+-+WMO+Weather+Station&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FFR%2F07650.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAMarseilleMarignane">Archived</a> 8 February 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310163158/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13054001.pdf">"Marignane (13)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records</i> (in French). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newvietart.net/index4.3.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Vietnamiens+a+Marseille&rft.au=Guillemin%2C+Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewvietart.net%2Findex4.3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040928021015/http://histgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr/pedago/ecjs/paro_001.htm">"Citizenship and integration: Marseille, model of integration?"</a>. 28 September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr/pedago/ecjs/paro_001.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+integration%3A+Marseille%2C+model+of+integration%3F&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr%2Fpedago%2Fecjs%2Fparo_001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044219">"Diverse Marseille Spared in French Riots"</a>. NPR. 10 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diverse+Marseille+Spared+in+French+Riots&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5044219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichèle_Tribalat2007" class="citation web cs1">Michèle Tribalat (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916215150/http://www.societe-de-strategie.asso.fr/pdf/agir28txt4.pdf">"Les concentrations ethniques en France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societe-de-strategie.asso.fr/pdf/agir28txt4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+concentrations+ethniques+en+France&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mich%C3%A8le+Tribalat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.societe-de-strategie.asso.fr%2Fpdf%2Fagir28txt4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1524">"Insee – Population – Les immigrés récemment arrivés en France – Une immigration de plus en plus européenne"</a>. <i>insee.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=insee.fr&rft.atitle=Insee+%E2%80%93+Population+%E2%80%93+Les+immigr%C3%A9s+r%C3%A9cemment+arriv%C3%A9s+en+France+%E2%80%93+Une+immigration+de+plus+en+plus+europ%C3%A9enne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Freg_id%3D0%26ref_id%3Dip1524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=COM-13055#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS">"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2019 - Commune de Marseille (13055)"</a> (in French). Institut national de la statistique et des études économiqes (INSEE)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMG1B+-+Population+immigr%C3%A9e+par+sexe%2C+%C3%A2ge+et+pays+de+naissance+en+2019+-+Commune+de+Marseille+%2813055%29&rft.pub=Institut+national+de+la+statistique+et+des+%C3%A9tudes+%C3%A9conomiqes+%28INSEE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F6455264%3Fsommaire%3D6455286%26geo%3DCOM-13055%23ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmarf.html">"Archdiocese of Marseille"</a>. Catholic hierarchy. 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archdiocese+of+Marseille&rft.pub=Catholic+hierarchy&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdmarf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz_2015_11-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katz_2015_11_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz_2015_11_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2015" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Ethan (2015). <i>The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088689" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088689"><bdi>9780674088689</bdi></a>. <q>Today, 80,000 Jews and 200,000 Muslims, many sharing North African heritage, live in Marseille.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burdens+of+Brotherhood%3A+Jews+and+Muslims+from+North+Africa+to+France&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674088689&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Murphy2008" class="citation book cs1">B. Murphy, Alexander (2008). <i>The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742579064" title="Special:BookSources/9780742579064"><bdi>9780742579064</bdi></a>. <q>The French port city of Marseille alone has 200,000 Muslims in its population of 1,400,000, as well as some 50 mosque.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Culture+Area%3A+A+Systematic+Geography&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742579064&rft.aulast=B.+Murphy&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/archives-label-france_5343/les-numeros-label-france_5570/lf64-sante-pour-tous-un-enjeu-mondial_14982/societe_14992/vivre-ensemble_14994/marseille-esperance.-tous-differents-tous-marseillais_39997.html">"Marseille Espérance. All different, all Marseilles, Part II"</a>. France Diplomatie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marseille+Esp%C3%A9rance.+All+different%2C+all+Marseilles%2C+Part+II&rft.pub=France+Diplomatie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Farchives-label-france_5343%2Fles-numeros-label-france_5570%2Flf64-sante-pour-tous-un-enjeu-mondial_14982%2Fsociete_14992%2Fvivre-ensemble_14994%2Fmarseille-esperance.-tous-differents-tous-marseillais_39997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Kimble" class="citation web cs1">Chris Kimble. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501040521/http://marseillecityofculture.eu/marseille-culture.html">"Marseille Culture"</a>. Marseillecityofculture.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marseillecityofculture.eu/marseille-culture.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marseille+Culture&rft.pub=Marseillecityofculture.eu&rft.au=Chris+Kimble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarseillecityofculture.eu%2Fmarseille-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmvr.marseille.fr/patrimoine/a-l-origine">History of library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87144504/">"Pierre Bertas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Bertas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n87144504%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Ingram, Mark (2009). "Euro-Mediterranean Marseille: Redefining State Cultural Policy in an Era of Transnational Governance". <i>City & Society</i>. Vol. 21. pp. <span class="nowrap">268–</span>292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Euro-Mediterranean+Marseille%3A+Redefining+State+Cultural+Policy+in+an+Era+of+Transnational+Governance&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreau2001" class="citation book cs1">Moreau, Alain (2001). <i>Migrations, identités, et territoires à Marseille.Migrations, identités, et territoires à Marseille</i>. Paris: Hamattan. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations%2C+identit%C3%A9s%2C+et+territoires+%C3%A0+Marseille.Migrations%2C+identit%C3%A9s%2C+et+territoires+%C3%A0+Marseille&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Hamattan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Moreau&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Dickey, Christopher (March 2012). "Marseille's Melting Pot". <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>. Vol. 2012, no. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Marseille%27s+Melting+Pot&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation news cs1">Williams, D (27 October 2005). "Long Integrated, Marseille Is Spared. Southern Port Was Largely Quiet as Riots Raged in Other French Cities". <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Long+Integrated%2C+Marseille+Is+Spared.+Southern+Port+Was+Largely+Quiet+as+Riots+Raged+in+Other+French+Cities&rft.date=2005-10-27&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826004257/http://www.marseille-provence2013.fr/index.php?lang=english">"Marseille Provence 2013: European Capital of Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille-provence2013.fr/index.php?lang=english">the original</a> on 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marseille+Provence+2013%3A+European+Capital+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille-provence2013.fr%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/898811423) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/897642695 cite #43 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bullen, Claire (2010). "European Capitals of Culture and Everyday Cultural Diversity: A Comparison of Liverpool (UK) and Marseilles (France)". <i>European Cultural Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Cultural+Foundation.&rft.atitle=European+Capitals+of+Culture+and+Everyday+Cultural+Diversity%3A+A+Comparison+of+Liverpool+%28UK%29+and+Marseilles+%28France%29.