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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iberian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hispanic America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudéjar_style_in_other_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudéjar_style_in_other_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mudéjar style in other arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mudéjar_style_in_other_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mudéjar style in other arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mudéjar_style_in_other_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decorative_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Decorative arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Mudéjar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Mudéjar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Neo-Mudéjar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Mudéjar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mudéjar art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86" title="فن مدجن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن مدجن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mud%C3%A9char" title="Arte mudéchar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arte mudéchar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B6%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мүдәжәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мүдәжәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_mud%C3%A8jar" title="Art mudèjar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art mudèjar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jarstil" title="Mudéjarstil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mudéjarstil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mud%C3%A9jar" title="Arte mudéjar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mude%C4%A5ara_arto" title="Mudeĥara arto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mudeĥara arto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar_artea" title="Mudejar artea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mudejar artea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_mud%C3%A9jar" title="Art mudéjar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mud%C3%A9xar" title="Arte mudéxar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte mudéxar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մուդեխար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուդեխար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mud%C3%A9jar" title="Arte mudéjar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%97%D7%90%D7%A8" title="אמנות מודחאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות מודחאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejarstijl" title="Mudejarstijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mudejarstijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%87%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E6%A7%98%E5%BC%8F" title="ムデハル様式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムデハル様式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мудадджан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мудадджан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mud%C3%A9jar" title="Arte mudéjar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stil_maur" title="Stil maur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stil maur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мудехар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мудехар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Мудехар (стиль) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мудехар (стиль)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%86" title="مدجن فن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art style in post-Islamic Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about style in post-Islamic Iberia. For a group of people, see <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg/250px-WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg/330px-WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg/500px-WLM14ES_-_25072010_124643_F_9736_-_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_church_of_San_Salvador" title="Tower of the church of San Salvador">The bell tower of the church of San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mudéjar art</b>, or <b>Mudéjar style</b>, was a type of ornamentation and decoration used in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> Christian kingdoms, primarily between the 13th and 16th centuries. It was applied to <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> architectural styles as constructive, ornamental and decorative motifs derived from those that had been brought to or developed in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These motifs and techniques were also present in the <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a> <a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">lustreware</a> that was once widely exported across Europe from southern and eastern Spain at the time. </p><p>The term <i>Mudejar art</i> was coined by the art historian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Amador_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="José Amador de los Ríos">José Amador de los Ríos y Serrano</a> in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudéjars">Mudéjars</a>, who played a leading role in introducing Islamic derived decorative elements into the Iberian Christian kingdoms. The Mudéjars were the Muslims who remained in the former areas of Al-Andalus after the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and were allowed to practice their religion to a limited degree. Mudéjar art is valuable in that it represents peaceful co-existence between Muslims and Christians during the medieval era,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although all Muslims and Jews in Spain eventually were forced to convert to Christianity or exiled between the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_(1491)" title="Treaty of Granada (1491)">late 15th century</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">early-to-mid 16th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mudéjar decorative elements were developed in Iberia specially in the context of historic architecture. There was a revival in the late-19th and the early-20th-century Spain and Portugal as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a> style. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg/250px-Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg/330px-Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg/500px-Art_mudejar_saragosse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Façade of Parroquieta Chapel of <a href="/wiki/La_Seo_de_Zaragoza" class="mw-redirect" title="La Seo de Zaragoza">La Seo de Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, a gothic building with elaborate mudéjar masonry</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></i> was originally the term used for Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> who remained after the Christian reconquest of Muslim controlled territories in the later Middle Ages but were not initially converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or exiled. It was a medieval <a href="/wiki/Castilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian language">Castilian</a> borrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word <i>Mudajjan</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدجن</span></span>, meaning "tamed", referring to Muslims who submitted to the rule of Christian kings. The term likely originated as a taunt, as the word was usually applied to domesticated animals such as poultry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Mudéjar can also be translated from Arabic as "one permitted to remain", which references Christians allowing Muslims to remain in Christian Iberia. The concept "arte mudéjar" was coined and defined by the Spanish art historian José Amador de los Ríos y Serrano in his induction discourse <i>El estilo mudéjar, en arquitectura</i> at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1859. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muslims_in_medieval_Christian_kingdoms">Muslims in medieval Christian kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Muslims in medieval Christian kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muslims living in the medieval Christian kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Mudejar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudejar">Mudejars</a></i>, were tolerated and could practice their religion with certain restrictions. However, soon after the last Muslim stronghold in the peninsula, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, fell to the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> in 1492, Muslims were forced to choose between becoming Christians or to leave, first in Castile and soon after in <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>. Those who chose to convert and stay were called <i><a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a></i>, and were often suspected of secretly practicing Islam, and were finally expelled from Spain after 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What allowed Mudejar culture to survive and flourish in the medieval Christian kingdoms depended upon whether the capture by Christians was accomplished through negotiated surrender or military defeat, the ratio of Muslim to Christian populations, the competing interests of the monarchy and the papacy, and economic exigencies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With a balance of these things, Mudejar art was born.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this local variation, the Islamic influences that were absorbed into the Christian architectural practices of the different regions in the Christian kingdoms differed greatly, but all come under the general umbrella term of <i>Mudejar art</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_International_Publishing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mudéjar_style_in_architecture"><span id="Mud.C3.A9jar_style_in_architecture"></span>Mudéjar style in architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mudéjar style in architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament,_antic_palau,_Sogorb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament%2C_antic_palau%2C_Sogorb.JPG/250px-Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament%2C_antic_palau%2C_Sogorb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament%2C_antic_palau%2C_Sogorb.JPG/330px-Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament%2C_antic_palau%2C_Sogorb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament%2C_antic_palau%2C_Sogorb.JPG/500px-Teginat_del_sal%C3%B3_de_plens_de_l%27ajuntament%2C_antic_palau%2C_Sogorb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artesonado" title="Artesonado">Mudéjar style ceiling carpentry</a>, Segorbe town hall (former ducal palace), Valencia Region</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Mudejar style</i> in architecture refers to the application of decorative Islamic art styled motifs and patterning to Christian styles of architecture. It is thought to have begun with Muslim craftsmen who applied traditional constructive, ornamental, and decorative elements derived from the Islamic arts to Christian styles of architecture. These methods became part of local Christian building traditions and were applied to <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> architectural styles in the expanding Christian kingdoms of Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These decorative techniques included calligraphy, intricate geometry, and vegetal forms derived from Islamic art and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mudejar constructive systems were very simple and extremely effective. The materials used included brick, along with other artificial stone materials, and wood, which were not only entrusted with a constructive function but which were also decorative.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_International_Publishing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brick held great importance as a material of construction, its maneuverability and resistance, aesthetic characteristics and inexpensive nature, made it suitable for architecture that needed to be built in a timely fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png/390px-Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png/585px-Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png/780px-Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_in_Spain_%26_Portugal.png 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The main sites of Mudéjar decorated buildings in Spain and Portugal: Early examples (grey) and regional subtypes: Aragon (yellow); Castile & León (red); Toledo (purple); Portugal (blue); Andalusia (olive green); other (white)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mudejar decoration and ornamentation includes stylized calligraphy and intricate geometric and vegetal forms. The classic Mudéjar elements include the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe</a> and multi-lobed arch, <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarna</a> vaults, <a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">alfiz</a> (molding around an arch), wooden roofing, fired bricks, glazed ceramic tiles, and ornamental stucco work.