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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_and_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>French Revolution and Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th-century restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2019 fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stabilization_of_the_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilization_of_the_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Stabilization of the building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilization_of_the_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heading_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heading_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Heading reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heading_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reopening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reopening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>Reopening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reopening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Colour and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towers_and_the_flèche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towers_and_the_flèche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Towers and the flèche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towers_and_the_flèche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography–the_"poor_people's_book"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography–the_"poor_people's_book""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography–the "poor people's book"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography–the_"poor_people's_book"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stained_glass_–_rose_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass_–_rose_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stained glass – rose windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass_–_rose_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials_and_crypts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials_and_crypts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Burials and crypts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials_and_crypts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Great organ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_organ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Great organ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Great_organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Organists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Clock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>English-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>French-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Online references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Notre-Dame de Paris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-katedraal" title="Notre-Dame-katedraal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Notre-Dame-katedraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="كاتدرائية نوتردام دو باري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية نوتردام دو باري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seu_de_Notre-Dame_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Seu de Notre-Dame de París – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Seu de Notre-Dame de París" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%85%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Փարիզի Աստուածամօր Տաճար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փարիզի Աստուածամօր Տաճար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="নটৰ-ডেমৰ কেথেড্ৰেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নটৰ-ডেমৰ কেথেড্ৰেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Notre-Dame_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Catedral de Notre-Dame de París – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catedral de Notre-Dame de París" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Notr-Dam_kils%C9%99si" title="Paris Notr-Dam kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris Notr-Dam kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پاریس نوتردام کلیساسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاریس نوتردام کلیساسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Paris – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Notre Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="নোত্র্‌ দাম দ্য পারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোত্র্‌ দাম দ্য পারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-l%C3%AD_Notre-Dame_T%C4%81i-s%C3%A8ng-t%C3%B4ng" title="Pa-lí Notre-Dame Tāi-sèng-tông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pa-lí Notre-Dame Tāi-sèng-tông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Париждағы Нотр-Дам соборы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Париждағы Нотр-Дам соборы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96" title="Сабор Парыжскай Божай Маці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабор Парыжскай Божай Маці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96" title="Катэдра Парыскай Божай Маці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Катэдра Парыскай Божай Маці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6)" title="Света Богородица (Париж) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Света Богородица (Париж)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_(Pariz)" title="Notre-Dame (Pariz) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Notre-Dame (Pariz)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz-veur_Notre-Dame" title="Iliz-veur Notre-Dame – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz-veur Notre-Dame" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нотр-Дам-де-Пари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нотр-Дам-де-Пари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Notre-Dame de París – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Notre-Dame de París" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_Notre-Dame_(Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE)" title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Paříž) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Paříž)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame" title="Notre Dame – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Notre Dame" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-%E2%80%8BDame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Kathedrale Notre-Dame de Paris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathedrale Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame" title="Notre-Dame – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Notre-Dame" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Παναγία των Παρισίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παναγία των Παρισίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Notre_Dame_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Catedral de Notre Dame de París – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral de Notre Dame de París" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_Nia_Sinjorino_de_Parizo" title="Katedralo Nia Sinjorino de Parizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo Nia Sinjorino de Parizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisko_Notre-Dame_katedrala" title="Parisko Notre-Dame katedrala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parisko Notre-Dame katedrala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کلیسای نوتردام پاریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای نوتردام پاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_fan_Parys" title="Notre-Dame fan Parys – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Notre-Dame fan Parys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais_Notre_Dame" title="Ardeaglais Notre Dame – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais Notre Dame" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Paris – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Notre Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Notre-Dame_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Catedral de Notre-Dame de París – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catedral de Notre-Dame de París" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нотр-Дам-де-Пари – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нотр-Дам-де-Пари" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="노트르담 대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노트르담 대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Փարիզի Աստվածամոր տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիզի Աստվածամոր տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="नोत्र देम दे पेरिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोत्र देम दे पेरिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_Notre-Dame_u_Parizu" title="Katedrala Notre-Dame u Parizu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katedrala Notre-Dame u Parizu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_Notre-Dame_di_Paris" title="Katedralo Notre-Dame di Paris – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katedralo Notre-Dame di Paris" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame" title="Notre Dame – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Notre Dame" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_di_Notre-Dame" title="Cattedrale di Notre-Dame – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattedrale di Notre-Dame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_(%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96)" title="קתדרלת נוטרדאם (פריז) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת נוטרדאם (פריז)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Paris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Notre Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პარიზის ღვთისმშობლის ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზის ღვთისმშობლის ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_Notre_Dame_ya_Par%C3%AEs%C3%AA" title="Katedrala Notre Dame ya Parîsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Katedrala Notre Dame ya Parîsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94-%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ມະຫາວິຫານນົດ-ດາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາວິຫານນົດ-ດາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Cathedralis_Nostrae_Dominae_Parisiensis" title="Ecclesia Cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABzes_Dievm%C4%81tes_katedr%C4%81le" title="Parīzes Dievmātes katedrāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parīzes Dievmātes katedrāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedral_Notre-Dame_vu_Par%C3%A4is" title="Kathedral Notre-Dame vu Paräis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kathedral Notre-Dame vu Paräis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BEiaus_Dievo_Motinos_katedra" title="Paryžiaus Dievo Motinos katedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paryžiaus Dievo Motinos katedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Pariggi" title="Notre-Dame de Pariggi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Notre-Dame de Pariggi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Paris – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Notre Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_(P%C3%A1rizs)" title="Notre-Dame-székesegyház (Párizs) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Notre-Dame-székesegyház (Párizs)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7)" title="Богородична црква (Париз) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Богородична црква (Париз)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="നോത്ര ദാം ദേവാലയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോത്ര ദാം ദേവാലയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="नोत्र देम दे पॅरिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोत्र देम दे पॅरिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="პარიზიშ დიაღორონთიშ ოხიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პარიზიშ დიაღორონთიშ ოხიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="نوتردام دى بارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوتردام دى بارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Notre-Dame" title="Katedral Notre-Dame – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katedral Notre-Dame" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Парисын Дарь эхийн сүм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Парисын Дарь эхийн сүм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_van_Parijs" title="Notre-Dame van Parijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Notre-Dame van Parijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_van_Paries" title="Notre-Dame van Paries – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Notre-Dame van Paries" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82_(%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA)" title="ノートルダム大聖堂 (パリ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノートルダム大聖堂 (パリ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Парижера Марйаман килс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Парижера Марйаман килс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame" title="Notre-Dame – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Notre-Dame" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Noutre-Dame_d%C3%A9_Paris" title="Cathédrale Noutre-Dame dé Paris – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cathédrale Noutre-Dame dé Paris" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrau_de_Nosta_Dauna_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Catedrau de Nosta Dauna de París – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catedrau de Nosta Dauna de París" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D" title="ନୋଟ୍ରେ ଡାମ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନୋଟ୍ରେ ଡାମ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Sobori" title="Notre Dame Sobori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Notre Dame Sobori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نوٹرڈیم ڈی پیرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوٹرڈیم ڈی پیرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9drale_Nou-Danme_ed_Paris" title="Catédrale Nou-Danme ed Paris – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Catédrale Nou-Danme ed Paris" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra_Notre-Dame_w_Pary%C5%BCu" title="Katedra Notre-Dame w Paryżu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra Notre-Dame w Paryżu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Catedral de Notre-Dame de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catedral de Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_Notre-Dame_din_Paris" title="Catedrala Notre-Dame din Paris – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catedrala Notre-Dame din Paris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Собор Парижской Богоматери – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собор Парижской Богоматери" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Таҥара ийэтин Париижтааҕы собуора – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таҥара ийэтин Париижтааҕы собуора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/pa-li_sen-mu-yun" title="pa-li sen-mu-yun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="pa-li sen-mu-yun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱱᱚᱛᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱢᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱚᱛᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱢᱮ ᱫᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralja_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Katedralja Notre-Dame de Paris – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Katedralja Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_Notre-Dame_(Par%C3%AD%C5%BE)" title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Paríž) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Paríž)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolnica_Notre-Dame_v_Parizu" title="Stolnica Notre-Dame v Parizu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stolnica Notre-Dame v Parizu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Нотр Дам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нотр Дам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Paris – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Notre Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Damen_katedraali" title="Notre-Damen katedraali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Notre-Damen katedraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_ng_Notre-Dame" title="Katedral ng Notre-Dame – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katedral ng Notre-Dame" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="நோட்ரே டேம் டி பாரிஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோட்ரே டேம் டி பாரிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parijda%C4%9F%C4%B1_%C4%B0zge_Ana_c%C3%A4mi%C4%9Fe" title="Parijdağı İzge Ana cämiğe – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Parijdağı İzge Ana cämiğe" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="อาสนวิหารน็อทร์-ดามแห่งปารีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาสนวิหารน็อทร์-ดามแห่งปารีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Katedrali" title="Notre Dame Katedrali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Notre Dame Katedrali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Собор Паризької Богоматері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Собор Паризької Богоматері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%92_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84" title="نوٹرے ڈیم کیتھیڈرل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوٹرے ڈیم کیتھیڈرل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_B%C3%A0_Paris" title="Nhà thờ Đức Bà Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ Đức Bà Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedr%C3%A5le_Notru-Dame_di_Paris" title="Catedråle Notru-Dame di Paris – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Catedråle Notru-Dame di Paris" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Notre-Dame de Paris" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E9%99%A2" title="巴黎圣母院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴黎圣母院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="נאטרעדאם דע פאריז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאטרעדאם דע פאריז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E9%99%A2" title="巴黎聖母院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴黎聖母院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame" title="Notre Dame – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Notre Dame" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&params=48.853_N_2.3498_E_type:landmark_region:FR-75C"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°20′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.8530°N 2.3498°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.8530; 2.3498</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cathedral in Paris, France built 1163–1345</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French cathedral. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (disambiguation)">Notre-Dame de Paris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Paris, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Notre-Dame de Paris</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_4_October_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_4_October_2017.jpg/220px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_4_October_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_4_October_2017.jpg/330px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_4_October_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_4_October_2017.jpg/440px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_4_October_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4938" data-file-height="3261" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">South façade and the nave of Notre-Dame in 2017, two years before <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire" title="Notre-Dame fire">the fire</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_26a127d69ae4d1c97e283bcce6cbd7feca2d5aff"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&revid=1259284776&groups=_26a127d69ae4d1c97e283bcce6cbd7feca2d5aff" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&revid=1259284776&groups=_26a127d69ae4d1c97e283bcce6cbd7feca2d5aff 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&params=48.853_N_2.3498_E_type:landmark_region:FR-75C"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°20′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.8530°N 2.3498°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.8530; 2.3498</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Parvis_Notre-Dame_%E2%80%93_Place_Jean-Paul-II" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II">Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">Sui iuris</a> church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/">www<wbr />.notredamedeparis<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Replaced the Cathedral of Etienne</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1163 to 25 April 1163 (laying of the cornerstone)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 1182 (high altar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Relic#Christian_relics" title="Relic">Relics</a> held</th><td class="infobox-data">Crown of Thorns, a nail from the Cross, and a sliver of the Cross</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Functional status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Closed/Under renovation after the 2019 fire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years built</th><td class="infobox-data">1163–1345</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1163<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1163</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1345</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">128 m (420 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">48 m (157 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a> height</th><td class="infobox-data">35 metres (115 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tower height</th><td class="infobox-data">69 m (226 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 (the third, completed 16 December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spire height</th><td class="infobox-data">96 m (315 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Limestone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bells</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">10</a> (bronze)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Archdiocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Ulrich" title="Laurent Ulrich">Laurent Ulrich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Olivier Ribadeau Dumas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Laity</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">Director of music</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Sylvain Dieudonné<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">Organist(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Latry" title="Olivier Latry">Olivier Latry</a> (since 1985); <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Dubois_(organist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Dubois (organist) (page does not exist)">Vincent Dubois</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Dubois_(organiste)" class="extiw" title="fr:Vincent Dubois (organiste)">fr</a>]</span> (since 2016); <br /> <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Escaich" title="Thierry Escaich">Thierry Escaich</a> (since 2024); <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thibault_Fajoles_(organist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thibault Fajoles (organist) (page does not exist)">Thibault Fajoles</a> (assistant organist, since 2024)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">I, II, IV<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris, Banks of the Seine</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">600</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0055A4; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">Monument historique</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cathédrale</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1862<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">PA00086250</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notre-Dame de Paris</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nɔtʁ(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>dam<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>paʁi]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Fr-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.wav\/Fr-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Notre Dame de Paris.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Fr-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.wav/Fr-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.wav" title="File:Fr-Notre Dame de Paris.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; meaning "<b>Our Lady of Paris</b>"), often referred to simply as <b>Notre-Dame</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages#Art_and_architecture" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> (an island in the River Seine), in the <a href="/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="4th arrondissement of Paris">4th arrondissement of Paris</a>, France. The cathedral, dedicated in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> (Our Lady), is considered one of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a>. Several attributes set it apart from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque style">Romanesque style</a>, particularly its pioneering use of the <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a>, its enormous and colourful <a href="/wiki/Rose_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose windows">rose windows</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalism (art)">naturalism</a> and abundance of its <a href="/wiki/Sculptural" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptural">sculptural</a> decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198846–62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198846–62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notre-Dame is also exceptional for its three <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organs</a> (one historic) and its immense <a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">church bells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Built during <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">the medieval era</a>, construction of the cathedral began in 1163 under Bishop <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a> and was largely completed by 1260, though it was modified in succeeding centuries. In the 1790s, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Notre-Dame suffered extensive <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">desecration</a>; much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">coronation of Napoleon</a> and the funerals of many of the <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the French Republic">French Republic's presidents</a> took place at the cathedral. The 1831 publication of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s novel <i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i> (in English: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i>) inspired interest which led to restoration between 1844 and 1864, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>. On 26 August 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> from German occupation was celebrated in Notre-Dame with the singing of the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>. Beginning in 1963, the cathedral's façade was cleaned of soot and grime. Another cleaning and restoration project was carried out between 1991 and 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire" title="Notre-Dame fire">fire in April 2019</a> caused serious damage and forced the cathedral to close for five years; it is planned to reopen on 8 December 2024. </p><p>The cathedral is a widely recognized symbol of the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French nation</a>. In 1805, it was awarded honorary status as a <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilica</a>. As the cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Paris">archdiocese of Paris</a>, Notre-Dame contains the <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">archbishop of Paris</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Ulrich" title="Laurent Ulrich">Laurent Ulrich</a>). In the early 21st century, approximately 12 million people visited Notre-Dame annually, making it the most visited monument in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral is renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> sermons, a tradition founded in the 1830s by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire</a>. These sermons have increasingly been given by leading public figures or government-employed academics. </p><p>Over time, the cathedral has gradually been stripped of many decorations and artworks. However, the cathedral still contains Gothic, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, and 19th-century sculptures, 17th- and early 18th-century altarpieces, and some of the most important relics in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> – including the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a>, and a sliver and nail from the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_dates">Key dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>4th century</b> – <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_%C3%89tienne,_Paris" title="Cathedral of Saint Étienne, Paris">Cathedral of Saint Étienne</a>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>, built just west of present cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018292_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018292-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1163</b> – Bishop <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a> begins construction of new cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018292_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018292-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1182 or 1185</b> – <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">Choir</a> completed, <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> with two levels: upper level of upright windows with pointed arches, still without <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>, lower level of small <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose windows</a>.</li> <li><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span></b> – Construction of <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a>, completed.</li> <li><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1210</span>–1220</b> – Construction of towers begins.</li> <li><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1210</span>–1220</b> – Two new traverses join towers with nave. West rose window complete in 1220.</li> <li><b>After 1220</b> – New flying buttresses added to choir walls, remodeling of the clerestories: pointed arched windows are enlarged downward, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforia</a>, and get tracery.</li> <li><b>1235–1245</b> – Chapels constructed between buttresses of nave and choir.</li> <li><b>1250–1260</b> – North <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> lengthened by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Chelles" title="Jean de Chelles">Jean de Chelles</a> to provide more light. North rose window constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1270</b> – South transept and rose window completed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Montreuil" title="Pierre de Montreuil">Pierre de Montreuil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1699</b> – Beginning of major redecoration of interior in <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hardouin_Mansart" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardouin Mansart">Hardouin Mansart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1725–1727</b> – South rose window, poorly built, is reconstructed. Later entirely rebuilt in 1854.</li> <li><b>1790</b> – In the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> the Revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune</a> removes all bronze, lead, and precious metals from the cathedral to be melted down.