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bullen&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZukin1995" class="citation book cs1">Zukin, S (1995). <i>The Culture of Cities</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Cities.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Zukin&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccimp.com/actualite/territoire/7828-11-millions-visiteurs-pour-capitale-europeenne-culture">"11 millions de visiteurs pour la capitale européenne de la culture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+millions+de+visiteurs+pour+la+capitale+europ%C3%A9enne+de+la+culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccimp.com%2Factualite%2Fterritoire%2F7828-11-millions-visiteurs-pour-capitale-europeenne-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted (Special:Diff/898811423) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at Special:Permalink/897642695 cite #44 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Peter (2009). <i>European Cities and Towns</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford. pp. 283, 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Cities+and+Towns&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=283%2C+247&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmelman2013" class="citation news cs1">Kimmelman, Michael (4 October 2013). "Marseille, the Secret Capital of France". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marseille%2C+the+Secret+Capital+of+France&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.aulast=Kimmelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-networks/economic-networks/tamara-ganjalyan-armenian-trade-networks">"Armenian trade networks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+trade+networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Feuropean-networks%2Feconomic-networks%2Ftamara-ganjalyan-armenian-trade-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusée_du_Vieux-Marseille2004" class="citation cs2">Musée du Vieux-Marseille (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahuwtei1bZQC&q=Cartes+%C3%A0+jouer+%26+tarots+de+Marseille:+La+donation+Camoin"><i>Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin</i></a>, Alors Hors Du Temps, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9517932-7-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-9517932-7-8"><bdi>2-9517932-7-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartes+%C3%A0+jouer+%26+tarots+de+Marseille%3A+La+donation+Camoin&rft.pub=Alors+Hors+Du+Temps&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-9517932-7-8&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Vieux-Marseille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dahuwtei1bZQC%26q%3DCartes%2B%25C3%25A0%2Bjouer%2B%2526%2Btarots%2Bde%2BMarseille%3A%2BLa%2Bdonation%2BCamoin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span>, official catalogue of the permanent collection of playing cards from the museum of Vieux-Marseille, including a detailed history of <i>Tarot de Marseille</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepaulis1984" class="citation cs2">Depaulis, Thierry (1984), <i>Tarot, jeu et magie</i>, Bibliothèque nationale, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7177-1699-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7177-1699-8"><bdi>2-7177-1699-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarot%2C+jeu+et+magie&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=2-7177-1699-8&rft.aulast=Depaulis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223222843/http://www.capsuropera.com/seasonschedules.php">"Opera in Genoa, Nice, Marseille, Montpellier, Barcelona"</a>. Capsuropera.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capsuropera.com/seasonschedules.php">the original</a> on 23 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opera+in+Genoa%2C+Nice%2C+Marseille%2C+Montpellier%2C+Barcelona&rft.pub=Capsuropera.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capsuropera.com%2Fseasonschedules.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430013244/http://www.schmap.com/marseille/sights_6tharrond/">"Schmap Marseille Sights & Attractions – 6th arrond"</a>. Schmap.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schmap.com/marseille/sights_6tharrond/">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schmap+Marseille+Sights+%26+Attractions+%E2%80%93+6th+arrond&rft.pub=Schmap.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schmap.com%2Fmarseille%2Fsights_6tharrond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.marseille.fr/">"Actualités"</a>. <i>Opéra de Marseille</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Op%C3%A9ra+de+Marseille&rft.atitle=Actualit%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopera.marseille.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europride.com/en/archives/marseille-2013/">"Marseille 2013"</a>. <i>EuroPride</i>. 28 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EuroPride&rft.atitle=Marseille+2013&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europride.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fmarseille-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007235027/http://www.fidmarseille.org/dynamic/index.php?lang=english">"March 2013 Newsletter"</a>. FIDMarseille. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidmarseille.org/dynamic/index.php?lang=english">the original</a> on 7 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+2013+Newsletter&rft.pub=FIDMarseille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidmarseille.org%2Fdynamic%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dock-des-suds.org/fiesta-des-suds/">"octobre, 2012 – Dock des Suds : festivals, concerts de musique et location de salles à Marseille"</a> (in French). Dock des Suds<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=octobre%2C+2012+%E2%80%93+Dock+des+Suds+%3A+festivals%2C+concerts+de+musique+et+location+de+salles+%C3%A0+Marseille&rft.pub=Dock+des+Suds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dock-des-suds.org%2Ffiesta-des-suds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/arts/music/19rap.html?pagewanted=all">"In Marseille, Rap Helps Keep the Peace"</a>, Article in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, December 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonDauncey2003" class="citation cs2">Cannon, Steve; Dauncey, Hugh (2003), <i>Popular music in France from chanson to techno: culture, identity, and society</i>, Ashgate Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">194–</span>198, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0849-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0849-2"><bdi>0-7546-0849-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+music+in+France+from+chanson+to+techno%3A+culture%2C+identity%2C+and+society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-0849-2&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Dauncey%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"La bouillabaisse classique doit comporter les 'trois poissons': rascasse, grondin, congre." <i>Michelin Guide Vert -Côte dAzur</i>, 1990, page 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/fr/decouvrir-marseille/traditions/les-traditions-culinaires/la-bouillabaisse/">[1]</a>|History and traditional recipe of bouillabaisse on the site of the Marseille Tourism Office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1999" class="citation book cs1">David, Elizabeth (1999). <i>French Provincial Cooking</i>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-118153-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-118153-2"><bdi>0-14-118153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Provincial+Cooking&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-118153-2&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Clifford (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realstew300recip00wrig"><i>Real Stew</i></a>. Harvard Common Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55832-199-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55832-199-3"><bdi>1-55832-199-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Stew&rft.pub=Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55832-199-3&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealstew300recip00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Louis André, <i>Cuisines des pays de France</i>, Éditions du Chêne, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007104-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007104_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007104_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1978" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, M. F. K. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/considerabletown00fish/page/150"><i>A Considerable Town</i></a>. New York: Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/considerabletown00fish/page/150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-42711-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-42711-4"><bdi>0-394-42711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Considerable+Town&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-394-42711-4&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=M.