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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Formation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fossil petroleum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anaerobic_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaerobic_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Anaerobic decay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaerobic_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerogen_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerogen_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Kerogen formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerogen_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation_of_kerogen_into_fossil_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_of_kerogen_into_fossil_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Transformation of kerogen into fossil fuels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_of_kerogen_into_fossil_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_window_(temperature_range)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_window_(temperature_range)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Oil window (temperature range) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_window_(temperature_range)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abiogenic_petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abiogenic_petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Abiogenic petroleum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abiogenic_petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reservoirs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reservoirs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reservoirs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unconventional_oil_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconventional_oil_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Unconventional oil reservoirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconventional_oil_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuels_and_lubricants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuels_and_lubricants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Fuels and lubricants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuels_and_lubricants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Other derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Use by country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use by country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumption_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Consumption statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Exportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Importation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-producing_consumers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-producing_consumers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Non-producing consumers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-producing_consumers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Environmental effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_spills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Oil spills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarballs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarballs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Tarballs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarballs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Whales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPEC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPEC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 OPEC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPEC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Future production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Future production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Future_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peak_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Peak oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconventional_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconventional_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Unconventional oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconventional_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrocarbons_on_other_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrocarbons_on_other_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Hydrocarbons on other worlds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrocarbons_on_other_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Explanatory footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Petroleum</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruolie" title="Ruolie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruolie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%B6l" title="Erdöl – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erdöl" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፔትሮሊየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔትሮሊየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7" title="نفط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Petrolio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A6%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܢܦܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܦܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A9" title="Նաֆթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նաֆթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleu" title="Petroleu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Petroleu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakyra" title="Itakyra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakyra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Нарт – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Нарт" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft" title="Neft – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neft" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA" title="نفت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نفت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="খনিজ তেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খনিজ তেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chio%CC%8Dh-i%C3%BB" title="Chio̍h-iû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chio̍h-iû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нефть – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нефть" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нафта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нафта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पेट्रोलियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पेट्रोलियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolyo" title="Petrolyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Petrolyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82" title="Нефт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нефт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoul-maen" title="Eoul-maen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eoul-maen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Газарай тоһон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Газарай тоһон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroli" title="Petroli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Petroli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%C4%83" title="Нехтă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нехтă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolyo" title="Petrolyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Petrolyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa" title="Ropa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ropa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Petrolio" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroliwm" title="Petroliwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Petroliwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpam_(Petroleum)" title="Kpam (Petroleum) – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kpam (Petroleum)" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5olie" title="Råolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Råolie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="پيطرول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پيطرول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%B6l" title="Erdöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chid%C3%AD_bik%CA%BCah" title="Chidí bikʼah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chidí bikʼah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πετρέλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πετρέλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Petròli" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leo" title="Petróleo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Petróleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafto" title="Nafto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nafto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroliu" title="Petroliu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Petroliu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petrolio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نفت خام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفت خام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olja" title="Olja – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Olja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9trole" title="Pétrole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pétrole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdoalje" title="Ierdoalje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdoalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroli" title="Petroli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Petroli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peitriliam" title="Peitriliam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peitriliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leo" title="Petróleo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Petróleo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="石油" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%8Dk-y%C3%B9" title="Sa̍k-yù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sa̍k-yù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%9C%A0" title="석유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyen_mai" title="Danyen mai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Danyen mai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9" title="Նավթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նավթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="शिलारस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिलारस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolo" title="Petrolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Petrolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minyak bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleo" title="Petroleo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Petroleo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amafuthetshe" title="Amafuthetshe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amafuthetshe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%A1ol%C3%ADa" title="Hráolía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hráolía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Petrolio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%98" title="נפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_patra" title="Lenga patra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lenga patra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნავთობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნავთობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мұнай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұнай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafuta_ya_petroli" title="Mafuta ya petroli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mafuta ya petroli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petw%C3%B2l" title="Petwòl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Petwòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft" title="Neft – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neft" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мунай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мунай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erdueleg" title="Äerdueleg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdueleg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdaolje" title="Aerdaolje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdaolje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C9%94l%C9%94%CC%81" title="Pitɔlɔ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pitɔlɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ctile" title="ctile – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ctile" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91olaj" title="Kőolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нафта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitany" title="Solitany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Solitany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പെട്രോളിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെട്രോളിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खनिज तेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खनिज तेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნაფთობი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაფთობი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="بترول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بترول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA" title="نفت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نفت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Minyak bumi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3lio" title="Petrólio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Petrólio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Газрын