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id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A" title="العصر الذهبي الدنماركي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الذهبي الدنماركي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_d%27or_danesa" title="Edat d'or danesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat d'or danesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_danske_guldalder" title="Den danske guldalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den danske guldalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenes_Zeitalter_(D%C3%A4nemark)" title="Goldenes Zeitalter (Dänemark) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goldenes Zeitalter (Dänemark)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_de_Oro_danesa" title="Edad de Oro danesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad de Oro danesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_epoko_(Danio)" title="Ora epoko (Danio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ora epoko (Danio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danimarkako_Urrezko_Aroa" title="Danimarkako Urrezko Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Danimarkako Urrezko Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_d%27or_danois" title="Âge d'or danois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge d'or danois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deenske_Gouden_Iuw" title="Deenske Gouden Iuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Deenske Gouden Iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B4%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC_%ED%99%A9%EA%B8%88%EA%B8%B0" title="덴마크 황금기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="덴마크 황금기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Դանիական ոսկեդար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դանիական ոսկեդար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Keemasan_Denmark" title="Zaman Keemasan Denmark – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Keemasan Denmark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_aurea_Danica" title="Aetas aurea Danica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas aurea Danica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deense_Gouden_Eeuw" title="Deense Gouden Eeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deense Gouden Eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="デンマーク黄金時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デンマーク黄金時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_danske_gullalder" title="Den danske gullalder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den danske gullalder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_danske_gullalderen" title="Den danske gullalderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den danske gullalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period in Denmark during the first half of the 19th century</div> <p>The <b>Danish Golden Age</b> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Den danske guldalder</i>) covers a period of exceptional creative production in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, especially during the first half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-dga_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dga-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Copenhagen had suffered from fires, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">bombardment</a> and national bankruptcy, the arts took on a new period of creativity catalysed by <a href="/wiki/German_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German romanticism">Romanticism from Germany</a>. The period is probably most commonly associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting from 1800 to around 1850 which encompasses the work of <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a> and his students, including <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke" title="Christen Købke">Christen Købke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Hansen" title="Constantin Hansen">Constantin Hansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand" title="Wilhelm Marstrand">Wilhelm Marstrand</a>, as well as the sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>. </p><p>It also saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark" title="Architecture of Denmark">Danish architecture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical style</a>. Copenhagen, in particular, acquired a new look, with buildings designed by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederik_Hansen" title="Christian Frederik Hansen">Christian Frederik Hansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gottlieb_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll">Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll</a>. </p><p>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">music</a>, the Golden Age covers figures inspired by Danish <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> including <a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Emilius_Hartmann" title="Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann">J. P. E. Hartmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Hans Christian Lumbye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_W._Gade" class="mw-redirect" title="Niels W. Gade">Niels W. Gade</a> and the ballet master <a href="/wiki/August_Bournonville" title="August Bournonville">August Bournonville</a>. <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Denmark">Literature</a> centred on <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic thinking</a>, introduced in 1802 by the Norwegian-German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a>. Key contributors were <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>—the proponent of the modern fairytale. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> furthered philosophy while <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> achieved fundamental progress in science. The Golden Age thus had a profound effect not only on life in Denmark but, with time, on the international front too. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_context">Background and context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg/150px-Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg/225px-Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg/300px-Copenhagen_on_fire_1807_by_CW_Eckersberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Copenhagen on Fire by <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">C.W. Eckersberg</a> (1807)</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the Golden Age can be traced back to around the beginning of the 19th century, which was a very rough period for <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>. Copenhagen, the centre of the country's intellectual life, first experienced <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Fire_of_1795" title="Copenhagen Fire of 1795">huge fires</a> in 1794 and 1795 which destroyed both <a href="/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace" title="Christiansborg Palace">Christiansborg Palace</a> and large areas of the inner city. In 1801, as a result of the country's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> successfully attacked a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Danish_navy" title="History of the Danish navy">Danish fleet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>. In 1807, on rumours that the French might force Denmark-Norway to close the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> to their shipping, the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">bombarded Copenhagen</a>, burning large portions of the city. Then in 1813, as a result of the country's inability to support the costs of war, the Dano-Norwegian government declared a state of <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make matters worse, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> ceased to be part of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> realms when it was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden</a> the following year, at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_overview_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These events nevertheless provided new opportunities for Copenhagen. Architects and planners widened the streets, constructing beautifully designed Neoclassical buildings offering a brighter yet intimate look. At the time, with a population of only 100,000, the city was still quite small, built within the confines of the old ramparts. As a result, the leading figures of the day met frequently, sharing their ideas, bringing the arts and the sciences together. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a> was perhaps the most effective proponent of the Romantic idea. In a series of lectures in Copenhagen, he successfully conveyed the ideas behind <a href="/wiki/German_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German romanticism">German romanticism</a> to the Danes. Influential thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlob_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a> and <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a> were quick to take up his views. It was not long before Danes from all branches of the arts and sciences were involved in a new era of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>, later known as the Danish Golden Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_overview_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Steffens_sshh_foto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Heinrich_Steffens_sshh_foto.jpg/150px-Heinrich_Steffens_sshh_foto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Heinrich_Steffens_sshh_foto.