+F.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsiderabletown00fish%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waverley_Root" title="Waverley Root">Root, Waverley</a> (1992) [Originally published 1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodoffrance00root/page/333"><i>The Food of France</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodoffrance00root/page/333">333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73897-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73897-5"><bdi>0-679-73897-5</bdi></a>. <q><i>panisso</i>, made either of chick-pea or maize flour, boiled into a sort of mush, then allowed to cool and become more solid, when it is fried.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Food+of+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-679-73897-5&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Waverley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodoffrance00root%2Fpage%2F333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedman2003" class="citation news cs1">Redman, Chris (5 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francetoday.com/articles/2013/06/05/pass_the_pastis.html">"Pass the Pastis"</a>. <i>France Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+Today&rft.atitle=Pass+the+Pastis&rft.date=2003-06-05&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetoday.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F06%2F05%2Fpass_the_pastis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlney1994" class="citation book cs1">Olney, Richard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lulusprovencalta00olne/page/79"><i>Lulu's Provenc̜al Table: the exuberant food and wine from Domaine Tempier Vineyard</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lulusprovencalta00olne/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016922-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016922-2"><bdi>0-06-016922-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lulu%27s+Provenc%CC%9Cal+Table%3A+the+exuberant+food+and+wine+from+Domaine+Tempier+Vineyard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-06-016922-2&rft.aulast=Olney&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flulusprovencalta00olne%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007251–253-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007251–253_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 251–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-highlights-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-highlights_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-highlights_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/">"The Highlights"</a>. <i>Office de tourisme Marseille</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+de+tourisme+Marseille&rft.atitle=The+Highlights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille-tourisme.com%2Fen%2Fdiscover-marseille%2Fthe-essentials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipmarseille.com/presentation.php">"Présentation du CiPM"</a>. <i>Centre international de la Poèsie, Marseille (CiPM)</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+international+de+la+Po%C3%A8sie%2C+Marseille+%28CiPM%29&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+du+CiPM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipmarseille.com%2Fpresentation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/tradition/christmas-time/">"Christmas Time"</a>. <i>Office de tourisme Marseille</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+de+tourisme+Marseille&rft.atitle=Christmas+Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille-tourisme.com%2Fen%2Fdiscover-marseille%2Ftradition%2Fchristmas-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007264–267-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007264–267_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 264–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/mucem-and-j4/">"MuCEM and J4"</a>. <i>Office de tourisme Marseille</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+de+tourisme+Marseille&rft.atitle=MuCEM+and+J4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille-tourisme.com%2Fen%2Fdiscover-marseille%2Fthe-essentials%2Fmucem-and-j4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403121549/http://www.villa-mediterranee.org/en/between-sky-and-sea">"Between the sky and the sea"</a>. <i>Villa Méditerranée</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villa-mediterranee.org/en/between-sky-and-sea">the original</a> on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Villa+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Between+the+sky+and+the+sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villa-mediterranee.org%2Fen%2Fbetween-sky-and-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museeregardsdeprovence.com/en/">"Regards de Provence Museum"</a>. <i>Musée Regards de Provence</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+Regards+de+Provence&rft.atitle=Regards+de+Provence+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museeregardsdeprovence.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404033023/http://www.mp2013.fr/evenements/2013/06/ouverture-du-chateau-borely-musee-des-arts-decoratifs-de-la-faience-et-de-la-mode/?lang=en">"Opening of the Château Borély, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, de la Faïence et de la Mode"</a>. <i>Marseille-Provence 2013 European Capital of Culture</i>. June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mp2013.fr/evenements/2013/06/ouverture-du-chateau-borely-musee-des-arts-decoratifs-de-la-faience-et-de-la-mode/?lang=en">the original</a> on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marseille-Provence+2013+European+Capital+of+Culture&rft.atitle=Opening+of+the+Ch%C3%A2teau+Bor%C3%A9ly%2C+Mus%C3%A9e+des+Arts+D%C3%A9coratifs%2C+de+la+Fa%C3%AFence+et+de+la+Mode&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mp2013.fr%2Fevenements%2F2013%2F06%2Fouverture-du-chateau-borely-musee-des-arts-decoratifs-de-la-faience-et-de-la-mode%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saatchigallery.com/museums/museum-profile/Mus%C3%A9e+D%27art+Contemporain+De+Marseille/452.html">"Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille"</a>. Saatchi Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Art+Contemporain+de+Marseille&rft.pub=Saatchi+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saatchigallery.com%2Fmuseums%2Fmuseum-profile%2FMus%25C3%25A9e%2BD%2527art%2BContemporain%2BDe%2BMarseille%2F452.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007225-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007225_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007256–257-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007256–257_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/heritage/the-docks/">"The Docks"</a>. <i>Office de tourisme Marseille</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+de+tourisme+Marseille&rft.atitle=The+Docks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille-tourisme.com%2Fen%2Fdiscover-marseille%2Fheritage%2Fthe-docks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007261-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007261_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007261_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/sea-and-nature/the-beaches/">"The Beaches"</a>. <i>Office de tourisme Marseille</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+de+tourisme+Marseille&rft.atitle=The+Beaches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille-tourisme.com%2Fen%2Fdiscover-marseille%2Fsea-and-nature%2Fthe-beaches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007195–197-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007195–197_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 195–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195826/http://www.calanques-parcnational.fr/en/about-us/origins-of-the-calanques-national-park">"Origins of the Calanques National Park"</a>. <i>Parc National des Calanques</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calanques-parcnational.fr/en/about-us/origins-of-the-calanques-national-park">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parc+National+des+Calanques&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Calanques+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calanques-parcnational.fr%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Forigins-of-the-calanques-national-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrott2007267-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrott2007267_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrott2007">Trott 2007</a>, pp. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourmag.com/Marseille-Provence-bat-tous-les-records-avec-83-millions-de-passagers-en-2012_a56271.html">"Marseille-Provence bat tous les records avec 8,3 millions de passagers en 2012"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+for+Le+v%C3%A9lo&rft.pub=Levelo-mpm.