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PROMDI - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000040; border-bottom:2px solid #000040; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Progressive Movement for the Devolution of Initiatives</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_(PROMDI_Party).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_%28PROMDI_Party%29.svg/180px-Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_%28PROMDI_Party%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_%28PROMDI_Party%29.svg/270px-Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_%28PROMDI_Party%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_%28PROMDI_Party%29.svg/360px-Progressive_Movement_for_the_Devolution_of_Initiatives_or_Probinsya_Muna_Development_Initiative_%28PROMDI_Party%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">PROMDI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mariano "Mimo" Osmeña</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lito_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Lito Osmeña">Lito Osmeña</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-Like-minded_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Like-minded-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 24</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 304</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abagpromdi.com/">www<wbr />.abagpromdi<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">Charter Change</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_laws" title="List of Philippine laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People&#39;s Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines&#32;portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Progressive Movement for the Devolution of Initiatives</b> or <b>Probinsya Muna Development Initiative</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#8201;</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Province First Development Initiative</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">&#91;prɔˈbɪnʃa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmuna&#93;</a></span>), abbreviated as <b>PROMDI</b> or <b>Abag-Promdi</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>. </p><p>The party was founded in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Lito_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Lito Osmeña">Lito Osmeña</a>, a former governor of Cebu, for his <a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998 presidential campaign</a>. Their main ideology is <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>. </p><p>In 2021, PROMDI formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_PDP%E2%80%93Laban_dispute" title="2021 PDP–Laban dispute">wing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Champ_Movement" title="People&#39;s Champ Movement">People's Champ Movement</a> (PCM), dubbed as the MP3 alliance. They officially nominated Pacquiao as their candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022 Philippine presidential election</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PROMDI was founded in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Lito_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Lito Osmeña">Lito Osmeña</a>, who served as governor of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> (1988–1992) and chief economic adviser to President <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> (1993–1997), and was Ramos' unsuccessful running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lito_O_death_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lito_O_death-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A former officer of <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas</a>, Osmeña formed PROMDI for his unsuccessful presidential bid in <a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a>; his running mate was former <a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Sueno" title="Ismael Sueno">Ismael Sueno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lito_O_death_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lito_O_death-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, PROMDI won four district seats and a <a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">party-list</a> seat represented by <a href="/wiki/Joy_Augustus_Young" title="Joy Augustus Young">Joy Augustus Young</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> was ousted in the <a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">Second EDSA Revolution</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> ascended to the presidency. PROMDI joined the pro-Arroyo <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Coalition" title="People Power Coalition">People Power Coalition</a> (PPC) alongside Lakas, <a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PDP-Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-Laban">PDP-Laban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The party won three district seats in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, they were disqualified from the party-list election for failing to meet the criteria of representing the "marginalized and underrepresented" in accordance with the Party-list System Act (R.A. 7941).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, PROMDI's <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Tomas Osmeña">Tomas Osmeña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rama" title="Mike Rama">Mike Rama</a> were elected mayor and vice mayor, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_general_election" title="2004 Philippine general election">2004 election</a> was dominated by two major coalitions: the pro-Arroyo <a href="/wiki/Koalisyon_ng_Katapatan_at_Karanasan_sa_Kinabukasan" title="Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan">K4</a> and the opposition <a href="/wiki/Koalisyon_ng_Nagkakaisang_Pilipino" title="Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino">KNP</a>. However, PROMDI opted to join Aksyon and Reporma (former Arroyo supporters) to form a third smaller coalition, the <i><a href="/wiki/Alyansa_ng_Pag-asa" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyansa ng Pag-asa">Alyansa ng Pag-asa</a></i> (Alliance of Hope). They supported the <a href="/wiki/Raul_Roco_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Raul Roco 2004 presidential campaign">presidential bid</a> of Aksyon's <a href="/wiki/Raul_Roco" title="Raul Roco">Raul Roco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2010 Philippine Senate election">2010</a>, Osmeña unsuccessfully ran for a Senate seat.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, Osmeña announced the revival of PROMDI and their plans to contest the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022 election</a> at national level.<sup id="cite_ref-PROMDI_is_back_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROMDI_is_back-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osmeña died the following month. His son, Mimo, became the new party president.<sup id="cite_ref-Lito_O_death_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lito_O_death-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On September 18, PROMDI signed an alliance agreement with the <a href="/wiki/2021_PDP%E2%80%93Laban_dispute" title="2021 PDP–Laban dispute">Pacquiao–Pimentel wing of PDP-Laban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Champ_Movement" title="People&#39;s Champ Movement">People's Champ Movement</a> (PCM), dubbed the MP3 alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On September 26, Senator <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a> took his oath as member of PROMDI and was named their honorary chairperson.