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of late H2A, H2B and H4 histone genes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83889988/mini_magick20220412-6660-1qmntfg.png?1649761031" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Evolution of late H2A, H2B and H4 histone genes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34257785" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertMaxson"><img alt="Profile image of Robert Maxson" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Robert Maxson</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1987</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/73038975/Evolution_of_late_H2A_H2B_and_H4_histone_genes_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="118016107" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118016107/Embryonal_histone_H1_subtypes_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus_purification_characterization_and_immunological_comparison_with_H1_subtypes_of_the_adult">Embryonal histone H1 subtypes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: purification, characterization and immunological comparison with H1 subtypes of the adult</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49932827" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PehrsonJ">John Pehrson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biochemistry, 1984</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The four H1 subtypes utilized during embryonic development of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were purified. Their amino acid compositions and immunological reactivities show that they have different primary structures. Antisera against them were used to identify the H1 subtypes present in adult tissues. These experiments revealed that adult tissues do not contain detectable levels of the two H1 subtypes ex</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Embryonal histone H1 subtypes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: purification, characterization and immunological comparison with H1 subtypes of the adult","attachmentId":113739801,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118016107/Embryonal_histone_H1_subtypes_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus_purification_characterization_and_immunological_comparison_with_H1_subtypes_of_the_adult","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118016107/Embryonal_histone_H1_subtypes_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus_purification_characterization_and_immunological_comparison_with_H1_subtypes_of_the_adult"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="73039041" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73039041/Differential_expression_of_early_and_late_embryonic_histone_genes_in_adult_tissues_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus">Differential expression of early and late embryonic histone genes in adult tissues of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34257785" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertMaxson">Robert Maxson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Biology, 1987</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The sea urchin synthesizes distinct classes of histone mRNAs at different stages of development. "Early" embryonic histone mRNAs are synthesized in large amount in cleavage and blastula stage embryos. "Late" embryonic histone mRNAs are the predominant forms in postblastula embryos. To learn more about how early and late histone genes are regulated during the life cycle of the sea urchin and to search for additional classes of developmentally regulated histone mRNAs, we examined histone mRNAs in sea urchin adult tissues. Using methods of primer extension and Sl nuclease protection, we found that tube foot, intestine, testis, and ovary contain a subset of the several H2b mRNA species synthesized by the embryo. We detected early H2b mRNA in ovary, but not. in other tissues. Three late H2b mRNA species were present in all tissues tested, while a fourth late H2b was not detected. Using a probe that hybridized specifically with transcripts of a single-copy late H2b gene, we found that this gene was transcribed in both embryos and adults. Interestingly, its level of expression relative to other late H2b genes varied among tissues. Finally, we identified two H2b mRNA species that were distinct from early and late embryonic forms and were synthesized only in adult tissues. 0 1987 Academic PWSS. I~C.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Differential expression of early and late embryonic histone genes in adult tissues of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus","attachmentId":81719800,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73039041/Differential_expression_of_early_and_late_embryonic_histone_genes_in_adult_tissues_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73039041/Differential_expression_of_early_and_late_embryonic_histone_genes_in_adult_tissues_of_the_sea_urchin_Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="19962386" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19962386/Characterization_of_a_cDNA_clone_coding_for_a_sea_urchin_histone_H2A_variant_related_to_the_H2A_F_Z_histone_protein_in_vertebrates">Characterization of a cDNA clone coding for a sea urchin histone H2A variant related to the H2A.F/Z histone protein in vertebrates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41484483" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SErnst2">S. Ernst</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40834094" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrennerCarol">Carol Brenner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nucleic Acids Research, 1987</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A cDNA clone coding for a sea urchin histone H2A variant has been isolated. The coding region of the clone has been sequenced and the sequence found to be closely related to the H2A.F sequence in chickens. The nucleotide sequence of the sea urchin H2A.F/Z is 74% conserved when compared to chicken H2A.F and 51% conserved compared to sea urchin H2A early and 60% compared to sea urchin H2A late. The nucleotide-derived amino acid comparisons show that H2A.F/Z is 97% homologous with H2A.F in chickens and 57% and^6% homologous when compared to sea urchin H2A early and late respectively. There are between 3-6 copies of the H2A.F/Z sequence in the S. purpuratus genome. The H2A.F/Z gene sequence codes for the previously identified H2A.Z protein. All embryonic stages and adult+ tissues tested contain mRNA for H2A.F/Z. The mRNA appears in the poly A RNA fraction after chromatography over oligo dT cellulose.