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mudejar plasterwork, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Yeseria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeseria">Yeseria</a>, includes all the Islamic motifs, such as epigraphic, <i>“atauriques,”</i> or <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> ornament, and geometrical motifs, although motifs of Christian art are also included, such as Gothic vegetables and shields, they are depicted in the rhythm of Islamic tradition, which plays an important role in chromatics. Mudéjar often makes use of <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">girih</a> geometric strapwork decoration, as used in Middle East architecture, where <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> buildings tended to use vegetal <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a>. Scholars have sometimes considered the geometric forms, both girih and the complex vaultings of <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a>, as innovative, and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> as retardataire, but in Al-Andalus, both geometric and vegetal forms were freely used and combined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian_Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iberian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_of_Aragon" title="Mudéjar architecture of Aragon">Mudéjar architecture of Aragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg/180px-Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg/270px-Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg/360px-Interior_iglesia_algezares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto,_Algezares" title="Nuestra Señora de Loreto, Algezares">Nuestra Señora de Loreto, Algezares</a>, city of Murcia: wooden ceiling on "diaphragm" arches</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_%281%29.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_%281%29.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_%281%29.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Eulalia_de_Merida_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Santa Eulalia Church in <a href="/wiki/Totana" title="Totana">Totana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Murcia Region">Murcia Region</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg/168px-Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg/252px-Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg/336px-Las_Claras-Artesonado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric design</a>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Convent_of_Santa_Clara" title="Royal Convent of Santa Clara">Royal Convent of Santa Clara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a> with girih-patterned <i><a href="/wiki/Artesonado" title="Artesonado">artesonado</a></i> ceiling</figcaption></figure> <p>With the re-establishment of Christian rule throughout the formerly Muslim controlled areas of Iberia came the different Mudéjar construction methods for creating a building using inexpensive materials like brick, wood, and stucco.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally accepted by scholars that Mudéjar art in architecture first appeared in the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Sahagún">Sahagún</a> in the 12th century Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mudéjar spread to other parts of the Kingdom of León: notable examples can be found in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila, Spain">Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toro_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toro (Spain)">Toro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Cuéllar">Cuéllar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Arévalo">Arévalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_de_las_Altas_Torres" title="Madrigal de las Altas Torres">Madrigal de las Altas Torres</a>. Later, Mudéjar was spread into southern Spain by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>. A particularly fine example of Mudéjar Renaissance is the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Pilatos" title="Casa de Pilatos">Casa de Pilatos</a>, built in the early 16th century at <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. Seville includes many other examples of Mudéjar art. The <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a> is considered one of the greatest surviving examples of Mudéjar Gothic and Mudéjar Renaissance architecture although its so-called <i>Mudéjar Rooms</i> are directly related to the Moorish Nasirid architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> rather than to Mudéjar art techniques; the Christian king Pedro of Castile employed architects from the then Islamic <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> to construct them. </p><p>Mudéjar art emerged in the north-eastern Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> in the 12th century and includes more than a hundred surviving examples, located predominantly in the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jal%C3%B3n_(river)" title="Jalón (river)">Jalón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiloca_(river)" title="Jiloca (river)">Jiloca</a>. Its first manifestations have two origins: on the one hand, a palatial architecture linked to the Christian monarchy, which amended and extended the originally Moorish <a href="/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljafería Palace">Aljafería Palace</a> and maintained an Islamic ornamental tradition, and on the other hand, a tradition that developed Romanesque architecture using brickwork rather than stone construction and which often displays Hispanic ornamental tracery. Examples of the latter type of Mudéjar elements can be seen in churches in <a href="/wiki/Daroca" title="Daroca">Daroca</a>, which were started in stone and finished off in the 13th century with Mudéjar brick panels. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg/250px-SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg/330px-SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg/500px-SintraPalace-Chapel1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Wooden mudéjar roof of the chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Sintra_National_Palace" title="Sintra National Palace">Royal Palace of Sintra</a> (Portugal) with 4-, 6-, 8- and 12-point stars in <a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">girih</a> strapwork</figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal commissioned fewer Mudéjar decorated buildings, which generally incorporated simpler Mudéjar elements. The Church of Castro de Avelãs in Braganza features classic Mudéjar art brick work. Mudéjar also tended to be applied to the gothic Manueline style in Portugal, which was very lavish and ornate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese use of Mudéjar art developed particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries, and structures such as the Palace of the Counts of Basto and the Royal Palace feature characteristic wooden Mudéjar roofs that are also to be found in some churches in towns such as <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. Since trade was an essential part of Portugal's culture in the 16th century, imported Mudéjar art decorated tiles from Seville appear in churches and palaces, such as the Royal Palace of Sintra.