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The party then nominated him as their presidential candidate for <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When Pacquiao filed his candidacy on October 1, he declared PROMDI as his party, but asserted that he was not abandoning the leadership dispute of PDP-Laban.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pacquiao's running mate, House Deputy Speaker <a href="/wiki/Lito_Atienza" title="Lito Atienza">Lito Atienza</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buhay_Party-List" title="Buhay Party-List">Buhay</a> party-list, also filed his candidacy under PROMDI.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mimo Osmeña filed his certificate of candidacy on October 11, 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> to run as Congressman under the Promdi Party List. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbols">Name and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Name and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Promdi</i> is a Filipino <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> referring to people from the provinces or rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is derived from the accented pronunciation of "from the province" and it used to be a derogatory term for Filipinos living outside <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, who were stereotyped as unsophisticated or socially awkward.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Political positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2021, PROMDI declared three major platforms: "the <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> of power and initiative, a responsive and relevant educational system, and advanced and tactical <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclearization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Like-minded_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Like-minded-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The party calls for devolution "to ensure that decisions are made closer to the local people, communities and business they affect".<sup id="cite_ref-PROMDI_is_back_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROMDI_is_back-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They criticize the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary system of government</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Manila" title="Imperial Manila">Imperial Manila</a> as "highly bureaucratic, inefficient, and unresponsive", accusing it of neglecting the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Like-minded_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Like-minded-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They also want to reform the education system to be "responsive to the needs and wants" of localities. As such, the imposition of national academic standards and assessments should be reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-PROMDI_is_back_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROMDI_is_back-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They encourage <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a> and call for the defunding of <a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">for-profit education</a>. They also push for the transition to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Like-minded_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Like-minded-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lastly, they call for the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> as deterrence, since the Philippines is a "small nation" that must defend itself from "advances by <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-PROMDI_is_back_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROMDI_is_back-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_structure">Organization and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Organization and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PROMDI claims to have 3 million members nationwide as of June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-PROMDI_is_back_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROMDI_is_back-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_leadership">Party leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Party leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>President</td> <td>Mariano "Mimo" Osmeña </td></tr> <tr> <td>Executive vice president</td> <td>Chavi Labtic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secretary general</td> <td>Oscar Canton </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deputy secretary general</td> <td>Neil Labrador </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honorary chairperson</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice president for <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></td> <td>Roy Ilbay </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice president for the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></td> <td>Fernando Celeste </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice president for <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></td> <td>Andrade Lagos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Treasurer</td> <td>Caridad Onde </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>As of September 26, 2021 (Osmeña &amp; Pacquiao); June 4, 2021 (other officers)</li> <li>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-PROMDI_is_back_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROMDI_is_back-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_presidents">Party presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Party presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lito_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Lito Osmeña">Lito Osmeña</a> (1997–2021)</li> <li>Mimo Osmeña (2021–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance">Electoral performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Electoral performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Number of votes </th> <th>Share of votes </th> <th>Outcome of election </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lito_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Lito Osmeña">Lito Osmeña</a> </td> <td>3,347,631 </td> <td>12.44% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a> </th> <td colspan="4">Supported <a href="/wiki/Raul_Roco" title="Raul Roco">Raul Roco</a> who <b>lost</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td colspan="4">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td colspan="4">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a> </td> <td>3,663,113 </td> <td>6.81% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidential_elections">Vice presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Vice presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Number of votes </th> <th>Share of votes </th> <th>Outcome of election </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Sueno" title="Ismael Sueno">Ismael Sueno</a> </td> <td>537,677 </td> <td>2.10% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a> </th> <td colspan="4">Supported <a href="/wiki/Herminio_Aquino" title="Herminio Aquino">Herminio Aquino</a> who <b>lost</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td