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levelo-mpm.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217183410/http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/se-deplacer/navettes-maritimes">"Se déplacer – Navettes maritimes"</a> (in French). Marseille.fr. 26 September 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Se+d%C3%A9placer+%E2%80%93+Navettes+maritimes&rft.pub=Marseille.fr&rft.date=2004-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille.fr%2Fsitevdm%2Fse-deplacer%2Fnavettes-maritimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprovence.com/article/sports/806737/boules-marseille-capitale-mondiale-de-la-petanque-en-2012.html">"Boules : Marseille capitale mondiale de la pétanque en 2012"</a>. La Provence. 14 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boules+%3A+Marseille+capitale+mondiale+de+la+p%C3%A9tanque+en+2012&rft.pub=La+Provence&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprovence.com%2Farticle%2Fsports%2F806737%2Fboules-marseille-capitale-mondiale-de-la-petanque-en-2012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2006" class="citation web cs1">Pape, Eric (3 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/46140">"Sailing to Success"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Sailing+to+Success&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F46140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/Nov06/Scotto_operettas_4762107.htm">"Scotto Opérettes Marseillaises Accord 4762107; Classical CD Reviews – November 2006 MusicWeb-International"</a>. Musicweb-international.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotto+Op%C3%A9rettes+Marseillaises+Accord+4762107%3B+Classical+CD+Reviews+%E2%80%93+November+2006+MusicWeb-International&rft.pub=Musicweb-international.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2006%2FNov06%2FScotto_operettas_4762107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessula2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jessula, Georges (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=AJ&ID_NUMPUBLIE=AJ_361&ID_ARTICLE=AJ_361_0140#">"Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique"</a>. <i>Revue Juive</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">140–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Faj.361.0140">10.3917/aj.361.0140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Juive&rft.atitle=Darius+Milhaud%2C+Compositeur+de+Musique&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Faj.361.0140&rft.aulast=Jessula&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Farticle.php%3FID_REVUE%3DAJ%26ID_NUMPUBLIE%3DAJ_361%26ID_ARTICLE%3DAJ_361_0140%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span> Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in the <i>Bras d'Or</i> in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilhaud1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud, Darius</a> (1998). <i>Ma Vie heureuse</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+Officiel+de+la+Ville+de+Marseille&rft.atitle=Accords+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille.fr%2Fsitevdm%2Fdocument%3Fid%3D14621%26id_attribute%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_twinnings-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115172503/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf">"Twinnings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yerevan+Municipality+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Yerevan+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns+%26+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news"><bdi lang="hy">ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ</bdi></a> [Yerevan expanding its international relations]. <i>Yerevan Municipality Official Website</i> (in Armenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news">the original</a> on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yerevan+Municipality+Official+Website&rft.atitle=%D4%B5%D5%90%D4%B5%D5%8E%D4%B1%D5%86%D4%BB+%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%82%D4%B1%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%8A%D4%B5%D5%8F%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%8A%D4%B1%D5%87%D5%8F%D5%88%D5%86%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%85%D5%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fpages.php%3Flang%3D1%26id%3D184%26page_name%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalanque1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palanque, J.R. (1990). "Ligures, Celtes et Grecs" [Ligures, Celts and Greeks]. In Baratier, Edouard (ed.). <i>Histoire de la Provence</i> [<i>History of Provence</i>]. Univers de la France (in French). Toulouse: Editions Privat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7089-1649-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7089-1649-1"><bdi>2-7089-1649-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ligures%2C+Celtes+et+Grecs&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Provence&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.series=Univers+de+la+France&rft.pub=Editions+Privat&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=2-7089-1649-1&rft.aulast=Palanque&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia1999" class="citation book cs1">Abulafia, David, ed. (1999). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36289-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36289-X"><bdi>0-521-36289-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-36289-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchêneContrucci1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duchêne, Roger; Contrucci, Jean (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marseille2600ans0000duch"><i>Marseille, 2600 ans d'histoire</i></a></span> [<i>Marseille, 2600 Years of History</i>] (in French). Paris: Editions Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-60197-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-60197-6"><bdi>2-213-60197-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marseille%2C+2600+ans+d%27histoire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Fayard&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=2-213-60197-6&rft.aulast=Duch%C3%AAne&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Contrucci%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarseille2600ans0000duch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson2014" class="citation book cs1">Kitson, Simon (2014). <i>Police and Politics in Marseille, 1936–1945</i>. Amsterdam: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24835-9"><bdi>978-90-04-24835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+and+Politics+in+Marseille%2C+1936%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24835-9&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiauzu1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liauzu, Claude (1996). <i>Histoire des migrations en Méditerranée occidentale</i> [<i>History of Migration in the Western Mediterranean</i>] (in French). Brussels: Editions Complexe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87027-608-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-87027-608-7"><bdi>2-87027-608-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+migrations+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+occidentale&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Editions+Complexe&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-87027-608-7&rft.aulast=Liauzu&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrott2007" class="citation book cs1">Trott, Victoria (2007). Cannon, Gwen; Watkins, Gaven (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provence00trot"><i>Provence</i></a>. London: Michelin Apa Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906261-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906261-29-0"><bdi>978-1-906261-29-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michelin+Apa+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-906261-29-0&rft.aulast=Trott&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovence00trot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobb" title="Richard Cobb">Cobb, Richard</a> (2001). <i>Marseille</i> (in French). Paris: Allia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84485-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84485-064-5"><bdi>978-2-84485-064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marseille&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Allia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-84485-064-5&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavitchKantor2002" class="citation book cs1">Savitch, H.V.; Kantor, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesininternat00savi"><i>Cities in the International Market