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a> (1773–1845) who lectured on German romanticism</figcaption></figure> <p>Especially in the field of painting, change became apparent. While art had previously served to uphold the monarchy and the establishment, <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a> and his students realized that, with the arrival of industrialization, the middle classes were increasingly gaining power and influence. Grand historical art gave way to more widely appealing but less pretentious genre paintings and landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main period of the Golden Age took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. Around that time, Danish culture suffered from the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">First Schleswig War</a> (1848–1851) and then the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second</a> one in 1864. In addition, political reforms involving the end of the absolute monarchy in 1848 and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Danish constitution</a> the following year signalled the beginning of a new era. Finally, the extension of Copenhagen beyond the old ramparts during the 1850s opened up new horizons for urban expansion. </p><p>It was not until 1890 that the Danish philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valdemar_Vedel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valdemar Vedel (page does not exist)">Valdemar Vedel</a> first used the term <i>Guldalderen</i> or Golden Age to describe the period. In 1896, author <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Andersen" title="Vilhelm Andersen">Vilhelm Andersen</a> saw the Golden Age initiated by <a href="/wiki/Henrich_Steffens" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrich Steffens">Henrich Steffens</a> as the richest period in the cultural history of Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the beginning of the 19th century, the Golden Age of Danish Painting emerged to form a distinct national style for the first time since the Middle Ages; the period lasted until the middle of the century. It has a style drawing on <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a>, especially its <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and depicting northern light that is soft but allows strong contrasts of colour. The treatment of scenes is typically an idealized version of reality, but unpretentiously so, appearing more <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realist</a> than is actually the case. Interior scenes, often small portrait groups, are also common, with a similar treatment of humble domestic objects and furniture, often of the artist's circle of friends. Little Danish art was seen outside the country (indeed it mostly remains there to this day) although the Danish-trained leader of German Romantic painting <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> was important in spreading its influence in Germany. </p><p>A crucial figure was <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a>, who had studied in Paris with <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> and was further influenced towards <a href="/wiki/Neo-Classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Classicism">Neo-Classicism</a> by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>. Eckersberg taught at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts">Academy</a> from 1818 to 1853, becoming director from 1827 to 1828, and was an important influence on the following generation, in which landscape painting came to the fore.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught most of the leading artists of the period, including: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_K%C3%BCchler" title="Albert Küchler">Albert Küchler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke" title="Christen Købke">Christen Købke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Kyhn" title="Vilhelm Kyhn">Vilhelm Kyhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Roed" title="Jørgen Roed">Jørgen Roed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holger_Roed" title="Holger Roed">Holger Roed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Hansen" title="Constantin Hansen">Constantin Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Sonne_(painter)" title="Jørgen Sonne (painter)">Jorgen Sonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolette_Puggaard" title="Bolette Puggaard">Bolette Puggaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Petzholdt" title="Fritz Petzholdt">Fritz Petzholdt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand" title="Wilhelm Marstrand">Wilhelm Marstrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg/270px-Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg/405px-Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg/540px-Et_selskab_af_danske_kunstnere_i_Rom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4315" data-file-height="3558" /></a><figcaption><i>A company of Danish artists in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></i>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Hansen" title="Constantin Hansen">Constantin Hansen</a>, 1837. Lying on the floor is architect <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gottlieb_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll">Bindesbøll</a>. From left to right: Constantin Hansen, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand" title="Wilhelm Marstrand">Wilhelm Marstrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_K%C3%BCchler" title="Albert Küchler">Albert Küchler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ditlev_Blunck" title="Ditlev Blunck">Ditlev Blunck</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Sonne_(painter)" title="Jørgen Sonne (painter)">Jørgen Sonne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An investigation of drawings, underdrawings, oil sketches and finished paintings by Eckersberg and his pupils Christen Købke and Constantin Hansen, using their Italian views as examples, points to a number of important aspects which shed light on the creative process in Danish Golden Age painting in the first half of the 19th century. The preliminary drawings – preferably composition drawings – which were done in front of the motif were meticulously constructed and reproduced many details. Architecture received the painters' greatest attention, whereas vegetation, rocks and stones as well as figures in the landscape received a lower priority. The drawing done directly from the motif was squared up in several instances with a view to its transference to the painting, which was often no larger than the drawing. Some elements could be altered during the process, but by and large the artist retained the original dispositions quite precisely. In some cases the architecture was consciously altered so as to strengthen the forms and create harmony in the picture. In this way, we can prove that although the Italian motifs appear realistic at first sight, they were nonetheless adjusted or even manipulated by the artists.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent artists of the Danish Golden Age of Painting included <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a> (1804–1832), remembered for his many technically accomplished portraits of fellow artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ditlev_Blunck" title="Ditlev Blunck">Ditlev Blunck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christen_Christensen_(sculptor)" title="Christen Christensen (sculptor)">Christen Christensen</a>, a scene from the Academy's anatomy class, as well as the group portraits "A Tobacco Party" and "Artist in the Evening at Finck's Coffee House in Munich"; <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Hansen" title="Constantin Hansen">Constantin Hansen</a> (1804–1880), deeply interested in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Laurits_H%C3%B8yen" title="Niels Laurits Høyen">Niels Laurits Høyen</a>, who developed national <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">historical painting</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and painted many portraits, including the historical The Constitutional Assembly (<i>Den grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling</i>); <a href="/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke" title="Christen Købke">Christen Købke</a> (1810–48), influenced by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Laurits_H%C3%B8yen" title="Niels Laurits Høyen">Niels Laurits Høyen</a>, an art historian who promoted a nationalistic approach calling for artists to search for subject matter in the folk life of their country instead of searching for themes in other countries such as Italy; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand" title="Wilhelm