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Characterization of a cDNA clone coding for a sea urchin histone H2A variant related to the H2A.F/Z histone protein in vertebrates","attachmentId":41253653,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19962386/Characterization_of_a_cDNA_clone_coding_for_a_sea_urchin_histone_H2A_variant_related_to_the_H2A_F_Z_histone_protein_in_vertebrates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19962386/Characterization_of_a_cDNA_clone_coding_for_a_sea_urchin_histone_H2A_variant_related_to_the_H2A_F_Z_histone_protein_in_vertebrates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="32365172" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32365172/A_histone_H1_protein_in_sea_urchins_is_encoded_by_a_poly_A_mRNA">A histone H1 protein in sea urchins is encoded by a poly(A)+ mRNA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62814296" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AngererR">Robert Angerer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1988</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Typical histone genes lack intervening sequences and encode small mRNAs (400-800 nucleotides) with short leader and trailer regions. Most histone mRNAs are not polyadenylylated but rather terminate in a highly conserved stem and loop structure. The early, late, and testis-specific histone genes of sea urchins, described to date, have this typical histone gene structure. We have identified an unusual Hi gene, H1-8, in sea urchins that encodes a poly(A)+ mRNA. This mRNA is one of a group of polyadenylylated transcripts homologous with Hi gene probes. The sequence of H1-b has been determined. H1-b encodes a different Hi protein. Although the temporal expression of H1-b mRNA is similar to that of other late Hi ((3 and y) mRNAs, its spatial distribution at the time of maximal accumulation is distinct and confirms that H1-b is regulated differently than other Hi genes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A histone H1 protein in sea urchins is encoded by a poly(A)+ mRNA","attachmentId":52570019,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32365172/A_histone_H1_protein_in_sea_urchins_is_encoded_by_a_poly_A_mRNA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32365172/A_histone_H1_protein_in_sea_urchins_is_encoded_by_a_poly_A_mRNA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="17826990" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17826990/Cis_and_trans_acting_elements_involved_in_the_H2A_sea_urchin_histone_gene_expression">Cis and trans-acting elements involved in the H2A sea urchin histone gene expression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4099339" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/FrancoPalla">Franco Palla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Cell Biology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Functional tests, performed by microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes, show that a DNA fragment containing the modulator of the early histone H2A gene of Paracentrotus lividus enhances transcription of a reporter gene when located, in the physiological orientation, upstream of the tk basal promoter. Gel retardation and DNase I footprinting assays further reveal that the H2A modulator contains at least two binding sites [upstream sequence elements 1 and 2 (USE 1 and USE 2)] for nuclear factors extracted from sea urchin embryos, which actively transcribe the early histone gene set.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cis and trans-acting elements involved in the H2A sea urchin histone gene expression","attachmentId":39731688,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17826990/Cis_and_trans_acting_elements_involved_in_the_H2A_sea_urchin_histone_gene_expression","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17826990/Cis_and_trans_acting_elements_involved_in_the_H2A_sea_urchin_histone_gene_expression"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="13795009" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13795009/Isolation_of_a_new_H3_3_histone_variant_cDNA_of_P_lividus_sea_urchin_Sequence_and_embryonic_expression">Isolation of a new H3.3 histone variant cDNA of P. lividus sea urchin: Sequence and embryonic expression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32897899" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MargheritaBranno">Margherita Branno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression, 1994</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A cDNA encoding a new H3 histone variant has been isolated from a Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryo cDNA library. The encoded protein is identical to the H3.3 histone subtype identified in other species, with the difference that E replaces D at position 81. The clone corresponds to a transcript of about 1.6 kb, not dependent on DNA replication, present in the unfertilized egg and at all stages of embryonic development. The coding part of the cDNA cross-reacts also with a 0.5 kb H3 late histone mRNA.