<sup id="cite_ref-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1793</b> – The cathedral is converted into a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Temple of the Supreme Being</a>.</li> <li><b>1801–1802</b> – With the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> restores the use of the cathedral (though not ownership) to the Catholic Church.</li> <li><b>1804</b> – On 2 December, Napoleon crowns himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor</a> at Notre-Dame.</li> <li><b>1805</b> – The cathedral is conceded the honor of <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>, making it the first minor basilica outside of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1844–1864</b> – Major restoration by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lassus" title="Jean-Baptiste Lassus">Jean-Baptiste Lassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> with additions in the spirit of the original Gothic style.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1871</b> – In final days of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a> prepared to burn the cathedral, but abandoned their plan since it would necessarily also burn the crowded neighboring hospital for the elderly.</li> <li><b>1944</b> – On 26 August, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> with a special Mass at Notre-Dame.</li> <li><b>1949</b> – On 26 April, the Archbishop of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_C%C3%A9lestin_Suhard" title="Emmanuel Célestin Suhard">Emmanuel Célestin Suhard</a>, crowns the venerated image of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>.</li> <li><b>1963</b> – Culture Minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> orders the cleaning of the cathedral façade of centuries of grime and soot.</li> <li><b>2019</b> – On 15 April, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire" title="Notre-Dame fire">a fire</a> destroys a large part of the roof and the <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)" title="Flèche (architecture)">flèche</a>.</li> <li><b>2021</b> – Reconstruction begins two years after the fire that destroyed a large part of the roof and the flèche.</li> <li><b>2024</b> – Expected reopening of the Cathedral to occur on 8 December.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Figaro,_November_29,_2023_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Figaro,_November_29,_2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg/220px-Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg/330px-Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg/440px-Plan_Notre_Dame_cath%C3%A9drale_primitive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Outline of the primitive Cathedral of Notre-Dame in 1150, on the spot of the <a href="/wiki/Nave_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nave (architecture)">nave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> of the current building. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_%C3%89tienne,_Paris" title="Cathedral of Saint Étienne, Paris">Cathedral of Saint Étienne</a> was located to the west, at the level of today's <a href="/wiki/Parvise" title="Parvise">parvis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm/220px--Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="602" data-mwtitle="Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1077" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm/Notre-Dame_of_Paris_-_A_Sketch_of_the_Contruction_Sequence.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Construction sequence from 12th century to present-day, created by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Murray_(historian)" title="Stephen Murray (historian)">Stephen Murray</a> and Myles Zhang</figcaption></figure> <p>It is believed that before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">Christianity in France</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> stood on the site of Notre-Dame. Evidence for this includes the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_the_Boatmen" title="Pillar of the Boatmen">Pillar of the Boatmen</a>, discovered beneath the cathedral in 1710. In the 4th or 5th century, a large early Christian church, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_%C3%89tienne,_Paris" title="Cathedral of Saint Étienne, Paris">Cathedral of Saint Étienne</a>, was built on the site, close to the royal palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018292_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018292-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entrance was situated about 40 metres (130 ft) west of the present west front of Notre-Dame, and the apse was located about where the west façade is today. It was roughly half the size of the later Notre-Dame, 70 metres (230 ft) long—and separated into <a href="/wiki/Nave_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nave (architecture)">nave</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a> by marble columns, then decorated with <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PREMIERES_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PREMIERES-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last church before the cathedral of Notre-Dame was a <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> remodeling of Saint-Étienne that, although enlarged and remodeled, was found to be unfit for the growing population of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-lepoint_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lepoint-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Jean-le-Rond,_Paris" title="Church of Saint-Jean-le-Rond, Paris">Church of Saint-John-le-Rond</a>, built about 452, was located on the north side of the west front of Notre-Dame until the work of <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-rouche_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rouche-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1160, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Paris">Bishop of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rouche_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rouche-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decided to build a new and much larger church. He summarily demolished the earlier cathedral and recycled its materials.<sup id="cite_ref-lepoint_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lepoint-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sully decided that the new church should be built in the <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a>, which had been inaugurated at the royal abbey of Saint Denis in the late 1130s.<sup id="cite_ref-PREMIERES_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PREMIERES-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chronicler <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Saint-Victor_(chronicler)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Saint-Victor (chronicler) (page does not exist)">Jean de Saint-Victor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Saint-Victor_(chroniqueur)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean de Saint-Victor (chroniqueur)">fr</a>]</span> recorded in the <i>Memorial Historiarum</i> that the construction of Notre-Dame began between 24 March and 25 April 1163 with the laying of the <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis VII">King Louis VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Villefosse198025_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Villefosse198025-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenriet2005294_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenriet2005294-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four phases of construction took place under bishops <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudes_de_Sully" title="Eudes de Sully">Eudes de Sully</a> (not related to Maurice), according to masters whose names have been lost. Analysis of vault stones that fell in the 2019 fire shows that they were quarried in <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>, a county northwest of Paris, and presumably brought up the Seine by ferry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png/220px-Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png/330px-Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png/440px-Coupe.transversale.cathedrale.Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of the double supporting arches and buttresses of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> as they would have appeared from 1220 to 1230.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViollet-le-Duc1868288_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViollet-le-Duc1868288-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first phase began with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> and its two <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatories</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Torigni" title="Robert of Torigni">Robert of Torigni</a>, the choir was completed in 1177 and the <a href="/wiki/High_altar" class="mw-redirect" title="High altar">high altar</a> consecrated on 19 May 1182 by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Marcy" title="Henry of Marcy">Henri de Château-Marçay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal legate</a> in Paris, and Maurice de Sully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelisle187368_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelisle187368-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The second phase, from 1182 to 1190, concerned the construction of the four sections of the nave behind the choir and its aisles to the height of the <a href="/wiki/Clerestories" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerestories">clerestories</a>. It began after the completion of the choir but ended before the final allotted section of the nave was finished. Beginning in 1190, the bases of the façade were put in place, and the first traverses were completed.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclius of Caesarea">Heraclius of Caesarea</a> called for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> in 1185 from the still-incomplete cathedral. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> deposited the <a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">relics of the passion of Christ</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Crown of thorns</a>, a nail from the Cross and a sliver of the Cross, which he had purchased at great expense from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II of Constantinople">Baldwin II</a>, in the cathedral during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Saint_Louis" title="Shirt of Saint Louis">under-shirt</a>, believed to have belonged to Louis, was added to the collection of relics at some time after his death. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepts">Transepts</a> were added at the choir, where the altar was located, in order to bring more light into the centre of the church. The use of simpler four-part rather than six-part rib vaults meant that the roofs were stronger and could be higher. After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Eudes_de_Sully" title="Eudes de Sully">Eudes de Sully</a> oversaw the completion of the transepts, and continued work on the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, which was nearing completion at the time of his death in 1208. By this time, the western façade was already largely built, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s. Between 1225 and 1250 the upper gallery of the nave was constructed, along with the two towers on the west façade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruzelius1987540–69_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruzelius1987540–69-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg/220px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg/330px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg/440px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Arrows show forces in vault and current flying buttresses (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_composite_transverse_section.svg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Notre-Dame de Paris composite transverse section.svg">detailed description</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Another significant change came in the mid-13th century, when the transepts were remodelled in the latest <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> style; in the late 1240s <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Chelles" title="Jean de Chelles">Jean de Chelles</a> added a gabled portal to the north transept topped by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterward (from 1258) <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Montereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Montereau">Pierre de Montreuil</a> executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal depicts scenes from the lives of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a> and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the <a href="/wiki/Trumeau_(architecture)" title="Trumeau (architecture)">trumeau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1995_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruzelius1987540–69_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruzelius1987540–69-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Master builders <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Chelles" title="Pierre de Chelles">Pierre de Chelles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Ravy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Ravy (page does not exist)">Jean Ravy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ravy" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Ravy">fr</a>]</span>, Jean le Bouteiller, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_du_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond du Temple (page does not exist)">Raymond du Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_du_Temple" class="extiw" title="fr:Raymond du Temple">fr</a>]</span> succeeded de Chelles and de Montreuil and then each other in the construction of the cathedral. Ravy completed de Chelles's <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a> and chevet chapels, then began the 15-metre (49 ft) flying buttresses of the choir. Jean le Bouteiller, Ravy's nephew, succeeded him in 1344 and was himself replaced on his death in 1363 by his deputy, Raymond du Temple. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a> opened the first <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a> in the cathedral in 1302. </p><p>An important innovation in the 13th century was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a>. Before the buttresses, all of the weight of the roof pressed outward and down to the walls, and the abutments supporting them. With the flying buttress, the weight was carried by the ribs of the vault entirely outside the structure to a series of counter-supports, which were topped with stone pinnacles which gave them greater weight. The buttresses meant that the walls could be higher and thinner, and could have larger windows. The date of the first buttresses is not known with precision beyond an installation date in the 13th century. Art historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tallon" title="Andrew Tallon">Andrew Tallon</a>, however, has argued, based on detailed laser scans of the entire structure, that the buttresses were part of the original design. According to Tallon, the scans indicate that "the upper part of the building has not moved one smidgen in 800 years,"<sup id="cite_ref-Tallon_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas if they were added later some movement from prior to their addition would be expected. Tallon thus concluded that flying buttresses were present from the outset.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallon_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first buttresses were replaced by larger and stronger ones in the 14th century; these had a reach of fifteen metres (50 ft) between the walls and counter-supports.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_of_Jandun" title="John of Jandun">John of Jandun</a> recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 <i>Treatise on the Praises of Paris</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That most glorious church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. And although some speakers, by their own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only a few things easily, may say that some other is more beautiful, I believe, however, respectfully, that, if they attend more diligently to the whole and the parts, they will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such multiple varieties of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I would willingly learn where [there are] two such circles, situated opposite each other in a straight line, which on account of their appearance are given the name of the fourth vowel [O]; among which smaller orbs and circles, with wondrous artifice, so that some arranged circularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy with precious colours and beautiful with the most subtle figures of the pictures. In fact, I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jean de Jandun, <i>Tractatus de laudibus Parisius</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis200363–85_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis200363–85-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan.cathedrale.Paris.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the cathedral made by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. Portals and nave to the left, a choir in the center, and apse and ambulatory to the right. The annex to the south is the sacristy."><img alt="Plan of the cathedral made by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. Portals and nave to the left, a choir in the center, and apse and ambulatory to the right. The annex to the south is the sacristy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Plan.cathedrale.Paris.png/386px-Plan.cathedrale.Paris.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Plan.cathedrale.Paris.png/579px-Plan.cathedrale.Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Plan.cathedrale.Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the cathedral made by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> in the 19th century. Portals and nave to the left, a choir in the center, and <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> to the right. The annex to the south is the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early six-part rib vaults of the nave. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses."><img alt="Early six-part rib vaults of the nave. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg/381px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg/572px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg/762px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early six-part <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a> of the nave. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. The weight of the building-shaped pinnacles helps keep the line of thrust safely within the buttresses."><img alt="The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. The weight of the building-shaped pinnacles helps keep the line of thrust safely within the buttresses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg/355px-P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg/532px-P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg/709px-P1180494_Paris_IV_Notre-Dame_d%C3%A9tail_sud_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. The weight of the building-shaped <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a> helps keep the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_thrust" title="Line of thrust">line of thrust</a> safely within the buttresses.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 283.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 metres (49 ft) from the wall to the counter-supports."><img alt="Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 metres (49 ft) from the wall to the counter-supports." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg/425px-Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg/638px-Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg/851px-Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Later <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 metres (49 ft) from the wall to the counter-supports.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th–18th_century"><span id="15th.E2.80.9318th_century"></span>15th–18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 15th–18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 December 1431, the boy-king <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> was crowned king of France in Notre-Dame, aged ten, the traditional coronation church of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> being under French control.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the Gothic style fell out of style, and the internal pillars and walls of Notre-Dame were covered with tapestries.<sup id="cite_ref-Libération1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libération1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1548, rioting <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> damaged some of the statues of Notre-Dame, considering them <a href="/wiki/Idolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatrous">idolatrous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavis_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavis-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_Parvise_Fountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre-Dame Parvise Fountain (page does not exist)">The fountain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine_du_Parvis_Notre-Dame" class="extiw" title="fr:Fontaine du Parvis Notre-Dame">fr</a>]</span> in Notre-Dame's <a href="/wiki/Parvise" title="Parvise">parvis</a> was added in 1625 to provide nearby Parisians with running water.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1449, the Parisian goldsmith guild had made regular donations to the cathedral chapter. In 1630, the guild began donating a large altarpiece every year on the first of May. These works came to be known as the <i><a href="/wiki/May_(painting)" title="May (painting)">grands mays</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject matter was restricted to episodes from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. The prestigious commission was awarded to the most prominent painters and, after 1648, members of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale">Académie Royale</a>. </p><p>Seventy-six paintings had been donated by 1708, when the custom was discontinued for financial reasons. Those works were confiscated in 1793 and the majority were subsequently dispersed among regional museums in France. Those that remained in the cathedral were removed or relocated within the building by the 19th-century restorers. </p><p>Today, thirteen of the <i>grands mays</i> hang in Notre-Dame although these paintings suffered water damage during the fire of 2019 and were removed for conservation. </p><p>An altarpiece depicting <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">The Visitation</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jouvenet" title="Jean Jouvenet">Jean Jouvenet</a> in 1707, was also located in the cathedral. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> Antoine de La Porte commissioned for Louis XIV six paintings depicting the life of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> for the choir. At this same time, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Fosse" title="Charles de La Fosse">Charles de La Fosse</a> painted his <i>Adoration of the Magi</i>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Noailles" title="Louis Antoine de Noailles">Louis Antoine de Noailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">archbishop of Paris</a>, extensively modified the roof of Notre-Dame in 1726, renovating its framing and removing the <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a> with lead gutters. Noailles also strengthened the buttresses, galleries, terraces, and vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassusViollet-le-Duc184318_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassusViollet-le-Duc184318-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1756, the cathedral's canons decided that its interior was too dark. The medieval stained glass windows, except the rosettes, were removed and replaced with plain, white glass panes.<sup id="cite_ref-Libération1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libération1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> was tasked with the modification of the portals at the front of the cathedral to allow processions to enter more easily. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VI of England's coronation in Notre-Dame as King of France, aged ten, during the Hundred Years' War. His accession to the throne was in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420."><img alt="Henry VI of England's coronation in Notre-Dame as King of France, aged ten, during the Hundred Years' War. His accession to the throne was in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg/311px-Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg/466px-Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg/621px-Sacre_Henry6_England-France_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="3304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>'s coronation in Notre-Dame as <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>, aged ten, during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. His accession to the throne was in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes</a> of 1420.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Descente du Saint-Esprit; illustration depicting Notre-Dame from the Hours of Étienne Chevalier by Jean Fouquet, c. 1450"><img alt="La Descente du Saint-Esprit; illustration depicting Notre-Dame from the Hours of Étienne Chevalier by Jean Fouquet, c. 1450" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg/224px-La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg/336px-La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg/448px-La_Descente_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="3654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>La Descente du Saint-Esprit</i>; illustration depicting Notre-Dame from the <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_%C3%89tienne_Chevalier" title="Hours of Étienne Chevalier">Hours of Étienne Chevalier</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Te Deum in the choir of Notre-Dame in 1669, during the reign of Louis XIV. The choir was redesigned to make room for more lavish ceremonies."><img alt="A Te Deum in the choir of Notre-Dame in 1669, during the reign of Louis XIV. The choir was redesigned to make room for more lavish ceremonies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg/420px-Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg/631px-Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg/841px-Choeur_de_ND_de_Paris_1669.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> in the choir of Notre-Dame in 1669, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. The choir was redesigned to make room for more lavish ceremonies.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The western façade and parvis of Notre-Dame in 1699. On the left is the old baptistery. The fountain is in the square."><img alt="The western façade and parvis of Notre-Dame in 1699. On the left is the old baptistery. The fountain is in the square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg/237px-ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg/355px-ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg/474px-ND_de_Paris_1699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The western façade and parvis of Notre-Dame in 1699. On the left is the old <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a>. The fountain is in the square.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">French Revolution and Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French Revolution and Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789, Notre-Dame and the rest of the church's property in France was seized and made public property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchives_parlementaires,_Vol._22202–05_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchives_parlementaires,_Vol._22202–05-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral was rededicated in 1793 to the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a> in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuvergier1825281_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuvergier1825281-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The twenty-eight statues of biblical kings located at the west façade, mistaken for statues of French kings, were beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby, and are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a>. For a time the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Goddess of Liberty</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> on several altars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200475–76_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick200475–76-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral's great bells escaped being melted down. All of the other large statues on the façade, with the exception of the statue of the Virgin Mary on the portal of the cloister, were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food and other non-religious purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavis_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavis-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> restored Notre-Dame to the Catholic Church, though this was only finalized on 18 April 1802. Napoleon also named Paris's new bishop, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Belloy" title="Jean-Baptiste de Belloy">Jean-Baptiste de Belloy</a>, who restored the cathedral's interior. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" title="Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine">Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine</a> made quasi-Gothic modifications to Notre-Dame for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">coronation of Napoleon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> within the cathedral. The building's exterior was <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewashed</a> and the interior decorated in <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> style, then in vogue.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 308.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cult of Reason is celebrated at Notre-Dame during the French Revolution (1793)"><img alt="The Cult of Reason is celebrated at Notre-Dame during the French Revolution (1793)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg/463px-F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="309" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg/694px-F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg/925px-F%C3%AAte_de_la_Raison_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> is celebrated at Notre-Dame during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1793)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrival of Napoleon at the east end of Notre-Dame for his coronation as Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804"><img alt="Arrival of Napoleon at the east end of Notre-Dame for his coronation as Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg/430px-Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg/644px-Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg/859px-Percier_et_Fontaine_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arrival of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at the east end of Notre-Dame for his <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Napoleon I">coronation</a> as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> on 2 December 1804</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 320px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 318px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coronation of Napoleon, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David"><img alt="The coronation of Napoleon, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/477px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="318" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/716px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/954px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">coronation of Napoleon</a>, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="The Coronation of Napoleon">The Coronation of Napoleon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_restoration">19th-century restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th-century restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the decades after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Notre-Dame fell into such a state of disrepair that Paris officials considered its demolition. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, who admired the cathedral, wrote the novel <i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i> (published in English as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i>) in 1831 to save Notre-Dame. The book was an enormous success, raising awareness of the cathedral's decaying state.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year as Hugo's novel was published, anti-<a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a> plundered Notre-Dame's <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1844 King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe">Louis Philippe</a> ordered that the church be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architect who had hitherto been in charge of Notre-Dame's maintenance, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Hippolyte_Godde" title="Étienne-Hippolyte Godde">Étienne-Hippolyte Godde</a>, was dismissed. In his stead, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lassus" title="Jean-Baptiste Lassus">Jean-Baptiste Lassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, who had distinguished themselves with the restoration of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, were appointed in 1844. The next year, Viollet-le-Duc submitted a budget of 3,888,500 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a>, which was reduced to 2,650,000 francs, for the restoration of Notre-Dame and the construction of a new sacristy building. This budget was exhausted in 1850, and work stopped as Viollet-le-Duc made proposals for more money. In totality, the restoration cost over 12 million francs. Supervising a large team of sculptors, glass makers and other craftsmen, and working from drawings or engravings, Viollet-le-Duc remade or added decorations if he felt they were in the spirit of the original style. One of the latter items was a taller and more ornate <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)" title="Flèche (architecture)">flèche</a>, to replace the original 13th-century flèche, which had been removed in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decoration of the restoration included a bronze roof statue of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas</a> that resembles Viollet-le-Duc, as well as the sculpture of mythical creatures on the <i>Galerie des Chimères</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavis_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavis-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the sacristy was especially financially costly. To secure a firm foundation, it was necessary for Viollet-le-Duc's labourers to dig nine metres (thirty feet). Master glassworkers meticulously copied styles of the 13th century, as written about by art historians Antoine Lusson and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Napol%C3%A9on_Didron" title="Adolphe Napoléon Didron">Adolphe Napoléon Didron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabezas1988118–20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabezas1988118–20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of March through May 1871, the cathedral and other churches were closed, and some two hundred priests and the Archbishop of Paris were taken as hostages. In May, during the <a href="/wiki/Semaine_sanglante" title="Semaine sanglante">Semaine sanglante</a> of "Bloody Week", as the army recaptured the city, the Communards targeted the cathedral, along with the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> and other landmarks, for destruction; the Communards piled the furniture together in order to burn the cathedral. The arson was halted when the Communard government realised that the fire would also destroy the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu,_Paris" title="Hôtel-Dieu, Paris">Hôtel-Dieu</a> hospital, filled with hundreds of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The western façade of Notre-Dame in 1841, showing the building in an advanced state of disrepair before the major restoration by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc"><img alt="The western façade of Notre-Dame in 1841, showing the building in an advanced state of disrepair before the major restoration by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg/227px-ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg/340px-ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg/453px-ND_de_Paris_avant_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="4060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The western façade of Notre-Dame in 1841, showing the building in an advanced state of disrepair before the major restoration by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lassus,_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proposed doorway decoration by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; plate engraved by Léon Gaucherel"><img alt="Proposed doorway decoration by Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; plate engraved by Léon Gaucherel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lassus%2C_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg/234px-Lassus%2C_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lassus%2C_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg/350px-Lassus%2C_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lassus%2C_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg/467px-Lassus%2C_Viollet-le-Duc_-_Projet_de_restauration_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_page_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="2156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proposed doorway decoration by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus">Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus</a> and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc; plate engraved by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gaucherel" title="Léon Gaucherel">Léon Gaucherel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 301.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 299.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayard,_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(2)_(Zeno_Fotografie).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The southern façade of Notre-Dame at the beginning of the restoration work; photo from 1847 by Hippolyte Bayard"><img alt="The southern façade of Notre-Dame at the beginning of the restoration work; photo from 1847 by Hippolyte Bayard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bayard%2C_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/449px-Bayard%2C_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bayard%2C_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/673px-Bayard%2C_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bayard%2C_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/897px-Bayard%2C_Hippolyte_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The southern façade of Notre-Dame at the beginning of the restoration work; photo from 1847 by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bayard" title="Hippolyte Bayard">Hippolyte Bayard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_(1859).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the flèche and "forest" of wooden roof beams made for Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris)"><img alt="Model of the flèche and "forest" of wooden roof beams made for Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_%281859%29.jpg/246px-Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_%281859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_%281859%29.jpg/370px-Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_%281859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_%281859%29.jpg/493px-Notre-Dame_Spire_Model_%281859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the flèche and "forest" of wooden roof beams made for Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The western façade of Notre-Dame in the early 1860s, towards the end of the restoration. The flèche was rebuilt and the statues of the kings were partially restored."><img alt="The western façade of Notre-Dame in the early 1860s, towards the end of the restoration. The flèche was rebuilt and the statues of the kings were partially restored." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/254px-%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/380px-%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/507px-%C3%89douard_Baldus_-_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2647" data-file-height="3444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The western façade of Notre-Dame in the early 1860s, towards the end of the restoration. The flèche was rebuilt and the statues of the kings were partially restored.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Braun_%26_Cie,_Notre_Dame_de_Paris,_ca._1930-crop,_change_chiaroscuro,_perspective,_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/260px-Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/390px-Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/520px-Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8936" data-file-height="9496" /></a><figcaption>Façade of Notre-Dame in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>During the liberation of Paris in August 1944, the cathedral suffered some minor damage from stray bullets. Some of the medieval glass was damaged, and was replaced by glass with modern abstract designs. On 26 August, a special Mass was held in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris from the Germans; it was attended by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Gaulle" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles De Gaulle">Charles De Gaulle</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a>. </p><p>In 1963, on the initiative of culture minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> and to mark the 800th anniversary of the cathedral, the façade was cleaned of the centuries of soot and grime, restoring it to its original off-white colour.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 January 1969, vandals placed a North Vietnamese flag at the top the flèche, and sabotaged the stairway leading to it. The flag was cut from the flèche by Paris Fire Brigade Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Parkour#Raymond_and_David_Belle" title="Parkour">Raymond Belle</a> in a daring helicopter mission, the first of its kind in France.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> was held in Notre-Dame on 12 November 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, on 26 June 1971, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Petit" title="Philippe Petit">Philippe Petit</a> walked across a tight-rope strung between Notre-Dame's two bell towers entertaining spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a> of 30 May 1980, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> celebrated Mass on the <a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a> of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Requiem Mass of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> was held at the cathedral, as with past French heads of state, on 11 January 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone masonry of the cathedral's exterior had deteriorated in the 19th and 20th century due to increased <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in Paris, which accelerated erosion of decorations and discoloured the stone. By the late 1980s, several gargoyles and turrets had also fallen or become too loose to remain safely in place.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-1992_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1992-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade-long renovation programme began in 1991 and replaced much of the exterior, with care given to retain the authentic architectural elements of the cathedral, including rigorous inspection of new limestone blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-1992_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1992-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A discreet system of electrical wires, not visible from below, was also installed on the roof to deter pigeons.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral's <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> was upgraded with a computerized system to control the mechanical connections to the <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">pipes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The west face was cleaned and restored in time for <a href="/wiki/Millennium_celebrations" title="Millennium celebrations">millennium celebrations</a> in December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/220px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/330px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/440px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Notre-Dame in May 2012. From top to bottom, <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> walls are pierced by <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows, arches to <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, and arches to <a href="/wiki/Side_aisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Side aisle">side aisles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Requiem Mass of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lustiger" title="Jean-Marie Lustiger">Jean-Marie Lustiger</a>, former archbishop of Paris and Jewish convert to Catholicism, was held in Notre-Dame on 10 August 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The set of four 19th-century bells at the top of the northern towers at Notre-Dame were melted down and recast into new bronze bells in 2013, to celebrate the building's 850th anniversary. They were designed to recreate the sound of the cathedral's original bells from the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the 1990s renovation, the cathedral had continued to show signs of deterioration that prompted the national government to propose a new renovation program in the late 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire renovation was estimated to cost €100 million, which the archbishop of Paris planned to raise through funds from the national government and private donations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A €6 million renovation of the cathedral's flèche began in late 2018 and continued into the following year, requiring the temporary removal of copper statues on the roof and other decorative elements days before the April 2019 fire.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notre-Dame began a year-long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral on 12 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that anniversary year, on 21 May 2013, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and white nationalist, placed a letter on the <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> and shot himself, dying instantly. Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French police arrested two people on 8 September 2016 <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_bombing_attempt" title="Notre-Dame de Paris bombing attempt">after a car containing seven gasoline canisters was found near Notre-Dame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 February 2017, French police arrested four persons in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> already known by authorities to have ties to radical Islamist organizations on charges of plotting to travel to Paris and attack the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, on 6 June, visitors were shut inside Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris after <a href="/wiki/2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_attack" title="2017 Notre-Dame de Paris attack">a man with a hammer attacked a police officer outside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_fire">2019 fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2019 fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire" title="Notre-Dame fire">Notre-Dame fire</a></div> <p>On 15 April 2019 the cathedral caught fire, destroying the flèche and the "forest" of oak roof beams supporting the lead roof.<sup id="cite_ref-partofspirecollapses_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partofspirecollapses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fire1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fire2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was speculated that the fire was linked to ongoing renovation work. </p><p>The fire broke out in the attic of the cathedral at 18:18, investigators concluded. The <a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke detectors</a> immediately signaled the fire to a cathedral employee, who did not summon the <a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire brigade">fire brigade</a> but instead sent a cathedral guard to investigate. The guard was sent to the wrong location, to the attic of the adjoining sacristy, and reported there was no fire. The guard telephoned his supervisor, who did not immediately answer. About 15 minutes later the error was discovered, whereupon the guard's supervisor told him to go to the correct location. The fire brigade was still not notified. By the time the guard had climbed the 300 steps to the cathedral attic, the fire was well advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_2019_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_2019-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alarm system was not designed to automatically notify the fire brigade, which was finally summoned at 18:51 after the guard had returned from the attic and reported a now-raging fire, and more than half an hour after the fire alarm had begun sounding.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes20190419_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes20190419-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firefighters arrived in less than ten minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cathedral's flèche collapsed at 19:50, bringing down some 750 tonnes of stone and lead. The firefighters inside were ordered back down. By this time the fire had spread to the north tower, where the eight bells were located. The firefighters concentrated their efforts in the tower. They feared that, if the bells fell, they could wreck the tower, and endanger the structure of the other tower and the whole cathedral. They had to ascend a stairway threatened by fire, and to contend with low water pressure for their hoses. As others watered the stairway and the roof, a team of 20 firefighters climbed the narrow stairway of the south tower, crossed to the north tower, lowered hoses to be connected to fire engines outside the cathedral, and sprayed water on the fire beneath the bells. By 21:45, they brought the fire under control.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_2019_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_2019-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main structure was intact; firefighters saved the façade, towers, walls, buttresses, and stained-glass windows. The stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral had several holes but was otherwise intact.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Organ, which has over 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">pipes</a> and was built by François Thierry in the 18th century was also saved but damaged by water.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ornate tapestry woven in the early 1800s, on public display for only the third time in recent decades, was saved from the fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of the renovation, the copper statues on the flèche had been removed before the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1905, France's cathedrals (including Notre-Dame) have been owned by the state, which is self-insured. Some costs might be recovered through insurance coverage if the fire is found to have been caused by <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a> working on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French insurer <a href="/wiki/AXA" class="mw-redirect" title="AXA">AXA</a> provided insurance coverage for two of the contracting firms working on Notre-Dame's restoration before the blaze. AXA also provided insurance coverage for some of the relics and artworks in the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 500 firefighters helped to battle the fire, President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> said. One firefighter was seriously injured and two police officers were hurt during the blaze.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Christmas Mass was held in 2019 for the first time in more than 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first cathedral choir performance since the fire took place in December 2020, though only eight members sang because of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> restrictions. A video of the event aired just before midnight on 24 December.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 2019 fire destroyed Notre-Dame's wooden roof and flèche but left the outer structure largely intact."><img alt="The 2019 fire destroyed Notre-Dame's wooden roof and flèche but left the outer structure largely intact." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_%28cropped%29.jpg/346px-NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_%28cropped%29.jpg/519px-NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_%28cropped%29.jpg/692px-NotreDame20190415QuaideMontebello_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 2019 fire destroyed Notre-Dame's wooden roof and flèche but left the outer structure largely intact.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flèche aflame during the 2019 fire, before its collapse"><img alt="The flèche aflame during the 2019 fire, before its collapse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg/214px-Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg/321px-Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg/428px-Fl%C3%A8che_en_feu_-_Spire_on_Fire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flèche aflame during the 2019 fire, before its collapse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_before_and_after_2019_fire.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation showing the south façade before and after the fire; scaffolding had been erected as part of renovations underway when the fire started"><img alt="Animation showing the south façade before and after the fire; scaffolding had been erected as part of renovations underway when the fire started" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Notre_Dame_before_and_after_2019_fire.gif/400px-Notre_Dame_before_and_after_2019_fire.gif" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Notre_Dame_before_and_after_2019_fire.gif/600px-Notre_Dame_before_and_after_2019_fire.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Notre_Dame_before_and_after_2019_fire.gif 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation showing the south façade before and after the fire; scaffolding had been erected as part of renovations underway when the fire started</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_(1913)_eingenordet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The area directly under the crossing and two other cells of vaulting collapsed"><img alt="The area directly under the crossing and two other cells of vaulting collapsed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_%281913%29_eingenordet.png/346px-Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_%281913%29_eingenordet.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_%281913%29_eingenordet.png/519px-Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_%281913%29_eingenordet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_%281913%29_eingenordet.png/692px-Paris_and_environs_with_routes_from_London_to_Paris_handbook_for_travellers_%281913%29_eingenordet.png 2x" data-file-width="4833" data-file-height="4188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The area directly under the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a> and two other cells of vaulting collapsed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="In red, the destroyed parts"><img alt="In red, the destroyed parts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg/400px-Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg/600px-Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg/800px-Notre_Dame_de_Paris_by_dayV1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In red, the destroyed parts</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stabilization_of_the_building">Stabilization of the building</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stabilization of the building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/220px--Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm/Notre_Dame_de_Paris_roof_damage_aerial.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>The roof reduced to piles of char at the top of the mostly intact vaults</figcaption></figure> <p>Immediately after the fire, President Macron promised that Notre-Dame would be restored, and called for the work to be completed within five years.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An international architectural competition was also announced to redesign the flèche and roof.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hasty flèche competition announcement drew immediate criticism in the international press from heritage academics and professionals who faulted the French government for being too narrowly focused on quickly building a new flèche, and neglecting to frame its response more holistically as an inclusive social process encompassing the whole building and its long-term users.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new law was immediately drafted to make Notre-Dame exempt from <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">existing heritage laws and procedures</a>, which prompted an open letter to President Macron signed by over 1,170 heritage experts urging respect for existing regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law, which passed on 11 May 2019, was hotly debated in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a>, with opponents accusing Macron's administration of using Notre-Dame self-servingly for political grandstanding, and defenders arguing the need for expediency and tax breaks to encourage philanthropic giving.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Macron suggested he was open to a "contemporary architectural gesture". Even before the competition rules were announced, architects around the world offered suggestions: the proposals included a 100-metre (330 ft) flèche made of carbon fibre, covered with gold leaf; a roof built of stained glass; a greenhouse; a garden with trees, open to the sky; and a column of light pointed upwards. A poll published in the French newspaper <i>Le Figaro</i> on 8 May 2019 showed that 55% of French respondents wanted a flèche identical to the original. French culture minister <a href="/wiki/Franck_Riester" title="Franck Riester">Franck Riester</a> promised that the restoration "will not be hasty."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 July 2019, the French National Assembly enacted a law requiring that the restoration must "preserve the historic, artistic and architectural interest of the monument."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2019, the French government announced that the first stage of reconstruction, the stabilising of the structure against collapse, would take until the end of 2020. In December 2019, Monseigneur Patrick Chauvet, the rector of the cathedral, said there was still a 50% chance that Notre-Dame cannot be saved due to the risk of the remaining scaffolding falling onto the three damaged vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstruction could not begin before early 2021. President Macron announced that he hoped the reconstructed Cathedral could be finished by spring 2024, in time for the opening of the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RFIRecon_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFIRecon-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first task of the restoration was the removal of 250–300 tonnes of melted metal tubes, the remains of the scaffolding, which remained on the top after the fire and could have fallen onto the vaults and caused further structural damage. This stage began in February 2020 and continued through April 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large crane, 84 metres (276 ft) high, was put in place next to the cathedral to help remove the scaffolding.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, wooden support beams were added to stabilise the flying buttresses and other structures.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 April 2020, the archbishop of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aupetit" title="Michel Aupetit">Michel Aupetit</a>, and a handful of participants, all in protective clothing to prevent exposure to lead dust, performed a <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> service inside the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music was provided by the violinist <a href="/wiki/Renaud_Capu%C3%A7on" title="Renaud Capuçon">Renaud Capuçon</a>; the lectors were the actors <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Torreton" title="Philippe Torreton">Philippe Torreton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Chemla" title="Judith Chemla">Judith Chemla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemla gave an <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> rendition of <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maria">Ave Maria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new phase of the restoration commenced on 8 June 2020. Two teams of workers began descending into the roof to remove the tangle of tubes of the old scaffolding melted by the fire. The workers used saws to cut up the forty thousand pieces of scaffolding, weighing altogether two hundred tons, which was carefully lifted out of the roof by an 80-metre-tall (260 ft) crane. The phase was completed in November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heading_reconstruction">Heading reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heading reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2021, the selection of oak trees to replace the flèche and roof timbers destroyed by the fire began. As many as a thousand mature trees will be chosen from the forests of France, each of a diameter of 50 to 90 centimetres (20 to 35 in) and a height of 8 to 14 metres (26 to 46 ft), and an age of several hundred years. Once cut, the trees must dry for 12 to 18 months. The trees will be replaced by new plantings.