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</a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_open-source_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Communication channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Version control systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bug_trackers_and_task_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bug_trackers_and_task_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bug trackers and task lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bug_trackers_and_task_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Freely accessible creation and refinement of computer programs</div> <p><b>Open-source software development (OSSD)</b> is the process by which <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, or similar software whose <a href="/wiki/Source_Code_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Source Code Management">source code</a> is publicly available, is developed by an <b>open-source software project</b>. These are software products available with its source code under an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source license</a> to study, change, and improve its design. Examples of some popular open-source software products are <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Google Chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> wrote <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book, Raymond makes the distinction between two kinds of software development. The first is the conventional closed-source development. This kind of development method is, according to Raymond, like the building of a cathedral; central planning, tight organization and one process from start to finish. The second is the progressive open-source development, which is more like "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles." The latter analogy points to the discussion involved in an open-source development process. </p><p>Differences between the two styles of development, according to Bar and Fogel, are in general the handling (and creation) of bug reports and feature requests, and the constraints under which the programmers are working.<sup id="cite_ref-Barfogel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barfogel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In closed-source software development, the programmers are often spending a lot of time dealing with and creating bug reports, as well as handling feature requests. This time is spent on creating and prioritizing further development plans. This leads to part of the development team spending a lot of time on these issues, and not on the actual development. Also, in closed-source projects, the development teams must often work under management-related constraints (such as deadlines, budgets, etc.) that interfere with technical issues of the software. In open-source software development, these issues are solved by integrating the users of the software in the development process, or even letting these users build the system themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model">Model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">Open-source model</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png/250px-Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png/375px-Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png/500px-Process-data_diagram_of_open_source_software_development.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Process-Data Model for open-source software development</figcaption></figure> <p>Open-source software development can be divided into several phases. The phases specified here are derived from <i>Sharma et al</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diagram displaying the process-data structure of open-source software development is shown on the right. In this picture, the phases of open-source software development are displayed, along with the corresponding data elements. This diagram is made using the <a href="/wiki/Meta-modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-modeling">meta-modeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta-process_modeling" title="Meta-process modeling">meta-process modeling</a> techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starting_an_open-source_project">Starting an open-source project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Starting an open-source project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways in which work on an open-source project can start: </p> <ol><li>An individual who senses the need for a project announces the intent to develop a project in public.</li> <li>A developer working on a limited but working codebase, releases it to the public as the first version of an open-source program.</li> <li>The source code of a mature project is released to the public.</li> <li>A well-established open-source project can be <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> by an interested outside party.</li></ol> <p>Eric Raymond observed in his essay <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i> that announcing the intent for a project is usually inferior to releasing a working project to the public. </p><p>It's a common mistake to start a project when contributing to an existing similar project would be more effective (<a href="/wiki/Not_Invented_Here#In_the_free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Not Invented Here">NIH syndrome</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. To start a successful project it is very important to investigate what's already there. The process starts with a choice between the adopting of an existing project, or the starting of a new project. If a new project is started, the process goes to the Initiation phase. If an existing project is adopted, the process goes directly to the Execution phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_open-source_projects">Types of open-source projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of open-source projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></div> <p>Several types of open-source projects exist. First, there is the garden variety of software programs and libraries, which consist of standalone pieces of code. Some might even be dependent on other open-source projects. These projects serve a specified purpose and fill a definite need. Examples of this type of project include the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, the Firefox web browser and the LibreOffice office suite of tools. </p><p>Distributions are another type of open-source project. Distributions are collections of software that are published from the same source with a common purpose. The most prominent example of a "distribution" is an operating system. There are many <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions (such as <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandriva" title="Mandriva">Mandriva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> etc.) which ship the Linux kernel along with many user-land components. There are other distributions, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331201814/http://www.activestate.com/activeperl">ActivePerl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl programming language</a> for various operating systems, and <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a> distributions of open-source programs for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>. </p><p>Other open-source projects, like the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> derivatives, maintain the source code of an entire operating system, the kernel and all of its core components, in one <a href="/wiki/Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">revision control</a> system; developing the entire system together as a single team. These operating system development projects closely integrate their tools, more so than in the other distribution-based systems. </p><p>Finally, there is the book or standalone document project. These items usually do not ship as part of an open-source software package. The Linux Documentation Project hosts many such projects that document various aspects of the Linux operating system. There are many other examples of this type of open-source project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is hard to run an open-source project following a more traditional software development method like the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a>, because in these traditional methods it is not allowed to go back to a previous phase. In open-source software development, requirements are rarely gathered before the start of the project; instead they are based on early releases of the software product, as Robbins describes.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides requirements, often volunteer staff is attracted to help develop the software product based on the early releases of the software. This networking effect is essential according to Abrahamsson et al.: “if the introduced prototype gathers enough attention, it will gradually start to attract more and more developers”. However, Abrahamsson et al. also point out that the community is very harsh, much like the business world of closed-source software: “if you find the customers you survive, but without customers you die”.