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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_with_shared_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_with_shared_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Challenges with shared libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_with_shared_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front-ends_for_locally_compiled_packages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front-ends_for_locally_compiled_packages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Front-ends for locally compiled packages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front-ends_for_locally_compiled_packages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_of_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_of_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Maintenance of configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_of_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repositories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repositories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Repositories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repositories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upgrade_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upgrade_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Upgrade suppression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upgrade_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascading_package_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascading_package_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cascading package removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascading_package_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Comparison of commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_installers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_installers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison with installers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_installers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_build_automation_utility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_build_automation_utility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with build automation utility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_build_automation_utility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_app_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_app_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with app stores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_app_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_package_managers_and_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_package_managers_and_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Common package managers and formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_package_managers_and_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common package managers and formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_package_managers_and_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_package_manager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_package_manager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Universal package manager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_package_manager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Package_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Package_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Package formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Package_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_and_open_source_software_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_and_open_source_software_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Free and open source software systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_and_open_source_software_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application-level_package_managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application-level_package_managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Application-level package managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-level_package_managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_Dependency_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_Dependency_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Data Dependency Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_Dependency_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Package manager</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نظام إدارة الحزم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام إدارة الحزم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_meneceri" title="Paket meneceri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paket meneceri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="প্যাকেজ ম্যানেজার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যাকেজ ম্যানেজার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Система за управление на пакети – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Система за управление на пакети" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestor_de_paquets" title="Gestor de paquets – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestor de paquets" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A1vce_bal%C3%AD%C4%8Dk%C5%AF" title="Správce balíčků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Správce balíčků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paketverwaltung" title="Paketverwaltung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paketverwaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_gesti%C3%B3n_de_paquetes" title="Sistema de gestión de paquetes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de gestión de paquetes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87" title="سامانه مدیریت بسته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه مدیریت بسته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestionnaire_de_paquets" title="Gestionnaire de paquets – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestionnaire de paquets" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%ED%82%A4%EC%A7%80_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90" title="패키지 관리자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패키지 관리자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajer_paket" title="Manajer paket – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajer paket" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_gestione_dei_pacchetti" title="Sistema di gestione dei pacchetti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di gestione dei pacchetti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מערכת ניהול חבילות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת ניהול חבילות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csomagkezel%C5%91" title="Csomagkezelő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csomagkezelő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakketbeheer" title="Pakketbeheer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pakketbeheer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="パッケージ管理システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パッケージ管理システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakkesystem" title="Pakkesystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pakkesystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AC_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="پیکج مینیجر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیکج مینیجر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_zarz%C4%85dzania_pakietami" title="System zarządzania pakietami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System zarządzania pakietami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_gestor_de_pacotes" title="Sistema gestor de pacotes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema gestor de pacotes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestionar_de_pachete" title="Gestionar de pachete – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gestionar de pachete" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Система управления пакетами – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система управления пакетами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_system" title="Package management system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Package management system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paketinhallintaj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Paketinhallintajärjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paketinhallintajärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakethanterare" title="Pakethanterare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pakethanterare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொதிய மேலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொதிய மேலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_y%C3%B6netim_sistemi" title="Paket yönetim sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paket yönetim sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Система керування пакунками – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система керування пакунками" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Package_manager" title="Special:EditPage/Package manager">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Package+manager%22">"Package manager"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Package+manager%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Package+manager%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Package+manager%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Package+manager%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Package+manager%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synaptic_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synaptic_screenshot.png/220px-Synaptic_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synaptic_screenshot.png/330px-Synaptic_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synaptic_screenshot.png/440px-Synaptic_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_(software)" title="Synaptic (software)">Synaptic</a>, an example of a package manager</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>package manager</b> or <b>package-management system</b> is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> in a consistent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A package manager deals with <a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format"><i>packages</i></a>, distributions of software and data in <a href="/wiki/Archive_file" title="Archive file">archive files</a>. Packages contain <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, such as the software's name, description of its purpose, version number, vendor, <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> (preferably a <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">cryptographic hash function</a>), and a list of <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming)" title="Coupling (computer programming)">dependencies</a> necessary for the software to run properly. Upon installation, metadata is stored in a local package database. Package managers typically maintain a database of software dependencies and version information to prevent software mismatches and missing prerequisites. They work closely with <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">software repositories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binary_repository_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary repository manager">binary repository managers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app stores</a>. </p><p>Package managers are designed to eliminate the need for manual installs and updates. This can be particularly useful for large enterprises whose operating systems typically consist of hundreds or even tens of thousands of distinct software packages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early package manager was SMIT (and its backend installp) from <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX</a>. <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Interface_Tool" title="System Management Interface Tool">SMIT</a> was introduced with AIX 3.0 in 1989.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Early package managers, from around 1994, had no automatic dependency resolution<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but could already drastically simplify the process of adding and removing software from a running system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By around 1995, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Perl_Archive_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Perl Archive Network">CPAN</a>, package managers began doing the work of downloading packages from a repository, automatically resolving its dependencies and installing them as needed, making it much easier to install, uninstall and update software from a system.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pms.svg/220px-Pms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pms.svg/330px-Pms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pms.svg/440px-Pms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a package manager being used to <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> new software. Manual actions can include accepting a license agreement or selecting some package-specific configuration options.</figcaption></figure> <p>A software package is an <a href="/wiki/Archive_file" title="Archive file">archive file</a> containing a computer program as well as necessary metadata for its deployment. The computer program can be in <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> that has to be compiled and built first.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Package metadata include package description, package version, and dependencies (other packages that need to be installed beforehand). </p><p>Package managers are charged with the task of finding, installing, maintaining or uninstalling software packages upon the user's command. Typical functions of a package management system include: </p> <ul><li>Working with <a href="/wiki/File_archiver" title="File archiver">file archivers</a> to extract package archives</li> <li>Ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the package by verifying their <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital certificate">digital certificates</a>, respectively</li> <li>Looking up, downloading, installing, or updating existing software from a <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">software repository</a> or <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app store</a></li> <li>Grouping packages by function to reduce user confusion</li> <li>Managing dependencies to ensure a package is installed with all packages it requires, thus avoiding "<a href="/wiki/Dependency_hell" title="Dependency hell">dependency hell</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_with_shared_libraries">Challenges with shared libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Challenges with shared libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer systems that rely on <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_library" title="Dynamic library">dynamic library</a> linking, instead of <a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">static library</a> linking, share executable libraries of machine instructions across packages and applications. In these systems, conflicting relationships between different packages requiring different versions of libraries results in a challenge colloquially known as "<a href="/wiki/Dependency_hell" title="Dependency hell">dependency hell</a>". On <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> systems, this is also called "<a href="/wiki/DLL_hell" title="DLL hell">DLL hell</a>" when working with dynamically linked libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-sharedlibrary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharedlibrary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern package managers have mostly solved these problems, by allowing parallel installation of multiple versions of a library (e.g. <a href="/wiki/OPENSTEP" class="mw-redirect" title="OPENSTEP">OPENSTEP</a>'s <i>Framework</i> system), a dependency of any kind (e.g. <i>slots</i> in Gentoo <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>), and even of packages compiled with different compiler versions (e.g. dynamic libraries built by the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a>, where a stable <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a> does not exist), in order to enable other packages to specify which version they were linked or even installed against. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-ends_for_locally_compiled_packages">Front-ends for locally compiled packages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Front-ends for locally compiled packages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">System administrators</a> may install and maintain software using tools other than package management software. For example, a local administrator may <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> unpackaged source code, compile it, and install it. This may cause the state of the local system to fall out of <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">synchronization</a> with the state of the package manager's <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>. The local administrator will be required to take additional measures, such as manually managing some dependencies or integrating the changes into the package manager. </p><p>There are tools available to ensure that locally compiled packages are integrated with the package management. For distributions based on .deb and <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">.rpm</a> files as well as Slackware Linux, there is <a href="/wiki/CheckInstall" title="CheckInstall">CheckInstall</a>, and for recipe-based systems such as <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> and hybrid systems such as <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, it is possible to write a recipe first, which then ensures that the package fits into the local package database.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance_of_configuration">Maintenance of configuration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maintenance of configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly troublesome with software <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">upgrades</a> are upgrades of configuration files. Since package managers, at least on Unix systems, originated as extensions of <a href="/wiki/File_archiver" title="File archiver">file archiving utilities</a>, they can usually only either overwrite or retain configuration files, rather than applying rules to them. There are exceptions to this that usually apply to kernel configuration (which, if broken, will render the computer unusable after a restart). Problems can be caused if the format of configuration files changes; for instance, if the old configuration file does not explicitly disable new options that should be disabled. Some package managers, such as <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a>, allow configuration during installation. In other situations, it is desirable to install packages with the default configuration and then overwrite this configuration, for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Headless_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Headless system">headless</a> installations to a large number of computers. This kind of pre-configured installation is also supported by dpkg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repositories">Repositories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Repositories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To give users more control over the kinds of software that they are allowing to be installed on their system (and sometimes due to legal or convenience reasons on the distributors' side), software is often downloaded from a number of <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">software repositories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upgrade_suppression">Upgrade suppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Upgrade suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a user interacts with the package management software to bring about an upgrade, it is customary to present the user with the list of actions to be executed (usually the list of packages to be upgraded, and possibly giving the old and new version numbers), and allow the user to either accept the upgrade in bulk, or select individual packages for upgrades. Many package managers can be configured to never upgrade certain packages, or to upgrade them only when critical vulnerabilities or instabilities are found in the previous version, as defined by the packager of the software. This process is sometimes called <i>version pinning</i>. </p><p>For instance: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowdog_Updater,_Modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowdog Updater, Modified">yum</a> supports this with the syntax <i>exclude=openoffice*</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacman_(package_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacman (package manager)">pacman</a> with <i>IgnorePkg= openoffice</i><sup id="cite_ref-pacman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to suppress upgrading openoffice in both cases)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dselect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dselect">dselect</a> support this partially through the <i>hold</i> flag in package selections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Packaging Tool">APT</a> extends the <i>hold</i> flag through the complex "pinning" mechanism<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Users can also blacklist a package<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptitude_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aptitude (program)">aptitude</a> has "hold" and "forbid" flags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">portage</a> supports this through the package.mask configuration file</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cascading_package_removal">Cascading package removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cascading package removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the more advanced package management features offer "cascading package removal",<sup id="cite_ref-pacman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which all packages that depend on the target package and all packages that only the target package depends on, are also removed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_commands">Comparison of commands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison of commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the commands are specific for every particular package manager, they are to a large extent translatable, as most package managers offer similar functions. </p> <div style="width: 100%; overflow: auto;"> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:75%"> <caption style="caption-side: bottom; text-align:left;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nv">%PKG%</span></code> is the package name. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Action </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_manager)" title="Homebrew (package manager)">Homebrew</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/APT_(Debian)" class="mw-redirect" title="APT (Debian)">apt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pacman_(Arch_Linux)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacman (Arch Linux)">pacman</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/DNF_(software)" title="DNF (software)">dnf</a> (<a href="/wiki/YUM_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="YUM (software)">yum</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">portage</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zypper" class="mw-redirect" title="Zypper">zypper</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nix_package_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Nix package manager">Nix</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/XBPS" class="mw-redirect" title="XBPS">xbps</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Clear_Linux_OS" title="Clear Linux OS">swupd</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">WinGet</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Install package </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-S<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">nix-env<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-install<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>bundle-add<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">winget install <span class="nv">%PKG%</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Remove package </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>uninstall<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>remove<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-R<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>remove<span class="w"> </span>--nodeps<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>-C<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> or <br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>--unmerge<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>rm<span class="w"> </span>-RU<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">nix-env<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-remove<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>bundle-remove<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">winget uninstall <span class="nv">%PKG%</span></code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Update all </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>upgrade</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>upgrade</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Syu</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span>-D<span class="w"> </span>--with-bdeps<span class="o">=</span>y<span class="w"> </span>@world</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>up</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">nix-env<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span>nix-collect-garbage</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-install<span class="w"> </span>-Su</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">winget upgrade --all</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Update software database </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Sy</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>check-update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>--sync</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>ref</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">nix-channel<span class="w"> </span>--upgrade</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-install<span class="w"> </span>-S</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>update<span class="w"> </span>--download</code> or <br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>update<span class="w"> </span>--update-search-file-index</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">winget list <span class="p">></span> NUL</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Show updatable packages </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>outdated</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>list<span class="w"> </span>--upgradable</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Qu</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>check-update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>-avtuDN<span class="w"> </span>--with-bdeps<span class="o">=</span>y<span class="w"> </span>@world</code> or <br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span>--pretend<span class="w"> </span>@world</code><br />(<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-D</code> is shorthand for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">--deep</code> and<br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-u</code> is shorthand for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">--update</code>.) </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>lu</code> </td> <td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>nix-channel<span class="w"> </span>--upgrade<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span> nix-env<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span> nix-collect-garbage </pre></div> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">./xbps-src<span class="w"> </span>update-check<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code>(requires void-packages repository) </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>update<span class="w"> </span>-s</code> or <br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>check-update</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">winget upgrade</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Delete orphans and config </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>autoremove<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span>brew<span class="w"> </span>cleanup</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>autoremove</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Rsn<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">$(</span>pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Qdtq<span class="k">)</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>erase<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>--depclean</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>rm<span class="w"> </span>-u</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">nix-collect-garbage<span class="w"> </span>-d</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-remove<span class="w"> </span>-of</code> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>swupd<span class="w"> </span>bundle-remove<span class="w"> </span>--orphans<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span> swupd<span class="w"> </span>clean<span class="w"> </span>--all </pre></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Show orphans </th> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">brew<span class="w"> </span>autoremove<span class="w"> </span>--dry-run</code> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Qdt</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">package-cleanup<span class="w"> </span>-q<span class="w"> </span>--leaves<span class="w"> </span>--exclude-bin</code><br />(<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-q</code> is shorthand for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">--quiet</code>.) </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>-caD</code> or <br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>--depclean<span class="w"> </span>--pretend</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>pa<span class="w"> </span>--orphaned<span class="w"> </span>--unneeded</code> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-remove<span class="w"> </span>-o</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">swupd<span class="w"> </span>bundle-list<span class="w"> </span>--orphans</code> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Remove package (and orphans) </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>brew<span class="w"> </span>uninstall<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span>brew<span class="w"> </span>autoremove </pre></div> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">apt<span class="w"> </span>autoremove<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">pacman<span class="w"> </span>-Rs<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">dnf<span class="w"> </span>remove<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> or <br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">emerge<span class="w"> </span>--depclean<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">zypper<span class="w"> </span>rm<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span>--force-resolution<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">nix-env<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span>nix-env<span class="w"> </span>-u</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">xbps-remove<span class="w"> </span>-R<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span></code> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sh mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>swupd<span class="w"> </span>bundle-remove<span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PKG</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span> swupd<span class="w"> </span>bundle-remove<span class="w"> </span>--orphans </pre></div> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;" dir="ltr">winget uninstall <span class="nv">%PKG%</span></code> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> Pacman/Rosetta wiki offers an extensive overview.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Package managers like <a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a> have existed as early as 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> oriented to binary packages rely heavily on package management systems as their primary means of managing and maintaining software. Mobile operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> (Linux-based) and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix-based</a>) rely almost exclusively on their respective vendors' <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app stores</a> and thus use their own dedicated package management systems. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apt-get_install_mediawiki.png" class="mw-file-description" title="apt-get, a CLI utility installing MediaWiki"><img alt="apt-get, a CLI utility installing MediaWiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apt-get_install_mediawiki.png/391px-Apt-get_install_mediawiki.png" decoding="async" width="261" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Apt-get_install_mediawiki.png/586px-Apt-get_install_mediawiki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Apt-get_install_mediawiki.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><code>apt-get</code>, a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a> utility installing <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aptitude also features a TUI."><img alt="Aptitude also features a TUI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png/283px-Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png/424px-Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png/565px-Aptitude_0.4.11.3_de.