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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Periods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Periods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Byzantine_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Byzantine_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Byzantine art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Byzantine_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Justinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Justinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Age of Justinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Justinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-century_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-century_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Seventh-century crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-century_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_iconoclasm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_iconoclasm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Crisis of iconoclasm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_iconoclasm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Macedonian art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komnenian_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komnenian_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Komnenian age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komnenian_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivory_caskets_of_the_Macedonian_era_(gallery)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivory_caskets_of_the_Macedonian_era_(gallery)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ivory caskets of the Macedonian era (gallery)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivory_caskets_of_the_Macedonian_era_(gallery)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeologan_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeologan_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Palaeologan age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeologan_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="فن بيزنطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن بيزنطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_bizant%C3%ADn" title="Arte bizantín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arte bizantín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_inc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99ti" title="Bizans incəsənəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans incəsənəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Мастацтва Візантыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мастацтва Візантыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बाइजेंटाइन आर्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बाइजेंटाइन आर्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Изкуство на Византия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуство на Византия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijska_umjetnost" title="Bizantijska umjetnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bizantijska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient" title="Art romà d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art romà d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A9_v%C3%BDtvarn%C3%A9_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Byzantské výtvarné umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Byzantské výtvarné umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Kunst" title="Byzantinische Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Byzantinische Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βυζαντινή τέχνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινή τέχνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_bizantino" title="Arte bizantino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte bizantino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizanca_arto" title="Bizanca arto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizanca arto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantziar_artea" title="Bizantziar artea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizantziar artea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هنر بیزانسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر بیزانسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_byzantin" title="Art byzantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eala%C3%ADn_na_Bios%C3%A1inte" title="Ealaín na Biosáinte – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ealaín na Biosáinte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_bizantina" title="Arte bizantina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte bizantina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%94%ED%8B%B4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="비잔틴 미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비잔틴 미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Բյուզանդական արվեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդական արվեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantska_umjetnost" title="Bizantska umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizantska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_rupa_Romawi_Timur" title="Seni rupa Romawi Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni rupa Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_bizantina" title="Arte bizantina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte bizantina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמנות ביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות ביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიური ხელოვნება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიური ხელოვნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Byzantina" title="Ars Byzantina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars Byzantina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijos_menas" title="Bizantijos menas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bizantijos menas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Bizánci művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Византиска уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византиска уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიური ხელუანობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიზანტიური ხელუანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_kunst" title="Byzantijnse kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Byzantijnse kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="ビザンティン美術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビザンティン美術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinsk_kunst" title="Bysantinsk kunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bysantinsk kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinsk_kunst" title="Bysantinsk kunst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bysantinsk kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="بازنتيني هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بازنتيني هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_bizanty%C5%84ska" title="Sztuka bizantyńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka bizantyńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_bizantina" title="Arte bizantina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte bizantina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_bizantin%C4%83" title="Arta bizantină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arta bizantină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Искусство Византии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусство Византии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Byzantine art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A9_v%C3%BDtvarn%C3%A9_umenie" title="Byzantské výtvarné umenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byzantské výtvarné umenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantinska_umetnost" title="Bizantinska umetnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizantinska umetnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Византијска уметност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византијска уметност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantska_umjetnost" title="Bizantska umjetnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bizantska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantin_taide" title="Bysantin taide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bysantin taide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinsk_konst" title="Bysantinsk konst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_sanat%C4%B1" title="Bizans sanatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizans sanatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Візантійське мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візантійське мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_Byzantine" title="Nghệ 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.tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:272px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/258px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/387px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/516px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">One of the most famous of the surviving <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> – the image of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> on the walls of the upper southern gallery, Christ being flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1261</span>; 4.08 x 4.2 m</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque art">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Decorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Art of the Middle East</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Art" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Art" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art of Central Asia</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of East Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of South Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_art" title="Newar art">Newar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art of Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Bruneian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of ancient Rus">Rus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art of Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_art" title="Kuba art">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_art" title="Luba art">Luba</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art of the Americas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oceania">Art of Oceania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_art" title="Cook Islands art">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_art" title="Hawaiian art">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="Haitian Vodou art">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodun_art" title="Vodun art">Vodun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Naturalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Byzantine art</b> comprises the body of artistic products of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Rome">decline of western Rome</a> and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the start date of the Byzantine period is rather clearer in art history than in political history, if still imprecise. Many <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a> of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward. </p><p>A number of contemporary states with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire were culturally influenced by it without actually being part of it (the "<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a>"). These included <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, as well as some non-Orthodox states like the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, which separated from the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire and had also been a Byzantine territory until the 10th century with a large Greek-speaking population persisting into the 12th century. Other states having a Byzantine artistic tradition, had oscillated throughout the Middle Ages between being part of the Byzantine Empire and having periods of independence, such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Medieval Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople</a> in 1453, art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was often called "post-Byzantine." Certain artistic traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/220px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/330px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/440px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Icon of the enthroned <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Child</a> with saints and angels, 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, Sinai</figcaption></figure> <p>Byzantine art originated and evolved from the Christianized Greek culture of the Eastern Roman Empire; content from both Christianity and classical Greek mythology were artistically expressed through Hellenistic modes of style and iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of Byzantium never lost sight of its classical heritage; the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, was adorned with a large number of classical sculptures,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they eventually became an object of some puzzlement for its inhabitants<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (however, Byzantine beholders showed no signs of puzzlement towards other forms of classical media such as wall paintings<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The basis of Byzantine art is a fundamental artistic attitude held by the Byzantine Greeks who, like their ancient Greek predecessors, "were never satisfied with a play of forms alone, but stimulated by an innate rationalism, endowed forms with life by associating them with a meaningful content."