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<span>Oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Freshwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivated_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivated_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultivated land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivated_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Biological invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Resistance to change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Managing nature and resources according to sustainability principles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div> <p>At the global scale <b>sustainability and environmental management</b> involves managing the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a> change is fundamental to the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_2001_pp._560–582_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs_2001_pp._560–582-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> involves assessment of all aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> to identify opportunities to address human-induced <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and human communities. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean circulation">Ocean circulation</a> patterns have a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and, in turn, the <a href="/wiki/Food_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supply">food supply</a> of both humans and other organisms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> <p>In March 2009, at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Climate_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Climate Council">Copenhagen Climate Council</a>, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and without strong carbon reduction targets "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management of the global atmosphere now involves assessment of all aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> to identify opportunities to address human-induced <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on biodiversity and human communities. </p><p>Other human impacts on the atmosphere include the <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in cities, the <a href="/wiki/Pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollutants">pollutants</a> including toxic chemicals like <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">sulphur oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">airborne particulate matter</a> that produce <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical smog">photochemical smog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> that degrade the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate aerosols">sulfate aerosols</a> in the atmosphere reduce the direct <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> and reflectance (<a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface. Known as <a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">global dimming</a> the decrease is estimated to have been about 4% between 1960 and 1990 although the trend has subsequently reversed. Global dimming may have disturbed the global <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> by reducing evaporation and rainfall in some areas. It also creates a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">cooling</a> effect and this may have partially masked the effect of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> on <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceans">Oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Display of about ten well-known saltwater fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg/220px-Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg/330px-Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg/440px-Salt_water_fish_with_Finnish_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>A selection of the world's saltwater fish</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a> circulation patterns have a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and, in turn, the food supply of both humans and other organisms. Scientists have warned of the possibility, under the influence of climate change, of a sudden alteration in circulation patterns of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> that could drastically alter the climate in some regions of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major human environmental impacts occur in the more habitable regions of the ocean fringes – the <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a>. Eight point five of the world's population – about 600 million people – live in low-lying areas vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. Trends of concern that require management include: <a href="/wiki/Over-fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-fishing">over-fishing</a> (beyond sustainable levels);<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean warming">ocean warming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> due to increasing levels of dissolved carbon dioxide;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sea level rise due to climate change. Because of their vastness oceans also act as a convenient <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">dumping ground</a> for human waste.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remedial strategies include: more careful waste management, statutory control of overfishing by adoption of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fishing">sustainable fishing</a> practices and the use of environmentally sensitive and sustainable <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a>, reduction of fossil fuel emissions and restoration of coastal and other marine habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freshwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></div> <p>Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> and only 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, most of which is locked up in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>. The remaining freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. All life depends on the solar-powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the renewable part of the freshwater supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awareness of the global importance of preserving <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> has only recently emerged as: during the 20th century, more than half the world's <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> ecosystems are currently declining faster than <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> or land <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a><sup id="cite_ref-water_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them the world's most vulnerable habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-LPR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still does not have access to clean, safe <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the industrial world <a href="/wiki/Demand_management" title="Demand management">demand management</a> has slowed absolute usage rates but increasingly water is being transported over vast distances from water-rich natural areas to population-dense urban areas and energy-hungry <a href="/wiki/Water_desalination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water desalination">desalination</a> is becoming more widely used. Greater emphasis is now being placed on the improved management of blue (harvestable) and green (soil water available for plant use) water, and this applies at all scales of water management.<sup id="cite_ref-water_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land">Land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">Loss of biodiversity</a> originates largely from the habitat loss and fragmentation produced by artificial land development, forestry and agriculture as <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> is progressively converted to man-made capital. <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">Land-use change</a> is fundamental to the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a> and this can negatively impact both natural and human systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_2001_pp._560–582_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs_2001_pp._560–582-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the local human scale major sustainability benefits accrue from the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Green_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Green cities">green cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">sustainable parks and gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forests">Forests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grib_skov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beech forest – Grib Skov, Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/220px-Grib_skov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/330px-Grib_skov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/440px-Grib_skov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Beech forest – Grib Skov, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, human consumption has reduced the world's forest cover by about 47%. Present-day forests occupy about a quarter of the world's ice-free land with about half of these occurring in the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In temperate and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal</a> regions forest area is gradually increasing (with the exception of Siberia), but <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in the tropics is of major concern.