Place: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09159-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09159-5"><bdi>0-691-09159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+the+International+Market+Place%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Urban+Development+in+North+America+and+Western+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-09159-5&rft.aulast=Savitch&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rft.au=Kantor%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesininternat00savi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeraldiSamson2006" class="citation book cs1">Peraldi, Michel; Samson, Michel (2006). <i>Gouverner Marseille : Enquête sur les mondes politiques marseillais</i>. Editions La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7071-4964-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-7071-4964-0"><bdi>2-7071-4964-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gouverner+Marseille+%3A+Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+les+mondes+politiques+marseillais&rft.pub=Editions+La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-7071-4964-0&rft.aulast=Peraldi&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Samson%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusquet1954" class="citation book cs1">Busquet, Raoul (1954). <i>Histoire de la Provence des origines à la révolution française</i>. Éditions Jeanne Lafitte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86276-319-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-86276-319-5"><bdi>2-86276-319-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Provence+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+r%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jeanne+Lafitte&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=2-86276-319-5&rft.aulast=Busquet&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttard-MarainchiÉchinardJordiLopez2007" class="citation book cs1">Attard-Marainchi, Marie-Françoise; Échinard, Pierre; Jordi, Jean-Jacques; Lopez, Renée; Sayad, Abdelmalek; Témime, Émile (2007). <i>Migrance – histoires des migrations à Marseille</i>. Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86276-450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86276-450-4"><bdi>978-2-86276-450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrance+%E2%80%93+histoires+des+migrations+%C3%A0+Marseille&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jeanne+Laffitte&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-86276-450-4&rft.aulast=Attard-Marainchi&rft.aufirst=Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=%C3%89chinard%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Jordi%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Sayad%2C+Abdelmalek&rft.au=T%C3%A9mime%2C+%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarseille" class="Z3988"></span>, single book comprising 4 separate volumes: <i>La préhistoire de la migration</i> (1482–1830); <i>L'expansion marseillaise et "l'invasion italienne"</i> (1830–1918); <i>Le cosomopolitisme de l'entre-deux-guerres</i> (1919–1945); <i>Le choc de la décolonisation</i> (1945–1990).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marseille93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marseille" title="Template:Marseille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marseille" title="Template talk:Marseille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marseille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marseille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marseille93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huveaune" title="Huveaune">Huveaune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massif_de_l%27%C3%89toile" title="Massif de l'Étoile">Massif de l'Étoile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massif_des_Calanques" title="Massif des Calanques">Massif des Calanques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Puget" title="Mont Puget">Mont Puget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frioul_archipelago" title="Frioul archipelago">Frioul archipelago</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marseille_20160827_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Marseille_20160827_02.jpg/120px-Marseille_20160827_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Marseille_20160827_02.jpg/180px-Marseille_20160827_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Marseille_20160827_02.jpg/240px-Marseille_20160827_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Arrondissements of Marseille">Arrondissements of Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="1st arrondissement of Marseille">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="2nd arrondissement of Marseille">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="3rd arrondissement of Marseille">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="4th arrondissement of Marseille">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="5th arrondissement of Marseille">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="6th arrondissement of Marseille">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="7th arrondissement of Marseille">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="8th arrondissement of Marseille">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="9th arrondissement of Marseille">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="10th arrondissement of Marseille">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="11th arrondissement of Marseille">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="12th arrondissement of Marseille">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="13th arrondissement of Marseille">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="14th arrondissement of Marseille">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="15th arrondissement of Marseille">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="16th arrondissement of Marseille">16th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne_department" title="Cantons of the Bouches-du-Rhône department">Cantons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_Airport" title="Marseille Provence Airport">Marseille Provence Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille-Saint-Charles_station" title="Marseille-Saint-Charles station">Train network and stations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marseille_Bus_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marseille Bus Network (page does not exist)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Metro" title="Marseille Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navette_maritime_de_Marseille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navette maritime de Marseille (page does not exist)">Navette maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Marseille">RTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_tramway" title="Marseille tramway">Tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_v%C3%A9lo_(Marseille)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le vélo (Marseille) (page does not exist)">Le vélo sharing bikes system</a></li> <li>Highways network (<a href="/wiki/A7_autoroute" title="A7 autoroute">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A50_autoroute" title="A50 autoroute">A50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A55_autoroute" title="A55 autoroute">A55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A507_autoroute" title="A507 autoroute">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Major/la_Joliette_tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Major/la Joliette tunnel (page does not exist)">Major/la Joliette tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux-Port_de_Marseille_tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vieux-Port de Marseille tunnel (page does not exist)">Vieux-Port de Marseille tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prado-Car%C3%A9nage_tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prado-Carénage tunnel (page does not exist)">Prado-Carénage tunnel</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Victor,_Marseille" title="Abbey of St Victor, Marseille">Abbey of St Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastide_de_la_Guillermy" title="Bastide de la Guillermy">Bastide de la Guillermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsunce" title="Belsunce">Belsunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bompard,_Marseille" title="Bompard, Marseille">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calanques_National_Park" title="Calanques National Park">Calanques National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canebi%C3%A8re" title="Canebière">Canebière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Bor%C3%A9ly" title="Château Borély">Château Borély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="Château d'If">Château d'If</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Pastr%C3%A9" title="Château Pastré">Château Pastré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_Saint-Pierre_(Marseille)" title="Cimetière Saint-Pierre (Marseille)">Cimetière Saint-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM_Tower" title="CMA