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the art produced in the Byzantine Empire was marked by periodic revivals of a classical aesthetic, it was above all marked by the development of a new aesthetic defined by its salient "abstract", or anti-naturalistic character. If classical art was marked by the attempt to create representations that mimicked reality as closely as possible, Byzantine art seems to have abandoned this attempt in favor of a more symbolic approach. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/220px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/330px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/440px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> Saint Arethas depicted in traditional Byzantine style (10th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The nature and causes of this transformation, which largely took place during <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, have been a subject of scholarly debate for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> attributed it to a decline in artistic skills and standards, which had in turn been revived by his contemporaries in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. Although this point of view has been occasionally revived, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern scholars tend to take a more positive view of the Byzantine aesthetic. <a href="/wiki/Alois_Riegl" title="Alois Riegl">Alois Riegl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Strzygowski" title="Josef Strzygowski">Josef Strzygowski</a>, writing in the early 20th century, were above all responsible for the revaluation of late antique art.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riegl saw it as a natural development of pre-existing tendencies in Roman art, whereas Strzygowski viewed it as a product of "oriental" influences. Notable recent contributions to the debate include those of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger" title="Ernst Kitzinger">Ernst Kitzinger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who traced a "dialectic" between "abstract" and "Hellenistic" tendencies in late antiquity, and <a href="/wiki/John_Onians" title="John Onians">John Onians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who saw an "increase in visual response" in late antiquity, through which a viewer "could look at something which was in twentieth-century terms purely abstract and find it representational." </p><p>In any case, the debate is purely modern: it is clear that most Byzantine viewers did not consider their art to be abstract or unnaturalistic. As <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a> has observed, "our own appreciation of Byzantine art stems largely from the fact that this art is not naturalistic; yet the Byzantines themselves, judging by their extant statements, regarded it as being highly naturalistic and as being directly in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/330px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/500px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/960px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Frescoes in Nerezi near <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> (1164), with their unique blend of high tragedy, gentle humanity, and homespun realism, anticipate the approach of <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> and other proto-Renaissance Italian artists.</figcaption></figure> <p>The subject matter of monumental Byzantine art was primarily religious and imperial: the two themes are often combined, as in the portraits of later Byzantine emperors that decorated the interior of the sixth-century church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in Constantinople. These preoccupations are partly a result of the pious and autocratic nature of Byzantine society, and partly a result of its economic structure: the wealth of the empire was concentrated in the hands of the church and the imperial office, which had the greatest opportunity to undertake monumental artistic commissions. </p><p>Religious art was not, however, limited to the monumental decoration of church interiors. One of the most important genres of Byzantine art was the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>, an image of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, used as an object of veneration in Orthodox churches and private homes alike. Icons were more religious than aesthetic in nature: especially after the end of iconoclasm, they were understood to manifest the unique "presence" of the figure depicted by means of a "likeness" to that figure maintained through carefully maintained canons of representation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Byzantine illuminated manuscripts">Byzantine illuminated manuscripts</a> were another major genre of Byzantine art. The most commonly illustrated texts were religious, both scripture itself (particularly the Psalms) and devotional or theological texts (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a> or the homilies of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>). Secular texts were also illuminated: important examples include the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a> and the history of <a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a>. </p><p>The Byzantines inherited the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian</a> distrust of <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> in religious art, and produced only <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>, of which very few survivals are anything like life-size, in sharp contrast to the medieval art of the West, where monumental sculpture revived from <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a> onwards. Small ivories were also mostly in relief. </p><p>The so-called "minor arts" were very important in Byzantine art and luxury items, including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">Consular diptychs</a> or caskets such as the <a href="/wiki/Veroli_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Veroli casket">Veroli casket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">enamels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">glass</a>, jewelry, metalwork, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">figured silks</a> were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era, many continuing and adapting late Roman artistic practice though Byzantine silk production only began after they <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire">imported silkworms</a> from China in the late sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these were religious in nature, although a large number of objects with secular or non-representational decoration were produced: for example, ivories representing themes from classical mythology. Byzantine ceramics were relatively crude, as pottery was never used at the tables of the rich, who ate off <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silver" title="Byzantine silver">Byzantine silver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods">Periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abside_00311.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abside_00311.JPG/220px-Abside_00311.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abside_00311.JPG/330px-Abside_00311.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abside_00311.JPG/440px-Abside_00311.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda#Rotunda_of_Galerius" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda of St. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, with remnants of the mosaics</figcaption></figure> <p>Byzantine art and architecture is divided into four periods by convention: the Early period, commencing with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> (when Christian worship was legitimized) and the transfer of the imperial seat to Constantinople, extends to AD 842, with the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a>; the Middle, or high period, begins with the restoration of the icons in 843 and culminates in the Fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders in 1204; the Late period includes the eclectic osmosis between Western European and traditional Byzantine elements in art and architecture, and ends with the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The term post-Byzantine is then used for later years, whereas "Neo-Byzantine" is used for art and architecture from the 19th century onwards, when the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire prompted a renewed appreciation of Byzantium by artists and historians alike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Byzantine_art">Early Byzantine art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Byzantine art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg/220px-Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg/330px-Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg/440px-Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="4247" /></a><figcaption>Leaf from an ivory diptych of <a href="/wiki/Areobindus_Dagalaiphus_Areobindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus">Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus</a>, consul in Constantinople, 506. Areobindus is shown above, presiding over the games in the Hippodrome, depicted beneath (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Moyen_%C3%82ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée national du Moyen Âge">Musée national du Moyen Âge</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/250px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/330px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/500px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Sofia">The St. George Rotunda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, built in the 4th century, and some remains of <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Serdica</a> can be seen in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Two events were of fundamental importance to the development of a unique, Byzantine art. First, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>, issued by the emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> in 313, allowed for public Christian worship, and led to the development of a monumental, Christian art. Second, the dedication of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 330 created a great new artistic centre for the eastern half of the Empire, and a specifically Christian one. Other artistic traditions flourished in rival cities such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, but it was not until all of these cities had fallen - the first two to the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and Rome to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> - that Constantinople established its supremacy. </p><p>Constantine devoted great effort to the decoration of Constantinople, adorning its public spaces with ancient statuary,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and building a <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Constantine" title="Forum of Constantine">forum</a> dominated by a porphyry column that carried a statue of himself.