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years after the fire, a great deal of work had been completed but a news report stated that: "there is still a hole on top of the church. They're also building a replica of the church's spire". More oak trees needed to be shipped to Paris, where they would need to be dried before use; they will be essential in completing the restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oaks used to make the framework are tested and selected by <a href="/wiki/Sylvatest" title="Sylvatest">Sylvatest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 September 2021, the public agency overseeing the Cathedral stated that the safety work was completed, the cathedral was now fully secured, and that reconstruction would begin within a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research">Research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, a preventive dig carried out between February and April before the construction of a scaffold for reconstructing the cathedral's flèche unearthed several statues and tombs under the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the discoveries included a 14th-century lead <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> that was found 65 feet below where the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> crosses the church's 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 April 2022, France's National Preventive Archaeological Research Institute (<a href="/w/index.php?title=INRAP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INRAP (page does not exist)">INRAP</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherches_arch%C3%A9ologiques_pr%C3%A9ventives" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives">fr</a>]</span>) announced that the sarcophagus was extracted from the cathedral and that scientists have already peeked into the casket using an endoscopic camera, revealing the upper part of a skeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another significant discovery was an opening below the cathedral floor, likely made around 1230 when the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedral was first under construction; inside were fragments of a <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">choir screen</a> dating from the 13th century that had been destroyed in the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2023, in another significant discovery, archaeologists uncovered thousands of metal staples in various parts of the cathedral, some dating back to the early 1160s. The archaeologists concluded that "Notre Dame is now unquestionably the first known Gothic cathedral where iron was massively used to bind stones as a proper construction material."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29,2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ongoing stabilization of Notre-Dame in February 2020"><img alt="Ongoing stabilization of Notre-Dame in February 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29%2C2020.jpg/442px-Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29%2C2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29%2C2020.jpg/663px-Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29%2C2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29%2C2020.jpg/884px-Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Renovation_Feb_29%2C2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ongoing stabilization of Notre-Dame in February 2020</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stabilization of Notre-Dame and removal of roof debris and scaffolding in February 2020"><img alt="Stabilization of Notre-Dame and removal of roof debris and scaffolding in February 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg/246px-Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg/370px-Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg/493px-Notre_Dame_restoration_long_view_Feb_29_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stabilization of Notre-Dame and removal of roof debris and scaffolding in February 2020</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Front view of Notre-Dame in January 2023"><img alt="Front view of Notre-Dame in January 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG/292px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG/437px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG/583px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_en_2023_et_la_grue_du_chantier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="3032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front view of Notre-Dame in January 2023</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southwest corner of Notre-Dame in September 2023"><img alt="Southwest corner of Notre-Dame in September 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg/268px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg/402px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg/536px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southwest corner of Notre-Dame in September 2023</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reopening">Reopening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reopening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cathedral is set to reopen on 7 December 2024. However, Pope Francis declined an invitation from French President Emmanuel Macron to attend the reopening, opting to instead visit the French Mediterranean island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> the following week.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_and_controversy">Colour and controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colour and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colour of the restored interior will be "a shock" to some returning visitors, according to General Jean-Louis Georgelin, the French army officer heading the restoration. "The whiteness under the dirt was quite spectacular".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone was sprayed with a latex solution to lift off accumulated grime and soot. However, the cleaning of the church interior with latex solutions was criticized by Michael Daley of Artwatch UK, referring to the earlier cleaning of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London. He asked, "Is there any good basis for wishing to present an artificially brightened and ahistorical white interior?" <sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-Michel Guilemont of the French Ministry of culture responded, "The interior elevations will regain their original colour, since the chapels and side aisles were very dirty. Of course it is not a white colour. The stone has a blonde colour, and the architects are very attentive to obtaining a patina which respects the centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towers_and_the_flèche"><span id="Towers_and_the_fl.C3.A8che"></span>Towers and the flèche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Towers and the flèche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Spire of Notre-Dame de Paris">Spire of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Towers on west façade (1220–1250)"><img alt="Towers on west façade (1220–1250)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/244px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/367px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/489px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="4519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Towers on west façade (1220–1250)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The gallery of chimeras pictured in 1910 by Georges Redon"><img alt="The gallery of chimeras pictured in 1910 by Georges Redon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/453px-The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/679px-The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/906px-The_Rooftops_of_Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1493" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The gallery of chimeras pictured in 1910 by Georges Redon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 19th-century flèche"><img alt="The 19th-century flèche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/217px-Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/325px-Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/433px-Fl%C3%A8che_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)" title="Flèche (architecture)">flèche</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The rooster reliquary at the top of the flèche. It was found lightly damaged in the rubble after the 2019 fire."><img alt="The rooster reliquary at the top of the flèche. It was found lightly damaged in the rubble after the 2019 fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg/303px-Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg/454px-Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg/606px-Rooster_on_the_spire_of_Notre_Dame_in_Paris_retusche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The rooster <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> at the top of the flèche. It was found lightly damaged in the rubble after the 2019 fire.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_September_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flèche from above, in 2013"><img alt="The flèche from above, in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg/223px-Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg/335px-Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg/447px-Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flèche from above, <span class="nowrap">in 2013</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Thomas the Apostle, with the features of restorer Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, at the base of the flèche"><img alt="Statue of Thomas the Apostle, with the features of restorer Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, at the base of the flèche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg/440px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg/660px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg/880px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, with the features of restorer <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, at the base of the flèche</div> </li> </ul> <p>The two towers are 69 metres (226 ft) high. The towers were the last major element of the cathedral to be constructed. The south tower was built first, between 1220 and 1240, and the north tower between 1235 and 1250. The newer north tower is slightly larger, as can be seen when they are viewed from directly in front of the church. The <i>contrefort</i> or buttress of the north tower is also larger.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral's main peal of bells is within these towers. </p><p>The south tower was accessible to visitors by a stairway, whose entrance was on the south side of the tower. The stairway has 387 steps, and has a stop at the Gothic hall at the level of the rose window, where visitors could look over the parvis and see a collection of paintings and sculpture from earlier periods of the cathedral's history. </p><p>The cathedral's <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)" title="Flèche (architecture)">flèche</a> (or spirelet) was located over the transept. The original flèche was constructed in the 13th century, probably between 1220 and 1230. It was battered, weakened and bent by the wind over five centuries, and finally was removed in 1786. During the 19th-century restoration, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc recreated it, making a new version of oak covered with lead. The entire flèche weighed 750 tonnes. </p><p>Following Viollet-le-Duc's plans, the flèche was surrounded by copper statues of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">twelve Apostles</a>‍—‌a group of three at each point of the compass. In front of each group is a symbol representing one of the four evangelists: a winged ox for Saint Luke,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lion for Saint Mark, an eagle for Saint John and an angel for Saint Matthew. Just days prior to the fire, the statues were removed for restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Buncombe_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buncombe-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in place, they had faced outwards towards Paris, except one: the statue of Saint Thomas, the patron saint of architects, faced the flèche, and had the features of Viollet-le-Duc. </p><p>The rooster weathervane at the top of the flèche contained three relics: a tiny piece from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a> in the cathedral treasury, and relics of Saint <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Denis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Genevieve" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Genevieve">Saint Genevieve</a>, patron saints of Paris. They were placed there in 1935 by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jean_Verdier" title="Jean Verdier">Jean Verdier</a>, to protect the congregation from lightning or other harm. The rooster with relics intact was recovered in the rubble shortly after the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography–the_"poor_people's_book""><span id="Iconography.E2.80.93the_.22poor_people.27s_book.22"></span>Iconography–the "poor people's book"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iconography–the "poor people's book""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_in_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="List of sculptures in Notre-Dame de Paris">List of sculptures in Notre-Dame de Paris</a></div> <p>The Gothic cathedral was a <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">liber pauperum</a></i>, a "poor people's book", covered with sculptures vividly illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were, at the time, illiterate. To add to the effect, all of the sculpture on the façades was originally painted and gilded.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the Last Judgment, central portal of west façade"><img alt="Illustration of the Last Judgment, central portal of west façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg/400px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg/600px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg/800px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3554" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>,<br />central portal of west façade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The martyr Saint Denis, holding his head, over the Portal of the Virgin"><img alt="The martyr Saint Denis, holding his head, over the Portal of the Virgin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg/200px-Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg/300px-Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg/400px-Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_PA00086250_-_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The martyr Saint <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Denis</a>, holding his head, over the Portal of the Virgin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The serpent tempts Adam and Eve; on the Portal of the Virgin"><img alt="The serpent tempts Adam and Eve; on the Portal of the Virgin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg/221px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg/332px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg/443px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Portail_de_la_Vierge_-_d%C3%A9tail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The serpent tempts Adam and Eve; on the Portal of the Virgin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 277.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archangel Michael and Satan weighing souls during the Last Judgment (central portal, west façade)"><img alt="Archangel Michael and Satan weighing souls during the Last Judgment (central portal, west façade)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg/413px-DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg/619px-DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg/825px-DevilCentralGateNotreDameParis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="1241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> and Satan weighing souls during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> (central portal, west façade)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_26_April_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A strix on the west façade"><img alt="A strix on the west façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_26_April_2014.jpg/217px-Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_26_April_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_26_April_2014.jpg/325px-Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_26_April_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_26_April_2014.jpg/434px-Chimera_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_26_April_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">strix</a> on the west façade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyles were the rainspouts of the cathedral"><img alt="Gargoyles were the rainspouts of the cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG/222px-Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG/333px-Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG/445px-Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="3004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyles</a> were the rainspouts of the cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyle_Point_of_View_(3575829233).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimera on the façade"><img alt="Chimera on the façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gargoyle_Point_of_View_%283575829233%29.jpg/173px-Gargoyle_Point_of_View_%283575829233%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gargoyle_Point_of_View_%283575829233%29.jpg/260px-Gargoyle_Point_of_View_%283575829233%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gargoyle_Point_of_View_%283575829233%29.jpg/346px-Gargoyle_Point_of_View_%283575829233%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a> on the façade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of alchemy, central portal"><img alt="Allegory of alchemy, central portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg/430px-Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg/645px-Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg/860px-Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_alquimia_en_Notre-Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Allegory of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, central portal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ecclesia and Synagoga, statues on each side of the west façade"><img alt="Ecclesia and Synagoga, statues on each side of the west façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg/348px-Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg/522px-Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg/697px-Ecclesia_et_synagoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_and_Synagoga" title="Ecclesia and Synagoga">Ecclesia and Synagoga</a>, statues on each side of the west façade</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> over the central portal on the west façade, facing the square, vividly illustrates the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>, the mother of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">grotesques</a> or monsters. These included the <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimera</a>, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">Strix</a> or stryge, a creature resembling an <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>, which was said to eat human flesh. The <i>strix</i> appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings.<sup id="cite_ref-fasti_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fasti-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gargoyles, which were added in about 1240, had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the cathedral, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows where it might erode the mortar binding the stone. To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. The central portal of the west façade is decorated with carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. The central pillar of the central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a> in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open (symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metals into gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On each side of the west façade, there are statues of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_and_Synagoga" title="Ecclesia and Synagoga">Ecclesia and Synagoga</a>. The statues represent <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a>, the Christian belief that Christianity has replaced Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the statues, particularly the grotesques, were removed from the façade in the 17th and 18th centuries, or were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, during the 19th-century restoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stained_glass_–_rose_windows"><span id="Stained_glass_.E2.80.93_rose_windows"></span>Stained glass – rose windows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stained glass – rose windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The earliest rose window, on the west façade (about 1225)"><img alt="The earliest rose window, on the west façade (about 1225)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg/400px-2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg/600px-2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg/800px-2016-02-23_15-56-57_paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The earliest rose window, on the west façade (about 1225)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west rose window (about 1225)"><img alt="The west rose window (about 1225)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg/399px-Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg/598px-Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg/797px-Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_Westliche_Rosette_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4273" data-file-height="3218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west rose window (about 1225)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North rose window (about 1250)"><img alt="North rose window (about 1250)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg/300px-Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg/450px-Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg/600px-Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="3574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North rose window (about 1250)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North rose window including lower 18 vertical windows"><img alt="North rose window including lower 18 vertical windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg/291px-Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg/437px-Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg/582px-Paris_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Innen_S%C3%BCdliche_Rosette_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="2875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North rose window including lower 18 vertical windows</div> </li> </ul> <p>The stained glass windows of Notre-Dame, particularly the three <a href="/wiki/Rose_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose windows">rose windows</a>, are among the most famous features of the cathedral. The west rose window, over the portals, was the first and smallest of the roses in Notre-Dame. It is 9.6 metres (31 ft) in diameter, and was made in about 1225, with the pieces of glass set in a thick circular stone frame. None of the original glass remains in this window; it was recreated in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two transept windows are larger and contain a greater proportion of glass than the rose on the west façade, because the new system of buttresses made the nave walls thinner and stronger. The north rose was created in about 1250, and the south rose in about 1260. The south rose in the transept is particularly notable for its size and artistry. It is 12.9 metres (42 ft) in diameter; with the <i>claire-voie</i> surrounding it, a total of 19 metres (62 ft). It was given to the cathedral by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, known as Saint Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The south rose has 94 medallions, arranged in four circles, depicting scenes from the life of Christ and those who witnessed his time on earth. The inner circle has twelve medallions showing the twelve apostles. (During later restorations, some of these original medallions were moved to circles farther out). The next two circles depict celebrated martyrs and virgins. The fourth circle shows twenty angels, as well as saints important to Paris, notably Saint <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Margaret the Virgin</a> with a dragon, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a>. The third and fourth circles also have some depictions of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> subjects. The third circle has some medallions with scenes from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> Gospel of Matthew which date from the last quarter of the 12th century. These are the oldest glass in the window.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional scenes in the corners around the rose window include Jesus's <a href="/wiki/The_Harrowing_of_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Harrowing of Hell">Descent into Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Christ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> are at the bottom of the window, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> at the top. </p><p>Above the rose was a window depicting Christ triumphant seated in the sky, surrounded by his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>. Below are sixteen windows with painted images of Prophets. These were not part of the original window; they were painted during the restoration in the 19th century by Alfred Gérenthe, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, based upon a similar window at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The south rose had a difficult history. In 1543 it was damaged by the settling of the masonry walls, and not restored until 1725–1727. It was seriously damaged in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution of 1830">French Revolution of 1830</a>. Rioters burned the residence of the archbishop, next to the cathedral, and many of the panes were destroyed. The window was entirely rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc in 1861. He rotated the window by fifteen degrees to give it a clear vertical and horizontal axis, and replaced the destroyed pieces of glass with new glass in the same style. The window today contains both medieval and 19th-century glass.<sup id="cite_ref-notredamedeparis_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notredamedeparis-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, after three decades of debate, it was decided to replace many of the 19th-century grisaille windows in the nave designed by Viollet-le-Duc with new windows. The new windows, made by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Chevallier" title="Jacques Le Chevallier">Jacques Le Chevallier</a>, are without human figures and use abstract <i><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a></i> designs and colour to try to recreate the luminosity of the cathedral's interior in the 13th century. </p><p>The massive fire left the three great medieval rose windows essentially intact, but with some damage.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rector of the Cathedral noted that one rose window would have to be dismantled, as it was unstable and at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-huffpost_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpost-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the other damaged windows were of much less historical value.<sup id="cite_ref-huffpost_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpost-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2024 French President Macron proposed removing six of the seven undamaged 19th-century stained glass windows created by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Viollet-le-Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Viollet-le-Duc">Eugene Viollet-le-Duc</a> in the chapels along the south aisle of the nave, and replacing them with new windows with more contemporary designs. He invited contemporary artists to submit designs for the new windows. This proposal inspired a backlash in the press, and 140,000 persons signed a petition to keep the old windows. The plan for contemporary windows was finally rejected by the French Commission on Architectural Monuments and Patrimony in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burials_and_crypts">Burials and crypts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Burials and crypts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Archeological Crypt located outside of Notre-Dame, see <a href="/wiki/Parvis_Notre-Dame_%E2%80%93_Place_Jean-Paul-II" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II">Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Category:Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris">Category:Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris</a></div> <p>Unlike some other French cathedrals, Notre-Dame was originally constructed without a <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a>. In the medieval period, burials were made directly into the floor of the church, or in above-ground <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a>, some with <a href="/wiki/Tomb_effigy" title="Tomb effigy">tomb effigies</a> (French: <i>gisant</i>). High-ranking clergy and some royals were buried in the choir and apse, while many others, including lower-ranking clergy and lay people, were buried in the nave or chapels. There is no surviving complete record of all of the burials. </p><p>In 1699, many of the choir tombs were disturbed or covered over during a major renovation project. Remains which were exhumed were reburied in a common tomb beside the high altar. In 1711, a small crypt measuring about six by six metres (20 by 20 ft) was dug out in the middle of the choir which was used as a burial vault for the archbishops, if they had not requested to be buried elsewhere. It was during this excavation that the 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_the_Boatmen" title="Pillar of the Boatmen">Pillar of the Boatmen</a> was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1758, three more crypts were dug in the Chapel of Saint-Georges to be used for burials of canons of Notre-Dame. In 1765, a larger crypt was built under the nave to be used for burials of canons, beneficiaries, chaplains, cantors, and choirboys. Between 1771 and 1773, the cathedral floor was repaved with black and white marble tiles, which covered over most of the remaining tombs. This prevented many of these tombs from being disturbed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>In 1858, the choir crypt was expanded to stretch most of the length of the choir. During this project, many medieval tombs were rediscovered. Likewise the nave crypt was also rediscovered in 1863 when a larger vault was dug out to install a vault heater. Many other tombs are also located in the chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully,_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eudes de Sully was the first bishop to be buried in Notre-Dame. His copper-covered sarcophagus was placed in the middle of the choir where it remained for almost five centuries."><img alt="Eudes de Sully was the first bishop to be buried in Notre-Dame. His copper-covered sarcophagus was placed in the middle of the choir where it remained for almost five centuries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/148px-Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/222px-Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/297px-Tombeau_d%27Eudes_de_Sully%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eudes_de_Sully" title="Eudes de Sully">Eudes de Sully</a> was the first bishop to be buried in Notre-Dame. His copper-covered sarcophagus was placed in the middle of the choir where it remained for almost five centuries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Tomb_in_ambulatory,_Notre_Dame_in_Paris,_ZM.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The tomb of bishop Matifort (died 1304) located behind the high altar is the only surviving medieval funerary sculpture at Notre-Dame."><img alt="The tomb of bishop Matifort (died 1304) located behind the high altar is the only surviving medieval funerary sculpture at Notre-Dame." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1_Tomb_in_ambulatory%2C_Notre_Dame_in_Paris%2C_ZM.JPG/440px-1_Tomb_in_ambulatory%2C_Notre_Dame_in_Paris%2C_ZM.JPG" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1_Tomb_in_ambulatory%2C_Notre_Dame_in_Paris%2C_ZM.JPG/660px-1_Tomb_in_ambulatory%2C_Notre_Dame_in_Paris%2C_ZM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1_Tomb_in_ambulatory%2C_Notre_Dame_in_Paris%2C_ZM.JPG/880px-1_Tomb_in_ambulatory%2C_Notre_Dame_in_Paris%2C_ZM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tomb of bishop Matifort (died 1304) located behind the high altar is the only surviving medieval funerary sculpture at Notre-Dame.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial vault under the choir of Notre-Dame, c. 1746. Pictured left to right are the tombs of Archbishops Vintimille and Bellefonds, the funerary urn of Archbishop Noailles, and two unidentified tombs."