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aptitude_(software)" title="Aptitude (software)">Aptitude</a> also features a <a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">TUI</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synaptic_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Synaptic, a GUI for many Linux package managers"><img alt="Synaptic, a GUI for many Linux package managers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synaptic_screenshot.png/331px-Synaptic_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synaptic_screenshot.png/496px-Synaptic_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Synaptic_screenshot.png/661px-Synaptic_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_(software)" title="Synaptic (software)">Synaptic</a>, a GUI for many Linux package managers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="pacman, a CLI utility for Arch-based distributions"><img alt="pacman, a CLI utility for Arch-based distributions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png/258px-Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png/387px-Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png/516px-Example_of_pacman_in_Arch_Linux_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><code>pacman</code>, a CLI utility for Arch-based distributions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Octopi, a Qt GUI for Pacman package manager"><img alt="Octopi, a Qt GUI for Pacman package manager" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png/300px-Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png/450px-Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png/600px-Octopi_0.12.0_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Octopi, a <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> GUI for Pacman package manager</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pamac, a GTK+ GUI for Pacman package manager"><img alt="Pamac, a GTK+ GUI for Pacman package manager" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png/281px-Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png/422px-Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png/563px-Pamac_10.3.0_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pamac, a <a href="/wiki/GTK%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK+">GTK+</a> GUI for Pacman package manager</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kpackagekit.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Apper, a Qt GUI for PackageKit"><img alt="Apper, a Qt GUI for PackageKit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kpackagekit.png/237px-Kpackagekit.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kpackagekit.png/355px-Kpackagekit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kpackagekit.png/474px-Kpackagekit.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Apper" class="mw-redirect" title="Apper">Apper</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> GUI for <a href="/wiki/PackageKit" title="PackageKit">PackageKit</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-software-v44.png" class="mw-file-description" title="GNOME Software, a GTK GUI for PackageKit and Flatpak"><img alt="GNOME Software, a GTK GUI for PackageKit and Flatpak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gnome-software-v44.png/270px-Gnome-software-v44.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gnome-software-v44.png/405px-Gnome-software-v44.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gnome-software-v44.png/540px-Gnome-software-v44.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Software" title="GNOME Software">GNOME Software</a>, a <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> GUI for PackageKit and <a href="/wiki/Flatpak" title="Flatpak">Flatpak</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png" class="mw-file-description" title="winget, the Windows Package Manager CLI utility for Windows 10"><img alt="winget, the Windows Package Manager CLI utility for Windows 10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png/322px-Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png/483px-Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png/644px-Windows_Package_Manager_v0.1.41331_Preview_1115x624.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><code>winget</code>, the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a> utility for <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_installers">Comparison with installers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison with installers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A package manager is often called an "install manager", which can lead to a confusion between package managers and <a href="/wiki/Installer" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer">installers</a>. The differences include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PMS_vs_Installer" title="Template:PMS vs Installer"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:PMS_vs_Installer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:PMS vs Installer (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PMS_vs_Installer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PMS vs Installer"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Criterion </th> <th scope="col">Package manager </th> <th scope="col">Installer </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Shipped with </th> <td>Usually, the operating system </td> <td>Each computer program </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Location of installation information </th> <td>One central installation database </td> <td>It is entirely at the discretion of the installer. It could be a file within the app's folder, or among the operating system's files and folders. At best, they may register themselves with an uninstallers list without exposing installation information. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Scope of maintenance </th> <td>Potentially all packages on the system </td> <td>Only the product with which it was bundled </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Developed by </th> <td>One package manager vendor </td> <td>Multiple installer vendors </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Package format </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">A handful of well-known formats</a> </td> <td>There could be as many formats as the number of apps </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Package format compatibility </th> <td>Can be consumed as long as the package manager supports it. Either newer versions of the package manager keep supporting it or the user does not upgrade the package manager. </td> <td>The installer is always compatible with its <a href="/wiki/Archive_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive format">archive format</a>, if it uses any. However, installers, like all computer programs, may be affected by <a href="/wiki/Software_rot" title="Software rot">software rot</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_build_automation_utility">Comparison with build automation utility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison with build automation utility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">software configuration management</a> systems treat building software and deploying software as separate, independent steps. A <a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">build automation</a> utility typically takes human-readable <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> files already on a computer, and automates the process of converting them into a binary executable package on the same or remote computer. Later a package manager typically running on some other computer downloads those pre-built binary executable packages over the internet and installs them. </p><p>However, both kinds of tools have many commonalities: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dependency_graph" title="Dependency graph">dependency graph</a> <a href="/wiki/Topological_sorting" title="Topological sorting">topological sorting</a> used in a package manager to handle dependencies between binary components is also used in a build manager to handle the dependency between source components.</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Makefile" class="mw-redirect" title="Makefile">makefiles</a> support not only building executables, but also installing them with <code>make install</code>.