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Constantinopolitan churches built under Constantine and his son, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, included the original foundations of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next major building campaign in Constantinople was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. The most important surviving monument of this period is the obelisk and base erected by Theodosius in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, with the large silver dish called the <a href="/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I" title="Missorium of Theodosius I">Missorium of Theodosius I</a>, represents the classic examples of what is sometimes called the "Theodosian Renaissance". The earliest surviving church in Constantinople is the Basilica of St. John at the <a href="/wiki/Stoudios" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoudios">Stoudios</a> Monastery, built in the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg/250px-RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg/330px-RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg/500px-RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">Miniatures</a> of the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Rabula_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabula Gospel">Rabula Gospel</a> (a Byzantine Syriac Gospel) display the more abstract and symbolic nature of Byzantine art</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to subsequent rebuilding and destruction, relatively few Constantinopolitan monuments of this early period survive. However, the development of monumental early Byzantine art can still be traced through surviving structures in other cities. For example, important early churches are found in Rome (including <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Arch_and_Tomb_of_Galerius" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch and Tomb of Galerius">Rotunda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos" title="Church of the Acheiropoietos">Acheiropoietos Basilica</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of important illuminated manuscripts, both sacred and secular, survive from this early period. Classical authors, including <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad" title="Ambrosian Iliad">Ambrosian Iliad</a>), were illustrated with narrative paintings. Illuminated biblical manuscripts of this period survive only in fragments: for example, the <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg_Itala_fragment" title="Quedlinburg Itala fragment">Quedlinburg Itala fragment</a> is a small portion of what must have been a lavishly illustrated copy of <a href="/wiki/1_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Kings">1 Kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg/220px-QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg/330px-QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg/440px-QuedlinburgItalaFolio2rIllus1KingsChap15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>Scenes from Chapter 15 of <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Samuel">1 Samuel</a> from the 5th century CE <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg_Itala_fragment" title="Quedlinburg Itala fragment">Quedlinburg <i>Itala</i> fragment</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Byzantine art was also marked by the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory carving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivory <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptychs</a>, often elaborately decorated, were issued as gifts by newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consuls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver plates were another important form of luxury art:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the most lavish from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I" title="Missorium of Theodosius I">Missorium of Theodosius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">Sarcophagi</a> continued to be produced in great numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Justinian">Age of Justinian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age of Justinian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg/260px-The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg/390px-The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg/520px-The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4142" data-file-height="2823" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic from San Vitale in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, showing the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> and Bishop Maximian, surrounded by clerics and soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/220px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/330px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/440px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a> of the early 6th century from Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <p>Significant changes in Byzantine art coincided with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (527–565). Justinian devoted much of his reign to reconquering Italy, North Africa and Spain. He also laid the foundations of the imperial absolutism of the Byzantine state, codifying its laws and imposing his religious views on all his subjects by law.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant component of Justinian's project of imperial renovation was a massive building program, which was described in a book, the <i>Buildings</i>, written by Justinian's court historian, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian renovated, rebuilt, or founded anew countless churches within Constantinople, including <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian also built a number of churches and fortifications outside of the imperial capital, including <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Basilica of Saint Sofia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> and the Basilica of St. John in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/260px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/390px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/520px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Nave of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sofia Church, Sofia">Basilica of Saint Sofia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several major churches of this period were built in the provinces by local bishops in imitation of the new Constantinopolitan foundations. The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, was built by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna" title="Maximianus of Ravenna">Maximianus</a>. The decoration of San Vitale includes important mosaics of Justinian and his empress, <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora</a>, although neither ever visited the church.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also of note is the <a href="/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica" title="Euphrasian Basilica">Euphrasian Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pore%C4%8D" title="Poreč">Poreč</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent archeological discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries unearthed a large group of <a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East</a>. The eastern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> inherited a strong artistic tradition from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. Christian mosaic art flourished in this area from the 4th century onwards. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">The tradition of making mosaics</a> was carried on in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> era until the end of the 8th century. The most important surviving examples are the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>, the mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nebo" title="Mount Nebo">Mount Nebo</a>, Saint Catherine's Monastery and the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now <a href="/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas" title="Umm ar-Rasas">Umm ar-Rasas</a>). </p><p>The first fully preserved illuminated biblical manuscripts date to the first half of the sixth century, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Genesis" title="Vienna Genesis">Vienna Genesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Rossano_Gospels" title="Rossano Gospels">Rossano Gospels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinope_Gospels" title="Sinope Gospels">Sinope Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides" title="Vienna Dioscurides">Vienna Dioscurides</a> is a lavishly illustrated botanical treatise, presented as a gift to the Byzantine aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Julia_Anicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Anicia">Julia Anicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important ivory sculptures of this period include the <a href="/wiki/Barberini_ivory" title="Barberini ivory">Barberini ivory</a>, which probably depicts Justinian himself,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silver" title="Byzantine silver">Byzantine silver</a> plate continued to be decorated with scenes drawn from classical mythology; for example, a plate in the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, depicts <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> wrestling the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-century_crisis">Seventh-century crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seventh-century crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg/250px-Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg/500px-Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic from the church of <a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, late 7th or early 8th century, showing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki">St. Demetrios</a> with the bishop and the eparch</figcaption></figure> <p>The Age of Justinian was followed by a political decline, since most of Justinian's conquests were lost and the Empire faced acute crisis with the invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, Persians and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in the 7th century. Constantinople was also wracked by religious and political conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant surviving monumental projects of this period were undertaken outside of the imperial capital. The church of <a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a> in Thessaloniki was rebuilt after a fire in the mid-seventh century. The new sections include mosaics executed in a remarkably abstract style.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church of the Koimesis in Nicaea (present-day <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a>), destroyed in the early 20th century but documented through photographs, demonstrates the simultaneous survival of a more classical style of church decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The churches of Rome, still a Byzantine territory in this period, also include important surviving decorative programs, especially <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antiqua" title="Santa Maria Antiqua">Santa Maria Antiqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">Sant'Agnese fuori le mura</a>, and the Chapel of San Venanzio in <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine mosaicists probably also contributed to the decoration of the early <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important works of luxury art from this period include the silver <a href="/wiki/David_Plates" title="David Plates">David Plates</a>, produced during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, and depicting scenes from the life of the Hebrew king <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable surviving manuscripts are <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> gospel books, such as the so-called <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Bible_of_Paris" title="Syriac Bible of Paris">Syriac Bible of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/London_Canon_Tables" title="London Canon Tables">London Canon Tables</a> bear witness to the continuing production of lavish gospel books in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period between Justinian and iconoclasm saw major changes in the social and religious roles of images within Byzantium. The veneration of <a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">acheiropoieta</a>, or holy images "not made by human hands," became a significant phenomenon, and in some instances these images were credited with saving cities from military assault. By the end of the seventh century, certain images of saints had come to be viewed as "windows" through which one could communicate with the figure depicted. <a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a> before images is also attested in texts from the late seventh century. These developments mark the beginnings of a theology of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the debate over the proper role of art in the decoration of churches intensified. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/trullo.html">Three canons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> of 692 addressed controversies in this area: prohibition of the representation of the cross on church pavements (Canon 73), prohibition of the representation of Christ as a lamb (Canon 82), and a general injunction against "pictures, whether they are in paintings or in what way so ever, which attract the eye and corrupt the mind, and incite it to the enkindling of base pleasures" (Canon 100). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_iconoclasm">Crisis of iconoclasm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crisis of iconoclasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg/250px-Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg/360px-Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> in his chariot, surrounded by symbols of the months and of the zodiac. From Vat. Gr. 1291, the "Handy Tables" of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, produced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Intense debate over the role of art in worship led eventually to the period of "<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sporadic outbreaks of iconoclasm on the part of local bishops are attested in Asia Minor during the 720s. In 726, an underwater earthquake between the islands of Thera and Therasia was interpreted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> as a sign of God's anger, and may have led Leo to remove a famous icon of Christ from the <a href="/wiki/Chalke_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalke Gate">Chalke Gate</a> outside the imperial palace.