><img alt="Burial vault under the choir of Notre-Dame, c. 1746. Pictured left to right are the tombs of Archbishops Vintimille and Bellefonds, the funerary urn of Archbishop Noailles, and two unidentified tombs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg/233px-Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg/350px-Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg/467px-Relev%C3%A9_du_caveau_des_archev%C3%AAques_de_Paris_dans_le_ch%C5%93ur_de_Notre-Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial vault under the choir of Notre-Dame, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1746</span>. Pictured left to right are the tombs of Archbishops <a href="/wiki/Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume_de_Vintimille_du_Luc" title="Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc">Vintimille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bonne-Gigault_de_Bellefonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds">Bellefonds</a>, the funerary urn of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Noailles" title="Louis Antoine de Noailles">Noailles</a>, and two unidentified tombs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelle_Saint_Denis,_Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tomb of Archbishop Affre (1793–1848) in the Chapel of Saint-Denis. The sculpture depicts the archbishop's mortal wounding during the June Days uprising while holding an olive branch as a sign of peace. The inscription reads Puisse mon sang être le dernier versé! ("May my blood be the last shed!")."><img alt="The tomb of Archbishop Affre (1793–1848) in the Chapel of Saint-Denis. The sculpture depicts the archbishop's mortal wounding during the June Days uprising while holding an olive branch as a sign of peace. The inscription reads Puisse mon sang être le dernier versé! ("May my blood be the last shed!")." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chapelle_Saint_Denis%2C_Notre_Dame.jpg/440px-Chapelle_Saint_Denis%2C_Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chapelle_Saint_Denis%2C_Notre_Dame.jpg/660px-Chapelle_Saint_Denis%2C_Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chapelle_Saint_Denis%2C_Notre_Dame.jpg/880px-Chapelle_Saint_Denis%2C_Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Auguste_Affre" title="Denis Auguste Affre">Archbishop Affre</a> (1793–1848) in the Chapel of Saint-Denis. The sculpture depicts the archbishop's mortal wounding during the <a href="/wiki/June_Days_uprising" title="June Days uprising">June Days uprising</a> while holding an olive branch as a sign of peace. The inscription reads <i>Puisse mon sang être le dernier versé!</i> ("May my blood be the last shed!").</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_organ">Great organ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Great organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/220px-Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/330px-Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/440px-Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>The great organ</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organs</a> at Notre-Dame, built in 1403 by Frédéric Schambantz, was rebuilt many times over the course of 300 years, however 12 pipes and some wood survive from this ancient instrument. It was replaced between 1730 and 1738 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Thierry" title="François Thierry">François Thierry</a>, and later rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Clicquot" title="François-Henri Clicquot">François-Henri Clicquot</a>. During the restoration of the cathedral by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" title="Aristide Cavaillé-Coll">Aristide Cavaillé-Coll</a> built a new organ, using pipework from the former instruments. The organ was dedicated in 1868. </p><p>In 1904, Charles Mutin modified and added several <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stops</a> upon the suggestions of titular organist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vierne" title="Louis Vierne">Louis Vierne</a>; in 1924, an electric blower was installed, which was financed by <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce" title="Rolls-Royce">Rolls-Royce</a> CEO, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Johnson" title="Claude Johnson">Claude Johnson</a>. An extensive restoration and cleaning was carried out by Joseph Beuchet in 1932 which mostly included changes to the Récit. Between 1959 and 1963, the mechanical action with <a href="/wiki/Barker_lever" title="Barker lever">Barker levers</a> was replaced with an electric action by Jean Hermann, and a new organ console was installed. </p><p>During the following years, the stoplist was gradually modified by Robert Boisseau (who added three <a href="/wiki/En_chamade" title="En chamade">chamade stops</a>: 8′, 4′, and 2′/16′) in 1968 and Jean-Loup Boisseau after 1975, all upon the orders of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cochereau" title="Pierre Cochereau">Pierre Cochereau</a>. In autumn 1983, the electric combination system was disconnected due to short-circuit risk. </p><p>Between 1990 and 1992, Jean-Loup Boisseau, Bertrand Cattiaux, Philippe Émeriau, Michel Giroud, and the Société Synaptel revised and augmented the instrument throughout. A new frame for the Jean Hermann console was created. Between 2012 and 2014, Bertrand Cattiaux and Pascal Quoirin restored, cleaned, and modified the organ. The stop and key action was upgraded, a new frame for selected components of the Hermann-Boisseau-Cattiaux console was created, a new enclosed division ("Résonnance expressive", using pipework from the former "Petite Pédale" by Boisseau, which can now be used as a floating division), the organ case and the façade pipes were restored, and a general tuning was carried out. The current organ has 115 stops (156 ranks) on five manuals and pedal, and more than 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">pipes</a>. </p><p>In addition to the great organ in the west end, the quire of the cathedral carries a medium-sized choir organ of 2 manuals, 30 stops and 37 ranks in a 19th-century case from the 1960s. During the fire of 2019, it was heavily damaged by waterlogging, but is at least partially reusable. It also had a 5-stop single-manual continuo organ, which was completely destroyed by water from firefighters. </p><p>It was reported that the great organ itself suffered very little damage (mostly to one Principal 32' pipe and substantial dust) in the fire of April 2019, but will need cleaning. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 98%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">I. Grand-Orgue<br />C–g<sup>3</sup> </th> <th scope="col">II. Positif<br />C–g<sup>3</sup> </th> <th scope="col">III. Récit<br />C–g<sup>3</sup> </th> <th scope="col">IV. Solo<br />C–g<sup>3</sup> </th> <th scope="col">V. Grand-Chœur<br />C–g<sup>3</sup> </th> <th scope="col">Résonnance expressive<br />C–g<sup>3</sup> </th> <th scope="col">Pédale<br />C–f<sup>1</sup>(keys go to g1, but f#1 and g1 silent) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Violon-Basse 16</li><li>Bourdon 16</li><li>Montre 8</li><li>Viole de Gambe 8</li><li>Flûte harmonique 8</li><li>Bourdon 8</li><li>Prestant 4</li><li>Octave 4</li><li>Doublette 2</li><li>Fourniture harmonique II-V 4</li><li>Cymbale harmonique II-V 2 2/3</li><li>Bombarde 16</li><li>Trompette 8</li><li>Clairon 4</li><li> </li><li><b>Chamades:</b></li><li>Chamade 8</li><li>Chamade 4</li><li> </li><li><i>Chamade Recit 8</i></li><li><i>Cornet Recit V (from c)</i></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Montre 16</li><li>Bourdon 16</li><li>Salicional 8</li><li>Flûte harmonique 8</li><li>Bourdon 8</li><li>Unda maris 8 (from c)</li><li>Prestant 4</li><li>Flûte douce 4</li><li>Nazard <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Doublette 2</li><li>Tierce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span></li><li>Fourniture V</li><li>Cymbale V</li><li>Clarinette basse 16</li><li>Clarinette 8</li><li>Clarinette aiguë 4</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Récit expressif:</b></li><li>Quintaton 16</li><li>Diapason 8</li><li>Flûte traversière 8</li><li>Viole de Gambe 8</li><li>Bourdon céleste 8 (from c)</li><li>Voix céleste 8 (from c)</li><li>Octave 4</li><li>Flûte Octaviante 4</li><li>Quinte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Octavin 2</li><li>Bombarde 16</li><li>Trompette 8</li><li>Basson-Hautbois 8</li><li>Clarinette 8</li><li>Voix humaine 8</li><li>Clairon 4</li><li> </li><li><b>Récit classique:</b> (from f)</li><li>Cornet V 8</li><li>Hautbois 8</li><li> </li><li><b>Chamades:</b></li><li>Basse Chamade 8</li><li>Dessus Chamade 8</li><li>Chamade 4</li><li>Chamade Régale 8</li><li> </li><li><i>Basse Chamade GO 8</i></li><li><i>Dessus Chamade GO 8</i></li><li><i>Chamade GO 4</i></li><li> </li><li>Trémolo</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Bourdon 32 (lowest octave acoustic)</li><li>Principal 16</li><li>Montre 8</li><li>Flûte harmonique 8</li><li>Quinte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Prestant 4</li><li>Tierce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span></li><li>Nazard <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Septième <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">7</span></span></li><li>Doublette 2</li><li>Cornet II-V 2 2/3</li><li>Grande Fourniture II 2 2/3</li><li>Fourniture V</li><li>Cymbale V</li><li>Cromorne 8</li><li> </li><li><i>Chamade GO 8</i></li><li><i>Chamade GO 4</i></li><li> </li><li><i>Cornet Récit V</i></li><li><i>Hautbois Récit 8 (above stops: f-g3, outside swell box)</i></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Principal 8</li><li>Bourdon 8 *</li><li>Prestant 4 *</li><li>Quinte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> *</li><li>Doublette 2 *</li><li>Tierce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> *</li><li>Larigot <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Septième <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">7</span></span></li><li>Piccolo 1</li><li>Plein jeu III-V 2/3</li><li>Tuba magna 16</li><li>Trompette 8</li><li>Clairon 4</li></ul></div>Cornet V 8 <p><i>(pulls out stops with asterisks)</i> </p> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Bourdon 16</li><li>Principal 8</li><li>Bourdon 8</li><li>Prestant 4</li><li>Flûte 4</li><li>Neuvième <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">9</span></span></li><li>Tierce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span></li><li>Onzième <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">10</span>⁄<span class="den">11</span></span></li><li>Nazard <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Flûte 2</li><li>Tierce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span></li><li>Larigot <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Flageolet 1</li><li>Fourniture III</li><li>Cymbale III</li><li>Basson 16</li><li>Basson 8</li><li>Voix humaine 8</li><li> </li><li>Chimes</li><li>Tremblant</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Principal 32</li><li>Contrebasse 16</li><li>Soubasse 16</li><li>Quinte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Flûte 8</li><li>Violoncelle 8</li><li>Tierce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span></li><li>Quinte <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li><li>Septième <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">4</span>⁄<span class="den">7</span></span></li><li>Octave 4</li><li>Contre-Bombarde 32</li><li>Bombarde 16</li><li>Basson 16</li><li>Trompette 8</li><li>Basson 8</li><li>Clairon 4</li><li> </li><li><i>Chamade GO 8</i></li><li><i>Chamade GO 4</i></li><li><i>Chamade Récit 8</i></li><li><i>Chamade Récit 4</i></li><li><i>Régale 2/16</i></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Couplers</b>: II/I, III/I, IV/I, V/I; III/II, IV/II, V/II; IV/III, V/III; V/IV, Octave grave général, inversion Positif/Grand-orgue, Tirasses (Grand-orgue, Positif, Récit, Solo, Grand-Chœur en 8; Grand-Orgue en 4, Positif en 4, Récit en 4, Solo en 4, Grand-Chœur en 4), Sub and Super octave couplers and Unison Off for all manuals (Octaves graves, octaves aiguës, annulation 8′). Octaves aiguës Pédalier. </p><p><b>Additional features</b>: Coupure Pédalier. Coupure Chamade. Appel Résonnance. Sostenuto for all manuals and the pedal. Cancel buttons for each division. 50,000 combinations (5,000 groups each). Replay system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organists">Organists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Organists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist; French: <i>titulaires des grandes orgues</i>) of the great organ of Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sulpice (Paris)">Saint Sulpice</a> in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" title="Aristide Cavaillé-Coll">Cavaillé-Coll's</a> largest instrument. </p><p>After the death of Pierre Cochereau, the cathedral authorities controversially decided to return to the Clicquot practice of having several titulaires, and also to guarantee that no one organist would have so much influence over the organ. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Maingot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Maingot (page does not exist)">Guillaume Maingot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Maingot" class="extiw" title="fr:Guillaume Maingot">fr</a>]</span> (1600–1609)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Petitjean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Petitjean (page does not exist)">Jacques Petitjean</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Petitjean_(organiste)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Petitjean (organiste)">fr</a>]</span> (1609–1610)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thibault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Thibault (page does not exist)">Charles Thibault</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thibault_(organiste)" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Thibault (organiste)">fr</a>]</span> (1610–1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Racquet" title="Charles Racquet">Charles Racquet</a> (1618–1643)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Racquet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Racquet (page does not exist)">Jean Racquet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racquet" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Racquet">fr</a>]</span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1643</span>–1689)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Corneille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Médéric Corneille (page does not exist)">Médéric Corneille</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Corneille" class="extiw" title="fr:Médéric Corneille">fr</a>]</span> (1689–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Antoine_Calvi%C3%A8re" title="Guillaume-Antoine Calvière">Guillaume-Antoine Calvière</a> (1730–1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Drouart_de_Bousset" title="René Drouart de Bousset">René Drouart de Bousset</a> (1755–1760)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Alexandre_Jollage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-Alexandre Jollage (page does not exist)">Charles-Alexandre Jollage</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_Jollage" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles-Alexandre Jollage">fr</a>]</span> (1755–1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Claude_Daquin" title="Louis-Claude Daquin">Louis-Claude Daquin</a> (1755–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Louis_Couperin" title="Armand-Louis Couperin">Armand-Louis Couperin</a> (1755–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Balbastre" title="Claude Balbastre">Claude Balbastre</a> (1760–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Claude_Foucquet" title="Pierre-Claude Foucquet">Pierre-Claude Foucquet</a> (1761–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_S%C3%A9jan" title="Nicolas Séjan">Nicolas Séjan</a> (1772–1793)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-%C3%89tienne_Luce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude-Étienne Luce (page does not exist)">Claude-Étienne Luce</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Luce" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude-Étienne Luce">fr</a>]</span> (1772–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Beauvarlet_Charpentier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet Charpentier">Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet Charpentier</a> (1783–1793)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Desprez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Desprez (page does not exist)">Antoine Desprez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Desprez" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Desprez">fr</a>]</span> (1802–1806)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Lacodre_dit_Blin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Lacodre dit Blin (page does not exist)">François Lacodre dit Blin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lacodre_dit_Blin" class="extiw" title="fr:François Lacodre dit Blin">fr</a>]</span> (1806–1834)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Pollet_(organist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Pollet (organist) (page does not exist)">Joseph Pollet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pollet" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Pollet">fr</a>]</span> (1834–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Danjou" title="Félix Danjou">Félix Danjou</a> (1840–1847)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Sergent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Sergent (page does not exist)">Eugène Sergent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sergent" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Sergent">fr</a>]</span> (1847–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vierne" title="Louis Vierne">Louis Vierne</a> (1900–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_de_Saint-Martin" title="Léonce de Saint-Martin">Léonce de Saint-Martin</a> (1937–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cochereau" title="Pierre Cochereau">Pierre Cochereau</a> (1955–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Devernay" title="Yves Devernay">Yves Devernay</a> (1985–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Leguay" title="Jean-Pierre Leguay">Jean-Pierre Leguay</a> (1985–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lefebvre_(organist)" title="Philippe Lefebvre (organist)">Philippe Lefebvre</a> (1985–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Latry" title="Olivier Latry">Olivier Latry</a> (since 1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Dubois_(organiste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Dubois (organiste) (page does not exist)">Vincent Dubois</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Dubois_(organiste)" class="extiw" title="fr:Vincent Dubois (organiste)">fr</a>]</span> (since 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Escaich" title="Thierry Escaich">Thierry Escaich</a> (since 2024)</li> <li>Thibault Fajoles (assistant organist, since 2024)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bells">Bells</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="190" data-mwtitle="ND_G1_Emmanuel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ND_G1_Emmanuel.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/ND_G1_Emmanuel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/ND_G1_Emmanuel.ogg/ND_G1_Emmanuel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Emmanuel's volley solo</figcaption></figure> <p>Notre-Dame currently has ten <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bells</a>. The two <a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">largest bells</a>, Emmanuel and Marie, are mounted in the south tower. The eight others; Gabriel, Anne Geneviève, Denis, Marcel, Étienne, Benoît-Joseph, Maurice, and Jean-Marie; are mounted in the north tower. In addition to accompanying regular activities at the cathedral, the bells have also rung to commemorate events of national and international significance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice of 11 November 1918</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberation of Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. </p><p>The bells are made with <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">bronze</a> for its resonance and resistance to corrosion. During the medieval period, they were often <a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">founded</a> on the grounds of the cathedral so they would not need to be transported long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, the bishop of Paris held a ceremony in which he <a href="/wiki/Church_bell#Blessing_of_bells" title="Church bell">blessed and baptized</a> the bells, and a godparent formally bestowed a name on the bell. Most of the cathedral's early bells were named after the person who donated them, but they were also named after biblical figures, saints, bishops, and others. </p><p>After the baptism, the bells were hoisted into the towers through circular openings in the vaulted ceilings and mounted to headstocks to allow the bells to swing. Notre-Dame's bells swing on a straight swinging axis, meaning the axis of rotation is just above the crown of the bell. This style of ringing produces a clearer tone, as the clapper strikes the bell on the upswing, called a flying clapper. However, it also causes great horizontal forces, which can be up to one and a half times the weight of the bell.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason the bells are mounted within wooden <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfries</a> which are recessed from the towers' stone walls. These absorb the horizontal forces and prevent the bells from damaging the relatively brittle stonework.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandron_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandron-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current belfries date to the 19th-century restoration. </p><p>Before the French Revolution, it was common for the bells to break, and they were often removed for repairs or to be entirely recast, and sometimes renamed. The bell Guillaume, for example, was renamed three times and recast no less than five times between 1230 and 1770. </p><p>The practice of bell-ringing at Notre-Dame is recorded as early as 1198.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandron_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandron-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 14th century the bells were marking the civil hours, and in 1472 they began to call to prayer for the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> three times a day, both practices which continue today. During the French Revolution, most of the cathedral's bells were removed and melted down. While many of them bore the names of the medieval bells, most were relatively recent recastings made from most of the same metal. During the 19th-century restoration, four new bells were made for the north tower. These were replaced in 2012 with nine as part of the cathedral's 850th anniversary celebration. </p><p>In addition to the main bells, the cathedral has also had smaller secondary bells. These included a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> in the medieval flèche, three clock bells on the north transept in the 18th century, and six bells added in the 19th century – three in the reconstructed flèche and three within the roof to be heard in the sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were destroyed during the 2019 fire. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Circular utility door (right of center) in the ceiling below the north tower made for raising and lowering bells[142]"><img alt="Circular utility door (right of center) in the ceiling below the north tower made for raising and lowering bells[142]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg/495px-Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg/743px-Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg/990px-Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Circular utility door (right of center) in the ceiling below the north tower made for raising and lowering bells<sup id="cite_ref-Sandron_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandron-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_(36378821523).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bourdon Emmanuel, Notre-Dame's largest and oldest bell, cast in 1686[144]"><img alt="The bourdon Emmanuel, Notre-Dame's largest and oldest bell, cast in 1686[144]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_%2836378821523%29.jpg/247px-Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_%2836378821523%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_%2836378821523%29.jpg/371px-Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_%2836378821523%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_%2836378821523%29.jpg/495px-Bourdon_Emmanuel_in_2016_%2836378821523%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="5248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bourdon Emmanuel, Notre-Dame's largest and oldest bell, cast in 1686<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1767 illustration of a bell headstock and mounting components (left) and Notre-Dame's original south belfry (right)[145][c]"><img alt="1767 illustration of a bell headstock and mounting components (left) and Notre-Dame's original south belfry (right)[145][c]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_%282%29.jpg/228px-Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_%282%29.jpg/343px-Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_%282%29.jpg/457px-Encyclopedie_volume_4-176pl7_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="2246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1767 illustration of a bell headstock and mounting components (left) and Notre-Dame's original south belfry (right)<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1854 illustration by Pégard showing the 1850 belfry which is present today[146]"><img alt="1854 illustration by Pégard showing the 1850 belfry which is present today[146]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png/162px-Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png/243px-Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png/324px-Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1854 illustration by Pégard showing the 1850 belfry which is present today<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The four 19th-century bells which were retired in 2012"><img alt="The four 19th-century bells which were retired in 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg/495px-Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg/743px-Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg/990px-Anciennes_cloches_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_le_6_ao%C3%BBt_2014_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The four 19th-century bells which were retired in 2012</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nine new bells exhibited in the nave in February 2013"><img alt="Nine new bells exhibited in the nave in February 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg/495px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg/743px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg/990px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nine new bells exhibited in the nave in February 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourdon_Marie.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The second bourdon Marie mounted in the south belfry"><img alt="The second bourdon Marie mounted in the south belfry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bourdon_Marie.JPG/247px-Bourdon_Marie.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bourdon_Marie.JPG/371px-Bourdon_Marie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bourdon_Marie.JPG/495px-Bourdon_Marie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The second bourdon Marie mounted in the south belfry</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clock">Clock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Clock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris#Striking_clock" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris § Striking clock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3h20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/3h20.jpg/290px-3h20.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/3h20.jpg/435px-3h20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/3h20.jpg/580px-3h20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>One of four clock faces of Notre-Dame's 19th-century clock (right). Chimes for the 18th-century clock were once held in a north transept turret, similar to the one pictured left on the south transept.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first clocks used at Notre-Dame were <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">clepsydras</a>. These were used to tell the hours, which were marked by striking bells. In the 14th century Notre-Dame had two clepsydras running simultaneously, one in the cloister and one in the church itself. A lay chamberlain was responsible to keep the clocks filled with water and to notify a churchwarden when it was time to strike the bells for the hour.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1766, Guillot de Montjoye and Jean-Bernard de Vienne, canons and stewards of the <a href="/wiki/Fabrica_ecclesiae" title="Fabrica ecclesiae">church fabric</a>, donated a mechanical clock to the cathedral. The <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">movement</a> was installed in a glass cabinet in the gallery beneath the north rose window and rang three bells placed outside above the north portal. Between 1812 and 1813, the clock and bells were moved to the north tower. A 1.34-metre (4.4 ft) clock face was installed inside the church below the organ platform.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Viollet-le-Duc's restoration in the 19th century, a new clock was made. The 1867 Collin-Wagner movement, measuring two metres (6.6 ft) across, was located in the forest underneath the <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Spire of Notre-Dame de Paris">central flèche</a> within a glass-enclosed room. This controlled four dormer clock faces visible on the transept roofs, two on each side. This clock was destroyed by the 2019 fire. Shortly after the fire, French clockmaker Jean-Baptiste Vior discovered an almost identical 1867 Collin-Wagner movement in storage at <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9,_Paris" title="Sainte-Trinité, Paris">Sainte-Trinité Church</a> in northern Paris. Olivier Chandez, who had been responsible for the upkeep of Notre-Dame's clock, described the find as "almost a miracle." While the clock cannot simply be installed in Notre-Dame itself, it is hoped that the clock can be used to create a new clock for Notre-Dame to the same specifications as the one which was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership">Ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the French Revolution, Notre-Dame was the property of the archbishop of Paris and therefore the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. It was nationalized on 2 November 1789 and since then has been the property of the French state.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Concordat of 1801, use of the cathedral was returned to the Church, but not ownership. Legislation from 1833 and 1838 clarified that cathedrals were maintained at the expense of the French government. This was reaffirmed in <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State</a>, designating the Catholic Church as having the exclusive right to use it for religious purposes in perpetuity. Notre-Dame is one of seventy historic churches in France with this status. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, for security, heating and cleaning, and for ensuring that the cathedral is open free of charge to visitors. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French state.