Marstrand">Wilhelm Marstrand</a> (1810–1873), a vastly productive artist who mastered a remarkable variety of genres, remembered especially for a number of his works which have become familiar signposts of Danish history and culture: scenes from the drawing-rooms and streets of Copenhagen during his younger days; the festivity and public life captured in Rome; the many representative portraits of citizens and innovators; even the monumentalist commissions for universities and the monarchy; and <a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a> (1803–1848), remembered for his genre paintings of Copenhagen, for his landscapes and for his <a href="/wiki/Architectural_painting" title="Architectural painting">architectural paintings</a>, as well as for the many sketches he made during his travels to countries rarely explored at the time. Among other artists, <a href="/wiki/C.A._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="C.A. Jensen">C.A. Jensen</a> (1792–1870) specialized almost exclusively in portraits and stands out for his particularly lively portraits of some his leading contemporaries. </p><p>At the end of the period painting style, especially in landscape art, became caught up in the political issue of the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein Question">Schleswig-Holstein Question</a>, a vital matter for Danes, but notoriously impenetrable for most others in Europe. But it was not until the 1870s when a number of young artists defied the Academy and studied in Paris that a new style embracing <a href="/wiki/Realist_visual_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist visual arts">Realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> began to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_painting">Landscape painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Landscape painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The art historian <a href="/wiki/Niels_Laurits_H%C3%B8yen" title="Niels Laurits Høyen">Niels Laurits Høyen</a> who taught at the Academy encouraged his students to turn to landscape painting. Johan Thomas Lundbye, Christen Købke, P. C. Skovgaard, Dankvart Dreyer, Louis Gurlitt and Martinus Rørbye were among those who developed a new approach to the genre, concentrating on scenes from the Danish countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hankehøj by Johan Thomas Lundbye (1847)"><img alt="Hankehøj by Johan Thomas Lundbye (1847)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg/153px-Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg/229px-Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg/306px-Johan_Thomas_Lundbye_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hankehøj</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Thomas_Lundbye" title="Johan Thomas Lundbye">Johan Thomas Lundbye</a> (1847)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Møns Klint by Louis Gurlitt (1842)"><img alt="Møns Klint by Louis Gurlitt (1842)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg/160px-Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg/240px-Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg/320px-Louis_gurlitt_m%C3%B8ns_klint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6742" data-file-height="4696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ns_Klint" title="Møns Klint">Møns Klint</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gurlitt" title="Louis Gurlitt">Louis Gurlitt</a> (1842)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The beach at Skagen Vesterby by Martinus Rørbye (1847)"><img alt="The beach at Skagen Vesterby by Martinus Rørbye (1847)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg/160px-Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg/240px-Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg/320px-Stranden_ved_Skagen_Vesterby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The beach at Skagen Vesterby</i> by <a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a> (1847)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View over Vejle by P. C. Skovgaard (1852)"><img alt="View over Vejle by P. C. Skovgaard (1852)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg/134px-Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg/201px-Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg/268px-Skovgaard_Udsigt_over_vejle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>View over <a href="/wiki/Vejle" title="Vejle">Vejle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/P._C._Skovgaard" title="P. C. Skovgaard">P. C. Skovgaard</a> (1852)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre_painting_and_portraits">Genre painting and portraits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genre painting and portraits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new type of genre painting also emerged during the Golden Age. Interiors depicting the middle and upper classes in the right settings were a favorite motif. Portraits followed the same pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the Artist's Window by Martinus Rørbye (1825)"><img alt="View from the Artist's Window by Martinus Rørbye (1825)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/102px-Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/154px-Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/205px-Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye_-_View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="5430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/View_from_the_Artist%27s_Window" title="View from the Artist's Window">View from the Artist's Window</a></i> by Martinus Rørbye (1825)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Bendz,_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade,_ca._1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior on Amaliegade by Wilhelm Bendz (1826)"><img alt="Interior on Amaliegade by Wilhelm Bendz (1826)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wilhelm_Bendz%2C_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade%2C_ca._1829.jpg/168px-Wilhelm_Bendz%2C_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade%2C_ca._1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wilhelm_Bendz%2C_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade%2C_ca._1829.jpg/252px-Wilhelm_Bendz%2C_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade%2C_ca._1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wilhelm_Bendz%2C_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade%2C_ca._1829.jpg/336px-Wilhelm_Bendz%2C_Interi%C3%B8r_fra_Amaliegade%2C_ca._1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5126" data-file-height="3378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Interior on Amaliegade</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a> (1826)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model class at the Danish Academy by Wilhelm Bendz (1826)"><img alt="Model class at the Danish Academy by Wilhelm Bendz (1826)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_1826.jpg/168px-Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_1826.jpg/252px-Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_1826.jpg/336px-Wilhelm_Bendz_-_The_Life_Class_at_the_Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12712" data-file-height="9058" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Model class at the Danish Academy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a> (1826)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Frederik Sødring by Christen Købke (1832)"><img alt="Portrait of Frederik Sødring by Christen Købke (1832)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/115px-Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/173px-Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/231px-Portrait_of_the_landscape_painter_Frederik_S%C3%B8dring_-_Christen_K%C3%B8bke_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6432" data-file-height="7237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Frederik_S%C3%B8dring" title="Frederik Sødring">Frederik Sødring</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke" title="Christen Købke">Christen Købke</a> (1832) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Danish_sculpture" title="Danish sculpture">Danish sculpture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>, strongly influenced by his lengthy stay in Rome from 1797, created many internationally recognized works in his pure <a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Neo-Classical" title="Sculpture">Neoclassical style</a>. His breakthrough was <i>Jason with the Golden Fleece</i> which was highly praised by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> and purchased by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hope_(1769%E2%80%931831)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hope (1769–1831)">Thomas Hope</a>, a wealthy British art collector. Other well-known works are the large Statue of Christ in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Copenhagen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)">Copenhagen Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Monument" title="Lion Monument">Lion Monument</a> in Lucerne. Many of his works can be seen in Copenhagen's <a href="/wiki/Thorvaldsens_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorvaldsens Museum">Thorvaldsens Museum</a> which was not completed until 1848, four years after his death. </p><p>Other contributors to sculpture in the Golden Age include <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ernst_Freund" title="Hermann Ernst Freund">Hermann Ernst Freund</a>, whose work centred on Scandinavian gods, and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wilhelm_Bissen" title="Herman Wilhelm Bissen">Herman Wilhelm Bissen</a>, who sculpted contemporary figures such as <i>Landsoldaten</i> (The Foot Soldier), a victory monument to the <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">war of 1848–1851</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThorvaldsensJason.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jason with the Golden Fleece by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1802–03)"><img alt="Jason with the Golden Fleece by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1802–03)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ThorvaldsensJason.jpg/86px-ThorvaldsensJason.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ThorvaldsensJason.jpg/129px-ThorvaldsensJason.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ThorvaldsensJason.jpg/172px-ThorvaldsensJason.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="3311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jason with the Golden Fleece</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a> (1802–03)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lion Monument by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1819)"><img alt="The Lion Monument by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1819)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg/160px-Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg/240px-Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg/320px-Luzern_asv2022-10_L%C3%B6wendenkmal_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5373" data-file-height="3582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Lion Monument</i> by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1819)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Christ in Copenhagen Cathedral by Berthel Thorvaldsen (1838)"><img alt="Statue of Christ in Copenhagen Cathedral by Berthel Thorvaldsen (1838)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg/148px-DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg/222px-DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg/295px-DanimarcaCopenhagenCattedraleRedentore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Christ in Copenhagen Cathedral by Berthel Thorvaldsen (1838)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsoldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Foot Soldier by Herman Wilhelm Bissen (1858)"><img alt="The Foot Soldier by Herman Wilhelm Bissen (1858)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Landsoldaten.jpg/86px-Landsoldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Landsoldaten.jpg/129px-Landsoldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Landsoldaten.jpg/172px-Landsoldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Foot Soldier</i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wilhelm_Bissen" title="Herman Wilhelm Bissen">Herman Wilhelm Bissen</a> (1858)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg/270px-Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg/405px-Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg/540px-Vor_Frue_Kirke_Copenhagen_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Copenhagen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)">Cathedral Church of Our Lady</a>, Copenhagen by <a href="/wiki/C.F._Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="C.F. Hansen">C.F. Hansen</a> (1829), statues by <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Golden Age, Copenhagen in particular acquired a new look as architects inspired by <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neo-classicism</a> repaired much of the damage caused by fire in 1795 and by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">British bombardment</a> of the city in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building on the experience of <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Frederik_Harsdorff" title="Caspar Frederik Harsdorff">C. F. Harsdorff</a> in the late 18th century, the main proponent of Classicism in the Golden age was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederik_Hansen" title="Christian Frederik Hansen">Christian Frederik Hansen</a> who developed a rather severe style with clean, simple forms and large, unbroken surfaces inspired by the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. From 1800, he was in charge of all major building projects in Copenhagen where he designed the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Court_House" title="Copenhagen Court House">Copenhagen City Hall & Courthouse</a> (1805–1815) on <a href="/wiki/Nytorv" title="Nytorv">Nytorv</a>. He was also responsible for rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Copenhagen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)">Church of Our Lady</a> (<i>Vor Frue Kirke</i>) and designing the surrounding square (1811–1829). </p><p>In 1800, Hansen was also charged with rebuilding <a href="/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace" title="Christiansborg Palace">Christiansborg Palace</a> which had burnt down in 1794. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Friedrich_Hetsch" title="Gustav Friedrich Hetsch">Gustav Friedrich Hetsch</a> who completed the interiors. Unfortunately, the palace burnt down once again in 1884. All that remains is the magnificent chapel which, with its Ionic columns, conveys a sense of antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gottlieb_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll">Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll</a> is remembered above all for designing <a href="/wiki/Thorvaldsens_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorvaldsens Museum">Thorvaldsens Museum</a>. In 1822, as a young man, he had experienced <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>'s classicism in Germany and France and had met the German-born architect and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Gau" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Gau">Franz Gau</a> who introduced him to the colourful architecture of antiquity. His uncle, Jonas Collin, who was an active art and culture official under <a href="/wiki/Frederik_VI_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a>, awakened the King's interest in a museum for <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>, the Danish-Icelandic sculptor, and asked Bindesbøll to make some sketches for the building. As Bindensbøll's designs stood out from those of other architects, he was given a commission to transform the Royal Carriage Depot and Theatre Scenery Painting Building into a museum. Emulating the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> as freestanding buildings released from the traditional urban plan of closed streets, he completed the work in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hallander" title="Andreas Hallander">Andreas Hallander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Martin_Quist" title="Johan Martin Quist">Johan Martin Quist</a> were among those who rebuilt the houses in the older sections of Copenhagen which had been destroyed by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonnade at Amalienborg Palace (1794–1795) by C. F. Harsdorff"><img alt="Colonnade at Amalienborg Palace (1794–1795) by C. F. Harsdorff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG/160px-Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG/240px-Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG/320px-Amalienborg_slott_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonnade at <a href="/wiki/Amalienborg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalienborg Palace">Amalienborg Palace</a> (1794–1795) by <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Frederik_Harsdorff" title="Caspar Frederik Harsdorff">C. F. Harsdorff</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christiansborg Palace Chapel by C.F. Hansen (1813–26)"><img alt="Christiansborg Palace Chapel by C.F. Hansen (1813–26)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg/160px-Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg/240px-Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg/320px-Christiansborg_Slotskirke_Copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace#The_Palace_Chapel" title="Christiansborg Palace">Christiansborg Palace Chapel</a> by <a href="/wiki/C.F._Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="C.F. Hansen">C.F. Hansen</a> (1813–26)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copenhagen Court House (1815), designed by Christian Frederik Hansen"><img alt="Copenhagen Court House (1815), designed by Christian Frederik Hansen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg/160px-Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg/240px-Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg/320px-Med_lov_skal_man_land_bygge_2004_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Court_House" title="Copenhagen Court House">Copenhagen Court House</a> (1815), designed by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederik_Hansen" title="Christian