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, iconoclasm probably did not become imperial policy until the reign of Leo's son, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hieria" title="Council of Hieria">Council of Hieria</a>, convened under Constantine in 754, proscribed the manufacture of icons of Christ. This inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclastic period</a>, which lasted, with interruptions, until 843. </p><p>While iconoclasm severely restricted the role of religious art, and led to the removal of some earlier apse mosaics and (possibly) the sporadic destruction of portable icons, it never constituted a total ban on the production of figural art. Ample literary sources indicate that secular art (i.e. hunting scenes and depictions of the games in the hippodrome) continued to be produced,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the few monuments that can be securely dated to the period (most notably the manuscript of Ptolemy's "Handy Tables" today held by the Vatican<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) demonstrate that metropolitan artists maintained a high quality of production.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major churches dating to this period include <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Eirene</a> in Constantinople, which was rebuilt in the 760s following its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/740_Constantinople_earthquake" title="740 Constantinople earthquake">740 earthquake</a>. The interior of Hagia Eirene, which is dominated by a large mosaic cross in the apse, is one of the best-preserved examples of iconoclastic church decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki was also rebuilt in the late 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain churches built outside of the empire during this period, but decorated in a figural, "Byzantine," style, may also bear witness to the continuing activities of Byzantine artists. Particularly important in this regard are the original mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel_in_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Chapel in Aachen">Palatine Chapel in Aachen</a> (since either destroyed or heavily restored) and the frescoes in the Church of <i>Maria foris portas</i> in <a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonian_art">Macedonian art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Macedonian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art (Byzantine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nea_Moni_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nea_Moni_01.jpg/220px-Nea_Moni_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nea_Moni_01.jpg/330px-Nea_Moni_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nea_Moni_01.jpg/440px-Nea_Moni_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a> (11th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg/220px-Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg/330px-Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg/440px-Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>An example of Macedonian-era ivorywork from Constantinople: the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste" title="Forty Martyrs of Sebaste">Forty Martyrs of Sebaste</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Bode_Museum" title="Bode Museum">Bode Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rulings of the Council of Hieria were reversed by a new church council in 843, celebrated to this day in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the "Triumph of Orthodoxy." In 867, the installation of a new apse mosaic in Hagia Sophia depicting the Virgin and Child was celebrated by the Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a> in a famous homily as a victory over the evils of iconoclasm. Later in the same year, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>, called "the Macedonian," acceded to the throne; as a result the following period of Byzantine art has sometimes been called the "<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a>", although the term is doubly problematic (it was neither "<a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonian</a>", nor, strictly speaking, a "<a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>"). </p><p>In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Empire's military situation improved, and patronage of art and architecture increased. New churches were commissioned, and the standard architectural form (the "<a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a>") and decorative scheme of the Middle Byzantine church were standardised. Major surviving examples include <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Moni">Nea Moni</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>. </p><p>There was a revival of interest in the depiction of subjects from classical Greek mythology (as on the Veroli Casket) and in the use of a "classical" Hellenistic styles to depict religious, and particularly Old Testament, subjects (of which the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Psalter" title="Paris Psalter">Paris Psalter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Roll" title="Joshua Roll">Joshua Roll</a> are important examples). </p><p>The Macedonian period also saw a revival of the late antique technique of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> carving. Many ornate ivory <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptychs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptychs</a> survive, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harbaville_Triptych" title="Harbaville Triptych">Harbaville Triptych</a> and a triptych at <a href="/wiki/Luton_Hoo" title="Luton Hoo">Luton Hoo</a>, dating from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nicephorus Phocas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komnenian_age">Komnenian age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Komnenian age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg/220px-Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg/330px-Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg/440px-Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a> (ca. 1100)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Macedonian emperors were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comnenus">Komnenian dynasty</a>, beginning with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> in 1081. Byzantium had recently suffered a period of severe dislocation following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071 and the subsequent loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. However, the Komnenoi brought stability to the empire (1081–1185) and during the course of the twelfth century their energetic campaigning did much to restore the fortunes of the empire. The Komnenoi were great patrons of the arts, and with their support Byzantine artists continued to move in the direction of greater humanism and emotion, of which the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a>, the cycle of mosaics at <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni</a>, and the murals at <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Nerezi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Panteleimon (Nerezi)">Nerezi</a> yield important examples. Ivory sculpture and other expensive mediums of art gradually gave way to frescoes and icons, which for the first time gained widespread popularity across the Empire. Apart from painted icons, there were other varieties - notably the mosaic and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> ones. </p><p>Some of the finest Byzantine work of this period may be found outside the Empire: in the mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torcello" title="Torcello">Torcello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cefalù</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. For instance, Venice's <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco di Venezia">Basilica of St Mark</a>, begun in 1063, was based on the great <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> in Constantinople, now destroyed, and is thus an echo of the age of Justinian. The acquisitive habits of the Venetians mean that the basilica is also a great museum of Byzantine artworks of all kinds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pala_d%27Oro" title="Pala d'Oro">Pala d'Oro</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_caskets_of_the_Macedonian_era_(gallery)"><span id="Ivory_caskets_of_the_Macedonian_era_.28gallery.29"></span>Ivory caskets of the Macedonian era (gallery)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ivory caskets of the Macedonian era (gallery)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Between 900 and 1100, Musée national du Moyen Âge"><img alt="Between 900 and 1100, Musée national du Moyen Âge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG/200px-CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG/300px-CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG/400px-CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Between 900 and 1100, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Moyen_%C3%82ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée national du Moyen Âge">Musée national du Moyen Âge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With images of Cupids (10th century), Walters Art Museum"><img alt="With images of Cupids (10th century), Walters Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg/200px-Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg/300px-Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg/400px-Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With images of Cupids (10th century), <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Costantinopoli,_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche,_X-XI_sec._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="10th–11th century, Petit Palais"><img alt="10th–11th century, Petit Palais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Costantinopoli%2C_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche%2C_X-XI_sec._02.JPG/200px-Costantinopoli%2C_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche%2C_X-XI_sec._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Costantinopoli%2C_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche%2C_X-XI_sec._02.JPG/300px-Costantinopoli%2C_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche%2C_X-XI_sec._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Costantinopoli%2C_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche%2C_X-XI_sec._02.JPG/400px-Costantinopoli%2C_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche%2C_X-XI_sec._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">10th–11th century, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottega_italo-bizantina,_cofanetto_a_rosette,_XI-XII_sec,_da_fraternita_dei_laici,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="11th–12th century, Museo Nazionale d'Arte Medievale e Moderna (Arezzo)"><img alt="11th–12th century, Museo Nazionale d'Arte Medievale e Moderna (Arezzo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bottega_italo-bizantina%2C_cofanetto_a_rosette%2C_XI-XII_sec%2C_da_fraternita_dei_laici%2C_02.JPG/200px-Bottega_italo-bizantina%2C_cofanetto_a_rosette%2C_XI-XII_sec%2C_da_fraternita_dei_laici%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bottega_italo-bizantina%2C_cofanetto_a_rosette%2C_XI-XII_sec%2C_da_fraternita_dei_laici%2C_02.JPG/300px-Bottega_italo-bizantina%2C_cofanetto_a_rosette%2C_XI-XII_sec%2C_da_fraternita_dei_laici%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bottega_italo-bizantina%2C_cofanetto_a_rosette%2C_XI-XII_sec%2C_da_fraternita_dei_laici%2C_02.JPG/400px-Bottega_italo-bizantina%2C_cofanetto_a_rosette%2C_XI-XII_sec%2C_da_fraternita_dei_laici%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="1827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">11th–12th century, Museo Nazionale d'Arte Medievale e Moderna (Arezzo)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeologan_age">Palaeologan age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Palaeologan age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/250px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/330px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/500px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption><i>The Annunciation</i> from <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, one of the most admired <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of the Paleologan <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">mannerism</a>, bears comparison with the finest contemporary works by Italian artists</figcaption></figure> <p>Centuries of continuous Roman political tradition and Hellenistic civilization underwent a crisis in 1204 with the sacking of Constantinople by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> knights of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, a disaster from which the Empire recovered in 1261 albeit in a severely weakened state. The destruction by sack or subsequent neglect of the city's secular architecture in particular has left us with an imperfect understanding of Byzantine art. </p><p>Although the Byzantines regained the city in 1261, the Empire was thereafter a small and weak state confined to the Greek peninsula and the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. During their half-century of exile, however, the last great flowering of Anatolian Hellenism began. As <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> emerged as the center of opposition under the <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskaris</a> emperors, it spawned a renaissance, attracting scholars, poets, and artists from across the Byzantine world. A glittering court emerged as the dispossessed intelligentsia found in the Hellenic side of their traditions a pride and identity unsullied by association with the hated "latin" enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the recapture of the capital under the new <a href="/wiki/Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeologus">Palaeologan Dynasty</a>, Byzantine artists developed a new interest in landscapes and pastoral scenes, and the traditional mosaic-work (of which the <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> is the finest extant example) gradually gave way to detailed cycles of narrative frescoes (as evidenced in a large group of <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a> churches). The icons, which became a favoured medium for artistic expression, were characterized by a less austere attitude, new appreciation for purely decorative qualities of painting and meticulous attention to details, earning the popular name of the Paleologan Mannerism for the period in general. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> came to control <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Byzantine Crete</a> by 1212, and Byzantine artistic traditions continued long after the Ottoman conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">last Byzantine successor state</a> in 1461. The <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a>, as it is today known, gradually introduced Italian Renaissance elements into its style, and exported large numbers of icons to Italy. The tradition's most famous artist was <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veneza118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veneza118.jpg/250px-Veneza118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veneza118.jpg/330px-Veneza118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veneza118.jpg/500px-Veneza118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where imported Byzantine mosaicists were succeeded by Italians they had trained</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/220px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/330px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/440px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Modern Orthodox mural from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> using a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Christ</a> little changed in over a millennium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/220px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/330px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/440px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6264" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Interior view with the frescoes dating back to 1259, <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> landmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> emerged from the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 4th century AD, and its unique culture heavily influenced Western Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Byzantine art was an essential part of this culture and had certain defining characteristics, such as intricate patterns, rich colors, and religious themes depicting important figures in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">The fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453 was a significant event in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and it had a profound impact on the art world. Many Byzantine artists and <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">intellectuals</a> migrated to Italy, where they played a vital role in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. The migration was partly due to the long-standing cultural and commercial ties between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and Italian city-states, such as <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, as well as the decline of the Byzantine Empire in the preceding centuries. </p><p>The influence of Byzantine art on Italian art was significant, with Byzantine artists bringing their techniques and knowledge to Italy, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>. They also played a significant role in developing perspective, which became a key element of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>. </p><p>The splendour of Byzantine art was always in the mind of early medieval Western artists and patrons, and many of the most important movements in the period were conscious attempts to produce art fit to stand next to both classical Roman and contemporary Byzantine art. This was especially the case for the imperial <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian art</a>. Luxury products from the Empire were highly valued, and reached for example the royal <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo burial">Sutton Hoo burial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> of the 620s, which contains several pieces of silver. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silks</a> were especially valued and large quantities were distributed as diplomatic gifts from Constantinople. There are records of Byzantine artists working in the West, especially during the period of iconoclasm, and some works, like the frescos at <a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Coronation_Gospels" title="Vienna Coronation Gospels">Vienna Coronation Gospels</a>, seem to have been produced by such figures. </p><p>In particular, teams of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> artists were dispatched as diplomatic gestures by emperors to Italy, <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_and_medieval_mosaics_in_Italy" title="Late Antique and medieval mosaics in Italy">where they often trained locals</a> to continue their work in a style heavily influenced by Byzantium. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman Sicily</a> were particular centres of Byzantine influence. The earliest surviving panel paintings in the West were in a style heavily influenced by contemporary Byzantine icons, until a distinctive Western style began to develop in Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a>; the traditional and still influential narrative of <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a> and others has the story of Western painting begin as a breakaway by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> from the shackles of the Byzantine tradition. In general, Byzantine artistic influence on Europe was in steep decline by the 14th century if not earlier, despite the continued importance of migrated <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance">Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance</a> in other areas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> began with artists and craftsmen mostly trained in Byzantine styles, and though figurative content was greatly reduced, Byzantine decorative styles remained a great influence on Islamic art, and Byzantine artists continued to be imported for important works for some time, especially for <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>. </p><p>The Byzantine era properly defined came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1453, but by this time the Byzantine cultural heritage had been widely diffused, carried by the spread of Orthodox Christianity, to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and, most importantly, to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, which became the centre of the Orthodox world following the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Even under Ottoman rule, Byzantine traditions in icon-painting and other small-scale arts survived, especially in the Venetian-ruled Crete and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, where a "post-Byzantine" style under increasing Western influence survived for a further two centuries, producing artists including <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a> whose training was in the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a> which was the most vigorous post-Byzantine school, exporting great numbers of icons to Europe. The willingness of the Cretan School to accept Western influence was atypical; in most of the post-Byzantine world "as an instrument of ethnic cohesiveness, art became assertively conservative during the <i>Turcocratia</i>" (period of Ottoman rule).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russian_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian icon">Russian icon</a> painting began by entirely adopting and imitating Byzantine art, as did the art of other Orthodox nations, and has remained extremely conservative in iconography, although its painting style has developed distinct characteristics, including influences from post-Renaissance Western art. All the Eastern Orthodox churches have remained highly protective of their traditions in terms of the form and content of images and, for example, modern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">depictions of the Nativity of Christ</a> vary little in content from those developed in the 6th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred art">Sacred art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job_in_Byzantine_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts">Book of Job in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelis1946">Michelis 1946</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeitzmann1981">Weitzmann 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>, pp. 1‒3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelis1946">Michelis 1946</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAinalov1961">Ainalov 1961</a>, "Introduction", pp. 3‒8; <a href="#CITEREFStylianouStylianou1985">Stylianou & Stylianou 1985</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFHanfmann1967">Hanfmann 1967</a>, "Early Christian Sculpture", p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFWeitzmann1984">Weitzmann 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2004">Bassett 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango1963">Mango 1963</a>, pp. 53‒75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAinalov1961">Ainalov 1961</a>, "The Hellenistic Character of Byzantine Wall Painting", pp. 185‒214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeitzmann1981">Weitzmann 1981</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrendel1979">Brendel 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerenson1954">Berenson 1954</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsner2002">Elsner 2002</a>, pp. 358‒379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitzinger1977">Kitzinger 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOnians1980">Onians 1980</a>, pp. 1‒23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango1963">Mango 1963</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelting1994">Belting 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Dewing, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/home.html">Procopius VII</a></i> (Cambridge, 1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMainstone1997">Mainstone 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarkÖzgümüş2002">Dark & Özgümüş 2002</a>, pp. 393‒413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBardill2000">Bardill 2000</a>, pp. 1‒11; <a href="#CITEREFMathews2005">Mathews 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsythWeitzmann1973">Forsyth & Weitzmann 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThiel2005">Thiel 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeichmann1969">Deichmann 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225201/http://nickerson.icomos.org/euf/euf-idx.htm">"Eufrasiana Basilica Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nickerson.icomos.org/euf/euf-idx.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eufrasiana+Basilica+Project.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnickerson.icomos.org%2Feuf%2Feuf-idx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellesz1960">Wellesz 1960</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavallo1992">Cavallo 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabar1948">Grabar 1948</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazal1998">Mazal 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCutler1993">Cutler 1993</a>, pp. 329‒339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1986">Wright 1986</a>, pp. 75‒79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldon1997">Haldon 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubaker2004">Brubaker 2004</a>, pp. 63‒90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1991">Barber 1991</a>, pp. 43‒60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthiae1987">Matthiae 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreswell1969">Creswell 1969</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFlood2001">Flood 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeader2000">Leader 2000</a>, pp. 407‒427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeroy1964">Leroy 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordenfalk1938">Nordenfalk 1938</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubaker1998">Brubaker 1998</a>, pp. 1215‒1254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryerHerrin1977">Bryer & Herrin 1977</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2001">Brubaker & Haldon 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1980">Stein 1980</a>; The story of the Chalke Icon may be a later invention: <a href="#CITEREFAuzépy1990">Auzépy 1990</a>, pp. 445‒492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabar1984">Grabar 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1985">Wright 1985</a>, pp. 355‒362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryerHerrin1977">Bryer & Herrin 1977</a>, Robin Cormack, "The Arts during the Age of Iconoclasm".