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forests moderate the local climate and the global water cycle through their light reflectance (<a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. They also conserve <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, protect <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, preserve soil and <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>, provide fuel and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, and purify the air. These free <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> are not given a market value under most current economic systems, and so forest conservation has little appeal when compared with the economic benefits of <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and clearance which, through <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and organic <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) estimates that about 90% of the carbon stored in land vegetation is locked up in trees and that they sequester about 50% more carbon than is present in the atmosphere. Changes in land use currently contribute about 20% of total global carbon emissions (heavily logged Indonesia and Brazil are a major source of emissions).<sup id="cite_ref-FAO1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> can be mitigated by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestering carbon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reafforestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reafforestation">reafforestation</a> schemes, plantations and timber products. Also wood biomass can be utilized as a renewable <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-neutral">carbon-neutral</a> fuel. The FAO has suggested that, over the period 2005–2050, effective use of tree planting could absorb about 10–20% of man-made emissions – so monitoring the condition of the world's forests must be part of a global strategy to mitigate emissions and protect ecosystem services.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, climate change may preempt this FAO scenario as a study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Forest_Research_Organizations" title="International Union of Forest Research Organizations">International Union of Forest Research Organizations</a> in 2009 concluded that the stress of a 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) temperature rise above pre-industrial levels could result in the release of vast amounts of carbon<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the potential of forests to act as carbon "sinks" is "at risk of being lost entirely".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivated_land">Cultivated land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivated land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A farmer working in a rice paddy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rice_Field.jpg/220px-Rice_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rice_Field.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>A rice paddy. Rice, wheat, corn and potatoes make up more than half the world's food supply</figcaption></figure> <p>Feeding more than seven billion human bodies takes a heavy toll on the Earth's resources. This begins with the appropriation of about 38% of the Earth's land surface<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 20% of its net primary productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Added to this are the resource-hungry activities of industrial agribusiness – everything from the crop need for irrigation water, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> to the resource costs of <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> (now a major part of global trade) and retail. <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> is essential to life. But the list of environmental costs of <a href="/wiki/Food_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Food production">food production</a> is a long one: topsoil depletion, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and conversion to desert from constant tillage of annual crops; <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinization</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sodification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodification">sodification</a>; <a href="/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">waterlogging</a>; high levels of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> use; reliance on inorganic fertilisers and synthetic organic <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>; reductions in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> by the mass use of <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a>; water <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of waterbodies by run-off and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater contamination">groundwater contamination</a>; social problems including the decline of family farms and weakening of <a href="/wiki/Rural_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural communities">rural communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these environmental problems associated with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> are now being addressed through such movements as <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> and more sustainable business practices.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinctions">Extinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of the now extinct bird the dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg/150px-ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The extinct <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> (<i>Raphus cucullatus</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> can be monitored simply as loss of species, effective conservation demands the protection of species within their natural habitats and ecosystems. Following human migration and population growth, species <a href="/wiki/Extinctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinctions">extinctions</a> have progressively increased to a rate unprecedented since the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Known as the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene extinction event">Holocene extinction event</a> this current human-induced extinction of species ranks as one of the world's six mass <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a>. Some scientific estimates indicate that up to half of presently existing species may become extinct by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their prehuman levels with more than 10% birds and mammals threatened, about 8% of plants, 5% of fish and more than 20% of freshwater species.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> warns that long-term droughts and extreme weather put additional stress on key habitats and, for example, lists 1,226 bird species as threatened with extinction, which is one eighth of all bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red_List_Index" title="Red List Index">Red List Index</a> also identifies 44 tree species in Central Asia as under threat of extinction due to <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">over-exploitation</a> and human development and threatening the region's forests which are home to more than 300 wild ancestors of modern domesticated fruit and nut cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_invasions">Biological invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biological invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trees infested with Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">Kudzu</a> (<i>Pueraria lobata</i>) infesting trees in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>In many parts of the industrial world land clearing for agriculture has diminished and here the greatest threat to biodiversity, after <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, has become the destructive effect of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly efficient global transport has facilitated the spread of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> across the planet. The potential danger of this aspect of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> is starkly illustrated through the spread of human diseases like <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_cow_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad cow disease">mad cow disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">bird flu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swine_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine flu">swine flu</a>, but invasive plants and animals are also having a devastating impact on native <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Non-indigenous organisms can quickly occupy disturbed land and natural areas where, in the absence of their natural <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>, they are able to thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the global scale this issue is being addressed through the <a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Information_Network" title="Global Invasive Species Information Network">Global Invasive Species