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_America">Hispanic America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hispanic America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian builders and craftsmen carried Mudéjar style elements to the overseas territories of the Spanish empire, especially in the 16th century, complementing Renaissance architecture before the emergence of Baroque.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mudéjar "style" in architecture is most accurately described as a “common visual language” rather than a cohesive structure with particular regulations. This led to Mudejar design themes in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> to be considered purely a continuation of an architectural blend that was unique to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of San Miguel in <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>, Bolivia, provides an example of Mudéjar in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a> with its interior decorations and the open floor plan. Mudéjar geometric design can be seen through its octagonal patterned wood ceiling and in the underside of the supporting arches, which are carved with a vegetable motif based on the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a>. San Miguel is a direct inheritor of the Mudéjar and tradition of the expansion and multiplication of an initial pattern. Around the octagonal dome, there are more wooden ceiling panels carved with the same pattern as the church's ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the white stucco walls demonstrate the Baroque influence on the church exemplifying the <a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">transculturation</a> found in Spanish architecture. </p><p>Some other notable examples of Mudejar design in Hispanic America are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of San Francisco, Lima">Monastery of San Francisco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru also contains Mudéjar elements. The vaults of the central and two side naves are painted in Mudéjar style. The halls of the head cloister are inlaid with Sevillian glazed tiles, and the main altar is made entirely from carved wood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Iglesia del Espíritu Santo in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Other examples of Mudéjar art can be found in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Coro</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Venezuela.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Tirso in Sahagún, mudéjar or brick romanesque, (León), Spain"><img alt="San Tirso in Sahagún, mudéjar or brick romanesque, (León), Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg/161px-Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg/241px-Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg/321px-Sahagun_-_Iglesia_de_San_Tirso_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">San Tirso in <a href="/wiki/Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Sahagún">Sahagún</a>, mudéjar or brick romanesque, (<a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León</a>), Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Castro de Avelãs, mudéjar romanesque, 13th and 14th centuries, Bragança, Portugal"><img alt="Church of Castro de Avelãs, mudéjar romanesque, 13th and 14th centuries, Bragança, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg/250px-Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg/330px-Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg/500px-Castro_de_avelas_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_Castro_de_Avel%C3%A3s" title="Igreja de Castro de Avelãs">Church of Castro de Avelãs</a>, mudéjar romanesque, 13th and 14th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Bragan%C3%A7a,_Portugal" title="Bragança, Portugal">Bragança, Portugal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro,_Teruel,_Arag%C3%B3n,_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mudéjar gothic cloister, La Iglesia de San Pedro, Teruel, Spain"><img alt="A mudéjar gothic cloister, La Iglesia de San Pedro, Teruel, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro%2C_Teruel%2C_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg/250px-Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro%2C_Teruel%2C_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro%2C_Teruel%2C_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg/330px-Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro%2C_Teruel%2C_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro%2C_Teruel%2C_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg/500px-Claustro_mud%C3%A9jar_de_la_Iglesia_de_San_Pedro%2C_Teruel%2C_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a_-_20090426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mudéjar gothic cloister, La Iglesia de San Pedro, Teruel, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevilla-2-2_(48040287512).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Alcázars of Seville, Spain, built in the 14th to the 18th centuries, with mudejar applied to gothic, renaissance and baroque structures"><img alt="The Royal Alcázars of Seville, Spain, built in the 14th to the 18th centuries, with mudejar applied to gothic, renaissance and baroque structures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sevilla-2-2_%2848040287512%29.jpg/160px-Sevilla-2-2_%2848040287512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sevilla-2-2_%2848040287512%29.jpg/240px-Sevilla-2-2_%2848040287512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sevilla-2-2_%2848040287512%29.jpg/320px-Sevilla-2-2_%2848040287512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="3427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Royal Alcázars of Seville</a>, Spain, built in the 14th to the 18th centuries, with mudejar applied to gothic, renaissance and baroque structures</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pormenor_IX.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallery of Dames, Royal Palace of Évora, 16th century, mudéjar manueline, Portugal"><img alt="Gallery of Dames, Royal Palace of Évora, 16th century, mudéjar manueline, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pormenor_IX.jpg/250px-Pormenor_IX.