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Isolation of a new H3.3 histone variant cDNA of P. lividus sea urchin: Sequence and embryonic expression","attachmentId":44940857,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13795009/Isolation_of_a_new_H3_3_histone_variant_cDNA_of_P_lividus_sea_urchin_Sequence_and_embryonic_expression","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13795009/Isolation_of_a_new_H3_3_histone_variant_cDNA_of_P_lividus_sea_urchin_Sequence_and_embryonic_expression"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5723564" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5723564/Translational_regulation_of_histone_synthesis_in_the_sea_urchin_strongylocentrotus_purpuratus">Translational regulation of histone synthesis in the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8310504" href="https://sidra.academia.edu/LouisHerlands">Louis Herlands</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cell Biology, 1982</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The pattern and schedule of histone synthesis in unfertilized eggs and early embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. After fertilization there is an abrupt change in the pattern of histone variant synthesis. Although both cleavage-stage-and c~-histone mRNA are stored in sea urchin eggs, unfertilized eggs synthesize only cleavage-stage (CS) variants. However, after fertilization, both CS and c~ messages are translated. Since histone mRNA isolated from unfertilized eggs can be translated in vitro, the synthesis of ~ histone subtypes appears to be under translational control. Although the synthesis of ~ subtypes is shown here to occur before the second S phase after fertilization, little or no c~ histone is incorporated into chromatin at this time. Thus, early chromatin is composed predominantly of CS variants probably recruited for the most part from the large pool of CS histones stored in the unfertilized egg.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Translational regulation of histone synthesis in the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus","attachmentId":49167368,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5723564/Translational_regulation_of_histone_synthesis_in_the_sea_urchin_strongylocentrotus_purpuratus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5723564/Translational_regulation_of_histone_synthesis_in_the_sea_urchin_strongylocentrotus_purpuratus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="53717814" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53717814/Transcription_of_sea_urchin_histone_genes_in_HeLa_cells">Transcription of sea urchin histone genes in HeLa cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="156110952" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaryBendig">Mary Bendig</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nucleic Acids Research, 1983</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">HeLa cells were transfected with recombinant DNAs containing the embryonic histone gene repeat of P.miliaris (h22) inserted in either orientation into a pBR-SV4O vector. After 2 to 3 days cytoplasmic RNA was analyzed for authentic sea urchin histone gene transcripts. The correct 5 1 termini of all five histone genes were detected, three (H2B, H2A and H3) at relatively high levels. In contrast, termination was largely aberrant with the correct 3' terminus of only the H2B mRNA found in significant amounts. The levels of histone gene transcription were dependent on the presence, but not the orientation, of SV4O DNA in the recombinant plasmid. The efficiency of initiation of transcription of the individual sea urchin histone genes in HeLa cells was very similar to that previously observed in Xenopus oocytes. The termination pattern, however, was quite different in that oocytes, all but the H3 gene terminate efficiently. The idiosyncrasies in termination efficiencies for these two heterologous transcription systems may reflect the presence of termination factors which are relatively species or even tissue specific and only some of which recognize the sea urchin "terminators" correctly.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Transcription of sea urchin histone genes in HeLa cells","attachmentId":70430065,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53717814/Transcription_of_sea_urchin_histone_genes_in_HeLa_cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53717814/Transcription_of_sea_urchin_histone_genes_in_HeLa_cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="82586535" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82586535/Regulation_of_the_Sea_Urchin_Early_H2A_Histone_Gene_Expression_Depends_on_the_Modulator_Element_and_on_Sequences_Located_near_the_3_End">Regulation of the Sea Urchin Early H2A Histone Gene Expression Depends on the Modulator Element and on Sequences Located near the 3′ End</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37824418" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaffaellaMelfi">Raffaella Melfi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Chemistry, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Transcription of the sea urchin early histone genes occurs transiently during early cleavage, reaching the maximum at the morula stage and declining to an undetectable level at the gastrula stage. To identify the regulatory elements responsible for the timing and the levels of transcription of the H2A gene, we used promoter binding studies in nuclear extracts and microinjection of a CAT transgene driven by the early H2A promoter. We found that morula and gastrula nuclear proteins produced indistinguishable DNase I footprint patterns on the H2A promoter. Two sites of interactions, centred on the modulator/enhancer and on the CCAAT box respectively, were detected. Deletion of the modulator or coinjection of an excess of modulator sequences severely affected the expression of two transgenes driven by the enhancer-less and modulator-containing H2A promoter. Finally, a DNA fragment containing 3′ coding and post-H2A spacer sequences, where upon silencing three micrococcal nuclease hyperse...