colspan="4">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td colspan="4">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lito_Atienza" title="Lito Atienza">Lito Atienza</a> </td> <td>270,381 </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_elections">Senate elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Senate elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Number of votes </th> <th>Share of votes </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>Seats after </th> <th>Outcome of election </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2010 Philippine Senate election">2010</a> </th> <td>3,980,370 </td> <td>1.34% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 24</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">2022</a> </th> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center">Candidate rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives_elections">House of Representatives elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: House of Representatives elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="2">Districts </th> <th colspan="2">Party-list </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1998</a> </th> <td>586,954 </td> <td>2.40% </td> <td>255,184 </td> <td>2.79% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 257</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Joined the <b>majority</b> bloc </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2001 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2001</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Disqualified </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 256</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Joined the <b>majority</b> bloc </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">N/A </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td colspan="6" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center">Did not participate </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2022</a> </th> <td>288,049 </td> <td>0.60% </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">N/A </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 316</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000040; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PROMDI fielded one candidate: Roben Parashan. He was not included in the final list of candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Like-minded-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Like-minded_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Like-minded_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Like-minded_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Like-minded_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLetigio2021" class="citation news cs1">Letigio, Delta Dyrecka (June 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603094814/https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380745/promdi-party-to-support-like-minded-candidates-nationwide">"PROMDI party to support like-minded candidates nationwide"</a>. <i>CDN Digital (Cebu Daily News)</i>. Inquirer Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/380745/promdi-party-to-support-like-minded-candidates-nationwide">the original</a> on June 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CDN+Digital+%28Cebu+Daily+News%29&amp;rft.atitle=PROMDI+party+to+support+like-minded+candidates+nationwide&amp;rft.date=2021-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=Letigio&amp;rft.aufirst=Delta+Dyrecka&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcebudailynews.inquirer.net%2F380745%2Fpromdi-party-to-support-like-minded-candidates-nationwide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APROMDI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endorsed the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pelaez" title="Emmanuel Pelaez">Emmanuel Pelaez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeehankee2006">Teehankee 2006</a>, p.&#160;276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lito_O_death-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lito_O_death_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lito_O_death_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lito_O_death_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaavedra2021" class="citation news cs1">Saavedra, John Rey (July 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811214828/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147674">"Former Cebu Gov. Lito Osmeña passes away"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i>. Cebu City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147674">the original</a> on August 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&amp;rft.atitle=Former+Cebu+Gov.+Lito+Osme%C3%B1a+passes+away&amp;rft.date=2021-07-20&amp;rft.aulast=Saavedra&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Rey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1147674&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APROMDI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanguido2021" class="citation news cs1">Languido, Fred P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&amp;rft.atitle=List%3A+National+post+aspirants+who+filed+COCs+for+2022&amp;rft.date=2021-10-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F1%2F2022-COC-president-vice-president-senator-partylist.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APROMDI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2022" class="citation news cs1">Fernandez, Daniza (January 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129184449/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1536829/64-senate-aspirants-in-comelecs-updated-tentative-list">"64 Senate aspirants in Comelec's updated tentative list"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1536829/64-senate-aspirants-in-comelecs-updated-tentative-list">the original</a> on January 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&amp;rft.atitle=64+Senate+aspirants+in+Comelec%27s+updated+tentative+list&amp;rft.date=2022-01-06&amp;rft.aulast=Fernandez&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniza&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1536829%2F64-senate-aspirants-in-comelecs-updated-tentative-list&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APROMDI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROMDI&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeehankee2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julio_C._Teehankee" title="Julio C. Teehankee">Teehankee, Julio C.</a> (2002). "Electoral Politics in the Philippines". In Croissant, Aurel; Bruns, Gabriele; John, Marei (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361006.pdf"><i>Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. pp.&#160;149–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-6020-1" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-6020-1"><bdi>981-04-6020-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Electoral+Politics+in+the+Philippines&amp;rft.btitle=Electoral+Politics+in+Southeast+and+East+Asia&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pages=149-202&amp;rft.pub=Friedrich+Ebert+Stiftung&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=981-04-6020-1&amp;rft.aulast=Teehankee&amp;rft.aufirst=Julio+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fiez%2F01361006.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APROMDI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeehankee2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julio_C._Teehankee" title="Julio C. Teehankee">Teehankee, Julio C.