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="During reconstruction following the fire"><img alt="During reconstruction following the fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg/400px-Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg/600px-Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg/800px-Notre_Dame_Catherdral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During reconstruction following the fire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century"><img alt="Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg/227px-Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg/341px-Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg/455px-Notre-Dame_-_Eglise_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5360" data-file-height="7073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to Le Stryge"><img alt="An 1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to Le Stryge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg/188px-Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg/282px-Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg/377px-Henri_Le_Secq_near_a_Gargoyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1853 photo by <a href="/wiki/Charles_N%C3%A8gre" title="Charles Nègre">Charles Nègre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Le_Secq" title="Henri Le Secq">Henri Le Secq</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">Le Stryge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century vestments"><img alt="19th-century vestments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG/225px-Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG/337px-Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG/450px-Paris_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_-_Ornements_sacerdotaux_-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade"><img alt="A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg/189px-Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg/284px-Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg/379px-Notre-dame-looking-up-np.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="4652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 372.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 370.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame's façade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne"><img alt="Notre-Dame's façade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg/556px-Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg" decoding="async" width="371" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg/833px-Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg/1111px-Notre_Dame_Paris_front_facade_lower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre-Dame's <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> showing the Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin</a>, Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>, and Portal of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">St-Anne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_dame_view_from_Montparnasse_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2010 view of Notre-Dame from Tour Montparnasse"><img alt="A 2010 view of Notre-Dame from Tour Montparnasse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Notre_dame_view_from_Montparnasse_Tower.jpg/480px-Notre_dame_view_from_Montparnasse_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Notre_dame_view_from_Montparnasse_Tower.jpg/720px-Notre_dame_view_from_Montparnasse_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Notre_dame_view_from_Montparnasse_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2010 view of Notre-Dame from <a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade"><img alt="A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG/451px-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG/677px-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG/903px-Notre_Dame_de_Paris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_dame_de_paris,_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin of Paris, 14th century. The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris"><img alt="Virgin of Paris, 14th century. The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Notre_dame_de_paris%2C_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG/225px-Notre_dame_de_paris%2C_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Notre_dame_de_paris%2C_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG/337px-Notre_dame_de_paris%2C_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Notre_dame_de_paris%2C_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG/450px-Notre_dame_de_paris%2C_statua_della_nostra_signora_di_parigi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Paris" title="Virgin of Paris">Virgin of Paris</a>, 14th century. The Statue of <i>Virgin and Child</i> inside Notre-Dame de Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV"><img alt="Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg/332px-Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg/498px-Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg/664px-Cathedrale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_maitre-autel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South rose window of Notre-Dame"><img alt="South rose window of Notre-Dame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg/320px-Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg/480px-Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg/640px-Rose_du_transept_Sud_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_170208_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> of Notre-Dame</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame"><img alt="Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/224px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/336px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/448px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">Flying buttresses</a> of Notre-Dame</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War"><img alt="Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG/225px-050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG/337px-050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG/450px-050903_Paris_052_NotreDame_memoriaInglesi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_tablets_to_the_British_Empire_dead_of_the_First_World_War" title="Memorial tablets to the British Empire dead of the First World War">Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 303.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 301.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tympanum of the Last Judgment"><img alt="Tympanum of the Last Judgment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg/452px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg/678px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg/904px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Tympanum_of_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">Tympanum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame's interior"><img alt="Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame's interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg/225px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg/337px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg/450px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> in Notre-Dame's interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 358px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 356px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)"><img alt="Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg/534px-Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg" decoding="async" width="356" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg/800px-Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg/1067px-Close_look_of_the_details_on_the_Tympanum_of_the_Last_Judgment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4619" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of Notre-Dame"><img alt="Façade of Notre-Dame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg/400px-Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg/600px-Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg/800px-Facade_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_2018-06-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of Notre-Dame</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="French road system's Point Zéro spot on the ground in front of Notre-Dame (since 1924)"><img alt="French road system's Point Zéro spot on the ground in front of Notre-Dame (since 1924)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_%281%29.JPG/400px-Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_%281%29.JPG/600px-Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_%281%29.JPG/800px-Point_Z%C3%A9ro_des_Routes_de_France_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French road system's <i>Point Zéro</i> spot on the ground in front of Notre-Dame (since 1924)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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destroyed heritage">List of destroyed heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_cathedrals_in_Europe" title="List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_churches_in_Paris" title="List of historic churches in Paris">List of historic churches in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region">List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Musée de Notre Dame de Paris">Musée de Notre Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_du_Calvaire,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame du Calvaire, Paris">Notre-Dame du Calvaire, Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">Roman Catholic Marian churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Roscudon_Church" title="Notre Dame de Roscudon Church">Notre Dame de Roscudon Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>Notre Dame</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Our Lady</a>", was frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_(disambiguation)#Churches_and_cathedrals" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Notre Dame (disambiguation)">names of churches</a>, including the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Rheims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The growth of the population of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and other French cities was characteristic of Western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>. It is thought that the population of Paris grew from 25,000 in 1180 to 50,000 in 1220, making it the largest European city outside of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notre-Dame's belfry was used as the model for this diagram. The stonework, however, was not drawn to be accurate. See Billon 1821, p. 148 and Doré 2012, p. 203.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatkin1986" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (1986). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Barrie and Jenkins. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3"><bdi>0-7126-1279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7126-1279-3&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibert2023" class="citation news cs1">Libert, Lucien (16 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/notre-dame-rooster-back-paris-cathedrals-spire-renovation-enters-final-stage-2023-12-16/">"Notre-Dame rooster back on Paris cathedral's spire as renovation enters final stage"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Notre-Dame+rooster+back+on+Paris+cathedral%27s+spire+as+renovation+enters+final+stage&rft.date=2023-12-16&rft.aulast=Libert&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnotre-dame-rooster-back-paris-cathedrals-spire-renovation-enters-final-stage-2023-12-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/">"Musique Sacrée à Notre-Dame de Paris"</a>. <i>msndp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415212703/https://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msndp&rft.atitle=Musique+Sacr%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Notre-Dame+de+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/">"Paris, Banks of the Seine"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Banks+of+the+Seine&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMérimée_database1993">Mérimée database 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198846–62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198846–62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, pp. 46–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavis" class="citation web cs1">Chavis, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617123117/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/notre-dame-cathedral-france-3356.html">"Facts on the Notre Dame Cathedral in France"</a>. <i>Travel Tips - USA Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traveltips.usatoday.com/notre-dame-cathedral-france-3356.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Tips+-+USA+Today&rft.atitle=Facts+on+the+Notre+Dame+Cathedral+in+France&rft.aulast=Chavis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fnotre-dame-cathedral-france-3356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notredamedeparis.fr-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notredamedeparis.fr_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802135015/http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/la-cathedrale/histoire/historique-de-la-construction">"Historique de la construction"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/la-cathedrale/histoire/historique-de-la-construction">the original</a> on 2 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historique+de+la+construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notredamedeparis.fr%2Fla-cathedrale%2Fhistoire%2Fhistorique-de-la-construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParisDigest-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ParisDigest_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parisdigest.com/paris/paris-facts.htm">"Paris facts"</a>. Paris Digest. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202418/https://www.parisdigest.com/paris/paris-facts.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+facts&rft.pub=Paris+Digest&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisdigest.com%2Fparis%2Fparis-facts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELours2018292-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018292_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018292_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELours2018292_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLours2018">Lours 2018</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChellesDigitalGeorgetown1981" class="citation web cs1">Chelles, Jean de; DigitalGeorgetown (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/554233#:~:text=Notre%20Dame%27s%20north%20transept%20wall,,%20greens,%20browns%20and%20yellows.">"Notre Dame Cathedral North Rose Window"</a>. <i>repository.library.georgetown.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=repository.library.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=Notre+Dame+Cathedral+North+Rose+Window&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Chelles&rft.aufirst=Jean+de&rft.au=DigitalGeorgetown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.georgetown.edu%2Fhandle%2F10822%2F554233%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNotre%2520Dame%2527s%2520north%2520transept%2520wall%2C%2C%2520greens%2C%2520browns%2520and%2520yellows.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trintignac_and_Coloni_1984_p._45_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trintignac and Coloni (1984), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trintignac and Coloni (1984), p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow_Hoi-Yan2003" class="citation book cs1">Chow Hoi-Yan, Gabriel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/basilicas/bas001-excerpts.pdf"><i>Basilicas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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The <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/l-adoration-des-mages-0">the original</a> on 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Foundation Napoleon<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782900791608" title="Special:BookSources/9782900791608"><bdi>9782900791608</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53974742">53974742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grandeur+et+mis%C3%A8re+du+patrimoine%2C+d%27Andr%C3%A9+Malraux+%C3%A0+Jacques+Duhamel+%281959%E2%80%931973%29&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53974742&rft.isbn=9782900791608&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxUgWD4lsN4">"SYND 19-1-69 VIET CONG FLAG REMOVED FROM NOTRE DAME"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=SYND+19-1-69+VIET+CONG+FLAG+REMOVED+FROM+NOTRE+DAME&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfxUgWD4lsN4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/20/archives/vietcong-flag-put-atop-notre-dame.html">"Vietcong Flag Put Atop Notre Dame"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 20 January 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vietcong+Flag+Put+Atop+Notre+Dame&rft.date=1969-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1969%2F01%2F20%2Farchives%2Fvietcong-flag-put-atop-notre-dame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngel2016" class="citation book cs1">Angel, Julie (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAxjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT90"><i>Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion</i></a>. Aurum Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-554-5"><bdi>978-1-78131-554-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Jump%3A+The+Secret+Story+of+Parkour%27s+High+Flying+Rebellion&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2016-07&rft.isbn=978-1-78131-554-5&rft.aulast=Angel&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAxjDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/11/archives/france-mourns-de-gaulle-world-leaders-to-attend-a-service-at-notre.html">"France mourns de Gaulle; world leaders to attend a service at Notre Dame"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 11 November 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=France+mourns+de+Gaulle%3B+world+leaders+to+attend+a+service+at+Notre+Dame&rft.date=1970-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F11%2F11%2Farchives%2Ffrance-mourns-de-gaulle-world-leaders-to-attend-a-service-at-notre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4082961/sneaky_juggler_has_ball/">"Sneaky Juggler Has Ball Up in Sky at Notre Dame"</a>. <i>Ogden-Standard Examiner</i>. 27 June 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ogden-Standard+Examiner&rft.atitle=Sneaky+Juggler+Has+Ball+Up+in+Sky+at+Notre+Dame&rft.date=1971-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F4082961%2Fsneaky_juggler_has_ball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohn2019" class="citation news cs1">Gohn, Pat (15 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicdigest.com/catholic-digest/prayer-of-st-john-paul-ii-at-notre-dame-cathedral-paris-1980/">"Prayer of St. John Paul II at Notre Dame from May 30, 1980"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Digest" title="Catholic Digest">Catholic Digest</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Paris%3A+Inside+Notre-Dame+during+lockdown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-europe-40175391%2Fparis-inside-notre-dame-during-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415224122/https://www.qt.com.au/news/notre-dame-paris-hundreds-put-terror-lockdown/3186662/">"Notre Dame, Paris: Hundreds put in terror lockdown"</a>. <i>Queensland Time</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Part+of+Notre-Dame+Spire+Collapses+as+Paris+Cathedral+Catches+Fire&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Breeden&rft.aufirst=Aurelien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F15%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnotre-dame-fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fire1-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fire1_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiger" class="citation news cs1">Seiger, Theresa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/news/national/fire-reported-paris-notre-dame-cathedral/ukKe051QWt0d21wFgEhWbP">"Fire reported at Paris' Notre Dame cathedral"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415172949/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/fire-reported-paris-notre-dame-cathedral/ukKe051QWt0d21wFgEhWbP">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Fire+reported+at+Paris%27+Notre+Dame+cathedral&rft.aulast=Seiger&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ffire-reported-paris-notre-dame-cathedral%2FukKe051QWt0d21wFgEhWbP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fire2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fire2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Bawab2019" class="citation web cs1">El-Bawab, Nadine (15 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/15/paris-notre-dame-cathedral-on-fire-reuters.html">"Roof burns at Paris' Notre Dame Cathedral as massive fire rages"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415172554/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/15/paris-notre-dame-cathedral-on-fire-reuters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Roof+burns+at+Paris%27+Notre+Dame+Cathedral+as+massive+fire+rages&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=El-Bawab&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F04%2F15%2Fparis-notre-dame-cathedral-on-fire-reuters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_2019-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_2019_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_2019_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltierGlanzGröndahlCai2019" class="citation news cs1">Peltier, Elian; Glanz, James; Gröndahl, Mika; Cai, Weiyi; Nossiter, Adam; Alderman, Liz (16 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/16/world/europe/notre-dame.html">"Notre-Dame came far closer to collapsing than people knew. This is how it was saved"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418104848/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-notredame-firefighters/paris-firefighters-got-on-notre-dame-site-in-less-than-10-minutes-idUSKCN1RT1N7">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/62ac5270-6015-11e9-b285-3acd5d43599e">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Associated Press. 15 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415215922/https://apnews.com/91d9711a9e5549109dd04d264e02b720">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFP.com&rft.atitle=Years%3F+Decades%3F+Uncertainty+over+time+needed+to+rebuild+Notre-Dame&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afp.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F15%2Fyears-decades-uncertainty-over-time-needed-rebuild-notre-dame-doc-1fo84h1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2019" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (17 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/apr/17/france-announces-architecture-competition-rebuild-notre-dames-spire">"France announces contest to redesign Notre Dame spire"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=France+announces+contest+to+redesign+Notre+Dame+spire&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal%2F2019%2Fapr%2F17%2Ffrance-announces-architecture-competition-rebuild-notre-dames-spire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtero-Pailos2019" class="citation news cs1">Otero-Pailos, Jorge (19 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/a-proustian-call-to-arms-on-notre-dame">"In Notre Dame, we find a heritage that invites us to breathe and reflect: A spire competition is the wrong approach"</a>. <i>The Art Newspaper</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-6556">0960-6556</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=In+Notre+Dame%2C+we+find+a+heritage+that+invites+us+to+breathe+and+reflect%3A+A+spire+competition+is+the+wrong+approach&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft.issn=0960-6556&rft.aulast=Otero-Pailos&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fcomment%2Fa-proustian-call-to-arms-on-notre-dame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandarin2019" class="citation news cs1">Bandarin, Francesco (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/notre-dame-should-be-rebuilt-as-it-was-says-a-former-director-of-unesco-s-world-heritage-centre">"Notre Dame Should Be Rebuilt As It Was"</a>. <i>The Art Newspaper</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-6556">0960-6556</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Notre+Dame+Should+Be+Rebuilt+As+It+Was&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.issn=0960-6556&rft.aulast=Bandarin&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fcomment%2Fnotre-dame-should-be-rebuilt-as-it-was-says-a-former-director-of-unesco-s-world-heritage-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollective2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Collective, Tribune (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/notre-dame-monsieur-le-president-ne-dessaisissez-pas-les-experts-du-patrimoine-20190428">"Notre-Dame: 'Monsieur le président, ne dessaisissez pas les experts du patrimoine!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+du+9+d%C3%A9cembre+1905+concernant+la+s%C3%A9paration+des+Eglises+et+de+l%27Etat.&rft.pub=Government+of+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006070169%26dateTexte%3D20080306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Communique of the Press and Communication Service of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Paris, November 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-language">English-language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: English-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruzelius1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bruzelius" title="Caroline Bruzelius">Bruzelius, Caroline</a> (December 1987). "The Construction of Notre-Dame in Paris". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Bulletin">The Art Bulletin</a></i>. <b>69</b> (4): 540–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1987.10788458">10.1080/00043079.1987.10788458</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3050998">3050998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+Notre-Dame+in+Paris&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-569&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.1987.10788458&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3050998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bruzelius&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davis, Michael T. "Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290–1350." <i>The Art Bulletin</i> (1998) 80#1 pp: 34–66.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Herrick" title="James A. Herrick">Herrick, James A.</a> (2004). <i>The Making of the New Spirituality</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-3279-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-3279-3"><bdi>0-8308-3279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+New+Spirituality&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8308-3279-3&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Inglis, Erik (2003). "Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius". <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_(journal)" title="Gesta (journal)">Gesta</a></i>. <b>42</b> (XLII/1): 63–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25067075">10.2307/25067075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067075">25067075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190312592">190312592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=Gothic+Architecture+and+a+Scholastic%3A+Jean+de+Jandun%27s+Tractatus+de+laudibus+Parisius&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=XLII%2F1&rft.pages=63-85&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190312592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25067075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25067075&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jacobs, Jay, ed. <i>The Horizon Book of Great Cathedrals</i>. New York City: American Heritage Publishing, 1968</li> <li>Janson, H. W. <i>History of Art</i>. 3rd Edition. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams, Inc.">Harry N. Abrams, Inc.</a>, 1986</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollett2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Follett, Ken</a> (2019). <i>Notre-Dame: a short history of the meaning of cathedrals</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781984880253" title="Special:BookSources/9781984880253"><bdi>9781984880253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notre-Dame%3A+a+short+history+of+the+meaning+of+cathedrals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781984880253&rft.aulast=Follett&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Myers, Bernard S. <i>Art and Civilization</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1957</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1851" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Henry T. (1851). <i>The fasti; Tristia; Pontic epistles; Ibis; and, Halieuticon of Ovid</i>. London: H.G. Bohn. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010554460">2010554460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fasti%3B+Tristia%3B+Pontic+epistles%3B+Ibis%3B+and%2C+Halieuticon+of+Ovid&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010554460&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Henry+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandronTallon2013" class="citation book cs1">Sandron, Dany; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tallon" title="Andrew Tallon">Tallon, Andrew</a> (2013). <i>Notre Dame Cathedral: Nine Centuries of History</i>. Translated by Cook, Lindsay; Tallon, Andrew. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press (published 5 April 2020). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271086224" title="Special:BookSources/9780271086224"><bdi>9780271086224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notre+Dame+Cathedral%3A+Nine+Centuries+of+History&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780271086224&rft.aulast=Sandron&rft.aufirst=Dany&rft.au=Tallon%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA119T"><i>The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98093-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98093-1"><bdi>0-295-98093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian+State%2C+1386%E2%80%931795&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-295-98093-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFgB_l4SdHAC%26pg%3DPA119T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1995" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Paul (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicsculpture100will"><i>Gothic Sculpture, 1140–1300</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-030006-338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-030006-338-7"><bdi>978-030006-338-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469571482">469571482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Sculpture%2C+1140%E2%80%931300&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469571482&rft.isbn=978-030006-338-7&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothicsculpture100will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wright, Craig. <i>Music and ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500–1550</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French-language">French-language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: French-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillon1866" class="citation book cs1">Billon, Jean-Baptiste-Benjamin (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNtGM8effCMC"><i>Campanologie: Étude sur les Cloches et les Sonneries Françaises et Étrangères</i></a>. Caen: F. Le Blanc-Hardel. pp. 111–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campanologie%3A+%C3%89tude+sur+les+Cloches+et+les+Sonneries+Fran%C3%A7aises+et+%C3%89trang%C3%A8res&rft.place=Caen&rft.pages=111-113&rft.pub=F.+Le+Blanc-Hardel&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Billon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste-Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNtGM8effCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabezas1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cabezas, Hervé (1988). "Du "vitrail archéologique"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Revue d'archéologie moderne et d'archéologie générale</i>. <b>6</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+moderne+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&rft.atitle=Du+%22vitrail+arch%C3%A9ologique%22&rft.volume=6&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cabezas&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelisle1873" class="citation book cs1">Delisle, Léopold, ed. (1873). <i>Chronique de Robert de Torigni, abbé du Mont-Saint-Michel</i>. Le Brument.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronique+de+Robert+de+Torigni%2C+abb%C3%A9+du+Mont-Saint-Michel&rft.pub=Le+Brument&rft.date=1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoré2012" class="citation book cs1">Doré, Joseph, ed. (2012). <i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i>. La grâce d'une cathédrale. Strasbourg: La Nuée Bleue (published 4 October 2012). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2809907988" title="Special:BookSources/978-2809907988"><bdi>978-2809907988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notre-Dame+de+Paris&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.series=La+gr%C3%A2ce+d%27une+cath%C3%A9drale&rft.pub=La+Nu%C3%A9e+Bleue&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2809907988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher1988" class="citation book cs1">Ducher, Robert (1988). <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i>. Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1"><bdi>2-08-011539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-08-011539-1&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvergier1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duvergier" title="Jean-Baptiste Duvergier">Duvergier, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63812308"><i>Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglements, et avis du Conseil d'État</i></a> (1 ed.). Guyot et Scribe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collection+compl%C3%A8te+des+lois%2C+d%C3%A9crets%2C+ordonnances%2C+r%C3%A9glements%2C+et+avis+du+Conseil+d%27%C3%89tat&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Guyot+et+Scribe&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Duvergier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k63812308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueffier1763" class="citation book cs1">Gueffier, Claude-Pierre (1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQtrRgaXtIIC"><i>Description historique des curiosités de l'eglise de Paris, contenant le détail de l'édifice, tant extérieur qu'intérieur, le trésor, les chapelles, tombeaux, épitaphes, et l'explication des tableaux, avec les noms des peintres, etc</i></a>. Paris: Chez C. P. 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Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5"><bdi>978-2-7373-6535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+des+Cath%C3%A9drales+Gothiques&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-6535-5&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortet1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Mortet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Mortet (page does not exist)">Mortet, Victor</a> (1888). <i>Étude historique et archéologique sur la cathédrale et le palais épiscopal de Paris du vie au xiie siècle</i>. A. Picard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tude+historique+et+arch%C3%A9ologique+sur+la+cath%C3%A9drale+et+le+palais+%C3%A9piscopal+de+Paris+du+vie+au+xiie+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=A.+Picard&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Mortet&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisani1908" class="citation book cs1">Pisani, Paul (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k759154"><i>L'Église de Paris et la Révolution</i></a>. Al. 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Vol. 1. 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Association pour la publication d'une histoire de Paris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859620028" title="Special:BookSources/9782859620028"><bdi>9782859620028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solennit%C3%A9s%2C+f%C3%AAtes+et+r%C3%A9jouissances+parisiennes&rft.pub=Association+pour+la+publication+d%27une+histoire+de+Paris&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9782859620028&rft.aulast=de+Villefosse&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+H%C3%A9ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgQKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Trintignac, Andre and Coloni, Marie-Jeanne, <i>Decouvrir Notre-Dame de Paris</i>, Les Editions du Cerf, Paris, 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7">2-204-02087-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViollet-le-Duc1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionnairerai26violgoog"><i>Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle</i></a>. 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Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-7712-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-7712-9"><bdi>978-2-7373-7712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cath%C3%A9dales+Cothiques+%E2%80%93+un+D%C3%A9fi+M%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-7712-9&rft.aulast=Wenzler&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_references">Online references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Online references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives_parlementaires,_Vol._22" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417131321/https://frda.stanford.edu/fr/catalog/qj170gb3259_00_0209"><i>Archives parlementaires</i></a>. Vol. 22. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Stanford Libraries</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frda.stanford.edu/fr/catalog/qj170gb3259_00_0209">the original</a> on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+parlementaires&rft.pub=Stanford+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrda.stanford.edu%2Ffr%2Fcatalog%2Fqj170gb3259_00_0209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="commons:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMérimée_database1993" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00086250">"Monument historique – PA00086250"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Mérimée database">Mérimée database</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monument_Historique" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument Historique">Monuments Historiques</a></i> (in French). France: <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Culture">Ministère de la Culture</a>. 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e+database+of+Monuments+Historiques&rft.atitle=Monument+historique+%E2%80%93+PA00086250&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pop.culture.gouv.fr%2Fnotice%2Fmerimee%2FPA00086250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotre-Dame+de+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notredamedeparis.fr/en/">Official website of Notre-Dame de Paris</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> also <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendsofnotredamedeparis.org/">Official website of Friends of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/en/home">Official site of Music at Notre-Dame de Paris</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> also <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/paris/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_Cathedral/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire.html">Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral Fire </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musiqueorguequebec.ca/orgues/france/ndamep.html#English">Further information on the Organ with specifications of the Grandes Orgues and the Orgue de Choeur</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBuzm0iMRlc">Tridentine Mass celebrated in Notre-Dame in 2017</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Template:Notre-Dame de Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Template talk:Notre-Dame de Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Notre-Dame de Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notre-Dame_de_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_the_Boatmen" title="Pillar of the Boatmen">Pillar of the Boatmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Etienne,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Etienne, Paris">Saint-Étienne de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Napoleon I">Coronation of Napoleon I</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Affair" title="Notre-Dame Affair">Notre-Dame Affair</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Musée de Notre Dame de Paris">Musée de Notre Dame de Paris</a> (1951–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_bombing_attempt" title="Notre-Dame de Paris bombing attempt">2016 bombing attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_attack" title="2017 Notre-Dame de Paris attack">2017 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_fire" title="Notre-Dame fire">2019 fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvis_Notre-Dame_%E2%80%93_Place_Jean-Paul_II" title="Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul II">Parvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_in_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="List of sculptures in Notre-Dame de Paris">Sculptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Spire of Notre-Dame de Paris">Spire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_(painting)" title="May (painting)">Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Sainte-Chapelle" title="Relics of Sainte-Chapelle">Relics of Sainte-Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_in_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="List of sculptures in Notre-Dame de Paris">Sculptures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Paris" title="Virgin of Paris">Virgin of Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt_of_Saint_Louis" title="Shirt of Saint Louis">Shirt of Saint Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Chelles" title="Jean de Chelles">Jean de Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Montreuil" title="Pierre de Montreuil">Pierre de Montreuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Chelles" title="Pierre de Chelles">Pierre de Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lassus" title="Jean-Baptiste Lassus">Jean-Baptiste Lassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tallon" title="Andrew Tallon">Andrew Tallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Georgelin" title="Jean-Louis Georgelin">Jean-Louis Georgelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Category:Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris"><i>Burials</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="The Coronation of Napoleon">The Coronation of Napoleon</a></i> (1807 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> (1830 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1831 novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame#Adaptations" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">adaptations</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bohemian_(Bouguereau)" title="The Bohemian (Bouguereau)">The Bohemian</a></i> (1890 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quai_Saint-Michel_and_Notre-Dame" title="The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame">The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame</a></i> (1901 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame,_une_fin_d%27apr%C3%A8s-midi" title="Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi">Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi</a></i> (1902 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/View_of_Notre-Dame" title="View of Notre-Dame">View of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1914 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notre_Dame_de_Paris_Mosque" title="The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque">The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque</a></i> (2005 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Unity" title="Assassin's Creed Unity">Assassin's Creed Unity</a></i> (2014 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_on_Fire" title="Notre-Dame on Fire">Notre-Dame on Fire</a></i> (2022 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basilicas_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basilicas_in_France" title="Template:Basilicas in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basilicas_in_France" title="Template talk:Basilicas in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basilicas_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basilicas in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basilicas_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basilicas of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aix_Cathedral" title="Aix Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Brebi%C3%A8res" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Brebières">Basilica of Our Lady of Brebières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Cecilia</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Alençon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Mary Magdalene</li> <li>Basilica of the Visitation</li> <li>Basilica of St Joseph</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_Cathedral" title="Apt Cathedral">Basilica of St Ann</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady</li> <li>Basilica of St Denis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Trophime,_Arles" title="Church of St. Trophime, Arles">Basilica of St Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_Cathedral" title="Arras Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady and St Vedast</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Sixtus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auch_Cathedral" title="Auch Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Mary of Auch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autun_Cathedral" title="Autun Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Cathedral" title="Avignon Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Doms</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Avioth</li> <li>Basilica of St Gervasius and St Protasius</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Beaune</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfort_Cathedral" title="Belfort Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Couture" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de la Couture">Basilica of Our Lady of Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Cathedral" title="Besançon Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St John the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Ferjeux" title="Basilica of Saint-Ferjeux">Basilica of SS Ferreolus and Ferrutio</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Trinity</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Bon-Encontre</li> <li>Basilica of St Ann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Bonsecours" title="Basilique Notre-Dame de Bonsecours">Basilica of Our Lady of Good Succour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Severinus_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Severinus of Bordeaux">Basilica of St Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Michael,_Bordeaux" title="Basilica of St. Michael, Bordeaux">Basilica of St. Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne">Basilica of Our Lady of Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Julian,_Brioude" title="Basilica of Saint-Julian, Brioude">Basilica of St Julian</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Ceignac</li> <li>C<a href="/wiki/Cambrai_Cathedral" title="Cambrai Cathedral">athedral Basilica of Our Lady of Grace and the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saints_Nazarius_and_Celsus" title="Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus">Basilica of St Nazarius and St Celsus</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Maxellende</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry_Cathedral" title="Chambéry Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Francis de Sales</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Mézières</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Chartres</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Children</li> <li>Basilica of St John the Baptist</li> <li>Basilica of the Holy Trinity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_du_Port" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame du Port">Basilica of Our Lady of the Port</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Cléry</li> <li>Basilica of the Holy Saviour</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Dole</li> <li>Basilica of St Joan of Arc</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Deliverance</li> <li>Basilica of St Maurice</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Épine</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the White</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady</li> <li>Basilica of St Joseph</li> <li>Basilica of the Sacred Heart</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Help</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Marienthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Notre-Dame de Marienthal">Basilica of Our Lady, Marienthal</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Paradise</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Roncier</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Thierenbach</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Good Succour</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Montligeon</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Pity</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady</li> <li>Basilica of St John Francis Regis</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of La Salette</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Avénières</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_l%27%C3%89pine" title="Notre-Dame de l'Épine">Basilica of Our Lady of Épine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy_Cathedral" title="Le Puy Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Le Puy</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Liesse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille_Cathedral" title="Lille Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Marceille</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Lisieux" title="Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux">Basilica of St Theresa</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Good Guard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (Upper Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary_Basilica" title="Rosary Basilica">Basilica of the Rosary (Lower Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Pius_X" title="Basilica of St. Pius X">Basilica of St Pius X (Underground Church)</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Martin of the Sacred Heart</li> <li>Basilica of St Peter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Fourvi%C3%A8re" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière">Basilica of Our Lady of Fourvière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay" title="Basilica of Saint-Martin d'Ainay">Basilica of St Martin of Ainay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Basilica of Our Lady of Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Cathedral" title="Marseille Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Victor,_Marseille" title="Abbey of St Victor, Marseille">Basilica of St Victor (Abbey of St Victor)</a></li> <li>Basilica of the Sacred Heart</li> <li>Basilica of St Peter Fourier</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Miracles</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Miracles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaux_Cathedral" title="Meaux Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Cathedral" title="Mende Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady and St Privat</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Michael the Archangel</li> <li>Basilica of St Vincent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguebelle_Abbey" title="Aiguebelle Abbey">Basilica of Our Lady of Aiguebelle, Aiguebelle Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Cathedral" title="Montpellier Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Peter and St Paul</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Tables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulins_Cathedral" title="Moulins Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Aprus</li> <li>Basilica of the Sacred Heart</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Lourdes</li> <li>Basilica of St Nicholas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Donatian_and_St._Rogatian" title="Basilica of St. Donatian and St. Rogatian">Basilica of St Donatius and St Rogatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne_Cathedral" title="Narbonne Cathedral">Old Cathedral of St Just and St Pastor</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Paul</li> <li>Basilica of St James</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevers_Cathedral" title="Nevers Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Cyriacus and St Julietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Cathedral" title="Nice Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Mary and St Reparata</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes_Cathedral" title="Nîmes Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady and St Castor</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Orcival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral" title="Orléans Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Odile_Abbey" title="Mont Sainte-Odile Abbey">Basilica of Our Lady, Mont Sainte-Odile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Paray-le-Monial" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paray-le-Monial">Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Basilica of St Clotilde and St Valery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Basilica of Our Lady of Victories</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux_Cathedral" title="Périgueux Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan_Cathedral" title="Perpignan Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitiers_Cathedral" title="Poitiers Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Peter</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Joy</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Prayer</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Buglose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimper_Cathedral" title="Quimper Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Corentin</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Deliverance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi" title="Musée Saint-Remi">Basilica of St Remigius (Abbey of St Remigius)</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Clotilde</li> <li>Basilica of the Holy Saviour and Our Lady of Miracles and Virtues</li> <li>Basilica of St Albinus and Our Lady of Good News</li> <li>Basilica of St Amabilis, Ricomage</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Rocamadour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodez_Cathedral" title="Rodez Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady</a></li> <li>Basilica of the Sacred Heart</li> <li>Basilica of Sainte-Anne-d'Auray</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Good Succour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Basilica of St Benedict, Fleury Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc_Cathedral" title="Saint-Brieuc Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Stephen</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Hope</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Claude_Cathedral" title="Saint-Claude Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintes_Cathedral" title="Saintes Cathedral">Basilica of St Peter</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Eutropius</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Laus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis_de_Montfort" title="Basilica of St. Louis de Montfort">Basilica of St Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Saint-Nicolas-de-Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Nicolas-de-Port">Basilica of St Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer_Cathedral" title="Saint-Omer Cathedral">Basilica of Our Lady of Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on_Cathedral" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral">Old Cathedral of St Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Basilica of Saint-Quentin">Basilica of St Quentin</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Victory</li> <li>Basilica of St Andoche</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of Zion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9es_Cathedral" title="Sées Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soissons_Cathedral" title="Soissons Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Gervasius and St Protasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigolet_Abbey" title="Frigolet Abbey">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Abbey of St Michael of Frigolet</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Francis de Sales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Daurade" title="Notre-Dame de la Daurade">Basilica of Our Lady of the Daurade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Sernin,_Toulouse" title="Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse">Basilica of St Saturnin</a></li> <li>Basilica of St Martin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier_Cathedral" title="Tréguier Cathedral">Basilica of St Tudwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Urbain_de_Troyes" title="Basilique Saint-Urbain de Troyes">Basilica of St Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_Cathedral" title="Valence Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Apollinarius</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Holy Cord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannes_Cathedral" title="Vannes Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of St Peter</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun_Cathedral" title="Verdun Cathedral">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Basilica of St Mary Magdalene (Vézelay Abbey)</a></li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Willow</li> <li>Basilica of Our Lady of the Oak</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_basilicas" title="List of Catholic basilicas">Basilicas list</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="Template:4th arrondissement of Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="Template talk:4th arrondissement of Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4th arrondissement of Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="4th arrondissement of Paris">4th arrondissement of Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">The Marais</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary and<br />secondary schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Charlemagne" title="Lycée Charlemagne">Lycée Charlemagne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Louis" title="Île Saint-Louis">Île Saint-Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazar_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville" title="Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville">Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthillon" title="Berthillon">Berthillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully" title="Hôtel de Sully">Hôtel de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marais" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Marais">Le Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Rosiers" title="Rue des Rosiers">Rue des Rosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_europ%C3%A9enne_de_la_photographie" title="Maison européenne de la photographie">Maison européenne de la photographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March%C3%A9_aux_fleurs,_Place_Louis_L%C3%A9pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marché aux fleurs, Place Louis Lépine">Marché aux fleurs, Place Louis Lépine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_Shoah" title="Mémorial de la Shoah">Mémorial de la Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Magie" title="Musée de la Magie">Musée de la Magie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Template:Notre-Dame de Paris">Template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Pavillon de l'Arsenal">Pavillon de l'Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Library_in_Paris" title="Polish Library in Paris">Polish Library in Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Museum,_Paris" title="Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Paris">Adam Mickiewicz Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Salon Frédéric Chopin">Salon Frédéric Chopin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quai_des_C%C3%A9lestins_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quai des Célestins (Paris)">Quai des Célestins (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jacques_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Jacques Tower">Saint-Jacques Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais" title="Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais">Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais</a> (Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_en_l%27%C3%8Ele" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Louis en l'Île">Saint-Louis en l'Île</a> (Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salle_des_Traditions_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine" title="Salle des Traditions de la Garde Républicaine">Salle des Traditions de la Garde Républicaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_du_Marais" title="Temple du Marais">Temple du Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosiers%E2%80%93Joseph_Migneret_Garden" title="Rosiers–Joseph Migneret Garden">Rosiers–Joseph Migneret Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paris Métro stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastille (Paris Métro)">Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telet_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Châtelet (Paris Métro)">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité (Paris Métro)">Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel de Ville (Paris Métro)">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Marie_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont Marie (Paris Métro)">Pont Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambuteau_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambuteau (Paris Métro)">Rambuteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Paul (Paris Métro)">Saint-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully%E2%80%93Morland_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sully–Morland (Paris Métro)">Sully–Morland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel-Dieu de Paris">Hôtel-Dieu</a> (hospital)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Template talk:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor attractions in Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Paris" title="Tourism in Paris">Tourism in Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_in_Paris" title="Landmarks in Paris">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A8nes_de_Lut%C3%A8ce" title="Arènes de Lutèce">Arènes de Lutèce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Brongniart" title="Palais Brongniart">Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Gare d'Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Montparnasse" title="Gare Montparnasse">Gare Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_Saint-Lazare" title="Gare Saint-Lazare">Gare Saint-Lazare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(Fr%C3%A9miet)" title="Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet)">Jeanne d'Arc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid" title="Louvre Pyramid">Louvre Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisks" title="Luxor Obelisks">Luxor Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Opéra Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty" title="Flame of Liberty">Flame of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Denis" title="Porte Saint-Denis">Porte Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Porte Saint-Martin">Porte Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Tour Montparnasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Paris" title="Museums in Paris">Museums</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Carnavalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_des_Sciences_et_de_l%27Industrie" title="Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie">Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume">Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation" title="Louis Vuitton Foundation">Louis Vuitton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts décoratifs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_Paris" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac" title="Maison