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regulation of the Sea Urchin Early H2A Histone Gene Expression Depends on the Modulator Element and on Sequences Located near the 3′ End","attachmentId":88246581,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82586535/Regulation_of_the_Sea_Urchin_Early_H2A_Histone_Gene_Expression_Depends_on_the_Modulator_Element_and_on_Sequences_Located_near_the_3_End","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82586535/Regulation_of_the_Sea_Urchin_Early_H2A_Histone_Gene_Expression_Depends_on_the_Modulator_Element_and_on_Sequences_Located_near_the_3_End"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="47119787" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47119787/Isolation_of_sea_urchin_embryo_histone_H2A%CE%B11_and_immunological_identification_of_other_stage_specific_H2A_proteins">Isolation of sea urchin embryo histone H2Aα1 and immunological identification of other stage-specific H2A proteins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54991689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CandidoRodriguez3">Candido Rodriguez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Biology, 1982</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Isolation of sea urchin embryo histone H2Aα1 and immunological identification of other stage-specific H2A proteins","attachmentId":66381490,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47119787/Isolation_of_sea_urchin_embryo_histone_H2A%CE%B11_and_immunological_identification_of_other_stage_specific_H2A_proteins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47119787/Isolation_of_sea_urchin_embryo_histone_H2A%CE%B11_and_immunological_identification_of_other_stage_specific_H2A_proteins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83889988,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83889988,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_83889988" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="118143944" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143944/An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster">An unusual evolutionary behaviour of a sea urchin histone gene cluster</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="282646366" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RusconiSandro">Sandro Rusconi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The EMBO Journal, 1982</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An unusual evolutionary behaviour of a sea urchin histone gene cluster","attachmentId":113838831,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118143944/An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118143944/An_unusual_evolutionary_behaviour_of_a_sea_urchin_histone_gene_cluster"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13285749" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13285749/Evidences_of_two_different_sets_of_histone_genes_active_during_embryogenesis_of_the_sea_urchin_Paracentrotus_lividus">Evidences of two different sets of histone genes active during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48841716" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniSpinelli2">Giovanni Spinelli</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32538382" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/FabrizioGianguzza">Fabrizio Gianguzza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nucleic Acids Research, 1979</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evidences of two different sets of histone genes active during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus","attachmentId":45512704,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13285749/Evidences_of_two_different_sets_of_histone_genes_active_during_embryogenesis_of_the_sea_urchin_Paracentrotus_lividus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13285749/Evidences_of_two_different_sets_of_histone_genes_active_during_embryogenesis_of_the_sea_urchin_Paracentrotus_lividus"><span 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Sciences, 1988</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Closely linked early and late histone H2B genes are differentially expressed after microinjection into sea urchin zygotes","attachmentId":88854358,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83546059/Closely_linked_early_and_late_histone_H2B_genes_are_differentially_expressed_after_microinjection_into_sea_urchin_zygotes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83546059/Closely_linked_early_and_late_histone_H2B_genes_are_differentially_expressed_after_microinjection_into_sea_urchin_zygotes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="28273751" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28273751/Sperm_histones_and_chromatin_structure_of_the_primitive_sea_urchinEucidaris_tribuloides">Sperm histones and chromatin structure of the “primitive” sea urchinEucidaris tribuloides</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52625981" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DominicPoccia">Dominic Poccia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Experimental Zoology, 1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="17826978" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17826978/Sea_urchin_early_histone_H2A_modulator_binding_factor_1_is_a_positive_transcription_factor_also_for_the_early_histone_H3_gene">Sea urchin early histone H2A modulator binding factor 1 is a positive transcription factor also for the early histone H3 gene</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48841716" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniSpinelli2">Giovanni Spinelli</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4099339" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/FrancoPalla">Franco Palla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1993</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sea urchin early histone H2A modulator binding factor 1 is a positive transcription factor also for the early histone H3 gene","attachmentId":39731708,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17826978/Sea_urchin_early_histone_H2A_modulator_binding_factor_1_is_a_positive_transcription_factor_also_for_the_early_histone_H3_gene","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/MargheritaBranno">Margherita Branno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">FEBS Letters, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The S.