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pormenor_IX.jpg/330px-Pormenor_IX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gallery of Dames, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_%C3%89vora" title="Royal Palace of Évora">Royal Palace of Évora</a>, 16th century, mudéjar <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">manueline</a>, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mudéjar art in the walls and bell tower of the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception in Cali, Colombia"><img alt="Mudéjar art in the walls and bell tower of the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception in Cali, Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg/250px-Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg/330px-Capilla_Inmaculada_Torre_Mudejar_Cali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mudéjar art in the walls and bell tower of the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception in <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mudéjar_style_in_other_arts"><span id="Mud.C3.A9jar_style_in_other_arts"></span>Mudéjar style in other arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mudéjar style in other arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_arts">Decorative arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decorative arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg/200px-%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg/300px-%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg/400px-%22Admiral%22_Heraldic_Carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Carpet probably made for <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_Enr%C3%ADquez_(died_1473)" title="Fadrique Enríquez (died 1473)">Fadrique Enríquez</a>, whose coat of arms — an upright lion beneath two triple-towered castles bordered by anchors and ropes — is repeated three times in the center field. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg/220px-Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg/330px-Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg/440px-Detail_Cenador_Carlos_V_real_alcazares_Seville_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Mudéjar tile work from the palace garden of Charles V in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mudejar artisans brought into the Christian kingdoms the elaborate geometric designs found in <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tilework</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">plasterwork</a>, ceramics, and ornamental metals of Al-Andalus. Objects, as well as ceilings and walls, were often decorated with rich and complicated designs, as Mudéjar artists were not only interested in relaying wonder, a key feature of Islamic art and architectural traditions, but in conveying the sumptuousness of materials and ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many decorative arts were applied to architecture, such as the tiling and ceramic work, as well as carving practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enliven the surfaces of wall and floor, Mudéjar art developed complicated <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tiling</a> patterns. The motifs on tile work are often abstract, leaning more on vegetal designs and straying from figural images (which is common in Islamic work). The colors of tile work of the Mudéjar period are much brighter and more vibrant than other European styles. The production process was also typical of techniques that had been used in Islamic Iberia, the tile was fired before it was cut into smaller, more manageable pieces. This approach meant that the tiles and glaze work shrank less in the firing process, and retained their designs more clearly. This allowed the tiles to be laid closer together with less grout, making the compositions more intricate and cohesive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_with_gothic_inscription_Ave_Maria_Gratia_Plena,_Valencia,_Spain,_15th_century_AD,_glazed_lustre_ceramic_-_Cinquantenaire_Museum_-_Brussels,_Belgium_-_DSC09096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plate_with_gothic_inscription_Ave_Maria_Gratia_Plena%2C_Valencia%2C_Spain%2C_15th_century_AD%2C_glazed_lustre_ceramic_-_Cinquantenaire_Museum_-_Brussels%2C_Belgium_-_DSC09096.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plate_with_gothic_inscription_Ave_Maria_Gratia_Plena%2C_Valencia%2C_Spain%2C_15th_century_AD%2C_glazed_lustre_ceramic_-_Cinquantenaire_Museum_-_Brussels%2C_Belgium_-_DSC09096.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plate_with_gothic_inscription_Ave_Maria_Gratia_Plena%2C_Valencia%2C_Spain%2C_15th_century_AD%2C_glazed_lustre_ceramic_-_Cinquantenaire_Museum_-_Brussels%2C_Belgium_-_DSC09096.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption>Christian <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque ware</a>: Mudéjar art <a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">luster ware</a> with figurative animal motifs and pseudo calligraphy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceramics had been a sophisticated art form during the period of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula and Mudéjar style ceramics were built on the techniques developed in the previous centuries of Islamic art.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery centers all over Spain - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Paterna" title="Paterna">Paterna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> - focused on making a range of objects, from bowls and plates to candlesticks. Mudejar style ceramics were typically worked in three “styles:” green-purple ware (manganese green), (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt</a>) blue ware, and gold-glazed ware (<a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">lusterware</a>). Mudejar artisans introduced their perfected glazing techniques to Medieval Europe where Mudejar pottery from Manises, Paterna, and Teruel were the most popular. A transparent glaze could be achieved through the mixing of lead and tin for an opaque, shiny white glaze, and mixtures of metal oxides were applied to the glazed and fired surfaces to create lustre decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique was carried on from the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> period. Typically, artisans would apply a layer of opaque white glaze before the colors. On top of the white, cobalt blue, green copper, and purple manganese oxides were used to make vibrant, shimmering surfaces with the appearance of gold and other precious metals. Similarly to tile and stucco work, ceramic motifs included vegetal patterns, in addition to figurative motifs, calligraphy, and geometric patterns and images. There are also Christian influences in the imagery, such as boats, fern leaves, hearts, and castles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-Mudéjar"><span id="Neo-Mud.C3.A9jar"></span>Neo-Mudéjar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neo-Mudéjar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg/220px-MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg/330px-MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg/440px-MADRID-CENTRO_EDIFICIO_NEO-MUDEJAR_VIEW_in_%C3%90_6K_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Neo-Mudéjar style in an office building in Madrid.