de Balzac">Maison de Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bourdelle" title="Musée Bourdelle">Musée Bourdelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que" title="Musée de la Cinémathèque">Musée de la Cinémathèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cognacq-Jay" title="Musée Cognacq-Jay">Musée Cognacq-Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin" title="Musée Grévin">Musée Grévin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Musée Guimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart-Andr%C3%A9" title="Musée Jacquemart-André">Musée Jacquemart-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Marmottan_Monet" title="Musée Marmottan Monet">Musée Marmottan Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Montmartre" title="Musée de Montmartre">Musée de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Gustave_Moreau" title="Musée national Gustave Moreau">Musée national Gustave Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Monuments_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Musée national des Monuments Français">Musée national des Monuments Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Muséum national d'histoire naturelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie" title="Musée de l'Orangerie">Musée de l'Orangerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur" title="Musée Pasteur">Musée Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" title="Musée de la Légion d'honneur">Musée de la Légion d'honneur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Vie_romantique" title="Musée de la Vie romantique">Musée de la Vie romantique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_buildings_in_Paris" title="List of religious buildings in Paris">Religious buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Paris" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cathedral_in_Paris" title="American Cathedral in Paris">American Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Church_in_Paris" title="American Church in Paris">American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist">Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Chapelle expiatoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Paris" title="Grand Synagogue of Paris">Grand Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_de_Nazareth" title="Synagogue de Nazareth">Synagogue de Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle" title="Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle">Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Lorette,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris">Notre-Dame-de-Lorette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Notre-Dame-des-Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Ambroise,_Paris" title="Saint-Ambroise, Paris">Saint Ambroise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Augustin,_Paris" title="Saint-Augustin, Paris">Saint-Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-du-Mont" title="Saint-Étienne-du-Mont">Saint-Étienne-du-Mont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier,_Paris" title="Saint-François-Xavier, Paris">Saint-François-Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_(abbey)" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais" title="Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais">Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Jean de Montmartre">Saint-Jean de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis" title="Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis">Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Roch,_Paris" title="Saint-Roch, Paris">Saint-Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" title="Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Saint-Sulpice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul,_Paris" title="Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris">Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Sainte-Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9,_Paris" title="Sainte-Trinité, Paris">Sainte-Trinité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_du_Marais" title="Temple du Marais">Temple du Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grâce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hôtels particuliers<br />and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Beauvais" title="Hôtel de Beauvais">Hôtel de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Charost" title="Hôtel de Charost">Hôtel de Charost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon" title="Hôtel de Crillon">Hôtel de Crillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Hôtel d'Estrées">Hôtel d'Estrées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Pa%C3%AFva" title="Hôtel de la Païva">Hôtel de la Païva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens" title="Hôtel de Sens">Hôtel de Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sully" title="Hôtel de Sully">Hôtel de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg" title="Petit Luxembourg">Petit Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges, streets,<br />areas, squares<br />and waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra" title="Avenue de l'Opéra">Avenue de l'Opéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_George_V" title="Avenue George V">Avenue George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_la_Madeleine" title="Boulevard de la Madeleine">Boulevard de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_S%C3%A9bastopol" title="Boulevard de Sébastopol">Boulevard de Sébastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Ourcq" title="Canal de l'Ourcq">Canal de l'Ourcq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Saint-Martin" title="Canal Saint-Martin">Canal Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_passages_of_Paris" title="Covered passages of Paris">Covered passages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_V%C3%A9ro-Dodat" title="Galerie Véro-Dodat">Galerie Véro-Dodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Choiseul" title="Passage Choiseul">Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_des_Panoramas" title="Passage des Panoramas">Panoramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Vivienne" title="Galerie Vivienne">Galerie Vivienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_du_Havre" title="Passage du Havre">Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Jouffroy" title="Passage Jouffroy">Jouffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Brady" title="Passage Brady">Brady</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">Le Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Diana" title="Place Diana">Place Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Dauphine" title="Place Dauphine">Place Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Nation" title="Place de la Nation">Place de la Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place de la République</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89meutes-de-Stonewall" title="Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall">Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Place des États-Unis">Place des États-Unis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Pyramides" title="Place des Pyramides">Place des Pyramides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Place du Châtelet">Place du Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Tertre" title="Place du Tertre">Place du Tertre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Saint-Michel" title="Place Saint-Michel">Place Saint-Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Pont d'Iéna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Bir-Hakeim" title="Pont de Bir-Hakeim">Pont de Bir-Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont des Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Neuf" title="Pont Neuf">Pont Neuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_du_Louvre" title="Port du Louvre">Port du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Basse" title="Rue Basse">Rue Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Bonaparte" title="Rue Bonaparte">Rue Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Charlemagne" title="Rue Charlemagne">Rue Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_d%27Argenteuil" title="Rue d'Argenteuil">Rue d'Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Ferronnerie" title="Rue de la Ferronnerie">Rue de la Ferronnerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris">Rue de la Paix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Sourdi%C3%A8re" title="Rue de la Sourdière">Rue de la Sourdière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Montmorency" title="Rue de Montmorency">Rue de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">Rue de Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">Rue de Vaugirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Francs-Bourgeois" title="Rue des Francs-Bourgeois">Rue des Francs-Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Lombards" title="Rue des Lombards">Rue des Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré">Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Elz%C3%A9vir" title="Rue Elzévir">Rue Elzévir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Foyatier" title="Rue Foyatier">Rue Foyatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Rue Molière">Rue Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Montorgueil" title="Rue Montorgueil">Rue Montorgueil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Radziwill" title="Rue Radziwill">Rue Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Rambuteau" title="Rue Rambuteau">Rue Rambuteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Mond%C3%A9tour" title="Rue Mondétour">Rue Mondétour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Pastourelle" title="Rue Pastourelle">Rue Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Rosiers" title="Rue des Rosiers">Rue des Rosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">Rue Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Denis_(Paris)" title="Rue Saint-Denis (Paris)">Rue Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Anne" title="Rue Sainte-Anne">Rue Sainte-Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaduc_d%27Austerlitz" title="Viaduc d'Austerlitz">Viaduc d'Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_parks_and_gardens_of_Paris" title="History of parks and gardens of Paris">Parks and gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_d%27Acclimatation" title="Jardin d'Acclimatation">Jardin d'Acclimatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes" title="Bois de Vincennes">Bois de Vincennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parc_floral_de_Paris" title="Parc floral de Paris">Parc floral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg" title="Jardin du Luxembourg">Jardin du Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" title="Parc André-Citroën">Parc André-Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Parc Clichy-Batignolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Belleville" title="Parc de Belleville">Parc de Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bercy" title="Parc de Bercy">Parc de Bercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge" title="Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge">Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Buttes_Chaumont" title="Parc des Buttes Chaumont">Parc des Buttes Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Georges-Brassens" title="Parc Georges-Brassens">Parc Georges-Brassens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Monceau" title="Parc Monceau">Parc Monceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coul%C3%A9e_verte_Ren%C3%A9-Dumont" title="Coulée verte René-Dumont">Coulée verte René-Dumont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accor_Arena" title="Accor Arena">Accor Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteuil_Hippodrome" title="Auteuil Hippodrome">Auteuil Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Georges_Carpentier" title="Halle Georges Carpentier">Halle Georges Carpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse" title="Longchamp Racecourse">Longchamp Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_des_Princes" title="Parc des Princes">Parc des Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscine_Molitor" title="Piscine Molitor">Piscine Molitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porte_de_La_Chapelle_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte de La Chapelle Arena">Porte de La Chapelle Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)" title="Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris)">Stade Jean Bouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pershing" title="Stade Pershing">Stade Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Pierre_de_Coubertin_(Paris)" title="Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)">Stade Pierre de Coubertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros" title="Stade Roland Garros">Stade Roland Garros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_S%C3%A9bastien_Charl%C3%A9ty" title="Stade Sébastien Charléty">Stade Sébastien Charléty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Hippodrome de Vincennes">Vincennes Hippodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery" title="Montmartre Cemetery">Montmartre Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde%27s_tomb" title="Oscar Wilde's tomb">Oscar Wilde's tomb</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picpus_Cemetery" title="Picpus Cemetery">Picpus Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Région parisienne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89couen" title="Château d'Écouen">Château d'Écouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly" title="Château de Chantilly">Château de Chantilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sceaux" title="Château de Sceaux">Château de Sceaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Château</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_pavilion" title="Fresh pavilion">Fresh pavilion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_La_D%C3%A9fense_Arena" title="Paris La Défense Arena">Paris La Défense Arena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Park_(Paris)" title="Disneyland Park (Paris)">Disneyland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park" title="Walt Disney Studios Park">Walt Disney Studios Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorad%C3%B4me" title="Exploradôme">Exploradôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont-Val%C3%A9rien" title="Fort Mont-Valérien">Fort Mont-Valérien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_France_combattante" title="Mémorial de la France combattante">Mémorial de la France combattante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Miniature" title="France Miniature">France Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace" title="Musée de l'air et de l'espace">Musée de l'air et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fragonard_d%27Alfort" title="Musée Fragonard d'Alfort">Musée Fragonard d'Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Ast%C3%A9rix" title="Parc Astérix">Parc Astérix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Parc de Saint-Cloud">Parc de Saint-Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-Guyon" title="La Roche-Guyon">La Roche-Guyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Paris" title="Culture of Paris">Culture and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AEner_en_Blanc" title="Dîner en Blanc">Dîner en Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuit_Blanche" title="Nuit Blanche">Nuit Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Plages" title="Paris-Plages">Paris-Plages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_historique" title="Axe historique">Axe historique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateau-Lavoir" title="Bateau-Lavoir">Bateau-Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateaux_Mouches" title="Bateaux Mouches">Bateaux Mouches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_des_2_Moulins" title="Café des 2 Moulins">Café des 2 Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Procope" title="Café Procope">Café Procope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_in_Paris" title="Fountains in Paris">Fountains in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots" title="Les Deux Magots">Les Deux Magots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s" title="Maxim's">Maxim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_de_la_Galette" title="Moulin de la Galette">Moulin de la Galette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_entrances_by_Hector_Guimard" title="Paris Métro entrances by Hector Guimard">entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Funicular" title="Montmartre Funicular">Montmartre Funicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Mus%C3%A9es" title="Paris Musées">Paris Musées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Zoological_Park" title="Paris Zoological Park">Paris Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid" title="Louvre Inverted Pyramid">Pyramide inversée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris" title="List of tourist attractions in Paris">List of tourist attractions in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Paris" title="Art in Paris">Art in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_syndrome" title="Paris syndrome">Paris syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Template:Catholic Church in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Template talk:Catholic Church in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_France" title="Bishops' Conference of France">Bishops' Conference of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Besançon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon">Archdiocese of Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Belfort-Montbéliard">Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Diocese of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Claude" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Claude">Diocese of Saint-Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Dié">Diocese of Saint-Dié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Verdun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun">Diocese of Verdun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Bordeaux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bordeaux" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux">Archdiocese of Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Agen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Agen">Diocese of Agen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aire_and_Dax" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aire and Dax">Diocese of Aire and Dax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayonne,_Lescar_and_Oloron" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron">Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Périgueux">Diocese of Périgueux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Clermont</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Clermont" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Clermont">Archdiocese of Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay">Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Moulins" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Moulins">Diocese of Moulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Flour" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Flour">Diocese of Saint-Flour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Dijon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dijon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon">Archdiocese of Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sens" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens">Archdiocese of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun">Diocese of Autun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nevers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nevers">Diocese of Nevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Prelature_of_the_Mission_de_France_at_Pontigny" title="Territorial Prelature of the Mission de France at Pontigny">Mission de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Lille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lille">Archdiocese of Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Archdiocese of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras">Diocese of Arras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Lyon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon">Archdiocese of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chamb%C3%A9ry%E2%80%93Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne%E2%80%93Tarentaise" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise">Archdiocese of Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Annecy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Annecy">Diocese of Annecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belley%E2%80%93Ars" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Belley–Ars">Diocese of Belley–Ars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Grenoble-Vienne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Grenoble-Vienne">Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Étienne">Diocese of Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Valence" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Valence">Diocese of Valence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viviers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viviers">Diocese of Viviers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Marseille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Marseille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Marseille">Archdiocese of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Aix" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix">Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Avignon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Avignon">Archdiocese of Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ajaccio" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio">Diocese of Ajaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Digne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Digne">Diocese of Digne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fr%C3%A9jus-Toulon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fréjus-Toulon">Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gap-Embrun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap-Embrun">Diocese of Gap-Embrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nice" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nice">Diocese of Nice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Montpellier</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Montpellier" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montpellier">Archdiocese of Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Carcassonne-Narbonne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne">Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mende" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mende">Diocese of Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nîmes">Diocese of Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Perpignan-Elne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Perpignan-Elne">Diocese of Perpignan–Elne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Paris</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Archdiocese of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Créteil">Diocese of Créteil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vry-Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes">Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Meaux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux">Diocese of Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nanterre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nanterre">Diocese of Nanterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pontoise" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pontoise">Diocese of Pontoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis">Diocese of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Versailles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Versailles">Diocese of Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Poitiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Poitiers" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poitiers">Archdiocese of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Angoulême">Diocese of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Rochelle_and_Saintes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes">Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Limoges" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Limoges">Diocese of Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tulle" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle">Diocese of Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Reims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims">Archdiocese of Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Amiens" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens">Diocese of Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais">Diocese of Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ch%C3%A2lons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons">Diocese of Châlons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Langres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres">Diocese of Langres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Soissons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Soissons">Diocese of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes">Diocese of Troyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Rennes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rennes,_Dol_and_Saint-Malo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol and Saint-Malo">Archdiocese of Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Angers">Diocese of Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Laval" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval">Diocese of Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Mans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans">Diocese of Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lu%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon">Diocese of Luçon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nantes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes">Diocese of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quimper" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quimper">Diocese of Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Brieuc" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Brieuc">Diocese of Saint-Brieuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vannes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes">Diocese of Vannes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Rouen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen">Archdiocese of Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux">Diocese of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coutances" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances">Diocese of Coutances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux">Diocese of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Havre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Havre">Diocese of Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_S%C3%A9ez" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Séez">Diocese of Séez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Toulouse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toulouse" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse">Archdiocese of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Albi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Albi">Archdiocese of Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Auch" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Auch">Archdiocese of Auch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cahors" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cahors">Diocese of Cahors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Montauban" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Montauban">Diocese of Montauban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pamiers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pamiers">Diocese of Pamiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rodez" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rodez">Diocese of Rodez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tarbes-et-Lourdes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes">Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tours" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tours">Archdiocese of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bourges" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges">Archdiocese of Bourges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Blois" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Blois">Diocese of Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chartres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chartres">Diocese of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans">Diocese of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Martinique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Fort-de-France%E2%80%93Saint-Pierre" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre">Archdiocese of Fort-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basse-Terre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Basse-Terre">Diocese of Basse-Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cayenne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cayenne">Diocese of Cayenne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Papeete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Papeete" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Papeete">Archdiocese of Papeete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Taiohae" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Taiohae">Diocese of Taiohae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Noumea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Noum%C3%A9a" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa">Archdiocese of Nouméa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wallis_et_Futuna" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wallis et Futuna">Diocese of Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Port-Vila" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Port-Vila">Diocese of Port-Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Directly under Holy See</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">Archdiocese of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis_de_La_R%C3%A9union" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion">Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_French_Armed_Forces" title="Diocese of the French Armed Forces">Military Ordinariate of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_France" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France">Ordinariate<br /> for Eastern Catholics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sainte-Croix-de-Paris" title="Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris">Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Vladimir_the_Great_of_Paris" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_cathedrals_in_France" title="Category:Catholic cathedrals in France">Cathedrals in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="France–Holy See relations">France–Holy See relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_France" title="List of Catholic dioceses in France">Former dioceses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158363947">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QQPVp7K3wmt7QyP8Qyp9gCF">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075869-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081635">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139739432">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139739432">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dg26b","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_26a127d69ae4d1c97e283bcce6cbd7feca2d5aff":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2981","properties":{"title":"Notre-Dame de Paris","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2981","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Notre-Dame de Paris"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[2.3498,48.853],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Notre-Dame de 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