</a> (2006). "Consolidation or crisis of clientelistic democracy? The 2004 synchronized elections in the Philippines". In Croissant, Aurel; Martin, Beate (eds.). <i>Between Consolidation and Crisis: Elections and Democracy in Five Nations in Southeast Asia</i>. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp.&#160;215–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-8859-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-8859-2"><bdi>3-8258-8859-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Consolidation+or+crisis+of+clientelistic+democracy%3F+The+2004+synchronized+elections+in+the+Philippines&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Consolidation+and+Crisis%3A+Elections+and+Democracy+in+Five+Nations+in+Southeast+Asia&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pages=215-276&amp;rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=3-8258-8859-2&amp;rft.aulast=Teehankee&amp;rft.aufirst=Julio+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APROMDI" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a>&#160;(24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People&#39;s Coalition">NPC</a>&#160;(5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a>&#160;(5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a>&#160;(3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwersa_ng_Masang_Pilipino" title="Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino">PMP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>&#160;(5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of<br />Representatives</a><br />(316)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>&#160;(94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a>&#160;(38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People&#39;s Coalition">NPC</a>&#160;(38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a>&#160;(37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>&#160;(11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a>&#160;(10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a>&#160;(5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukidnon_Paglaum" title="Bukidnon Paglaum">Bukidnon Paglaum</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayon_Pilipino" title="Padayon Pilipino">Padayon Pilipino</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People&#39;s Reform Party">PRP</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelante_Zamboanga_Party&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelante Zamboanga Party (page does not exist)">AZAP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilan_Unity_Party&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilan Unity Party (page does not exist)">Basilan Unity Party</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democratic_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines">CDP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Navote%C3%B1o" title="Partido Navoteño">Navoteño</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederalismo_ng_Dugong_Dakilang_Samahan" title="Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan">PDDS</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Benguet_Party&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United Benguet Party (page does not exist)">United Benguet Party</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>&#160;(6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party-list_Coalition" title="Party-list Coalition">Party-list<br />Coalition</a>&#160;(56)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT-CIS_Partylist" title="ACT-CIS Partylist">ACT-CIS</a>&#160;(3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Buklod_ng_mga_Motorista_ng_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ang Buklod ng mga Motorista ng Pilipinas">1-Rider</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagtibayin_at_Palaguin_ang_Pangkabuhayang_Pilipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagtibayin at Palaguin ang Pangkabuhayang Pilipino">4Ps</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ako_Bicol" title="Ako Bicol">Ako Bicol</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Amelioration_and_Genuine_Intervention_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Amelioration and Genuine Intervention on Poverty">SAGIP</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingog_Sinirangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingog Sinirangan">Tingog</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Patriotic_Coalition_of_Marginalized_Nationals" class="mw-redirect" title="One Patriotic Coalition of Marginalized Nationals">1-PACMAN</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAMBIS-Owa_Party_List" title="AAMBIS-Owa Party List">AAMBIS-OWA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abang_Lingkod" title="Abang Lingkod">Abang Lingkod</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abono_party-list" class="mw-redirect" title="Abono party-list">Abono</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat_ng_Masa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agimat ng Masa">Agimat</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRI_Partylist" title="AGRI Partylist">AGRI</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Sector_Alliance_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Sector Alliance of the Philippines">AGAP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ako_Bisaya" title="Ako Bisaya">Ako Bisaya</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ako_Ilocano_Ako&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ako Ilocano Ako (page does not exist)">Ako Ilocano Ako</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Organizations,_Networks_and_Associations_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Organizations, Networks and Associations of the Philippines">ALONA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagaan_Natin_Ating_Kalusugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alagaan Natin Ating Kalusugan">ANAKALUSUGAN</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agrikultura_Ngayon_Gawing_Akma_at_Tama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agrikultura Ngayon Gawing Akma at Tama (page does not exist)">ANGAT</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Probinsyano_Party-list" title="Ang Probinsyano Party-list">Ang Probinsyano</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Philippine_Electric_Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives">APEC</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abante_Pangasinan-Ilokano_Party&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abante Pangasinan-Ilokano Party (page does not exist)">API</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagong_Henerasyon" title="Bagong Henerasyon">Bagong Henerasyon</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay_Health_Wellness_Partylist" title="Barangay Health Wellness Partylist">BHW</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Saro" title="Bicol Saro">Bicol Saro</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Battle_Against_Corruption" title="Citizens&#39; Battle Against Corruption">CIBAC</a>&#160;(2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coop-NATCCO" title="Coop-NATCCO">Coop-NATCCO</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Workers_Solidarity" title="Construction Workers Solidarity">CWS</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumper_Philippines_Taxi_Drivers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumper Philippines Taxi Drivers Association">Dumper