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeschlow1977">Peschlow 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheocharidou1988">Theocharidou 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsh1995">Ash 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByron1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_(travel_writer)" title="Robert Byron (travel writer)">Byron, Robert</a> (October 1929). "Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine_for_Connoisseurs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs">The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</a></i>. <b>55</b> (319): <span class="nowrap">160–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/864104">864104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=Greco%3A+The+Epilogue+to+Byzantine+Culture&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=319&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=1929-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F864104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProcopiou1952" class="citation journal cs1">Procopiou, Angelo G. (March 1952). "El Greco and Cretan Painting". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine" title="The Burlington Magazine">The Burlington Magazine</a></i>. <b>94</b> (588): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/870678">870678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=El+Greco+and+Cretan+Painting&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=588&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1952-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F870678%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Procopiou&rft.aufirst=Angelo+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKessler1988">Kessler 1988</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAinalov1961" class="citation book cs1">Ainalov, D.V. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhuaAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Art</i></a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Origins+of+Byzantine+Art&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ainalov&rft.aufirst=D.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhuaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmagro-Gorbea2000" class="citation book cs1">Almagro-Gorbea, M., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7LqEeTUyxQC"><i>El Disco de Teodosio</i></a>. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788489512603" title="Special:BookSources/9788489512603"><bdi>9788489512603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Disco+de+Teodosio&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788489512603&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7LqEeTUyxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsh1995" class="citation book cs1">Ash, John (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinejourney00ashj"><i>A Byzantine Journey</i></a></span>. London: Random House Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679409342" title="Special:BookSources/9780679409342"><bdi>9780679409342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Byzantine+Journey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House+Incorporated&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780679409342&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantinejourney00ashj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuzépy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Auzépy, M.-F. (1990). "La destruction de l'icône du Christ de la Chalcé par Léon III: propagande ou réalité?". <i>Byzantion</i>. <b>60</b>: 445‒492.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion&rft.atitle=La+destruction+de+l%27ic%C3%B4ne+du+Christ+de+la+Chalc%C3%A9+par+L%C3%A9on+III%3A+propagande+ou+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9%3F&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=445%E2%80%92492&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Auz%C3%A9py&rft.aufirst=M.-F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber1991" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, C. (1991). "The Koimesis Church, Nicaea: The Limits of Representation on the Eve of Iconoclasm". <i>Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik</i>. <b>41</b>: 43‒60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Byzantinistik&rft.atitle=The+Koimesis+Church%2C+Nicaea%3A+The+Limits+of+Representation+on+the+Eve+of+Iconoclasm&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=43%E2%80%9260&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBardill2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bardill, J. (2000). "The Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople and the Monophysite Refugees". <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>54</b>: 1‒11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291830">10.2307/1291830</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291830">1291830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Sts.+Sergius+and+Bacchus+in+Constantinople+and+the+Monophysite+Refugees&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9211&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bardill&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBassett2004" class="citation book cs1">Bassett, Sarah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmySQgAACAAJ"><i>The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinople</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827232" title="Special:BookSources/9780521827232"><bdi>9780521827232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Image+of+Late+Antique+Constantinople&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521827232&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmySQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer1996" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Franz Alto (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Slh0QgAACAAJ"><i>Stadt, Platz und Denkmal in der Spätantike</i></a>. Mainz: P. von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805318426" title="Special:BookSources/9783805318426"><bdi>9783805318426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stadt%2C+Platz+und+Denkmal+in+der+Sp%C3%A4tantike&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=P.+von+Zabern&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783805318426&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Franz+Alto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlh0QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelting1994" class="citation book cs1">Belting, Hans (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kuWm7jVWFiEC"><i>Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art</i></a>. Translated by Jephcott, Edmund. Chicago: Chicago University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226042152" title="Special:BookSources/9780226042152"><bdi>9780226042152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Likeness+and+Presence%3A+A+History+of+the+Image+before+the+Era+of+Art&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780226042152&rft.aulast=Belting&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkuWm7jVWFiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerenson1954" class="citation book cs1">Berenson, Bernard (1954). <i>The Arch of Constantine, or, the Decline of Form</i>. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300022681" title="Special:BookSources/9780300022681"><bdi>9780300022681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+Roman+Art&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780300022681&rft.aulast=Brendel&rft.aufirst=Otto+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprolegomenatostu0000bren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2001" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2001). <i>Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca. 680-850): The Sources</i>. 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"Icons before iconoclasm?, Morfologie sociali e culturali in europa fra tarda antichita e alto medioevo". <i>Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi Sull' Alto Medioevo</i>. <b>45</b>: 1215‒1254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settimane+di+Studio+del+Centro+Italiano+di+Studi+Sull%27+Alto+Medioevo&rft.atitle=Icons+before+iconoclasm%3F%2C+Morfologie+sociali+e+culturali+in+europa+fra+tarda+antichita+e+alto+medioevo&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=1215%E2%80%921254&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, L. (2004). "Elites and Patronage in Early Byzantium: The Evidence from Hagios Demetrios in Thessalonike". In Haldon, John; et al. (eds.). <i>The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East: Elites Old and New</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 63‒90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elites+and+Patronage+in+Early+Byzantium%3A+The+Evidence+from+Hagios+Demetrios+in+Thessalonike&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+and+Early+Islamic+Near+East%3A+Elites+Old+and+New&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9290&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryerHerrin1977" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, A.; Herrin, Judith, eds. 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/abstraction-and-imagination-in-late-antiquity-Yqim42kufW">"Abstraction and Imagination in Late Antiquity"</a>. <i>Art History</i>. <b>3</b>: 1‒23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1980.tb00061.x">10.1111/j.1467-8365.1980.tb00061.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+History&rft.atitle=Abstraction+and+Imagination+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9223&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1980.tb00061.x&rft.aulast=Onians&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepdyve.com%2Flp%2Fwiley%2Fabstraction-and-imagination-in-late-antiquity-Yqim42kufW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeschlow1977" class="citation book cs1">Peschlow, Urs (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSmFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Die Irenenkirche in Istanbul</i></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521347723" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521347723"><bdi>978-0521347723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Acre+and+the+Later+Crusades&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0521347723&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmrw8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpieser1984" class="citation book cs1">Spieser, J.-M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi-KtQEACAAJ"><i>Thessalonique et ses monuments du IVe au VIe siècle</i></a>. Athens: Ecole française d'Athènes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thessalonique+et+ses+monuments+du+IVe+au+VIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ecole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Ath%C3%A8nes&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Spieser&rft.aufirst=J.-M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGi-KtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein1980" class="citation book cs1">Stein, D. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc8PAQAAIAAJ"><i>Der Beginn des byzantinischen Bilderstreites und seine Entwicklung bis in die 40er Jahre des 8. Jahrhunderts</i></a>. Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Beginn+des+byzantinischen+Bilderstreites+und+seine+Entwicklung+bis+in+die+40er+Jahre+des+8.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Byzantinistik+und+Neugriechische+Philologie+der+Universit%C3%A4t&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQc8PAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStylianouStylianou1985" class="citation book cs1">Stylianou, Andreas; Stylianou, Judith A. (1985). <i>The Painted Churches of Cyprus: Treasures of Byzantine Art</i>. London: Trigraph for the A.G. Leventis Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Painted+Churches+of+Cyprus%3A+Treasures+of+Byzantine+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trigraph+for+the+A.G.