</li> <li>Every package manager for a <a href="/wiki/Category:Source-based_Linux_distributions" title="Category:Source-based Linux distributions">source-based distribution</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(package_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorcery (package manager)">Sorcery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_management_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homebrew (package management software)">Homebrew</a>, etc. – supports converting human-readable source code to binary executables and installing it.</li></ul> <p>A few tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Maak" title="Maak">Maak</a> and <a href="/wiki/A-A-P" class="mw-redirect" title="A-A-P">A-A-P</a>, are designed to handle both building and deployment, and can be used as either a build automation utility or as a package manager or both.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_app_stores">Comparison with app stores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison with app stores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/App_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="App stores">App stores</a></i> can also be considered application-level package managers (without the ability to install all levels of programs<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Unlike traditional package managers, app stores are designed to enable payment for the software itself (instead of for software development), and may only offer monolithic packages with no dependencies or dependency resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comp_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually extremely limited in their management functionality, due to a strong focus on simplification over power or <a href="/wiki/Emergent_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent structures">emergence</a>, and common in commercial operating systems and locked-down “smart” devices. </p><p>Package managers also often have only human-reviewed code. Many app stores, such as Google Play and Apple's App Store, screen apps mostly using automated tools only; malware with <a href="/wiki/Defeat_device" title="Defeat device">defeat devices</a> can pass these tests, by detecting when the software is being automatically tested and delaying malicious activity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, exceptions; the <a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a> package database, for instance, relies entirely on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-publication_review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-publication review (page does not exist)">post-publication review</a> of its code,<sup id="cite_ref-OjamaaDuuna12_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OjamaaDuuna12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> package database has an extensive human review process before any package goes into the main stable database. The <a href="/wiki/XZ_Utils_backdoor" title="XZ Utils backdoor">XZ Utils backdoor</a> used years of trust-building to insert a backdoor, which was nonetheless caught while in the testing database. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_package_managers_and_formats">Common package managers and formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Common package managers and formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_package_manager">Universal package manager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Universal package manager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as <a href="/wiki/Binary_repository_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary repository manager">binary repository manager</a>, it is a software tool designed to optimize the download and storage of binary files, artifacts and packages used and produced in the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These package managers aim to standardize the way enterprises treat all package types. They give users the ability to apply security and compliance metrics across all artifact types. Universal package managers have been referred to as being at the center of a <a href="/wiki/DevOps_toolchain" title="DevOps toolchain">DevOps toolchain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Package_formats">Package formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Package formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="File archive">File archive</a></div> <p>Each package manager relies on the format and metadata of the packages it can manage. That is, package managers need groups of files to be bundled for the specific package manager along with appropriate metadata, such as dependencies. Often, a core set of utilities manages the basic installation from these packages and multiple package managers use these utilities to provide additional functionality. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Yellowdog_Updater,_Modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowdog Updater, Modified">yum</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">rpm</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Backend_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backend (computing)">backend</a>. Yum extends the functionality of the backend by adding features such as simple configuration for maintaining a network of systems. As another example, the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_Package_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic Package Manager">Synaptic Package Manager</a> provides a graphical user interface by using the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Packaging Tool">Advanced Packaging Tool (apt)</a> library, which, in turn, relies on <a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a> for core functionality. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alien_(file_converter)" title="Alien (file converter)">Alien</a> is a program that converts between different <a href="/wiki/Linux_package_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux package formats">Linux package formats</a>, supporting conversion between <a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a> (LSB) compliant <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">.rpm</a> packages, <a href="/wiki/Deb_(file_format)" title="Deb (file format)">.deb</a>, Stampede (.slp), <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> (.pkg) and <a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a> (<a href="/wiki/.tgz" class="mw-redirect" title=".tgz">.tgz</a>, <a href="/wiki/.txz" class="mw-redirect" title=".txz">.txz</a>, .tbz, .tlz) packages. </p><p>In mobile operating systems, <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a> consumes <a href="/wiki/Android_application_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Android application package">Android application package</a> (APK) package format while <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a> uses <a href="/wiki/APPX" class="mw-redirect" title="APPX">APPX</a> and <a href="/wiki/XAP_(file_format)" title="XAP (file format)">XAP</a> formats. (Both Google Play and Microsoft Store have eponymous package managers.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_and_open_source_software_systems">Free and open source software systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Free and open source software systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the nature of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source software">free and open source software</a>, packages under similar and compatible licenses are available for use on a number of operating systems. These packages can be combined and distributed using configurable and internally complex packaging systems to handle many permutations of software and manage version-specific dependencies and conflicts. Some packaging systems of free and open source software are also themselves released as free and open source software. One typical difference between package management in proprietary operating systems, such as Mac OS X and Windows, and those in free and open source software, such as Linux, is that free and open source software systems permit third-party packages to also be installed and upgraded through the same mechanism, whereas the package managers of Mac OS X and Windows will only upgrade software provided by Apple and Microsoft, respectively (with the exception of some third party drivers in Windows). The ability to continuously upgrade third-party software is typically added by adding the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> of the corresponding repository to the package management's configuration file. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application-level_package_managers">Application-level package managers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Application-level package managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems#Application-level_package_managers" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package management systems § Application-level package managers</a></div> <p>Beside the system-level application managers, there are some add-on package managers for operating systems with limited capabilities and for <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> in which developers need the latest <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>. </p><p>Unlike system-level package managers, application-level package managers focus on a small part of the software system. They typically reside within a directory tree that is not maintained by the system-level package manager, such as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">c:\cygwin</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/opt/sw</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this might not be the case for the package managers that deal with programming libraries, leading to a possible conflict as both package managers may claim to "own" a file and might break upgrades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_Dependency_Management">Data Dependency Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Data Dependency Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, Edgard Marx, a computer scientist from Leipzig University, coined the term Data Dependency Management<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to the systems that deal with the management of data. Data Dependency Management systems are designed to facilitate the deployment and management of data on the cloud, personal computers, or smart devices (edge). Data Dependency Management frameworks can be used to describe how the data was conceived, licensing as well as its dependencies. The concept of data dependency management comes from software package dependency management tools such as npm for JavaScript, <a href="/wiki/RubyGems" title="RubyGems">gem</a> for Ruby, and <a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a> for .NET. Their rationale is to allow users to manage the software dependency on data, such as machine learning models for data-driven applications. They are useful to publish, locate, and install data packages. A typical example of a data dependency management frameworks are Hugging Face, KBox,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a> had commented that package management is "the single biggest advancement <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> has brought to the industry", that it blurs the boundaries between operating system and applications, and that it makes it "easier to push new innovations [...] into the marketplace and [...] evolve the OS".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a conference for package manager developers known as PackagingCon. It was established in 2021 with the aim to understand different approaches to package management.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_strings_manager" title="Application strings manager">Application strings manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_hell" title="Dependency hell">Dependency hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">Installation (computer programs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_file" title="Manifest file">Manifest file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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January 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSC.2017.77">10.1109/ICSC.2017.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14980310">14980310</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ianmurdock.com/2007/07/21/how-package-management-changed-everything/">the original</a> on 23 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+package+management+changed+everything&rft.pub=ianmurdock.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fianmurdock.com%2F2007%2F07%2F21%2Fhow-package-management-changed-everything%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackage+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packaging-con.org/">"PackagingCon 2021 – a conference for package manager developers and packagers"</a>. <i>packaging-con.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902144959/https://packaging-con.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=packaging-con.org&rft.atitle=PackagingCon+2021+%E2%80%93+a+conference+for+package+manager+developers+and+packagers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackaging-con.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackage+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Package_manager&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=package-management">Package Management Cheatsheet</a> from Distrowatch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman/Rosetta">ArchLinux Rosetta Stone – Command Line Comparison for Package Managers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Inducido/upkg-package-manager-rosetta-stone">upkg universal package manager</a> a wrapper that provides same syntax for all flavors of Linux</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Compiled514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">Compiled</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Gaming console</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSi_Shop" class="mw-redirect" title="DSi Shop">DSi Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yum_(software)" title="Yum (software)">YUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNF_(software)" title="DNF (software)">DNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APT-RPM" title="APT-RPM">APT-RPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up2date" title="Up2date">up2date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpmi" title="Urpmi">urpmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZYpp" title="ZYpp">ZYpp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tar_(computing)" title="Tar (computing)">tarball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slapt-get" title="Slapt-get">slapt-get</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slackpkg" class="mw-redirect" title="Slackpkg">slackpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpkg" class="mw-redirect" title="Netpkg">netpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaret">swaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppImage" title="AppImage">AppImage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopackage" title="Autopackage">Autopackage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatpak" title="Flatpak">Flatpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_manager)" title="Homebrew (package manager)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PackageKit" title="PackageKit">PackageKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux#pacman" title="Arch Linux">pacman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueOS#Package_management" title="TrueOS">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETget" class="mw-redirect" title="PETget">PETget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PISI" class="mw-redirect" title="PISI">PISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(package_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (package manager)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upkg" class="mw-redirect" title="Upkg">Upkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helm_(package_manager)" title="Helm (package manager)">Helm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_manager)" title="Homebrew (package manager)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munki_(software)" title="Munki (software)">Munki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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title="GetJar">GetJar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Store (digital)">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlideME" class="mw-redirect" title="SlideME">SlideME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_Store" title="Windows Phone Store">Windows Phone Store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Multi-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenPKG" title="OpenPKG">OpenPKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></li></ul> 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Add-ons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allmyapps" title="Allmyapps">Allmyapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npackd" class="mw-redirect" title="Npackd">Npackd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullsoft_Scriptable_Install_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullsoft Scriptable Install