PTDA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duterte_Youth" title="Duterte Youth">Duterte Youth</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galing_sa_Puso_Party&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Galing sa Puso Party (page does not exist)">GP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalikat_ng_Mamamayan" title="Kabalikat ng Mamamayan">KABAYAN</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Partylist" title="Kalinga Partylist">Kalinga</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusug_Tausug" title="Kusug Tausug">Kusug Tausug</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPG_Marketers_Association" title="LPG Marketers Association">LPGMA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magkakasama_sa_Sakahan,_Kaunlaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Magkakasama sa Sakahan, Kaunlaran">MAGSASAKA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Teachers_Savings_and_Loan_Association" title="Manila Teachers Savings and Loan Association">Manila Teachers</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Samahan_ng_mga_Seaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Marino Samahan ng mga Seaman">Marino</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OFW_Family_Club" title="OFW Family Club">OFW</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_Partylist" title="Patrol Partylist">PATROL</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puwersa_ng_Bayaning_Atleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Puwersa ng Bayaning Atleta">PBA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Rural_Electric_Cooperatives_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Rural Electric Cooperatives Association">PHILRECA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinuno_Partylist" title="Pinuno Partylist">PINUNO</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probinsyano_Ako" title="Probinsyano Ako">Probinsyano Ako</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusong_Pinoy" title="Pusong Pinoy">Pusong Pinoy</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Citizens_Partylist" title="Senior Citizens Partylist">Senior Citizens</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGP_Partylist" title="TGP Partylist">TGP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Congress_Party" title="Trade Union Congress Party">TUCP</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutok_To_Win_Party-List" title="Tutok To Win Party-List">Tutok to Win</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uswag_Ilonggo" title="Uswag Ilonggo">Uswag Ilonggo</a>&#160;(1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Makabayan" title="Makabayan">Makabayan</a>&#160;(3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Teachers_Partylist" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Teachers Partylist">ACT Teachers</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Women%27s_Party" title="Gabriela Women&#39;s Party">GABRIELA</a>&#160;(1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabataan" title="Kabataan">Kabataan</a>&#160;(1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akay_National_Political_Party" title="Akay National Political Party">AKAY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Kapatiran" title="Ang Kapatiran">Ang Kapatiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Barangay_Concerns" title="Alliance for Barangay Concerns">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigkis_Pinoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigkis Pinoy">Bigkis Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan_ng_Nagkakaisang_Pilipino" title="Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino">KANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">KBL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partido_Pederal_ng_Maharlika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Partido Pederal ng Maharlika (page does not exist)">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Pilipino_sa_Pagbabago" title="Partido Pilipino sa Pagbabago">PPP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PROMDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_PH_-_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform PH - People&#39;s Party">RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_Philippines" title="Labor Party Philippines">WPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Local political parties in the Philippines">Other local parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Out of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagumbayan-VNP" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagumbayan-VNP">Bagumbayan-VNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Democratic Party of the Philippines">DPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamanggagawa" title="Kamanggagawa">Kamanggagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan_ng_Kamalayang_Kayumanggi" title="Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino">KDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Sosyalista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas">PDSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Green_Republican_Party" title="Philippine Green Republican Party">PGRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930" title="Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930">PKP-1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Lakas_ng_Masa" title="Partido Lakas ng Masa">PLM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-participating parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Philippines)" title="Revolutionary Workers&#39; Party (Philippines)">RWP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democrata_Party" title="Democrata Party">Democrata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Philippines)" title="Democratic Alliance (Philippines)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Philippines)" title="Democratic Party (Philippines)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (Philippines)">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganap_Party" title="Ganap Party">Ganap Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KALIBAPI" title="KALIBAPI">KALIBAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalikat_ng_Malayang_Pilipino" title="Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino">KAMPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD_(1991)" title="Lakas–CMD (1991)">Lakas–CMD (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Makabayang_Masang_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino">LAMMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiang_Malaya" title="Lapiang Malaya">Lapiang Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Socialist Party (Philippines)">National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Citizens%27_Party" title="Nationalist Citizens&#39; Party">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progresista_Party" title="Progresista Party">Progresista Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Philippines)" title="Progressive Party (Philippines)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Philippines)" title="Republican Party (Philippines)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakdalista" title="Sakdalista">Sakdalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Democratic_Organization" title="United Nationalist Democratic Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Philippines)" title="United Opposition (Philippines)">UNO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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