//.A.IG amino acid motif is present in a replication dependent late H3 histone variant of P. lividus sea urchin","attachmentId":44940850,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13795019/The_S_A_IG_amino_acid_motif_is_present_in_a_replication_dependent_late_H3_histone_variant_of_P_lividus_sea_urchin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37824418" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaffaellaMelfi">Raffaella Melfi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Molecular Biology, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Functional Characterization of the Enhancer Blocking Element of the Sea Urchin Early Histone Gene Cluster Reveals Insulator Properties and Three Essential cis-acting Sequences","attachmentId":82926382,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74965386/Functional_Characterization_of_the_Enhancer_Blocking_Element_of_the_Sea_Urchin_Early_Histone_Gene_Cluster_Reveals_Insulator_Properties_and_Three_Essential_cis_acting_Sequences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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regulation of histone ubiquitination the sea urchin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42069329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NJasinskiene">N. Jasinskiene</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44328471" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JLangmore">John Langmore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Genetics, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Embryonic regulation of histone ubiquitination the sea urchin","attachmentId":41560229,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20784244/Embryonic_regulation_of_histone_ubiquitination_the_sea_urchin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20784244/Embryonic_regulation_of_histone_ubiquitination_the_sea_urchin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="86039390" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86039390/Expression_of_sea_urchin_histone_genes_in_the_oocyte_of_Xenopus_laevis">Expression of sea urchin histone genes in the oocyte of Xenopus laevis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59688098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArminKressmann">Armin Kressmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Molecular Biology, 1979</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Expression of sea urchin histone genes in the oocyte of Xenopus laevis","attachmentId":90579820,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86039390/Expression_of_sea_urchin_histone_genes_in_the_oocyte_of_Xenopus_laevis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86039390/Expression_of_sea_urchin_histone_genes_in_the_oocyte_of_Xenopus_laevis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="93485894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93485894/Maternal_stores_of_%CE%B1_subtype_histone_mRNAs_are_not_required_for_normal_early_development_of_sea_urchin_embryos">Maternal stores of α subtype histone mRNAs are not required for normal early development of sea urchin embryos</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="235684149" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardShowman">Richard Showman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Roux’s Archives of Developmental Biology, 1986</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maternal stores of α subtype histone mRNAs are not required for normal early development of sea urchin embryos","attachmentId":96211138,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93485894/Maternal_stores_of_%CE%B1_subtype_histone_mRNAs_are_not_required_for_normal_early_development_of_sea_urchin_embryos","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93485894/Maternal_stores_of_%CE%B1_subtype_histone_mRNAs_are_not_required_for_normal_early_development_of_sea_urchin_embryos"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="18153734" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18153734/High_molecular_weight_RNA_containing_histone_messenger_in_the_sea_urchin_Paracentrotus_lividus">High molecular weight RNA containing histone messenger in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25400421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CaterinaCasano">Caterina Casano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Molecular Biology, 1980</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"High molecular weight RNA containing histone messenger in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus","attachmentId":39903799,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18153734/High_molecular_weight_RNA_containing_histone_messenger_in_the_sea_urchin_Paracentrotus_lividus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18153734/High_molecular_weight_RNA_containing_histone_messenger_in_the_sea_urchin_Paracentrotus_lividus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="17826977" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17826977/Cis_acting_elements_of_the_sea_urchin_histone_H2A_modulator_bind_transcriptional_factors">Cis-acting elements of the sea urchin histone H2A modulator bind transcriptional factors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37927869" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IdaAlbanese">Ida Albanese</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25400421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CaterinaCasano">Caterina Casano</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48841716" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniSpinelli2">Giovanni Spinelli</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32538382" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/FabrizioGianguzza">Fabrizio Gianguzza</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4099339" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/FrancoPalla">Franco Palla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cis-acting elements of the sea urchin histone H2A modulator bind transcriptional 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