тос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын тос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B6" title="ရေနံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေနံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapopohtli" title="Chapopohtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chapopohtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardolie" title="Aardolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerd%C3%B6%C3%A4ly" title="Aerdöäly – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Aerdöäly" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खनिज तेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खनिज तेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerd%C3%B6%C3%B6le" title="Eerdööle – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eerdööle" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Petròli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuubbaa_zayitii" title="Dhuubbaa zayitii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhuubbaa zayitii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft" title="Neft – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neft" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਕੱਚਾ ਤੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੱਚਾ ਤੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%B6l" title="Erdöl – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Erdöl" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پٹرولیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پٹرولیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85/_%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%84" title="پټرولیم/ تېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پټرولیم/ تېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichruoliom" title="Pichruoliom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pichruoliom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa_naftowa" title="Ropa naftowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ropa naftowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leo" title="Petróleo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Petróleo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neft" title="Neft – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Neft" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Petrol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa_wira" title="Allpa wira – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa wira" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ропа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ропа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нефть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BF" title="Ниэп – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ниэп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta_e_pap%C3%ABrpunuar" title="Nafta e papërpunuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nafta e papërpunuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitr%C3%B2liu" title="Pitròliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pitròliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="බොරතෙල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බොරතෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyili" title="Oyili – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Oyili" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa" title="Ropa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ropa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shidaal" title="Shidaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shidaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA" title="نەوت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەوت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нафта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Minyak bumi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa%C3%B6ljy" title="Maaöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maaöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="பாறை எண்ணெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாறை எண்ணெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нефть – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нефть" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పెట్రోలియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెట్రోలియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ปิโตรเลียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปิโตรเลียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Нафт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нафт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Petrol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нафта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нафта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پٹرولیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پٹرولیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%81%D9%89%D8%AA" title="نېفىت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېفىت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Petrolio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivivoi" title="Kivivoi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kivivoi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8F" title="Dầu mỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dầu mỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrole" title="Petrole – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Petrole" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C3%BCroolia" title="Petüroolia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Petüroolia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="石油" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石油" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Petrol" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napta" title="Napta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Napta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crude oil" redirects here. For the 2008 film, see <a href="/wiki/Crude_Oil_(film)" title="Crude Oil (film)">Crude Oil (film)</a>. For the fuel, see <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Petrol</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Petroleum (disambiguation)">Petroleum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Petroleum_sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petroleum_sample.jpg/220px-Petroleum_sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petroleum_sample.jpg/330px-Petroleum_sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petroleum_sample.jpg/440px-Petroleum_sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="2443" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">A sample of petroleum</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/220px-Oil_well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/330px-Oil_well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/440px-Oil_well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a> pumping an oil well near <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a>, U.S.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg/220px-Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg/330px-Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg/440px-Photo_lg_kuwait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="398" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">An oil refinery in <a href="/wiki/Ahmadi_Governorate" title="Ahmadi Governorate">Ahmadi Governorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></div></div></div></div></div> Petroleum<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is a naturally occurring yellowish-black <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> mixture. It consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> and is found in <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">geological formations</a>. The term petroleum refers both to naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">petroleum products</a> that consist of refined crude oil. Conventional reserves of petroleum are primarily recovered by <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">drilling</a>, which is done after a study of the relevant <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structural geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin_analysis" title="Sedimentary basin analysis">analysis of the sedimentary basin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_characterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir characterization">characterization of the petroleum reservoir</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_%26_gas)_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir">unconventional</a> reserves such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> which are recovered by other means such as <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a>. Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation#Continuous_distillation_of_crude_oil" title="Continuous distillation">distillation</a>, into innumerable products for direct use or use in manufacturing. Products include fuels such as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol), <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricants">lubricants</a>; chemical <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>; <a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerants" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigerants">refrigerants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, and thousands of others. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a vast variety of materials essential for modern life,<a href="#cite_note-Dixie_State_College_2-3">[2]</a> and it is estimated that the world consumes about 100 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (16 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a>) each day. Petroleum production played a key role in industrialization and economic development.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Some countries, known as <a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">petrostates</a>, gained significant economic and international power over their control of oil production and trade. <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Petroleum exploitation</a> can be damaging to the environment and human health. <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">refining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning">burning</a> of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, so petroleum is one of the major contributors to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">negative environmental effects</a> include direct releases, such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> at almost all stages of use. These <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">environmental effects</a> have direct and indirect health consequences for humans. Oil has also been a source of internal and inter-state conflict, leading to both <a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">state-led wars</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">resource conflicts</a>. Production of petroleum is estimated to reach <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a> before 2035<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> as global economies lower dependencies on petroleum as part of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> and a transition towards <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg/220px-Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg/330px-Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg/440px-Fractional_distillation_apparatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption>A fractional distillation apparatus</figcaption></figure> The word petroleum comes from Medieval Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petroleum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:petroleum">petroleum</a> (literally 'rock oil'), which comes from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petra#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:petra">petra</a> 'rock' (from Greek pétra <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πέτρα">πέτρα</a>) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oleum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:oleum">oleum</a> 'oil' (from Greek élaion <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔλαιον">ἔλαιον</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The origin of the term stems from monasteries in southern Italy where it was in use by the end of the first millennium as an alternative for the older term "<a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>".<a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk_2022,_n-9">[8]</a> After that, the term was used in numerous manuscripts and books, such as in the treatise <a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium" title="De Natura Fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a>, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Bauer">Georg Bauer</a>, also known as Georgius Agricola.