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mudéjar art has had modern revivals, the most important in Spain and Portugal being <a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a> that appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It combined modern architecture and materials, including cast iron and glass with Mudéjar art styled arches, tiling, and brickwork.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Spanish architectural firms have turned their attention to building projects in the modern Arabic-speaking world, specifically <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>, where Mudéjar art influences are commissioned as a preferred style of housing. Mudéjar characteristics continue to act as a foundation for modernizing styles. Muslim architects are also currently making great strides in terms of modern architecture, reflecting the technical and engineering feats, as well as aesthetic expertise, reminiscent of the Mudéjar styles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artesonado" title="Artesonado">Artesonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_Architecture_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon">Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Walls of Cuéllar">Walls of Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">López Guzmán, Rafael. Arquitectura mudéjar. Cátedra. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-376-1801-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-376-1801-0">84-376-1801-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/378/">"Mudejar Architecture of Aragon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mudejar+Architecture+of+Aragon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, L. P. (May 16, 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinspain1500lple"><i>Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31963-6"><bdi>978-0-226-31963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Spain%2C+1500+to+1614&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31963-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimsinspain1500lple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, L.G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1692200398/GVRL?u=txshracd2598&sid=GVRL&xid=8772a220"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Facts on File. pp. <span class="nowrap">486–</span>487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.pub=Facts+on+File.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=L.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCX1692200398%2FGVRL%3Fu%3Dtxshracd2598%26sid%3DGVRL%26xid%3D8772a220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, L.G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1692200398/GVRL?u=txshracd2598&sid=GVRL&xid=8772a220"><i>Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.atitle=Discover+Islamic+Art+Virtual+Exhibitions%3A+Mud%C3%A9jar+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicart.museumwnf.org%2Fexhibitions%2FISL%2Fmudejar_art%2F%3Flng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arteguias.com/ceramica-mudejar.htm">"La Cerámica Mudéjar"</a>. <i>www.arteguias.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arteguias.com&rft.atitle=La+Cer%C3%A1mica+Mud%C3%A9jar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arteguias.com%2Fceramica-mudejar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeoutmadrid0000unse"><i>Time out Madrid</i></a> (8th ed.). London: Time Out. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846701207" title="Special:BookSources/9781846701207"><bdi>9781846701207</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655671274">655671274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+out+Madrid.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Time+Out&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655671274&rft.isbn=9781846701207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeoutmadrid0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzalez, Elena. “Spanish Architecture in the Arab World.” Andalusi and Mudejar Art in Its International Scope: Legacy and Modernity, 9 Sept. 2015, pp. 197–211.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ARTEHISTORIA, director. <i>El Arte Mudéjar</i>. <i>YouTube</i>, YouTube, 17 June 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLuE7w1Zszo.</li> <li>Boswell, John (1978). <i>Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02090-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02090-2">0-300-02090-2</a></li> <li>Borrás Gualis, G. (2006). Mudéjar: An Alternative Architectural System in the Castilian Urban Repopulation Model. Medieval Encounters, 12(3), 329–340. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/157006706779166075">https://doi.org/10.1163/157006706779166075</a></li> <li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Manueline | architectural style". <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 2019-05-09.</li> <li>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Mudejar.” <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/topic/Mudejar.</li> <li>Centre, U. (n.d.). Mudejar Architecture of Aragon. Retrieved November 30, 2020, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/378/">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/378/</a></li> <li>Chalmeta, P., “Mudéjar”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 30 October 2020 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://referenceworks-brillonline-com">https://referenceworks-brillonline-com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Cummins, F. (2017). Mudéjar Americano. In A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture (pp. 1023–1050). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119069218.ch39">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119069218.ch39</a></li> <li>Encyclopedia. "Art in Spain and Portugal | Encyclopedia.com". <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. Retrieved 2019-05-09.</li> <li>Garma, David de la. “Mudéjar Ceramics.” <i>Arte Celta (ARTEGUIAS)</i>, 2012, www.arteguias.com/ceramica-mudejar.htm.</li> <li>Gonzalez, Elena. “Spanish Architecture in the Arab World.” Andalusi and Mudejar Art in Its International Scope: Legacy and Modernity, 9 Sept. 2015, pp. 197–211.