CGM Tower">CMA CGM Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docks_(Marseille)" title="Docks (Marseille)">Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame-du-Mont" title="Église Notre-Dame-du-Mont">Église Notre-Dame-du-Mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint_Roch,_Marseille" title="Église Saint Roch, Marseille">Église Saint Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Vincent-de-Paul" title="Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul">Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille-Blancarde_station" title="Marseille-Blancarde station">Marseille-Blancarde station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille-Saint-Charles_station" title="Marseille-Saint-Charles station">Marseille-Saint-Charles station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Marseille" title="Great Synagogue of Marseille">Grande Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Borely_Racecourse" title="Marseille Borely Racecourse">Hippodrome de Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Marseille" title="Hôtel de Ville, Marseille">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterContinental_Marseille_Hotel_Dieu" title="InterContinental Marseille Hotel Dieu">Hôtel-Dieu de Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Estaque" title="L'Estaque">L'Estaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Friche" title="La Friche">La Friche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Joliette" title="La Joliette">La Joliette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Treille" title="La Treille">La Treille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledge_of_President_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="Ledge of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy">Ledge of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Cathedral" title="Marseille Cathedral">Marseille Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port" title="Marseille-Fos Port">Marseille-Fos Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_History_Museum" title="Marseille History Museum">Marseille History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazargues" title="Mazargues">Mazargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini" title="Musée Cantini">Musée Cantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Grobet-Labadi%C3%A9" title="Musée Grobet-Labadié">Musée Grobet-Labadié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Marseille" title="Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille">Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_European_and_Mediterranean_Civilisations" title="Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations">Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Decorative_Arts,_Fashion_and_Ceramics" title="Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics">Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Notre-Dame de la Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Marseille" title="Opéra de Marseille">Opéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum_de_Verduron" title="Oppidum de Verduron">Oppidum de Verduron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Bourse_(Marseille)" title="Palais de la Bourse (Marseille)">Palais de la Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Pharo" title="Palais du Pharo">Palais du Pharo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Longchamp" title="Palais Longchamp">Palais Longchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Bor%C3%A9ly" title="Parc Borély">Parc Borély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_du_26e_Centenaire" title="Parc du 26e Centenaire">Parc du 26e Centenaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Castellane" title="Place Castellane">Place Castellane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Jean-Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Place Jean-Jaurès">Place Jean-Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plages_du_Prado" title="Plages du Prado">Plages du Prado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_d%27Aix" title="Porte d'Aix">Porte d'Aix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_V%C3%A9lodrome" title="Stade Vélodrome">Stade Vélodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiers,_Marseille" title="Thiers, Marseille">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation" title="Unité d'habitation">Unité d'habitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallon_des_Auffes" title="Vallon des Auffes">Vallon des Auffes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieille_Charit%C3%A9" title="Vieille Charité">Vieille Charité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Port_of_Marseille" title="Old Port of Marseille">Vieux-Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Valmer" title="Villa Valmer">Villa Valmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_myth_of_Marseille" title="Founding myth of Marseille">Founding myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%27est_la_sardine_qui_a_bouch%C3%A9_le_port_de_Marseille" title="C'est la sardine qui a bouché le port de Marseille">C'est la sardine qui a bouché le port de Marseille</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Marseille" title="Timeline of Marseille">Timeline of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_des_gal%C3%A8res" title="Arsenal des galères">Arsenal des galères</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sporting clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athl%C3%A9tico_Marseille" title="Athlético Marseille">Athlético Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_XIII" title="Marseille XIII">Marseille XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Provence_XV" title="Marseille Provence XV">Marseille Provence XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille" title="Olympique de Marseille">Olympique de Marseille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arrondissements_of_Marseille32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Template:Arrondissements of Marseille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Template talk:Arrondissements of Marseille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arrondissements of Marseille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arrondissements_of_Marseille32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Marseille" title="Arrondissements of Marseille">Arrondissements of Marseille</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="1st arrondissement of Marseille">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="2nd arrondissement of Marseille">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="3rd arrondissement of Marseille">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="4th arrondissement of Marseille">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="5th arrondissement of Marseille">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="6th arrondissement of Marseille">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="7th arrondissement of Marseille">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="8th arrondissement of Marseille">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="9th arrondissement of Marseille">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="10th arrondissement of Marseille">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="11th arrondissement of Marseille">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="12th arrondissement of Marseille">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="13th arrondissement of Marseille">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="14th arrondissement of Marseille">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="15th arrondissement of Marseille">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Marseille" title="16th arrondissement of Marseille">16th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_departments_of_France193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Template:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Template talk:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_French_departments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of French departments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_departments_of_France193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefectures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourg-en-Bresse" title="Bourg-en-Bresse">Bourg-en-Bresse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulins,_Allier" title="Moulins, Allier">Moulins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digne-les-Bains" title="Digne-les-Bains">Digne-les-Bains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap,_Hautes-Alpes" title="Gap, Hautes-Alpes">Gap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Alpes" title="Hautes-Alpes">Hautes-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privas" title="Privas">Privas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodez" title="Rodez">Rodez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurillac" title="Aurillac">Aurillac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle" title="Tulle">Tulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Corse-du-Sud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Corse" title="Haute-Corse">Haute-Corse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ret" title="Guéret">Guéret</a> (<a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Périgueux">Périgueux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence (city)">Valence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auch" title="Auch">Auch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Châteauroux">Châteauroux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saunier" title="Lons-le-Saunier">Lons-le-Saunier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Marsan" title="Mont-de-Marsan">Mont-de-Marsan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agen" title="Agen">Agen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende,_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Mende, Lozère">Mende</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaumont,_Haute-Marne" title="Chaumont, Haute-Marne">Chaumont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne" title="Laval, Mayenne">Laval</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar-le-Duc" title="Bar-le-Duc">Bar-le-Duc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)" title="Rhône (department)">Rhône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesoul" title="Vesoul">Vesoul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niort" title="Niort">Niort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-sur-Yon" title="La Roche-sur-Yon">La Roche-sur-Yon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry-Courcouronnes" title="Évry-Courcouronnes">Évry-Courcouronnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Créteil">Créteil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cergy" title="Cergy">Cergy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Overseas_departments30"><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas departments</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_regions_of_France292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Template:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Template talk:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of regions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_Prefectures_of_the_regions_of_France292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefectures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint Denis</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_France_by_population139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_France" title="Template:Cities in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_France" title="Template talk:Cities in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_France_by_population139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities in France by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeurbanne" title="Villeurbanne">Villeurbanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint-Denis, Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis">Montreuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Paul, Réunion">Saint-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Complete list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bouches-du-Rhône&#124;link=Bouches-du-Rhône_Communes_of_the_Bouches-du-Rhône_department376" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne_communes" title="Template:Bouches-du-Rhône communes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne_communes" title="Template talk:Bouches-du-Rhône communes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne_communes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bouches-du-Rhône communes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bouches-du-Rhône&#124;link=Bouches-du-Rhône_Communes_of_the_Bouches-du-Rhône_department376" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône"><img alt="Bouches-du-Rhône" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Proposition_de_drapeau_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne.svg/23px-Proposition_de_drapeau_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Proposition_de_drapeau_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne.svg/35px-Proposition_de_drapeau_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Proposition_de_drapeau_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne.svg/46px-Proposition_de_drapeau_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne_department" title="Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department">Communes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a> department</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauch" title="Allauch">Allauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleins" title="Alleins">Alleins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubagne" title="Aubagne">Aubagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureille" title="Aureille">Aureille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriol,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Auriol, Bouches-du-Rhône">Auriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurons" title="Aurons">Aurons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Barben" title="La Barben">La Barben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbentane" title="Barbentane">Barbentane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Baux-de-Provence" title="Les Baux-de-Provence">Les Baux-de-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurecueil" title="Beaurecueil">Beaurecueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcod%C3%A8ne" title="Belcodène">Belcodène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berre-l%27%C3%89tang" title="Berre-l'Étang">Berre-l'Étang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouc-Bel-Air" title="Bouc-Bel-Air">Bouc-Bel-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bouilladisse" title="La Bouilladisse">La Bouilladisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulbon" title="Boulbon">Boulbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabannes,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Cabannes, Bouches-du-Rhône">Cabannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabri%C3%A8s" title="Cabriès">Cabriès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadolive" title="Cadolive">Cadolive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnoux-en-Provence" title="Carnoux-en-Provence">Carnoux-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry-le-Rouet" title="Carry-le-Rouet">Carry-le-Rouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassis" title="Cassis">Cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceyreste" title="Ceyreste">Ceyreste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleval,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Charleval, Bouches-du-Rhône">Charleval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-le-Rouge" title="Châteauneuf-le-Rouge">Châteauneuf-le-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-les-Martigues" title="Châteauneuf-les-Martigues">Châteauneuf-les-Martigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaurenard" title="Châteaurenard">Châteaurenard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ciotat" title="La Ciotat">La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornillon-Confoux" title="Cornillon-Confoux">Cornillon-Confoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coudoux" title="Coudoux">Coudoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuges-les-Pins" title="Cuges-les-Pins">Cuges-les-Pins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Destrousse" title="La Destrousse">La Destrousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89guilles" title="Éguilles">Éguilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensu%C3%A8s-la-Redonne" title="Ensuès-la-Redonne">Ensuès-la-Redonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eygali%C3%A8res" title="Eygalières">Eygalières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eygui%C3%A8res" title="Eyguières">Eyguières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyragues" title="Eyragues">Eyragues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fare-les-Oliviers" title="La Fare-les-Oliviers">La