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamsson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamsson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuggetta<sup id="cite_ref-Fuggetta_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuggetta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that “rapid prototyping, incremental and evolutionary development, spiral lifecycle, rapid application development, and, recently, extreme programming and the agile software process can be equally applied to proprietary and open source software”. He also pinpoints <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Programming">Extreme Programming</a> as an extremely useful method for open source software development. More generally, all <a href="/wiki/Agile_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile programming">Agile programming</a> methods are applicable to open-source software development, because of their iterative and incremental character. Other Agile methods are equally useful for both open and closed source software development: <a href="/wiki/Internet-Speed_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet-Speed Development">Internet-Speed Development</a>, for example is suitable for open-source software development because of the distributed development principle it adopts. Internet-Speed Development uses geographically distributed teams to ‘work around the clock’. This method, mostly adopted by large closed-source firms, (because they're the only ones which afford development centers in different time zones), works equally well in open source projects because a software developed by a large group of volunteers shall naturally tend to have developers spread across all time zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Open-source_software_development" title="Special:EditPage/Open-source software development">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_channels">Communication channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communication channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developers and users of an open-source project are not all necessarily working on the project in proximity. They require some electronic means of communications. <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a> is one of the most common forms of communication among open-source developers and users. Often, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a> are used to make sure e-mail messages are delivered to all interested parties at once. This ensures that at least one of the members can reply to it. In order to communicate in real time, many projects use an <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> method such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a>. Web forums have recently become a common way for users to get help with problems they encounter when using an open-source product. <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a> have become common as a communication medium for developers and users.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_control_systems">Version control systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Version control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">Revision control</a></div> <p>In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in the development of source code. </p><p>During early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">Concurrent Versions System</a> (CVS) was a prominent example of a source code collaboration tool being used in OSS projects. CVS helps manage the files and codes of a project when several people are working on the project at the same time. CVS allows several people to work on the same file at the same time. This is done by moving the file into the users’ directories and then merging the files when the users are done. CVS also enables one to easily retrieve a previous version of a file. During mid 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">The Subversion revision control system</a> (SVN) was created to replace CVS. It is quickly gaining ground as an OSS project version control system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many open-source projects are now using distributed revision control systems, which scale better than centralized repositories such as SVN and CVS. Popular examples are <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">git</a>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> programming language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bug_trackers_and_task_lists">Bug trackers and task lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bug trackers and task lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracking_system" title="Bug tracking system">Bug tracking system</a></div> <p>Most large-scale projects require a bug tracking system to keep track of the status of various issues in the development of the project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_and_debugging_tools">Testing and debugging tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Testing and debugging tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since OSS projects undergo frequent integration, tools that help automate testing during system integration are used. An example of such tool is Tinderbox. Tinderbox enables participants in an OSS project to detect errors during system integration. Tinderbox runs a continuous build process and informs users about the parts of source code that have issues and on which platform(s) these issues arise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> is a computer program that is used to debug (and sometimes test or optimize) other programs. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> (GDB) is an example of a debugger used in open-source software development. This debugger offers remote debugging, what makes it especially applicable to open-source software development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A memory leak tool or <a href="/wiki/Memory_debugger" title="Memory debugger">memory debugger</a> is a programming tool for finding <a href="/wiki/Memory_leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory leaks">memory leaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflows" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer overflows">buffer overflows</a>. A memory leak is a particular kind of unnecessary memory consumption by a computer program, where the program fails to release memory that is no longer needed. Examples of memory leak detection tools used by Mozilla are the <a href="/wiki/XPCOM" title="XPCOM">XPCOM</a> Memory Leak tools. Validation tools are used to check if pieces of code conform to the specified syntax. An example of a validation tool is <a href="/wiki/Splint_(programming_tool)" title="Splint (programming tool)">Splint</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Package_management">Package management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Package management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a> is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software packages from a computer. The <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">Red Hat Package Manager</a> (RPM) for .rpm and <a href="/wiki/APT_(software)" title="APT (software)">Advanced Packaging Tool</a> (APT) for <a href="/wiki/Deb_(file_format)" title="Deb (file format)">.deb</a> file format, are package management systems used by a number of Linux distributions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicizing_a_project">Publicizing a project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publicizing a project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software directories and release logs: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Directory" title="Free Software Directory">Free Software Directory</a></li></ol> <p>Articles: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Weekly_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Weekly News">Linux Weekly News</a></li> <li>IBM developerWorks</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Code_Collaborative" title="Government Open Code Collaborative">Government Open Code Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Open-source software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_composition_analysis" title="Software composition analysis">Software composition analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_management" title="Release management">Release management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Raymond-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond, E.S. (1999). <i>The Cathedral & the Bazaar</i>. O'Reilly Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/">http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/</a>. See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barfogel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barfogel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar, M. & Fogel, K. (2003). <i>Open Source Development with CVS</i>, 3rd Edition. Paraglyph Press. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932111-81-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-932111-81-6">1-932111-81-6</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, S., Sugumaran, V. & Rajagopalan, B. (2002). <i>A framework for creating hybrid-open source software communities</i>. Information Systems Journal 12 (1), 7 – 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, J. E. (2003). <i>Adopting Open Source Software Engineering (OSSE) Practices by Adopting OSSE Tools</i>. Making Sense of the Bazaar: Perspectives on Open Source and Free Software, Fall 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamsson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamsson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamsson, P, Salo, O. & Warsta, J. (2002). <i>Agile software development methods: Review and Analysis</i>. VTT Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuggetta-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuggetta_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuggetta2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fuggetta, Alfonso (2003). "Open source software––an evaluation". <i>Journal of Systems and Software</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 77–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0164-1212%2802%2900065-1">10.1016/S0164-1212(02)00065-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systems+and+Software&rft.atitle=Open+source+software%E2%80%93%E2%80%93an+evaluation&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-90&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0164-1212%2802%2900065-1&rft.aulast=Fuggetta&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-source+software+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2014/03/web-at-25/tim-berners-lee">"Tim Berners-Lee on the Web at 25: the past, present and future"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Tim+Berners-Lee+on+the+Web+at+25%3A+the+past%2C+present+and+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2014%2F03%2Fweb-at-25%2Ftim-berners-lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-source+software+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/blog/the-greatness-of-git">"The Greatness of Git - Linux Foundation"</a>. <i>www.linuxfoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linuxfoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Greatness+of+Git+-+Linux+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fblog%2Fthe-greatness-of-git&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-source+software+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_development&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_engineering" title="Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_engineering" title="Template talk:Software engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a 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