System">NSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolatey" title="Chocolatey">Chocolatey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProGet" title="ProGet">ProGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_Package_Manager" title="Scoop Package Manager">Scoop</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Build_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch Build System">ABS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt-build" class="mw-redirect" title="Apt-build">apt-build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoboLinux#"Compile"_program" title="GoboLinux">Compile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Mage#Sorcery" title="Source Mage">Sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitBake" title="BitBake">BitBake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PEAR" title="PEAR">PEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composer_(software)" title="Composer (software)">Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">PyPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)" title="Pip (package manager)">pip</a></li> <li>PyPM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(Python_distribution)" title="Anaconda (Python distribution)">Anaconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthought" title="Enthought">Enthought Canopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo (software)">Cargo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sbt_(software)" title="Sbt (software)">sbt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Package_management_systems" title="Category:Package management systems">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Package_management_systems" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Package management systems">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_digital_distribution_platforms693" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_digital_distribution_platforms693" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> digital distribution <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">App store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Digital distribution of video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_update" title="Over-the-air update">Over-the-air update</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Package manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_app_stores" title="List of Android app stores">Android</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal <br /> computers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Amazon Digital Game Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle.net" title="Battle.net">Battle.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish_Games" title="Big Fish Games">Big Fish Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_River" title="Digital River">Digital River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2Drive" title="Direct2Drive">Direct2Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Gear" title="KDE Gear">Discover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="DMM Games">DMM Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA_(service)" title="EA (service)">EA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathub" class="mw-redirect" title="Flathub">Flathub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GamersGate" title="GamersGate">GamersGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamesplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesplanet">Gamesplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Jolt" title="Game Jolt">Game Jolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Software" title="GNOME Software">GNOME Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Humble Store">Humble Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndieGala" title="IndieGala">IndieGala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itch.io" title="Itch.io">itch.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Mac_Games" title="Inside Mac Games">MacGameStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacUpdate" title="MacUpdate">MacUpdate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Games" title="MSN Games">MSN Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo.com" title="Pogo.com">Pogo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokki" title="Pokki">Pokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Cache" title="Robot Cache">Robot Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Games_Social_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockstar Games Social Club">Rockstar Games Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap Store">Snap Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Connect" title="Ubisoft Connect">Ubisoft Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeGame" title="WeGame">WeGame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildTangent" title="WildTangent">WildTangent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Consoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile <br /> devices</a> §</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">Apple App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appland" title="Appland">Appland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptoide" title="Aptoide">Aptoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydia" title="Cydia">Cydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Store" title="Galaxy Store">Galaxy Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiKandi" title="MiKandi">MiKandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">OpenStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Appstore" title="Tencent Appstore">Tencent Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlideME" class="mw-redirect" title="SlideME">SlideME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TapTap" title="TapTap">TapTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game#Technology" title="Arcade video game">Arcade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALL.Net" title="ALL.Net">ALL.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESiCAxLive" title="NESiCAxLive">NESiCAxLive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allmyapps" title="Allmyapps">Allmyapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Nokia" title="Club Nokia">Club Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desura" title="Desura">Desura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download!" title="Download!">Download!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameAgent" title="GameAgent">GameAgent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameShadow" title="GameShadow">GameShadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameTap" title="GameTap">GameTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Games for Windows Marketplace">Games for Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handango" title="Handango">Handango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(software)" title="Impulse (software)">Impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartridge">Kartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(service)" title="N-Gage (service)">N-Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Store">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store" title="Opera Mobile Store">Opera Mobile Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playism" title="Playism">Playism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu App Store">Ubuntu App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center" title="Ubuntu Software Center">Ubuntu Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_live!" title="Vodafone live!">Vodafone live!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Shop_Channel" title="Wii Shop Channel">Wii Shop Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace" title="Windows Marketplace">Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile" title="Windows Marketplace for Mobile">Windows Marketplace for Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_Store" title="Windows Phone Store">Windows Phone Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Games_Store" title="Xbox Games Store">Xbox Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade" title="Xbox Live Arcade">Xbox Live Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Games">Yahoo! Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zune Marketplace">Zune Marketplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>§ Also includes <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TVs</a> and standalone <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">VR headsets</a> <br /></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software" title="Category:Software">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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