+Leventis+Foundation&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Stylianou&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Stylianou%2C+Judith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheocharidou1988" class="citation book cs1">Theocharidou, K. (1988). <i>The Architecture of Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki, from its Erection up to the Turkish Conquest</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Hagia+Sophia%2C+Thessaloniki%2C+from+its+Erection+up+to+the+Turkish+Conquest&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Theocharidou&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThiel2005" class="citation book cs1">Thiel, Andreas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnlGAQAAIAAJ"><i>Die Johanneskirche in Ephesos</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Isd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783895003547" title="Special:BookSources/9783895003547"><bdi>9783895003547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Johanneskirche+in+Ephesos&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783895003547&rft.aulast=Thiel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnlGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVolbach1976" class="citation book cs1">Volbach, Wolfgang Fritz (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3BQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters</i></a>. Mainz: von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805302807" title="Special:BookSources/9783805302807"><bdi>9783805302807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elfenbeinarbeiten+der+Sp%C3%A4tantike+und+des+fr%C3%BChen+Mittelalters&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=von+Zabern&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9783805302807&rft.aulast=Volbach&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3BQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1981" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, Kurt (1981). <i>Classical Heritage in Byzantine and Near Eastern Art</i>. London: Variorum Reprints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Heritage+in+Byzantine+and+Near+Eastern+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Weitzmann&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1984" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, Kurt (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBLqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Greek Mythology in Byzantine Art</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860780878" title="Special:BookSources/9780860780878"><bdi>9780860780878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Mythology+in+Byzantine+Art&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780860780878&rft.aulast=Weitzmann&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBLqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellesz1960" class="citation book cs1">Wellesz, Emmy (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxsOAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Vienna Genesis</i></a>. London: T. Yoseloff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vienna+Genesis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Yoseloff&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Wellesz&rft.aufirst=Emmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxsOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, D. H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/the-date-of-the-vatican-illuminated-handy-tables-of-ptolemy-and-of-its-0C6TaLsgE1">"The Date of the Vatican Illuminated Handy Tables of Ptolemy and of its Early Additions"</a>. <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 355‒362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbyzs.1985.78.2.355">10.1515/byzs.1985.78.2.355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194111177">194111177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Vatican+Illuminated+Handy+Tables+of+Ptolemy+and+of+its+Early+Additions&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355%E2%80%92362&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbyzs.1985.78.2.355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194111177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepdyve.com%2Flp%2Fde-gruyter%2Fthe-date-of-the-vatican-illuminated-handy-tables-of-ptolemy-and-of-its-0C6TaLsgE1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, D. (1986). "Justinian and an Archangel". <i>Studien zur Spätantiken Kunst Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann Gewidmet</i>. <b>III</b>. Mainz: 75‒79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Sp%C3%A4tantiken+Kunst+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Deichmann+Gewidmet&rft.atitle=Justinian+and+an+Archangel&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=75%E2%80%9279&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2001" class="citation book cs1">Wright, David Herndon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImhkP2VUd6UC"><i>The Roman Vergil and the Origins of Medieval Book Design</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802048196" title="Special:BookSources/9780802048196"><bdi>9780802048196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Vergil+and+the+Origins+of+Medieval+Book+Design&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802048196&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David+Herndon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImhkP2VUd6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1993" class="citation book cs1">Wright, David Herndon (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkr5B3Rw5R8C"><i>The Vatican Vergil: A Masterpiece of Late Antique Art</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520072404" title="Special:BookSources/9780520072404"><bdi>9780520072404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican+Vergil%3A+A+Masterpiece+of+Late+Antique+Art&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780520072404&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David+Herndon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxkr5B3Rw5R8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Greece" title="Category:Arts in Greece">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">History of Greek art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/120px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/250px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Greek Bronze Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece#Art" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a></li> <li><small>see also:</small> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Byzantine Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Modern Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">Munich School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Greek_art" title="Contemporary Greek art">Contemporary Greek art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greek_art" title="Template:History of Greek art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greek_art" title="Template talk:History of Greek art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greek_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greek art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlloa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Alloa, Emmanuel (2013). "Visual Studies in Byzantium". <i>Journal of Visual Culture</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 3‒29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470412912468704">10.1177/1470412912468704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191395643">191395643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Visual+Culture&rft.atitle=Visual+Studies+in+Byzantium&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9229&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1470412912468704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191395643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alloa&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1979" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, John (1979). <i>Early Christian and Byzantine Art</i> (2nd ed.). Penguin History of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140560336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140560336"><bdi>978-0140560336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Art&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+History+of+Art&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0140560336&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_van_B%C3%BChren" title="Ralf van Bühren">Bühren, Ralf van</a>; Jasiński, Maciej Jan (2024), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2024.2322546">The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?</a></i>, in <i>Church, Communication and Culture</i> 9, pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.23225</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCormack2000" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, Robin (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantineart00corm"><i>Byzantine Art</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284211-4"><bdi>978-0-19-284211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284211-4&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantineart00corm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCormack1985" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, Robin (1985). <i>Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons</i>. London: George Philip. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-054001085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-054001085-1"><bdi>978-054001085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+in+Gold%2C+Byzantine+Society+and+its+Icons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Philip&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-054001085-1&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2013" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (2013). <i>The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom</i>. London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714848105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714848105"><bdi>978-0714848105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium+and+Early+Christendom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0714848105&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Helen C., ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantiumfaithpo0000unse"><i><span></span></i>Byzantium, Faith and Power (1261‒1557)<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588391148" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588391148"><bdi>978-1588391148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%2C+Faith+and+Power+%281261%E2%80%921557%29&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2FYale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1588391148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantiumfaithpo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Helen_C.Wixom,_William_D.1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/The_Glory_of_Byzantium_Art_and_Culture_of_the_Middle_Byzantine_Era_AD_843_1261"><i>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843‒1261</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853250638">853250638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium%3A+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+Byzantine+Era%2C+A.D.+843%E2%80%921261&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853250638&rft.au=Evans%2C+Helen+C.&rft.au=Wixom%2C+William+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fmetpublications%2FThe_Glory_of_Byzantium_Art_and_Culture_of_the_Middle_Byzantine_Era_AD_843_1261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Freeman, Evan and Anne McClanan, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.org/guide-to-byzantine-art/">The Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerstelLauffenburger2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerstel, Sharon E. J.; Lauffenburger, Julie A., eds. (2001). <i>A Lost Art Rediscovered</i>. Pennsylvania State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02139-3"><bdi>978-0-271-02139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lost+Art+Rediscovered&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02139-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst2014" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, Ellen (8 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.org/a-beginners-guide-to-byzantine-art/">"A Beginner's Guide to Byzantine Art"</a>. Smarthistory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Byzantine+Art&rft.pub=Smarthistory&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.org%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-byzantine-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames2007" class="citation book cs1">James, Elizabeth (2007). <i>Art and Text in Byzantine Culture</i> (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83409-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Text+in+Byzantine+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83409-4&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2015" class="citation book cs1">Karahan, Anne (2015). "Patristics and Byzantine Meta-Images. Molding Belief in the Divine from Written to Painted Theology". In Harrison, Carol; Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; De Bruyn, Théodore (eds.). <i>Patristic Studies in the Twenty-First Century</i>. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">551–</span>576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-55919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-55919-3"><bdi>978-2-503-55919-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patristics+and+Byzantine+Meta-Images.