Information Network</a> but there is improved international <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> legislation to minimise the transmission of pathogens and invasive organisms. Also, through <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> legislation there is control the trade in rare and threatened species. Increasingly at the local level public awareness programs are alerting communities, gardeners, the nursery industry, collectors, and the pet and aquarium industries, to the harmful effects of potentially invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_to_change">Resistance to change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resistance to change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Sustainability and systemic change resistance</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> problem has proven difficult to solve. The modern <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> has attempted to solve the problem in a large variety of ways. But little progress has been made, as shown by severe <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> overshoot and lack of sufficient progress on the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> problem. Something within the human system in preventing change to a sustainable mode of behavior. That system trait is systemic change resistance. Change resistance is also known as organizational resistance, barriers to change, or policy resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental management">Environmental management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Integrated landscape management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report_20_Global_Water_Governance.pdf">"The Global Dimension of Water Governance: Nine Reasons for Global Arrangements in Order to Cope with Local Problems."</a> <i>Value of Water Research Report Series</i> No. 20 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO-IHE" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO-IHE">UNESCO-IHE</a> Institute for Water Education. Retrieved on: 2009-03-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPR-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LPR_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Wide Fund for Nature (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.panda.org/downloads/living_planet_report_2008.pdf"><i>Living Planet Report 2008</i></a>. Retrieved on: 2009-03-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G6220">Organic Gardening Techniques</a>, <i>Missouri University Extension</i>. October 2004. Retrieved June 17, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbrl.org/reference/subject-guides/sustainable-gardening-food-production">Sustainable Gardening & Food Production</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621044435/http://dbrl.org/reference/subject-guides/sustainable-gardening-food-production">Archived</a> 2010-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Daniel Boone Regional Library</i>. Retrieved June 17, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Resources Institute (1998). <i>World Resources 1998–1999.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521408-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-521408-0">0-19-521408-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groombridge & Jenkins (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Agriculture Organisation (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra2005/en">"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progress Towards Sustainable Forest Management."</a> <i>Forestry paper</i> 147. Rome: FAO. Retrieved on: 2009-04-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC (2006).<i> IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories, Vol.4, Agriculture, Forestry, and other Land Uses.</i> Japan: Institute for Global Environment Strategies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinver, M. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8004517.stm">"Key role of forests 'may be lost'"</a> BBC News, UK. Retrieved on: 2009-04-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dold, M. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iufro.org/news/article/2009/04/17/iufro-press-release/">"New Study Warns Damage to Forests from Climate Change Could Cost the Planet Its Major Keeper of Greenhouse Gases."</a>. IUFRO News. Retrieved on: 2009-04-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Agriculture Organization (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/Portals/_Faostat/documents/pdf/world.pdf">"Food and Agriculture Statistics Global Outlook."</a> Rome: FAO Statistics Division. Retrieved on: 2009-03-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imhoff, M.L. et al. (2004). "Global Patterns in Human Consumption of Net Primary Production." <i>Nature</i> <b>429</b>: 870–873.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tudge (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbcsd.org/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?MenuID=1">World Business Council for Sustainable Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410074308/http://www.wbcsd.org/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?MenuID=1">Archived</a> 2009-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> This web site has multiple articles on <a href="/wiki/World_Business_Council_for_Sustainable_Development" title="World Business Council for Sustainable Development">WBCSD</a> contributions to sustainable development. Retrieved on: 2009-04-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leakey & Lewin (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, pp. 42–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinver, M. (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7409034.stm"><i>Climate 'accelerating bird loss.</i></a> BBC News, UK. Retrieved on: 2009-04-17/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News (March 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7921936.stm">"Climate 'hitting Europe's birds'."</a> BBC News, UK. Retrieved on: 2009-04-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, V.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8036785.stm"><i>"The wild ancestors of common domestic fruit trees are in danger of becoming extinct, scientists have warned."</i></a> BBC News, UK. Retrieved on: 2009-05-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krebs (2001) pp. 190–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blood (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Sterman, "Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World, 2000, pp 5-10.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blood, K. (2001). <i>Environmental Weeds</i>. Mt Waverley, Victoria: C.H. Jerram & Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9579086-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9579086-0-1">0-9579086-0-1</a>. An example of a local guide to invasive plants.</li> <li>Clarke, R. & King, J. (2006). <i>The Atlas of Water.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Earthscan" title="Earthscan">Earthscan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-133-3">978-1-84407-133-3</a>.</li> <li>Groombridge, B. & Jenkins, M.D. (2002). <i>World Atlas of Biodiversity</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23668-4">978-0-520-23668-4</a>.</li> <li>Krebs, C.J. (2001). <i>Ecology: the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance</i>. Sydney: Benjamin Cummings. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-04289-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-04289-1">0-321-04289-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Leakey, R.</a> & Lewin, R. (1995). <i>The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind</i>. New York: Bantam Dell Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46809-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46809-1">0-385-46809-1</a></li> <li>Lindenmayer, D. & <a href="/wiki/Mark_Burgman" title="Mark Burgman">Burgman, M.</a> (2005). <i>Practical Conservation Biology</i>. Collingwood, Victoria: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-643-09089-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-643-09089-4">0-643-09089-4</a>.</li> <li>E, Huttmanová. The Possibilities of Sustainable Development Evaluation in the European Union Area. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecsdev.org/ojs/index.php/ejsd/article/view/502">European Journal of Sustainable Development</a> ISSN 2239-5938.</li> <li>Randall, R. (2002). <i>A Global Compendium of Weeds.</i> Meredith, Victoria, Australia: R.G. & F.J. Richardson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9587439-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9587439-8-3">978-0-9587439-8-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tudge" title="Colin Tudge">Tudge, C.</a> (2004). <i>So Shall We Reap</i>. London: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100950-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-100950-0">0-14-100950-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Wilson, E.O.</a> (2002). <i>The Future of Life</i>. New York: Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45078-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45078-5">0-679-45078-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_and_environmental_management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalmanagement.aau.dk/">Master education in Environmental Management & Sustainability Science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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