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> After the advent of the oil industry, during the second half of the 19th century, the term became commonly known for the liquid form of hydrocarbons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History of the petroleum industry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwindrake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edwindrake.jpg/220px-Edwindrake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edwindrake.jpg/330px-Edwindrake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edwindrake.jpg/440px-Edwindrake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Drake" title="Edwin Drake">Edwin Drake</a> drilled the world's first successful oil well at what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Drake_Well" title="Drake Well">Drake Well</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cherrytree_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania">Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg/220px-Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg/330px-Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg/440px-Gusher_Okemah_OK_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>An oil derrick in <a href="/wiki/Okemah,_Oklahoma" title="Okemah, Oklahoma">Okemah, Oklahoma</a> in 1922</figcaption></figure> Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times. More than 4300 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> was mentioned when the Sumerians used it to make boats. A tablet of the legend of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> mentions a basket which was closed by straw and bitumen. More than 4000 years ago, according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> was used in the construction of the walls and towers of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>; there were oil pits near Ardericca and Babylon, and a pitch spring on <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[10]</a> Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Issus_(river)" title="Issus (river)">Issus</a>, one of the tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">tablets</a> indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. The use of petroleum in ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> dates back to more than 2000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a>, one of the earliest Chinese writings, cites that oil in its raw state, without refining, was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In addition, the Chinese were the first to record the use of petroleum as fuel as early as the fourth century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> By 347 CE, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In the 7th century, petroleum was among the essential ingredients for <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, an incendiary projectile weapon that was used by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> against Arab ships, which were then attacking <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Crude oil was also distilled by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Persian chemists</a>, with clear descriptions given in Arabic handbooks such as those of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a> (Rhazes).<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The streets of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> were paved with <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> were exploited in the area around modern <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. These fields were described by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_geographer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian geographer (page does not exist)">Persian geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a> in the 10th century, and by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">Arab and Persian chemists</a> also distilled crude oil to produce <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> products for military purposes. Through <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Islamic Spain</a>, distillation became available in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> by the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century, being recorded as păcură.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Sophisticated oil pits, 4.5 to 6 metres (15 to 20 ft) deep, were dug by the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca people</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a> as early as 1415–1450. The French General <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Louis-Joseph de Montcalm</a> encountered Seneca using petroleum for ceremonial fires and as a healing lotion during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a> in 1750.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Early British explorers to <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in <a href="/wiki/Yenangyaung" title="Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a> that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merkwiller-Pechelbronn" title="Merkwiller-Pechelbronn">Merkwiller-Pechelbronn</a> is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since 1498, notably for medical purposes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Lothian_shale_bing,_Scotland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/West_Lothian_shale_bing%2C_Scotland.JPG/220px-West_Lothian_shale_bing%2C_Scotland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/West_Lothian_shale_bing%2C_Scotland.JPG/330px-West_Lothian_shale_bing%2C_Scotland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/West_Lothian_shale_bing%2C_Scotland.JPG/440px-West_Lothian_shale_bing%2C_Scotland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Shale <a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">bings</a> near <a href="/wiki/Broxburn" title="Broxburn">Broxburn</a>, three of a total of 19 in <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ride_with_hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ride_with_hitler.jpg/220px-Ride_with_hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ride_with_hitler.jpg/330px-Ride_with_hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ride_with_hitler.jpg/440px-Ride_with_hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="4724" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> poster promoting <a href="/wiki/Carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpooling">carpooling</a> as a way to ration vital gasoline during the war</figcaption></figure> There was activity in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century. A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand-drilled a well in the Baku region of Bibi-Heybat in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> There were engine-drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake's well.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> An early commercial well was hand dug in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 1853, and another in nearby <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in 1857. At around the same time the world's first, small, oil refinery was opened at <a href="/wiki/Jas%C5%82o" title="Jasło">Jasło</a> in Poland (then Austria), with a larger one opened at <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> in Romania shortly after. Romania (then being a vassal of the Ottoman empire) is the first country in the world to have had its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics: 275 tonnes for 1857.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1858, Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus found a significant amount of petroleum while drilling for <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wietze" title="Wietze">Wietze</a>, Germany. Wietze later provided about 80% of German consumption in the Wilhelminian Era.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The production stopped in 1963, but Wietze has hosted a Petroleum Museum since 1970.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Wietze" title="Wietze">Wietze</a> in lower Saxony, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Chemist <a href="/wiki/James_Young_(chemist)" title="James Young (chemist)">James Young</a> in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the coal mine at riddings <a href="/wiki/Alfreton" title="Alfreton">Alfreton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a more viscous oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining crude oil.<a href="#cite_note-russell-33">[32]</a> Young eventually succeeded, by distilling <a href="/wiki/Cannel_coal" title="Cannel coal">cannel coal</a> at low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain several useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.<a href="#cite_note-russell-33">[32]</a> The production of these oils and solid <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> from coal formed the subject of his patent dated October 17, 1850. In 1850, Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at <a href="/wiki/Bathgate" title="Bathgate">Bathgate</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a> and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world with the first modern oil refinery.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="the preceding statement seems to say the first modern refinery was completed in 1851; the subsequent statement says the first refinery was built in 1856: the distinction between these two types could be detailed for better comprehension (December 2023)">clarification needed</a>] The world's first oil refinery was built in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Ignacy Łukasiewicz">Ignacy Łukasiewicz</a> in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> His achievements also included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil, the invention of the modern <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a> (1853), the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe (1853), and the construction of the world's first modern <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil "mine"</a> (1854).<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3brka,_Krosno_County" title="Bóbrka, Krosno County">Bóbrka</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a> (still operational as of 2020). The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and around the world quickly grew.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The first oil well in the Americas was drilled in 1859 by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Drake" title="Edwin Drake">Edwin Drake</a> at what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Well" title="Drake Well">Drake Well</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cherrytree_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania">Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania</a>.There also was a company associated with it, and it sparked a major oil drilling boom.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada#Early_origins" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">first commercial oil well</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> became operational in 1858 at <a href="/wiki/Oil_Springs,_Ontario" title="Oil Springs, Ontario">Oil Springs, Ontario</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a>).<a href="#cite_note-lclmg.org-39">[38]</a> Businessman <a href="/wiki/James_Miller_Williams" title="James Miller Williams">James Miller Williams</a> dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860, refining much of it into kerosene lamp oil. Williams's well became commercially viable a year before Drake's Pennsylvania operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an <a href="/wiki/Oil_boom" title="Oil boom">oil boom</a> which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Advances in drilling continued into 1862 when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring-pole drilling method.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> On January 16, 1862, after an explosion of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, Canada's first oil gusher came into production, shooting into the air at a recorded rate of 480 cubic metres (3,000 bbl) per day.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> By the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Branobel" title="Branobel">Branobel</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, had taken the lead in production.<a href="#cite_note-Akiner-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_chronology_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign chronology of World War II">extensively bombed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of the Soviet Union">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> included the goal to capture the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Baku oilfields</a>, as it would provide much-needed oil supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century later led to the U.S. becoming the leading producer by mid-century. As petroleum production in the U.S. peaked during the 1960s, the United States was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in total output.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973</a>, Saudi Arabia and other <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Arab_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" title="Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries">Arab nations</a> imposed an <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo" title="Oil embargo">oil embargo</a> against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of October 1973.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The embargo caused an <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a>. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a>, which was caused by a drop in <a href="/wiki/Oil_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil production">oil production</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and caused oil prices to more than double. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> The two oil price shocks had many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> They led to sustained reductions in demand as a result of substitution to other fuels, especially coal and nuclear, and improvements in <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, facilitated by government policies.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> High oil prices also induced investment in oil production by non-OPEC countries, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, the North Sea offshore fields of the United Kingdom and Norway, the Cantarell offshore field of Mexico, and oil sands in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> About 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but is responsible for only one percent of electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a>. The top three oil-producing countries as of 2018 are the United States, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Energy_Information_Administration-55">[54]</a> In 2018, due in part to developments in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal drilling">horizontal drilling</a>, the United States became the world's largest producer.