Frederik Hansen">Christian Frederik Hansen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thorvaldsens Museum by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll (1838–48)"><img alt="Thorvaldsens Museum by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll (1838–48)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg/160px-Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg/240px-Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg/320px-Thoraldsens_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thorvaldsens_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorvaldsens Museum">Thorvaldsens Museum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gottlieb_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll">Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll</a> (1838–48)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_ballet">Music and ballet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music and ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif/130px-Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif/195px-Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif/260px-Hans_Christian_Lumbye.gif 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hans Christian Lumbye (1810–1874)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century also saw the emergence of a number of Danish composers who were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Emilius_Hartmann" title="Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann">Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann</a> (1805–1900) contributed to song and the piano repertory as well as to opera and ballet music. From 1843 until his death, he was the organist at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Copenhagen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)">Church of Our Lady</a> in Copenhagen. His works are not only romantic but generally inspired by the old <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Nordic legends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a strong influence on a later generation of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lange-M%C3%BCller" title="Peter Lange-Müller">Peter Erasmus Lange-Muller</a>. Hartmann's wife, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hartmann" title="Emma Hartmann">Emma Hartmann</a>, was herself a notable composer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Hans Christian Lumbye</a> (1810–1874) was employed as the first music director at the Copenhagen amusement park <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens" title="Tivoli Gardens">Tivoli</a> when it opened in 1843. Here he had a platform for presenting a large foreign and Danish repertory, including his many waltzes and gallops. In 1839, he had heard a Viennese orchestra play music by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">Johann Strauss</a>, after which he composed in the same style, eventually earning the nickname "The Strauss of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his most popular pieces, associated with Tivoli, is <i>Champagnegaloppen</i> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Champagne_Galop" title="Champagne Galop">Champagne Galop</a></i>), which starts with the happy sound of a champagne cork popping. It has been used in several Danish films including <i><a href="/wiki/Reptilicus" title="Reptilicus">Reptilicus</a></i> (1961), and <i><a href="/wiki/Champagnegaloppen" title="Champagnegaloppen">Champagnegaloppen</a></i> (1938). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg/130px-Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg/195px-Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg/260px-Sylphide_-Marie_Taglioni_-1832_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Taglioni" title="Marie Taglioni">Marie Taglioni</a> in Bournonville's <a href="/wiki/La_Sylphide" title="La Sylphide">La Sylphide</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Niels_W._Gade" class="mw-redirect" title="Niels W. Gade">Niels W. Gade</a> (1817–1890) participated in the development of <a href="/wiki/Musikforeningen" title="Musikforeningen">Musikforeningen</a> (the Music Society) which had been founded in 1836 with the purpose of extending and improving the understanding of classical music. He became its conductor in 1850, and under his management a number of masterpieces of choral music were given their first performance in Denmark, among them Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Matthew Passion (Bach)">St. Matthew Passion</a></i> in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the conservatory in Copenhagen, Gade helped teach future generations, including <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a>. In the spirit of Romantic nationalism, he composed eight symphonies, a violin concerto, chamber music, organ and piano pieces and a number of large-scale cantatas, among them <i><a href="/wiki/Elverskud" title="Elverskud">Elverskud</a></i>, the most famous Danish work of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second generation of significant composers of this period include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnold_Heise" title="Peter Arnold Heise">Peter Heise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Hartmann" title="Emil Hartmann">Emil Hartmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asger_Hamerik" title="Asger Hamerik">Asger Hamerik</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Winding" title="August Winding">August Winding</a> or <a href="/wiki/C._F._E._Horneman" title="C. F. E. Horneman">C.F.E. Horneman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballet">Ballet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major contributor to the ballet scene during the Golden Age was <a href="/wiki/August_Bournonville" title="August Bournonville">August Bournonville</a> (1805–1879), the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Ballet_master" title="Ballet master">ballet master</a>. From 1830 to 1877, he was the <a href="/wiki/Choreographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreographer">choreographer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Ballet" title="Royal Danish Ballet">Royal Danish Ballet</a>, for which he created more than fifty ballets admired for their exuberance, lightness, and beauty. He created a style which, although influenced by the Paris ballet, is entirely his own. Bournonville's best-known works are <i><a href="/wiki/La_Sylphide" title="La Sylphide">La Sylphide</a></i> (1836), <i><a href="/wiki/Napoli_(ballet)" title="Napoli (ballet)">Napoli</a></i> (1842), <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Conservatoire" title="Le Conservatoire">Le Conservatoire</a></i> (1849), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kermesse_in_Bruges" title="The Kermesse in Bruges">The Kermesse in Bruges</a></i> (1851) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Folk_Tale_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Folk Tale (ballet)">A Folk Tale</a></i> (1854). He drew on a number of different composers including <a href="/wiki/Holger_Simon_Paulli" title="Holger Simon Paulli">Holger Simon Paulli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Emilius_Hartmann" title="Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann">Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a>. The ballets are widely performed today, not only in Denmark but worldwide, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Literature</dt></dl> <p>During Denmark's Golden Age, literature centred on <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic thinking</a>. It was introduced in 1802 by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a> who gave a successful series of lectures at <a href="/wiki/Elers_Kollegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Elers Kollegium">Elers Kollegium</a>. He presented the main themes of <a href="/wiki/German_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German romanticism">German romanticism</a>, emphasising the relationship between nature, history and mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Romanticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanticist">romanticists</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a> (1779–1850). Remembered today for his <i>Digte</i> (1803) and <i>Poetiske Skrifter</i> (1805), Oehlenschläger quickly became the leading poet in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a> (1789–1862) also published a collection of romantic poems before producing first a number of plays, then a successful series of novels and finally a number of fine religious poems which, after being set to music, became an important addition to the hymns sung in Danish churches.