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1992" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, L. P. (1 November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=td3tcLWvSNkC"><i>Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31962-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31962-9"><bdi>978-0-226-31962-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Spain%2C+1250+to+1500&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31962-9&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtd3tcLWvSNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, L. P. (16 May 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinspain1500lple"><i>Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31963-6"><bdi>978-0-226-31963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Spain%2C+1500+to+1614&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31963-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimsinspain1500lple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Goddard_King" title="Georgiana Goddard King">King, Georgiana Goddard</a>. <i>Mudejar</i>. Longmans Ed, 1927.</li> <li>Linehan, P. (Ed.), Nelson, J. (Ed.), Costambeys, M. (Ed.). (2018). The Medieval World. London:Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102511</li> <li>Jones, L. G. (2009). Mudejar. In J. E. Campo, J. G. Melton (Ed.), Facts on File Library of Religion and Mythology: Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopedia of Islam (pp. 486–487). Facts on File. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1692200398/GVRL?u=txshracd2598&sid=GVRL&xid=8772a220">https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1692200398/GVRL?u=txshracd2598&sid=GVRL&xid=8772a220</a></li> <li>Makrickas, Augustas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5789655/Islamic_influence_on_western_Architecture">“Islamic Influence on Western Architecture.”</a> <i>Academia.edu</i>, 2013.</li> <li>Menocal, Maria Rosa (2002). "Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain". Little, Brown, & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-16871-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-16871-8">0-316-16871-8</a></li> <li>Museum With No Frontiers. (2004). Discover Islamic Art Virtual Exhibitions: Mudéjar Art. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/exhibitions/ISL/mudejar_art/?lng=en">http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/exhibitions/ISL/mudejar_art/?lng=en</a></li> <li>Rubenstein, Richard (2003). "Aristotle's Children: How Christians, Muslims, and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Middle Ages." Harcourt Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603009-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-603009-8">0-15-603009-8</a></li> <li>Saba, Matthew. "Abbasid Lusterware and the Aesthetics of 'ajab." Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World 29 (2012): 187–212</li> <li>Sanz, A. (2018). Historical and Structural Aspects of the Mudéjar Architecture of the Spanish City of Guadalajara. In 10th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin (pp. 415–423). Springer International Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78093-1_44">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78093-1_44</a></li> <li>“Scattering Seeds from the Garden of Allah.” <i>Teposcolula Retablo</i>, 2000, interamericaninstitute.org/work_in_progress.htm.</li> <li>Sheren, I. (2011). Transcultural Architecture: Mudéjar's Epic Journey Reinterpreted. Contemporaneity (Pittsburgh, PA), 1, 137–151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5195/CONTEMP.2011.5">https://doi.org/10.5195/CONTEMP.2011.5</a></li> <li>Time Out. “Architecture.” <i>TimeOut Madrid</i>, Time Out Guides, 2010, pp. 32–34.</li> <li>Voigt. “Tile Style.” <i>Moorish Tile History</i>, 1 Jan. 1970, letstalktile.blogspot.com/2011/01/moorish-tile-history.html.</li> <li>Wacks, David A. <i>Cultural Exchange in the Literatures and Languages of Medieval Iberia</i>. 30 Oct. 2013, davidwacks.uoregon.edu/tag/aljamiado/.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mud%C3%A9jar_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mudéjar art">Mudéjar art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teruelmudejar.com/">Tower of El Salvador, Teruel. UNESCO World Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/exhibitions/ISL/mudejar_art/?lng=en">Mudéjar art in Spain and Portugal in the <i>Museum with no Frontiers</i> website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517164716/http://www.pliegosdeopinion.net/pdo8/barandal8/ensayo8/mudejar.htm">Arte Mudejar en Jerez de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Arts.CasselmanImage">Casselman Archive of Islamic and Mudejar Architecture in Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_Spain258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Spain" title="Template:Architecture of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Architecture of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_Spain258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture#Megalithic_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Megalithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_architecture" title="Asturian architecture">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Romanesque" title="First Romanesque">First Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture_in_Spain" title="Romanesque architecture in Spain">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalan Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencian Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisneros_(architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisneros (architecture) (page does not exist)">Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrerian_style" title="Herrerian style">Herrerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture#Spain" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_in_Spain" title="Rococo in Spain">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Art_Nouveau" title="Valencian Art Nouveau">Valencian Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagrada Família"><img alt="Sagrada Família" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg/110px-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg/165px-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg/220px-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="4099" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Spain" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Spain">Buildings<br />and structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_sites_in_Spain" title="List of Roman sites in Spain">Roman sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_towers_of_Cantabria" title="Defensive towers of Cantabria">Cantabrian defensive towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Spain" title="List of castles in Spain">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castros_(Spain)" title="Castros (Spain)">Castros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Spain" title="List of cathedrals in Spain">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3rreo" title="Hórreo">Hórreos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Spain" title="List of lighthouses in Spain">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llotja" title="Llotja">Llotjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasteries_in_Spain" title="Monasteries in Spain">Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_sites" title="Spanish royal sites">Royal sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Spain" title="List of windmills in Spain">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Spain" title="List of airports in Spain">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Spain" title="List of indoor arenas in Spain">Indoor arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Spain" title="List of museums in Spain">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Spain" title="List of stadiums in Spain">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Spain" title="List of tallest buildings in Spain">Tallest buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Spain" title="List of tallest structures in Spain">structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_landmarks_in_Spain" title="List of destroyed landmarks in Spain">Destroyed heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_architects" title="List of Spanish architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_patio" title="Andalusian patio">Andalusian patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Towns_of_Andalusia" title="White Towns of Andalusia">Andalusian White Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_of_Aragon" title="Mudéjar architecture of Aragon">Aragonese Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_vault" title="Catalan vault">Catalan vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaud%C3%AD_buildings" title="List of Gaudí buildings">Gaudí buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga_(building)" title="Alhóndiga (building)">Alhóndiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqueria" title="Alqueria">Alqueria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesonado" title="Artesonado">Artesonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baserri" title="Baserri">Baserri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caba%C3%B1a_pasiega" title="Cabaña pasiega">Cabaña pasiega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_monta%C3%B1esa" title="Casa montañesa">Casa montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casona_monta%C3%B1esa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casona montañesa (page does not exist)">Casona montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortijo" title="Cortijo">Cortijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finca" title="Finca">Finca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estipite" title="Estipite">Estipite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masia" title="Masia">Masia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palloza" title="Palloza">Palloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazo" title="Pazo">Pazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_(residence)" title="Real (residence)">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeseria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeseria">Yeseria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Spain" title="Category:Architecture in Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_architecture143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Template:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_architecture143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Portuguese architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Romanesque_architecture" title="Portuguese Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Plain_Style_architecture" title="Portuguese Plain Style architecture">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Rococo architecture in Portugal">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombaline_style" title="Pombaline style">Pombaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_architecture" title="Summer architecture">Summer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pena Palace"><img alt="Pena Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/250px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/330px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/500px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="3210" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Portugal" title="List of airports in Portugal">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Portugal" title="List of bridges in Portugal">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Portugal" title="List of castles in Portugal">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Portugal" title="List of cathedrals in Portugal">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Portugal" title="List of football stadiums in Portugal">Football stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Portugal" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Portugal">Reservoirs and dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest structures in Portugal">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_woodcarving_in_Portugal" title="Gilded woodcarving in Portugal">Gilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioz" title="Lioz">Lioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Pavement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_architecture" title="Sino-Portuguese architecture">Sino-Portuguese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrado_(architecture)" title="Sobrado (architecture)">Sobrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portuguese_Origin_in_the_World" title="Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World">Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_architects" title="List of Portuguese architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGESPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGESPAR">IGESPAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portugal" title="Seven Wonders of Portugal">Seven Wonders of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Portugal" title="Category:Architecture in Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods and regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_art" title="Abbasid art">Abbasid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock 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