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> About 80 percent of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, with 62.5 percent coming from the Arab five: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extra_heavy_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra heavy oil">extra heavy oil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Belt" title="Orinoco Belt">Orinoco Belt</a>. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil. Thus, Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> Petroleum consists of a variety of liquid, gaseous, and solid components. Lighter hydrocarbons are the gases <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>. Otherwise, the bulk of the liquid and solids are largely heavier organic compounds, often hydrocarbons (C and H only). The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies among <a href="/wiki/Oil_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil fields">oil fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-2001-60">[59]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil well</a> produces predominantly crude oil. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A <a href="/wiki/Gas_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas well">gas well</a> produces predominantly <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. However, because the underground temperature is higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heptane" title="Heptane">heptane</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate" title="Natural-gas condensate">natural-gas condensate</a>", often shortened to condensate.) Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_crude_oil" title="Light crude oil">light crude oils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">cycloalkanes</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, while the other organic compounds contain <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, and traces of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>. Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> varies over fairly narrow limits as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Speight-1999-64">[63]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Composition by weight </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Percent range </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></td> <td>83 to 85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td> <td>10 to 14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td> <td>0.1 to 2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></td> <td>0.05 to 1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></td> <td>0.05 to 6.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></td> <td>< 0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> Four different types of hydrocarbon appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-2001-60">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Composition by weight </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hydrocarbon</th> <th>Average</th> <th>Range </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">Alkanes</a> (paraffins)</td> <td>30%</td> <td>15 to 60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naphthene" class="mw-redirect" title="Naphthene">Naphthenes</a></td> <td>49%</td> <td>30 to 60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">Aromatics</a></td> <td>15%</td> <td>3 to 30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asphaltene" title="Asphaltene">Asphaltics</a></td> <td>6%</td> <td>remainder </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png/220px-Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png/330px-Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png/440px-Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Unconventional resources are much larger than conventional ones.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isooctane-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Isooctane-3D-balls.png/220px-Isooctane-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Isooctane-3D-balls.png/330px-Isooctane-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Isooctane-3D-balls.png/440px-Isooctane-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2,2,4-Trimethylpentane" title="2,2,4-Trimethylpentane">2,2,4-Trimethylpentane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Octane_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Octane number">octane number</a> of 100. Black spheres are <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and white spheres are <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms.</figcaption></figure> The alkanes from <a href="/wiki/Pentane" title="Pentane">pentane</a> (C5H12) to <a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">octane</a> (C8H18) are <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refined</a> into gasoline, the ones from <a href="/wiki/Nonane" title="Nonane">nonane</a> (C9H20) to <a href="/wiki/Hexadecane" title="Hexadecane">hexadecane</a> (C16H34) into <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubricating_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricating oil">lubricating oil</a>. At the heavier end of the range, <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> has 35 and up, although these are usually <a href="/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking" title="Fluid catalytic cracking">cracked</a> in modern refineries into more valuable products. The lightest fraction, the so-called petroleum gases are subjected to diverse processing depending on cost. These gases are either <a href="/wiki/Flare_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare stack">flared off</a>, sold as <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (C4H10), is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates, because its high vapour pressure assists with cold starts. The aromatic hydrocarbons are <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_unsaturation" title="Degree of unsaturation">unsaturated hydrocarbons</a> that have one or more <a href="/wiki/Benzene_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzene ring">benzene rings</a>. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>. These different components are separated by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbon fractions. The components in an oil sample can be determined by <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography. This <a href="/wiki/Unresolved_complex_mixture" title="Unresolved complex mixture">unresolved complex mixture</a> (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum, and <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline water</a> which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a> in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_oil_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco oil sands">Orinoco oil sands</a>, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called <a href="/wiki/Extra_heavy_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra heavy oil">extra heavy oil</a>. These oil sands resources are called <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">unconventional oil</a> to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels (570×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3) of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_petroleum">Fossil petroleum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fossil petroleum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png/220px-Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png/330px-Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png/440px-Treibs%26Chlorophyll.png 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a vanadium <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a> compound (left) extracted from petroleum by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Treibs" title="Alfred E. Treibs">Alfred E. Treibs</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Organic_geochemistry" title="Organic geochemistry">organic geochemistry</a>. Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll a</a> (right).<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> Petroleum is a <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Fossilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossilized">fossilized</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic materials</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in <a href="/wiki/Stagnant_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagnant water">stagnant water</a> (water with no dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> faster than they could <a href="/wiki/Decomposition#Anaerobic_vs_aerobic" title="Decomposition">decompose aerobically</a>. Approximately 1 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> below this sediment, water oxygen concentration was low, below 0.1 mg/L, and <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic conditions</a> existed. Temperatures also remained constant.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a>, found in various <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shales</a> around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> via a process known as <a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(geology)" title="Catagenesis (geology)">catagenesis</a>. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> in a variety of mainly <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Braun-1993-73">[72]</a> These phases are described in detail below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anaerobic_decay">Anaerobic decay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anaerobic decay">edit</a>]</div> In the absence of plentiful oxygen, <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic bacteria</a> were prevented from decaying the organic matter after it was buried under a layer of sediment or water. However, <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic bacteria</a> were able to reduce <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> among the matter to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H2S</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N2</a> respectively by using the matter as a source for other reactants. Due to such anaerobic bacteria, at first, this matter began to break apart mostly via <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> were hydrolyzed to <a href="/wiki/Simple_sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sugars">simple sugars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> respectively. These were further anaerobically <a href="/wiki/Oxidized" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidized">oxidized</a> at an accelerated rate by the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> of the bacteria: e.g., amino acids went through <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_deamination" title="Oxidative deamination">oxidative deamination</a> to <a href="/wiki/Imino_acid" title="Imino acid">imino acids</a>, which in turn reacted further to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keto_acid" title="Keto acid">α-keto acids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a> in turn ultimately decayed to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. The anaerobic decay products of amino acids, monosaccharides, <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> combined into <a href="/wiki/Fulvic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulvic acid">fulvic acids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a> were not extensively hydrolyzed under these mild conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kerogen_formation">Kerogen formation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kerogen formation">edit</a>]</div> Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as <a href="/wiki/Bactericide" title="Bactericide">bactericides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Actinomycetales" title="Actinomycetales">actinomycetales</a> order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, resins and other hydrocarbons.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions.<a href="#cite_note-Braun-1993-73">[72]</a> As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a>. Combination happened in a similar fashion as <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> molecules react to <a href="/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde" title="Urea-formaldehyde">urea-formaldehyde</a> resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called diagenesis, a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transformation_of_kerogen_into_fossil_fuels">Transformation of kerogen into fossil fuels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transformation of kerogen into fossil fuels">edit</a>]</div> Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1 <a href="/wiki/Km" class="mw-redirect" title="Km">km</a> from the Earth's surface where temperatures may reach around 50 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a>. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a> and be subjected to conditions which allow it to slowly transform into fossil fuels like petroleum. The latter happened through catagenesis in which the reactions were mostly <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction" title="Rearrangement reaction">rearrangements</a> of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years and no external reactants were involved. Due to the radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio (<a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">anthracene</a> or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (<a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products. Because catagenesis was closed off from external reactants, the resulting composition of the fuel mixture was dependent on the composition of the kerogen via reaction <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a>. Three types of kerogen exist: type I (algal), II (liptinic) and III (humic), which were formed mainly from <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a> (this term includes <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a>) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> Catagenesis was <a href="/wiki/Pyrolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrolytic">pyrolytic</a> despite the fact that it happened at relatively low temperatures (when compared to commercial pyrolysis plants) of 60 to several hundred °C. Pyrolysis was possible because of the long reaction times involved. Heat for catagenesis came from the decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> materials of the crust, especially <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">40K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">232Th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235U</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238U</a>. The heat varied with <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">geothermal gradient</a> and was typically 10–30 °C per km of depth from the Earth's surface. Unusual <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> intrusions, however, could have created greater localized heating.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_window_(temperature_range)">Oil window (temperature range)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oil window (temperature range)">edit</a>]</div> Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window".<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_Edu-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal cracking">thermal cracking</a>. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a> are one example of this.<a href="#cite_note-Schobert-2013-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abiogenic_petroleum">Abiogenic petroleum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abiogenic petroleum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></div> An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">abiogenic petroleum origin</a> (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and <a href="/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemical</a> evidence.<a href="#cite_note-glasby2006-76">[75]</a> Abiogenic sources of oil have been found, but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out."<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservoirs">Reservoirs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reservoirs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">Petroleum reservoir</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Petroleum" title="Special:EditPage/Petroleum">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural_Trap_(Anticlinal).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Structural_Trap_%28Anticlinal%29.svg/220px-Structural_Trap_%28Anticlinal%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Structural_Trap_%28Anticlinal%29.svg/330px-Structural_Trap_%28Anticlinal%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Structural_Trap_%28Anticlinal%29.svg/440px-Structural_Trap_%28Anticlinal%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> trap consists of a reservoir rock (yellow) where oil (red) can accumulate, and a caprock (green) that prevents it from egressing.</figcaption></figure> Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Source_rock" title="Source rock">source rock</a> rich in <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> material buried deeply enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil,</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Porous" class="mw-redirect" title="Porous">porous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (fluid)">permeable</a> reservoir rock where it can accumulate,</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Caprock" title="Caprock">caprock</a> (seal) or other mechanism to prevent the oil from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as <a href="/wiki/Oil_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reservoir">reservoirs</a>) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil field</a> forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drilling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumping</a>.</li></ul> The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants and <a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries">oil refineries</a>. Petroleum has mostly been recovered by <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</a> (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation (mainly in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a> of geologic reservoir structures).<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in most reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be extracted using "<a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">artificial lift</a>" means. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is <a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">"waterflood"</a> or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore." Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about half, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent. Extracting oil (or "bitumen") from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using "in-situ" methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping the liquid back out saturated with oil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconventional_oil_reservoirs">Unconventional oil reservoirs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unconventional oil reservoirs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">Unconventional oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Oil sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_reserves" title="Oil shale reserves">Oil shale reserves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a></div> Oil-eating bacteria <a href="/wiki/Biodegrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegrade">biodegrade</a> oil that has escaped to the surface. <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Oil sands</a> are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Oil_shales" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil shales">oil shales</a> are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a>. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits.<a href="#cite_note-Lambertson-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Petroleum" title="Talk:Petroleum">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmark (crude oil)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crudes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Crudes.PNG/220px-Crudes.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Crudes.PNG/330px-Crudes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Crudes.PNG/440px-Crudes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">marker crudes</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> content (horizontal) and <a href="/wiki/API_gravity" title="API gravity">API gravity</a> (vertical) and relative production quantity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Brent shown as sweeter than WTI, yet most sources claim the opposite. That and other claims in image probably need checking and sourcing. Example: http://www.petroleum.co.uk/benchmarks (March 2020)">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g., <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brent_oilfield" title="Brent oilfield">Brent</a>, or <a href="/wiki/DME_Oman_Crude_Oil_Futures_Contract" title="DME Oman Crude Oil Futures Contract">Oman</a>), its <a href="/wiki/API_gravity" title="API gravity">API gravity</a> (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered <a href="/wiki/Light_crude_oil" title="Light crude oil">light</a> if it has low density, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy</a> if it has high density, or medium if it has a density between that of light and heavy.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Additionally, it may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet</a> if it contains relatively little sulfur or <a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour</a> if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. Light crude oil is more desirable than heavy oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while sweet oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil_assay" title="Crude oil assay">crude oil assay</a> analysis in petroleum laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrels</a> from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">references</a> throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a> (WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at <a href="/wiki/Cushing,_Oklahoma" title="Cushing, Oklahoma">Cushing, Oklahoma</a> for North American oil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Blend" class="mw-redirect" title="Brent Blend">Brent Blend</a>, consisting of 15 oils from fields in the <a href="/wiki/Brent_oilfield" title="Brent oilfield">Brent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninian_Central_Platform" title="Ninian Central Platform">Ninian</a> systems in the <a href="/wiki/East_Shetland_Basin" title="East Shetland Basin">East Shetland Basin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The oil landed at <a href="/wiki/Sullom_Voe" title="Sullom Voe">Sullom Voe</a> terminal in <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">benchmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai-Oman</a>, used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, used as a reference for light Far East oil)</li> <li>Minas (from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a>, a weighted average of oil blends from various <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway-Sunset_Oil_Field" title="Midway-Sunset Oil Field">Midway Sunset</a> Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a> the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes.<a href="#cite_note-NRCPetroleumProducts-86">[85]</a></li></ul> There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for West Texas Intermediate delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil – Western Canadian Select – delivered at <a href="/wiki/Hardisty,_Alberta" title="Hardisty, Alberta">Hardisty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of <a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation#Continuous_distillation_of_crude_oil" title="Continuous distillation">distillation</a>, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol), <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> and chemical <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butene" title="Butene">butene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_acid" title="Acrylic acid">acrylic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para-xylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-xylene">para-xylene</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a>) used to make <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dixie_State_College-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuels_and_lubricants">Fuels and lubricants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fuels and lubricants">edit</a>]</div> Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> and gasoline, both important <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> sources. 84% by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into fuels, including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Due to its high <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>, easy transportability and <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">relative abundance</a>, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> products, including <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, and plastics; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials. Petroleum is found in <a href="/wiki/Porous" class="mw-redirect" title="Porous">porous</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_formations" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formations">rock formations</a> in the upper <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a> of some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. There is also petroleum in <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">oil sands (tar sands)</a>. Known <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> are typically estimated at 190 km3 (1.2 <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">(short scale)</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a>) without oil sands,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> or 595 km3 (3.74 trillion barrels) with oil sands.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Consumption is currently around 84 million barrels (13.4×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 m3) per day, or 4.9 km3 per year, yielding a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years, if current demand remains static.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> More recent studies, however, put the number at around 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Closely related to fuels for combustion engines are <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">Lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">greases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> stabilizers. All are derived from petroleum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemicals">Chemicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemicals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemical</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg/220px-Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg/330px-Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg/440px-Alkene_General_Formula_V.