+Molding+Belief+in+the+Divine+from+Written+to+Painted+Theology&rft.btitle=Patristic+Studies+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.pub=Brepols+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-503-55919-3&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2010" class="citation book cs1">Karahan, Anne (2010). <i>Byzantine Holy Images – Transcendence and Immanence. The Theological Background of the Iconography and Aesthetics of the Chora Church (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta No. 176)</i>. Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2080-4"><bdi>978-90-429-2080-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Holy+Images+%E2%80%93+Transcendence+and+Immanence.+The+Theological+Background+of+the+Iconography+and+Aesthetics+of+the+Chora+Church+%28Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta+No.+176%29&rft.place=Leuven-Paris-Walpole%2C+MA&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2080-4&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Karahan, Anne (2016). "Byzantine Visual Culture. Conditions of "Right" Belief and some Platonic Outlooks"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Numen: International Review for the History of Religions</i>. <b>63</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV: <span class="nowrap">210–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341421">10.1163/15685276-12341421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen%3A+International+Review+for+the+History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Visual+Culture.+Conditions+of+%22Right%22+Belief+and+some+Platonic+Outlooks%22&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341421&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2014" class="citation book cs1">Karahan, Anne (2014). "Byzantine Iconoclasm: Ideology and Quest for Power". In Kolrud, K.; Prusac, M. (eds.). <i>Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity</i>. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 75‒94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7033-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-7033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Iconoclasm%3A+Ideology+and+Quest+for+Power&rft.btitle=Iconoclasm+from+Antiquity+to+Modernity&rft.place=Farnham+Surrey&rft.pages=75%E2%80%9294&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7033-5&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2015" class="citation book cs1">Karahan, Anne (2015). "Chapter 10: The Impact of Cappadocian Theology on Byzantine Aesthetics: Gregory of Nazianzus on the Unity and Singularity of Christ". In Dumitraşcu, N. (ed.). <i>The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians</i>. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 159‒184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51394-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51394-6"><bdi>978-1-137-51394-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Impact+of+Cappadocian+Theology+on+Byzantine+Aesthetics%3A+Gregory+of+Nazianzus+on+the+Unity+and+Singularity+of+Christ&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Legacy+of+the+Cappadocians&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=159%E2%80%92184&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51394-6&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Karahan, Anne (2012). "Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea". <i>Byzantion: Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines</i>. <b>82</b>: 165‒212. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2294-6209">2294-6209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506">0378-2506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion%3A+Revue+Internationale+des+%C3%89tudes+Byzantines&rft.atitle=Beauty+in+the+Eyes+of+God.+Byzantine+Aesthetics+and+Basil+of+Caesarea&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=165%E2%80%92212&rft.date=2012&rft.eissn=2294-6209&rft.issn=0378-2506&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Karahan, Anne (2013). "The Image of God in Byzantine Cappadocia and the Issue of Supreme Transcendence". <i>Studia Patristica</i>. <b>59</b>: 97‒111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2992-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2992-0"><bdi>978-90-429-2992-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Patristica&rft.atitle=The+Image+of+God+in+Byzantine+Cappadocia+and+the+Issue+of+Supreme+Transcendence&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=97%E2%80%92111&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2992-0&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarahan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Karahan, Anne (2010). "The Issue of περιχώρησις in Byzantine Holy Images". <i>Studia Patristica</i>. <b>44</b>: 27‒34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2370-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2370-6"><bdi>978-90-429-2370-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Patristica&rft.atitle=The+Issue+of+%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82+in+Byzantine+Holy+Images&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=27%E2%80%9234&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2370-6&rft.aulast=Karahan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMango1972" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril, ed. (1972). <i>The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312‒1453: Sources and Documents</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice - Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+312%E2%80%921453%3A+Sources+and+Documents&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+-+Hall&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky" title="Dimitri Obolensky">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500‒1453</i></a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449" title="Special:BookSources/9780351176449"><bdi>9780351176449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500%E2%80%921453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780351176449&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1979" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, Kurt, ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533"><i>Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Spirituality%3A+Late+Antique+and+Early+Christian+Art%2C+Third+to+Seventh+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F156533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Byzantine_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427083103/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine">Byzantine Publications Online</a>, freely available for download from <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLethaby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lethaby, William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Byzantine Art"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Byzantine_Art">"Byzantine Art" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">906–</span>911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Art&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E906-%3C%2Fspan%3E911&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lethaby&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eikonografos.com/album/">Eikonografos.com: Byzantine Icons and Mosaics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331124703/http://www.eikonografos.com/album/">Archived</a> 2012-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506062756/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/economic-history-of-byzantium/EHB22-Industries%20of%20Art.pdf/view">Anthony Cutler on the economic history of Byzantine mosaics, wall-paintings and icons at Dumbarton Oaks</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_art_topics79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_art" title="Template:Roman art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_art" title="Template talk:Roman art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_art_topics79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman art periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Roman Republican art</a> (509 BC – 27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a> (44 BC – 69 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_art" title="Flavian art">Flavian art</a> (69–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic art</a> (98–117)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrianic_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadrianic art (page does not exist)">Hadrianic art</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_adrianea" class="extiw" title="it:Arte adrianea">it</a>]</span> (117–138)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_early_Antonini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the early Antonini (page does not exist)">Art of the early Antonini</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_dei_primi_Antonini" class="extiw" title="it:Arte dei primi Antonini">it</a>]</span> (138–180)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_in_the_age_of_Commodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art in the age of Commodus (page does not exist)">Art in the age of Commodus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_nell%27et%C3%A0_di_Commodo" class="extiw" title="it:Arte nell'età di Commodo">it</a>]</span> (180–192)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan art</a> (193–253)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_in_the_age_of_Gallienus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art in the age of Gallienus (page does not exist)">Art in the age of Gallienus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_nell%27et%C3%A0_di_Gallieno" class="extiw" title="it:Arte nell'età di Gallieno">it</a>]</span> (253–268)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Diocletian_and_the_tetrarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Diocletian and the tetrarchy (page does not exist)">Art of Diocletian and the tetrarchy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_dioclezianea_e_della_tetrarchia" class="extiw" title="it:Arte dioclezianea e della tetrarchia">it</a>]</span> (284–312)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantinian art (page does not exist)">Constantinian art</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_costantiniana" class="extiw" title="it:Arte costantiniana">it</a>]</span> (312–337)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodosian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodosian art (page does not exist)">Theodosian art</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_teodosiana" class="extiw" title="it:Arte teodosiana">it</a>]</span> (379–395)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_funerary_art" title="Roman funerary art">Roman funerary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman sarcophagi">Roman sarcophagi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Painting in ancient Rome">Roman painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman pottery">Roman pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">Roman portraiture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_art_in_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum">Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">Fayum mummy portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_graffiti" title="Roman graffiti">Roman graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Roman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintinnabulum (Ancient Rome)">Tintinnabulum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art in related cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late Antique art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211884#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211884#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211884#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007589">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560704">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="byzantské umění"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119062&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525326">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052746&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007295541305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\Y\Byzantineart">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&oldid=1280086156">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_art&oldid=1280086156</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_art" title="Category:Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_by_period_of_creation" title="Category:Art by period of creation">Art by period of creation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Culture of the Byzantine Empire">Culture of the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_art" title="Category:Classical art">Classical art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_art" title="Category:Christian art">Christian art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_art" title="Category:Greek art">Greek art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Greece" title="Category:Culture of Greece">Culture of Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Roman_Empire_art" title="Category:Late Roman Empire art">Late Roman Empire art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_art" title="Category:Medieval 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