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg/160px-N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg/240px-N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg/320px-N-f-s-grundtvig-portr%C3%A6t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Albrecht_Jensen" title="Christian Albrecht Jensen">Christian Albrecht Jensen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most important figures in Danish literary culture was <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> (1783–1872) who instilled a growing spirit of nationalism based initially on his <i>Northern Mythology</i> (1808) and his long drama, <i>The Fall of the Heroic Life in the North</i> (1809). In addition to a huge stream of articles and poems, he wrote a number of books, including two histories of the world (1814 and 1817), the long historical poem <i>Roskilde-Riim</i> (<i>Rhyme of Roskilde</i>) (1813), and a book-sized commentary, <i>Roskilde Saga</i>. Grundtvig's hymn book brought about a great change in Danish church services, substituting the <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> of the national poets for the slow measures of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>. In all Grundtvig wrote or translated about 1,500 hymns, including "<a href="/wiki/God%27s_Word_Is_Our_Great_Heritage" title="God's Word Is Our Great Heritage">God's Word Is Our Great Heritage</a>", most of which are still frequently sung today.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Mermaid_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Little_Mermaid_01.JPG/160px-Little_Mermaid_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Little_Mermaid_01.JPG/240px-Little_Mermaid_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Little_Mermaid_01.JPG/320px-Little_Mermaid_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a>: illustration by Vilhelm Pedersen</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> (1805–1875) is remembered first and foremost for his <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, written between 1835 and 1872 not only for children but for adults too. Among the most popular are "<a href="/wiki/The_Steadfast_Tin_Soldier" title="The Steadfast Tin Soldier">The Steadfast Tin Soldier</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen" title="The Snow Queen">The Snow Queen</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Thumbelina" title="Thumbelina">Thumbelina</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl" title="The Little Match Girl">The Little Match Girl</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a>". Considered to be the father of the modern fairytale, Andersen wrote a total of 156 fairy stories, only 12 of which drew on folk tales. But Andersen also wrote a number of travel sketches, several novels including the well-received: "<a href="/wiki/The_Improvisatore" title="The Improvisatore">The Improvisatore</a>" (1835), a series of poems, and his autobiography "The Fairy Tale of My Life" (1855).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Philosophy</dt></dl> <p>Danish philosophy was dominated in the first half of the 19th century by the influence of Hegel and Hegelianism. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Heiberg_(poet)" title="Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)">Johan Ludvig Heiberg</a> (1791–1860), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Christian_Sibbern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederik Christian Sibbern (page does not exist)">Frederik Christian Sibbern</a> (1785–1872), and especially <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lassen_Martensen" title="Hans Lassen Martensen">Hans Lassen Martensen</a> (1803–1884), all of whom contributed to the popularity of Hegel's idealism in various academic disciplines, though Hegel's influence significantly declined by 1850. The primary critic of Hegelianism, and the most important philosopher in Denmark at the time, was <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> (1813–1855), an existentialist philosopher and a theologian. Much of Kierkegaard's philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives, focusing on the priority of concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. His principal aesthetic works include <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (<i>Enten-Eller</i>) (1843), <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Fragments" title="Philosophical Fragments">Philosophical Fragments</a> (<i>Philosophiske Smuler</i>) (1844), <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a> (<i>Stadier paa Livets Vei</i>) (1845) and <a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a> (<i>Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift</i>) (1846). Opposing <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> philosophy, they promote the existential approach which raises the individual's awareness of God but intensifies his despair at not being able to achieve eternal truth. His religious works include <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Love" title="Works of Love">Works of Love</a> (<i>Kjerlighedens Gjerninger</i>) (1847) and <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a> <i>(Indøvelse i Christendom)</i> (1850).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important figure in Danish philosophy was <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> (1784–1872), whose ideas became an important part of the development of Danish national identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%98rsted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%98rsted.jpg/150px-%C3%98rsted.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%98rsted.jpg/225px-%C3%98rsted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%98rsted.jpg/300px-%C3%98rsted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>Hans Christian Ørsted</figcaption></figure> <p>One name stands out above all others among those who contributed to science during the Danish Golden Age, that of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a>, the prominent <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> known for observing that <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a> induce <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>. He shaped <a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">post-Kantian philosophy</a> and advances in science throughout the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824, Ørsted founded <i>Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse</i> (SNU), a society to disseminate knowledge of the natural sciences. He was also the founder of predecessor organizations which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">Danish Patent and Trademark Office</a>. Ørsted was the first modern thinker to explicitly describe and name the <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a>. He was convinced that all things in the universe were related, both materially and spiritually. He described this in his philosophical work <i>Ånden i naturen</i> (The Spirit in Nature).<sup id="cite_ref-Ørsted_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ørsted-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ørsted contributed strongly to the Golden Age, especially through his close friendship with Hans Christian Andersen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ørsted_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ørsted-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leading players in the Danish Golden Age have not only had a lasting impact in Denmark, but throughout the world. Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have been translated into over 150 languages, more than any book apart from the Bible, and continue to be read to children everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>, no Danish writer before 1870 exercised so wide an influence as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlob_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger">Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger</a>. His work was to awaken his compatriots' enthusiasm for the poetry and religion of their ancestors, to the extent that his name remains to this day synonymous with Scandinavian romance. </p><p>In architecture, when designing the Thorvaldsen Museum, Michael Bindesbøll gave special attention to liberating the building from its surroundings. His free perception of space served as a guiding principle for the cities and buildings of the future.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The choreographer, August Bournonville, resisting many of the excesses of the romantic era ballets, gave equal emphasis to male and female roles in his work at a time when European ballet emphasized the ballerina. </p><p>N. F. S. Grundtvig exerted considerable influence on education, promoting a spirit of freedom, poetry and disciplined creativity. Opposing compulsion and examinations, he advocated unleashing human creativity according to the universally creative order of life. A spirit of freedom, cooperation and discovery was to be kindled in individuals, in science, and in society as a whole. Søren Kierkegaard has also strongly influenced philosophy and literature right up to the present day. Among the many who have profited from his ideas are <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>. </p><p>Hans Christian Ørsted's scientific advances contributed fundamentally to chemistry, with his work on <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and especially to physics, with his conclusive research on <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, many of the works of the painters and sculptors of the period continue to be exhibited in the world's finest museums and galleries. Some, like Christen Købke, have attracted renewed interest in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dga-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dga_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulturnet Danmark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/composite-219.htm">Guide to the Danish Golden Age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110125312/http://www.guldalder.dk/composite-219.htm">Archived</a> 2006-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110621235630/http://www.nationalbanken.dk/dndk/hist.nsf/side/Pengereformen_der_blev_kendt_som_statsbankerotten">"Pengereformen, der blev kendt som statsbankerotten"</a>, <i>Nationalbanken</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span> Retrieved 30 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_overview-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_overview_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_overview_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=341">"Historical overview", <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124757/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=341">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aros.dk/page.asp?sideid=134&zcs=2">"Danish art before 1900"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720174041/http://www.aros.dk/page.asp?sideid=134&zcs=2">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Aarhus Kunstmuseum</i>. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/ShowFpItem.xsql?ff_id=64&p_fpkat_id=indl&nnoc=#a1.3">Arkiv for Dansk Litteratur – Henrich Steffens – Forfatterportræt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022750/http://www.adl.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/ShowFpItem.xsql?ff_id=64&p_fpkat_id=indl&nnoc=">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span>. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutch paintings, and landscapes, dominated in the 18th century Danish collections that we have records of. North, 308-9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGui9XJ3ObIC&dq=Danish+Golden+Age+painting&pg=PA309">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/eckersberginfo.shtm">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg. From National Gallery of Art.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408013009/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/eckersberginfo.shtm">Archived</a> 2010-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 3 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boime, 504-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap4/4-4-6.asp#4-4-7">Visual Arts from Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310060052/http://www.um.dk/publikationer/um/english/denmark/kap4/4-4-6.asp">Archived</a> 2010-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Wadum, M. Scharff, K. Monrad, "Hidden Drawings from the Danish Golden Age. Drawing and underdrawing in Danish Golden Age views from Italy" in <i>SMK Art Journal</i> 2006, ed. Peter Nørgaard Larsen. <a href="/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst" class="mw-redirect" title="Statens Museum for Kunst">Statens Museum for Kunst</a>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lise Svanholm, "Malerne på Skagen", <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal" title="Gyldendal">Gyldendal</a> 2001, pp 30–43, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-00-75184-7" title="Special:BookSources/87-00-75184-7">87-00-75184-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=271">"Landscape and Architectural Painting", <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124820/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=271">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=270">"Genre Painting", <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008142258/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=270">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=267">"Sculpture", <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008141732/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=267">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=260">"Architecture", <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124705/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=260">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=262">Christiansborg Palace Chapel. From Guide to the Danish Golden Age.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124427/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=262">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange, Bente, and Jens Lindhe. <i>Thorvaldsen's Museum: Architecture, Colours, Light</i>. Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Norden/Andreas_Hallander">"Andreas Hallander", <i>Den store Danske</i></a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span> Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugle.dk/j_p_e_hartmann.html">"Gamle Danske Sange – med melodi af J. P. E. Hartmann"</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span> Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/Hans_Christian_Lumbye/22613.htm">"Lumbye, Hans Christian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026025618/http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/Hans_Christian_Lumbye/22613.htm">Archived</a> 2009-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Naxos.com. Retrieved 11 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danishmusic.info/index.php?id=1300&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=391&cHash=7d33b82007">"Danish Choral Music"</a>, DanishMusic.info. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclassical.com/eclassic/eclassical?&composer_id=39&page=find_by_composer_list">"Gade, Niels W."</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Eclassical.com. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bournonville.com/">"The Bourgonville website."</a> Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=293">"Guide to the Danish Golden Age: Literature"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124458/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=293">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Dansk_litteratur/1800-70/Adam_Gottlob_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger">"Adam Oehlenschläger", <i>Den store Danske</i></a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span> Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=248">"Bernhard Severin Ingemann"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124512/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=248">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i>. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703224821/http://adl.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/ShowFpItem.xsql?nnoc=adl_pub&ff_id=31&p_fpkat_id=biog">"N. F. S. Grundtvig"</a>, <i>Archiv for Dansk Litteratur</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span> Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817020546/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hcanders.htm">"Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875)"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hcanders.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Hans+Christian+Andersen+%281805%E2%80%931875%29&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fhcanders.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanish+Golden+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006071356/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/kierkega.htm">"Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813–1855)"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kierkega.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Aabye+Kierkegaard+%281813%E2%80%931855%29&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fkierkega.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanish+Golden+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kier.htm">"Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813–1855)"</a>, <i>Philosophy Pages</i>. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian, R.M. & Cohen, R.S. (2007). Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science, <i>Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science</i>, Vol. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ørsted-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ørsted_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ørsted_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=257">"Hans Christian Ørsted", <i>Guide to the Danish Golden Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008141443/http://www.guldalder.dk/show.asp?id=257">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 28 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salempress.com/store/samples/survey_world_lit/survey_world_lit_andersen.htm">"Hans Christian Andersen", Magill's Survey of World Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620010117/http://salempress.com/store/samples/survey_world_lit/survey_world_lit_andersen.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Salem Press. Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange, Bente, and Jens Lindhe, "Thorvaldsen's Museum: Architecture, Colours, Light". Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicool.com/elements/aluminum.html">"Aluminium", <i>ChemiCool</i></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/kobke">http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/kobke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610081720/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/kobke">Archived</a> 2010-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Christen Købke —Danish Master of Light", <i>National Gallery</i>, London. Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Golden_Age&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Golden_Age_of_Danish_Painting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Golden Age of Danish Painting">Golden Age of Danish Painting</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Danish_Golden_Age_(1800–1850)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Danish Golden Age</a> (1800–1850)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Centres">Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Copenhagen#Golden_Age_Copenhagen" title="History of Copenhagen">Golden Age Copenhagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark#19th_century" title="Architecture of Denmark">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gottlieb_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll">Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Hansen_Koch" title="Jørgen Hansen Koch">Jørgen Hansen Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hallander" title="Andreas Hallander">Andreas Hallander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederik_Hansen" title="Christian Frederik Hansen">Christian Frederik Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Friedrich_Hetsch" title="Gustav Friedrich Hetsch">Gustav Friedrich Hetsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Martin_Quist" title="Johan Martin Quist">Johan Martin Quist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark#The_Golden_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditlev_Blunck" title="Ditlev Blunck">Ditlev Blunck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen" title="Emil Bærentzen">Emil Bærentzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahl" title="Carl Dahl">Carl Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dankvart_Dreyer" title="Dankvart Dreyer">Dankvart Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">C. W. Eckersberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Theodor_Kloss" title="Frederik Theodor Kloss">Frederik Theodor Kloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Gertner" title="Johan Vilhelm Gertner">Johan Vilhelm Gertner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gurlitt" title="Louis Gurlitt">Louis Gurlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%B8rgen_Hammer" title="Hans Jørgen Hammer">Hans Jørgen Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Hansen" title="Constantin Hansen">Constantin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Hilker" title="Georg Hilker">Georg Hilker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gustav_Ferdinand_Holm" title="Heinrich Gustav Ferdinand Holm">H. G. F. Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Albrecht_Jensen" title="Christian Albrecht Jensen">C. A. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_K%C3%BCchler" title="Albert Küchler">Albert Küchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Kyhn" title="Vilhelm Kyhn">Vilhelm Kyhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke" title="Christen Købke">Christen Købke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Larsen" title="Emanuel Larsen">Emanuel Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lundbye" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Lundbye">Johan Lundbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand" title="Wilhelm Marstrand">Wilhelm Marstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_August_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam August Müller">Adam August Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Petzholdt" title="Fritz Petzholdt">Fritz Petzholdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Roed" title="Jørgen Roed">Jørgen Roed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Skovgaard" title="P. C. Skovgaard">P. C. Skovgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Sonne_(painter)" title="Jørgen Sonne (painter)">Jørgen Valentin Sonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Carl Frederik Sørensen">Carl Frederik Sørensen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Sculpture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wilhelm_Bissen" title="Herman Wilhelm Bissen">Herman Wilhelm Bissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christen_Christensen_(sculptor)" title="Christen Christensen (sculptor)">Christen Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ernst_Freund" title="Hermann Ernst Freund">Hermann Ernst Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Adolf_Jerichau" title="Jens Adolf Jerichau">Jens Adolf Jerichau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Emilius_Hartmann" title="Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann">Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Friedrich Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Friedrich_Weyse" title="Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse">Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Bournonville" title="August Bournonville">August Bournonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanne_Luise_Heiberg" title="Johanne Luise Heiberg">Johanne Luise Heiberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Baggesen" title="Jens Baggesen">Jens Baggesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_B%C3%B8dtcher" title="Ludvig Bødtcher">Ludvig Bødtcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Hertz" title="Henrik Hertz">Henrik Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schack_von_Staffeldt" title="Schack von Staffeldt">Adolph Wilhelm Schack von Staffeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Winther" title="Christian Winther">Christian Winther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Aarestrup" title="Emil Aarestrup">Emil Aarestrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Philosophy</a> and theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Martin_M%C3%B8ller" title="Poul Martin Møller">Poul Martin Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Wilhelm_Hauch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Wilhelm Hauch (page does not exist)">Adam Wilhelm Hauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Lund" title="Peter Wilhelm Lund">Peter Wilhelm Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Rask" title="Rasmus Rask">Rasmus Rask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Frederik_Schouw" title="Joakim Frederik Schouw">Joakim Frederik Schouw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sand%C3%B8e_%C3%98rsted" title="Anders Sandøe Ørsted">Anders Sandøe Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arts_administration" title="Arts administration">Administrators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederik VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ditlev_Frederik_Reventlow" title="Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow">Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Collin" title="Jonas Collin">Jonas Collin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Laurits_H%C3%B8yen" title="Niels Laurits Høyen">Niels Laurits Høyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Lyne_Rahbek" title="Knud Lyne Rahbek">Knud Lyne Rahbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_von_Schimmelmann" title="Ernst Heinrich von Schimmelmann">Ernst von Schimmelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Mathias_Thiele" title="Just Mathias Thiele">Just Mathias Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen_Thomsen" title="Christian Jürgensen Thomsen">Christian Jürgensen Thomsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts#Golden_Age" title="Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts">Royal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre" title="Royal Danish Theatre">Royal Danish Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunstforeningen" title="Kunstforeningen">Kunstforeningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sor%C3%B8_Academy" title="Sorø Academy">Sorø Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkehuset" title="Bakkehuset">Bakkehuset</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kamma_Rahbek" title="Kamma Rahbek">Kamma Rahbek</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._A._Reitzel%27s_Bookshop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. A. Reitzel's Bookshop (page does not exist)">C. A. Reitzel's Bookshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nys%C3%B8_Manor" title="Nysø Manor">Nysø Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophienholm" title="Sophienholm">Sophienholm</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Brun" title="Friederike Brun">Friederike Brun</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lyst_(Klampenborg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sølyst (Klampenborg)">Sølyst</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Schimmelmann" title="Charlotte Schimmelmann">Charlotte Schimmelmann</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Breakthrough" title="Modern Breakthrough">Modern Breakthrough</a></span> » </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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