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption>General structure of <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">Alkene</a></figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a> are derived from petroleum, albeit via multistep processes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks, <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Similarly, virtually all pesticides - insecticides, herbicides, etc. - are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expectancies by controlling disease vectors and by increasing yields of crops. Like pharmaceuticals, pesticides are in essence petrochemicals. Virtually all plastics and synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum, which is the source of monomers. <a href="/wiki/Alkenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkenes">Alkenes</a> (olefins) are one important class of these precursor molecules. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_derivatives">Other derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitumen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bitumen.jpg/220px-Bitumen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bitumen.jpg/330px-Bitumen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bitumen.jpg/440px-Bitumen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Natural <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, commonly referred to as Asphalt</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a>, used in the packaging of <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen foods</a>, among others, <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a>, derived from petroleum oil.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> and its derivative <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">sulfur removal</a> from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid.</li> <li>Bulk <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">Petroleum coke</a>, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Reserves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oil_Reserves.png/400px-Oil_Reserves.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oil_Reserves.png/600px-Oil_Reserves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oil_Reserves.png/800px-Oil_Reserves.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>World <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">oil reserves</a> as of 2013</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>, also known as the oil industry, includes the global processes of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_transport" title="Petroleum transport">transportation</a> (often by <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)#Marketing" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">marketing</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_crude_oil_products" title="List of crude oil products">petroleum products</a>. The largest volume products of the industry are <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">chemical products</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">fragrances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>. The industry is usually divided into three major components: <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">upstream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">midstream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">downstream</a>. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and <a href="/wiki/Oil_terminal" title="Oil terminal">storage</a> of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">end products</a>. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a>, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> (44%), <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (41%), and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (40%). The world consumes 36 billion <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (5.8 km3) of oil per year,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed nations</a> being the largest consumers. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_transport" title="Petroleum transport">Petroleum transport</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_transport&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_train_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oil_train_01.jpg/220px-Oil_train_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oil_train_01.jpg/330px-Oil_train_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oil_train_01.jpg/440px-Oil_train_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Oil train near <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_transport" title="Petroleum transport">Petroleum transport</a> is the transportation of petroleum and derivatives such as gasoline (<a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a>).<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Even the modes of transportation on land such as pipeline or rail have their own strengths and weaknesses.  One of the key differences are the costs associated with transporting petroleum though pipeline or rail. The biggest problems with moving petroleum products are pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic to living animals and their surroundings.</div></div> In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33 percent of the price of oil transported from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the United States,<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-101">[100]</a> but due to the development of <a href="/wiki/Supertankers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertankers">supertankers</a> in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to only 5 percent of the price of Persian oil in the US.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-101">[100]</a> Due to the increase in the value of crude oil during the last 30 years, the share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3% in 2010. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Price">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price of oil</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Price_of_oil&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_price_benchmarks.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Oil_price_benchmarks.webp/370px-Oil_price_benchmarks.webp.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Oil_price_benchmarks.webp/555px-Oil_price_benchmarks.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Oil_price_benchmarks.webp/740px-Oil_price_benchmarks.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4413" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent Crude</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals oil</a> (Russian export mix)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai Crude</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg/220px-A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg/330px-A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg/440px-A1_Houston_Office_Oil_Traders_on_Monday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Oil traders, Houston, 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png/220px-Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png/330px-Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png/440px-Graph_price_of_oil_1861_to_2020_WID_data.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nominal_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal price">Nominal price</a> of oil from 1861 to 2020 from <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a> </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">price of oil</a>, or the oil price, generally refers to the <a href="/wiki/Spot_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot price">spot price</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Oil_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil barrel">barrel</a> (159 litres) of <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Benchmark crude oil">benchmark crude oil</a>—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a> (WTI), <a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent Crude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai Crude</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis crude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonny Light">Bonny Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a> (WCS).<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_Benchmarks_2011-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_pricingdifferences-103">[102]</a> Oil prices are determined by global <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a>, rather than any country's domestic production level. The global price of crude oil was relatively consistent in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_WID_Ritchie_20171002-104">[103]</a> This changed in the 1970s, with a significant increase in the price of oil globally.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_WID_Ritchie_20171002-104">[103]</a> There have been a number of structural drivers of global oil prices historically, including oil supply, demand, and storage shocks, and shocks to global <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> affecting oil prices.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_BoC_2019-105">[104]</a> Notable events driving significant price fluctuations include the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Arab_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" title="Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries">OPEC</a> oil <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> targeting nations that had supported Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>: 329  resulting in the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, and the more recent 2013 <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">oil supply glut</a> that led to the "largest oil price declines in modern history" in 2014 to 2016. The 70% decline in global oil prices was "one of the three biggest declines since World War II, and the longest lasting since the supply-driven collapse of 1986."<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_Stocker_20180118-107">[106]</a> By 2015, the United States had become the third-largest producer of oil and resumed exporting oil upon repeal of its 40-year export ban.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_CIA_2015-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a> resulted in a 65% decline in global oil prices at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_JPT_Jacobs_2020-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_OECD_2020-112">[111]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/2021_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 global energy crisis">record-high energy prices</a> were driven by a global surge in demand as the world recovered from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_Al-Jazeera-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_of_oil_CNBC-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> By December 2021, an unexpected rebound in the demand for oil from United States, China and India, coupled with U.S. shale industry investors' "demands to hold the line on spending", has contributed to "tight" oil inventories globally.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> On 18 January 2022, as the price of Brent crude oil reached its highest since 2014—$88, concerns were raised about the rising cost of gasoline—which hit a record high in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png/220px-Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png/330px-Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png/440px-Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Nominal and inflation-adjusted U.S. dollar price of crude oil between 1861 and 2015</figcaption></figure> Crude oil is traded as a future on both the <a href="/wiki/NYMEX" class="mw-redirect" title="NYMEX">NYMEX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange" title="Intercontinental Exchange">ICE</a> exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into the future.<a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_by_country">Use by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use by country">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption_statistics">Consumption statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Consumption statistics">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Global fossil carbon emissions, an indicator of consumption, from 1800.   Total   Oil"><img alt="Global fossil carbon emissions, an indicator of consumption, from 1800.   Total   Oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg/160px-Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg/240px-Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg/320px-Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="455" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Global fossil carbon emissions, an indicator of consumption, from 1800. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Total</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Oil</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_energy_consumption.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rate of world energy usage per year from 1970.[119]"><img alt="Rate of world energy usage per year from 1970.[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/World_energy_consumption.svg/160px-World_energy_consumption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/World_energy_consumption.svg/240px-World_energy_consumption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/World_energy_consumption.svg/320px-World_energy_consumption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rate of world energy usage per year from 1970.<a href="#cite_note-BP-Report-2012-120">[119]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006."