Fare-les-Oliviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontvieille,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône">Fontvieille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fos-sur-Mer" title="Fos-sur-Mer">Fos-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuveau" title="Fuveau">Fuveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardanne" title="Gardanne">Gardanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9menos" title="Gémenos">Gémenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gignac-la-Nerthe" title="Gignac-la-Nerthe">Gignac-la-Nerthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grans" title="Grans">Grans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveson" title="Graveson">Graveson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9asque" title="Gréasque">Gréasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istres" title="Istres">Istres</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jouques" title="Jouques">Jouques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamanon" title="Lamanon">Lamanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambesc" title="Lambesc">Lambesc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7on-Provence" title="Lançon-Provence">Lançon-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maillane" title="Maillane">Maillane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallemort" title="Mallemort">Mallemort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marignane" title="Marignane">Marignane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a><sup>pref</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martigues" title="Martigues">Martigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles" title="Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles">Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maussane-les-Alpilles" title="Maussane-les-Alpilles">Maussane-les-Alpilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyrargues" title="Meyrargues">Meyrargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyreuil" title="Meyreuil">Meyreuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimet" title="Mimet">Mimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramas" title="Miramas">Miramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moll%C3%A9g%C3%A8s" title="Mollégès">Mollégès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouri%C3%A8s" title="Mouriès">Mouriès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noves" title="Noves">Noves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgon" title="Orgon">Orgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradou" title="Paradou">Paradou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9lissanne" title="Pélissanne">Pélissanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Pennes-Mirabeau" title="Les Pennes-Mirabeau">Les Pennes-Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Penne-sur-Huveaune" title="La Penne-sur-Huveaune">La Penne-sur-Huveaune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peynier" title="Peynier">Peynier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peypin" title="Peypin">Peypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyrolles-en-Provence" title="Peyrolles-en-Provence">Peyrolles-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan-de-Cuques" title="Plan-de-Cuques">Plan-de-Cuques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan-d%27Orgon" title="Plan-d'Orgon">Plan-d'Orgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-de-Bouc" title="Port-de-Bouc">Port-de-Bouc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône">Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyloubier" title="Puyloubier">Puyloubier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-Sainte-R%C3%A9parade" title="Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade">Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognac" title="Rognac">Rognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognes,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rognes, Bouches-du-Rhône">Rognes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognonas" title="Rognonas">Rognonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roque-d%27Anth%C3%A9ron" title="La Roque-d'Anthéron">La Roque-d'Anthéron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquefort-la-B%C3%A9doule" title="Roquefort-la-Bédoule">Roquefort-la-Bédoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquevaire" title="Roquevaire">Roquevaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousset,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rousset, Bouches-du-Rhône">Rousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Rove" title="Le Rove">Le Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Andiol" title="Saint-Andiol">Saint-Andiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon" title="Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon">Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Cannat" title="Saint-Cannat">Saint-Cannat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Chamas" title="Saint-Chamas">Saint-Chamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer" title="Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer">Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Est%C3%A8ve-Janson" title="Saint-Estève-Janson">Saint-Estève-Janson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Gr%C3%A8s" title="Saint-Étienne-du-Grès">Saint-Étienne-du-Grès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde" title="Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde">Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-Crau" title="Saint-Martin-de-Crau">Saint-Martin-de-Crau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts" title="Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts">Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-l%C3%A8s-Durance" title="Saint-Paul-lès-Durance">Saint-Paul-lès-Durance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-M%C3%A9zoargues" title="Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues">Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence" title="Saint-Rémy-de-Provence">Saint-Rémy-de-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Savournin" title="Saint-Savournin">Saint-Savournin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Victoret" title="Saint-Victoret">Saint-Victoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon-de-Provence" title="Salon-de-Provence">Salon-de-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausset-les-Pins" title="Sausset-les-Pins">Sausset-les-Pins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nas" title="Sénas">Sénas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept%C3%A8mes-les-Vallons" title="Septèmes-les-Vallons">Septèmes-les-Vallons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simiane-Collongue" title="Simiane-Collongue">Simiane-Collongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascon" title="Tarascon">Tarascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Tholonet" title="Le Tholonet">Le Tholonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trets" title="Trets">Trets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauvenargues,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône">Vauvenargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velaux" title="Velaux">Velaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venelles" title="Venelles">Venelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventabren" title="Ventabren">Ventabren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern%C3%A8gues" title="Vernègues">Vernègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verqui%C3%A8res" title="Verquières">Verquières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrolles,_Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Vitrolles, Bouches-du-Rhône">Vitrolles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>pref</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a></li> <li><sup>subpr</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">subprefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Sport26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Capital of Sport (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Sport26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European Capitals of Sport</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li>2017 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marseille</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li>2025 <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23482#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157970874">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206417/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXryjGXKhCB4X4b3cVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037694-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79108882">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864855c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864855c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Marseille (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129970&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452612">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=177422">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq4650wb3wqm51z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/16139">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007552632205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e815db74-f1aa-4fbc-a78c-f3e76f53409e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026392356">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006597">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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