><img alt="Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg/160px-Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg/240px-Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg/320px-Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006:   US   Europe   Asia and Oceania ."><img alt="Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006:   US   Europe   Asia and Oceania ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg/160px-Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg/240px-Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg/320px-Oil_consumption_per_day_by_region_from_1980_to_2006_solid3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  US</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region."><img alt="Oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg/160px-World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg/240px-World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg/320px-World_oil_consumption_1980_to_2007_by_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consumption">edit</a>]</div> According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate for 2017, the world consumes 98.8 million barrels of oil each day.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilConsumptionpercapita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/OilConsumptionpercapita.png/750px-OilConsumptionpercapita.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/OilConsumptionpercapita.png/1125px-OilConsumptionpercapita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/OilConsumptionpercapita.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Oil consumption per capita (darker colors represent more consumption, gray represents no data) (source: see file description). <table style="width: 100%; font-size: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   > 0.07 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.07–0.05 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.05–0.035 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.035–0.025 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.025–0.02 </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.02–0.015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.015–0.01 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.01–0.005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.005–0.0015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   < 0.0015 </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (1000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1000 m3) per day:<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <table style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Consuming nation 2011 </th> <th>(1000 bbl/ day) </th> <th>(1000 m3/ day) </th> <th>Population in millions </th> <th>bbl/year per capita </th> <th>m3/year per capita </th> <th>National production/ consumption </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,835.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,994.6</td> <td>314 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.47</td> <td>0.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,790.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,556.5</td> <td>1345 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.43</td> <td>0.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> 2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,464.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">709.7</td> <td>127 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.04</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,292.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">523.4</td> <td>1198 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.16</td> <td>0.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,145.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">500.0</td> <td>140 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.29</td> <td>3.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,817.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">447.9</td> <td>27 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.4</td> <td>3.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,594.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">412.4</td> <td>193 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.78</td> <td>0.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,400.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">381.6</td> <td>82 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.70</td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,259.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">359.2</td> <td>33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.91</td> <td>1.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> 2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,230.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">354.6</td> <td>48 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.67</td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> 1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,132.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">339.1</td> <td>109 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.13</td> <td>1.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> 2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,791.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">284.8</td> <td>62 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.67</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,694.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">269.4</td> <td>74 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.32</td> <td>2.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,607.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">255.6</td> <td>61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.51</td> <td>0.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> 2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,453.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">231.1</td> <td>60 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.41</td> <td>0.10 </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: US Energy Information Administration<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Population Data:<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak production of oil</a> already passed in this state 2 This country is not a major oil producer <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For oil production by country, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">List of countries by oil production</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For oil reserves by country, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">List of countries by proven oil reserves</a>.</div> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top oil-producing countries<a href="#cite_note-EIA2-126">[125]</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_producing_countries_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oil_producing_countries_map.png/750px-Oil_producing_countries_map.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oil_producing_countries_map.png/1125px-Oil_producing_countries_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Oil_producing_countries_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">World map with <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">countries by oil production</a> from 2006 to 2012</div></figcaption></figure> In petroleum industry parlance, production refers to the quantity of crude extracted from reserves, not the literal creation of the product. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Oil Production (<a href="/wiki/Bbl" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbl">bbl</a>/day, 2016)<a href="#cite_note-EIA-127">[126]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>10,551,497 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>10,460,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>8,875,817 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>4,451,516 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>3,990,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China, People's Republic of</a></td> <td>3,980,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>3,662,694 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>3,106,077 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>2,923,825 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>2,515,459 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>2,276,967 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>2,186,877 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>1,999,885 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>1,769,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>1,647,975 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>1,595,199 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>1,522,902 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0d9d9;"> <td>18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>)</td> <td>1,348,361 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></td> <td>1,006,841 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>939,760 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exportation">Exportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Exportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_exporters" title="Fossil fuel exporters">Fossil fuel exporters</a> and <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Petroleum_Countries_Export_Treemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/2014_Petroleum_Countries_Export_Treemap.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="520" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Petroleum Exports by Country (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity</div></figcaption></figure> In order of net exports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand <a href="/wiki/Bbl" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbl">bbl</a>/<a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">d</a> and thousand m3/d: <table style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Exporting nation </th> <th>103bbl/d (2011) </th> <th>103m3/d (2011) </th> <th>103bbl/d (2009) </th> <th>103m3/d (2009) </th> <th>103bbl/d (2006) </th> <th>103m3/d (2006) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>8,336 </td> <td>1,325 </td> <td>7,322 </td> <td>1,164 </td> <td>8,651 </td> <td>1,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 1 </td> <td>7,083 </td> <td>1,126 </td> <td>7,194 </td> <td>1,144 </td> <td>6,565 </td> <td>1,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>2,540 </td> <td>403 </td> <td>2,486 </td> <td>395 </td> <td>2,519 </td> <td>401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>2,524 </td> <td>401 </td> <td>2,303 </td> <td>366 </td> <td>2,515 </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>2,343 </td> <td>373 </td> <td>2,124 </td> <td>338 </td> <td>2,150 </td> <td>342 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>2,257 </td> <td>359 </td> <td>1,939 </td> <td>308 </td> <td>2,146 </td> <td>341 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>1,915 </td> <td>304 </td> <td>1,764 </td> <td>280 </td> <td>1,438 </td> <td>229 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>1,760 </td> <td>280 </td> <td>1,878 </td> <td>299 </td> <td>1,363 </td> <td>217 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> 1 </td> <td>1,752 </td> <td>279 </td> <td>2,132 </td> <td>339 </td> <td>2,542 </td> <td>404 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (OPEC) 1 </td> <td>1,715 </td> <td>273 </td> <td>1,748 </td> <td>278 </td> <td>2,203 </td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (OPEC) 1 </td> <td>1,568 </td> <td>249 </td> <td>1,767 </td> <td>281 </td> <td>1,847 </td> <td>297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (OPEC) </td> <td>1,468 </td> <td>233 </td> <td>1,066 </td> <td>169 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> 2 </td> <td>1,405 </td> <td>223 </td> <td>1,168 </td> <td>187 </td> <td>1,071 </td> <td>170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>1,396 </td> <td>222 </td> <td>1,299 </td> <td>207 </td> <td>1,114 </td> <td>177 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> 1 </td> <td>836 </td> <td>133 </td> <td>912 </td> <td>145 </td> <td>532 </td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1 </td> <td>177 </td> <td>112 </td> <td>167 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>155 </td> <td>199 </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: US Energy Information Administration<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak production</a> already passed in this state 2 Canadian statistics are complicated by the fact it is both an importer and exporter of crude oil, and refines large amounts of oil for the U.S. market. It is the leading source of U.S. imports of oil and products, averaging 2,500,000 bbl/d (400,000 m3/d) in August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Total world production/consumption (as of 2005) is approximately 84 million barrels per day (13,400,000 m3/d). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importation">Importation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Importation">edit</a>]</div> In order of net imports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand <a href="/wiki/Bbl" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbl">bbl</a>/<a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">d</a> and thousand m3/d: <table style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Importing nation </th> <th>103bbl/day (2011) </th> <th>103m3/day (2011) </th> <th>103bbl/day (2009) </th> <th>103m3/day (2009) </th> <th>103bbl/day (2006) </th> <th>103m3/day (2006) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">United States 1 </td> <td>8,728 </td> <td>1,388 </td> <td>9,631 </td> <td>1,531 </td> <td>12,220 </td> <td>1,943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">China </td> <td>5,487 </td> <td>872 </td> <td>4,328 </td> <td>688 </td> <td>3,438 </td> <td>547 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Japan </td> <td>4,329 </td> <td>688 </td> <td>4,235 </td> <td>673 </td> <td>5,097 </td> <td>810 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">India </td> <td>2,349 </td> <td>373 </td> <td>2,233 </td> <td>355 </td> <td>1,687 </td> <td>268 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Germany </td> <td>2,235 </td> <td>355 </td> <td>2,323 </td> <td>369 </td> <td>2,483 </td> <td>395 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">South Korea </td> <td>2,170 </td> <td>345 </td> <td>2,139 </td> <td>340 </td> <td>2,150 </td> <td>342 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">France </td> <td>1,697 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>1,749 </td> <td>278 </td> <td>1,893 </td> <td>301 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Spain </td> <td>1,346 </td> <td>214 </td> <td>1,439 </td> <td>229 </td> <td>1,555 </td> <td>247 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Italy </td> <td>1,292 </td> <td>205 </td> <td>1,381 </td> <td>220 </td> <td>1,558 </td> <td>248 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Singapore </td> <td>1,172 </td> <td>186 </td> <td>916 </td> <td>146 </td> <td>787 </td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Republic of China (Taiwan) </td> <td>1,009 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>944 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>942 </td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Netherlands </td> <td>948 </td> <td>151 </td> <td>973 </td> <td>155 </td> <td>936 </td> <td>149 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Turkey </td> <td>650 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>576 </td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Belgium </td> <td>634 </td> <td>101 </td> <td>597 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>546 </td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Thailand </td> <td>592 </td> <td>94 </td> <td>538 </td> <td>86 </td> <td>606 </td> <td>96 </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: US Energy Information Administration<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div style="font-size:85%;">1 <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak production of oil</a> expected in 2020<a href="#cite_note-eia2014er-131">[130]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-producing_consumers">Non-producing consumers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-producing consumers">edit</a>]</div> Countries whose oil production is 10% or less of their consumption. <table style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Consuming nation </th> <th>(bbl/day) </th> <th>(m3/day) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Japan </td> <td>5,578,000 </td> <td>886,831 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Germany </td> <td>2,677,000 </td> <td>425,609 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">South Korea </td> <td>2,061,000 </td> <td>327,673 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">France </td> <td>2,060,000 </td> <td>327,514 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Italy </td> <td>1,874,000 </td> <td>297,942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Spain </td> <td>1,537,000 </td> <td>244,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Netherlands </td> <td>946,700 </td> <td>150,513 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;" class="table-rh">Turkey </td> <td>575,011 </td> <td>91,663 </td></tr></tbody></table> Source: CIA World Factbook[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Environmental effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">Environmental impact of the petroleum industry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieselrainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/220px-Dieselrainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/330px-Dieselrainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dieselrainbow.jpg/440px-Dieselrainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>A diesel fuel spill on a road</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg/220px-Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg/330px-Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg/440px-Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Seawater acidification</figcaption></figure> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit">[update]</a>, about a quarter of annual global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> is the carbon dioxide from burning petroleum (plus <a href="/wiki/Methane_leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane leaks">methane leaks</a> from the industry).<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[b]</a> Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO2.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 415 <a href="/wiki/Ppmv" class="mw-redirect" title="Ppmv">ppmv</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere#Concentrations_in_the_geologic_past" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">180–300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The rise in Arctic temperature has reduced the minimum <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic ice pack</a> to 4,320,000 km2 (1,670,000 sq mi), a loss of almost half since satellite measurements started in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) from the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.The saturation state of calcium carbonate decreases with the uptake of carbon dioxide in the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life—having a greater effect on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see <a href="/wiki/Scallops" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallops">scallops</a>).<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Extraction">edit</a>]</div> Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir (oil pool). There are many methods on extracting the oil from the reservoirs for example; mechanical shaking,<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> water-in-oil emulsion, and <a href="/wiki/Specialty_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty chemicals">specialty chemicals</a> called <a href="/wiki/Demulsifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Demulsifiers">demulsifiers</a> that separate the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and often environmentally damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturb the surrounding marine environment.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spills">Oil spills</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Oil spills">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_spills" title="List of oil spills">List of oil spills</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil-spill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Oil-spill.jpg/230px-Oil-spill.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Oil-spill.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kelp after an oil spill.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg/230px-Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg/345px-Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg/460px-Oil_Slick_in_the_Timor_Sea_September-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4448" data-file-height="2224" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Oil slick from the <a href="/wiki/Montara_oil_spill" title="Montara oil spill">Montara oil spill</a> in the Timor Sea, September 2009.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PrestigeVolunteersInGaliciaCoast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PrestigeVolunteersInGaliciaCoast.jpg/230px-PrestigeVolunteersInGaliciaCoast.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/PrestigeVolunteersInGaliciaCoast.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="199" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill" title="Prestige oil spill">Prestige oil spill</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Crude oil and refined fuel <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">spills</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tanker_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanker ship">tanker ship</a> accidents have damaged natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and human livelihoods in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, France and many <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_spills" title="List of oil spills">other places</a>. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Atlantic_Empress" title="SS Atlantic Empress">SS Atlantic Empress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoco_Cadiz" title="Amoco Cadiz">Amoco Cadiz</a>). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a>. Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin <a href="/wiki/Oil_slick" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil slick">oil slick</a> which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish, and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly <a href="/wiki/Bulldozed" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulldozed">bulldozed</a> around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily. Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the <a href="/wiki/SS_Torrey_Canyon" title="SS Torrey Canyon">SS Torrey Canyon</a> wreck produced poor results;<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> modern techniques would include pumping the oil from the wreck, like in the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill" title="Prestige oil spill">Prestige oil spill</a> or the <a href="/wiki/MV_Erika" title="MV Erika">Erika</a> oil spill.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Though crude oil is predominantly composed of various hydrocarbons, certain nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picoline" title="Picoline">picoline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">quinoline</a> are reported as contaminants associated with crude oil, as well as facilities processing oil shale or coal, and have also been found at legacy <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">wood treatment</a> sites. These compounds have a very high water solubility, and thus tend to dissolve and move with water. Certain naturally occurring bacteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Micrococcus" title="Micrococcus">Micrococcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthrobacter" title="Arthrobacter">Arthrobacter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodococcus" title="Rhodococcus">Rhodococcus</a> have been shown to degrade these contaminants.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment does not need to be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities (<a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> exploration, <a href="/wiki/Boring_(earth)" title="Boring (earth)">drilling</a>, extraction, refining and combustion). Phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Seeps" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeps">seeps</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tar_pit" title="Tar pit">tar pits</a> are examples of areas that petroleum affects without man's involvement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarballs">Tarballs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tarballs">edit</a>]</div> A tarball is a blob of crude oil (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, which is a human-made product derived from pine trees or refined from petroleum) which has been weathered after floating in the ocean. Tarballs are an aquatic <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a> in most environments, although they can occur naturally, for example in the Santa Barbara Channel of California<a href="#cite_note-itah-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-hostettler-151">[149]</a> or in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Their concentration and features have been used to assess the extent of <a href="/wiki/Oil_spills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil spills">oil spills</a>. Their composition can be used to identify their sources of origin,<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> and tarballs themselves may be dispersed over long distances by deep sea currents.<a href="#cite_note-hostettler-151">[149]</a> They are slowly decomposed by bacteria, including <a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cladosporium_resinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladosporium resinae">Cladosporium resinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_submarinus" title="Bacillus submarinus">Bacillus submarinus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_varians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrococcus varians (page does not exist)">Micrococcus varians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candida_marina" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida marina">Candida marina</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_estuari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces estuari (page does not exist)">Saccharomyces estuari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itah-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whales">Whales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Whales">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_whale_oil_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Natural_whale_oil_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="721" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of unrefined <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a></figcaption></figure> James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> by providing an inexpensive substitute for <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> but others say that fossil fuels increased whaling with most whales being killed in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> In 2018 road transport used 49% of petroleum, aviation 8%, and uses other than energy 17%.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicles</a> are the main alternative for road transport and <a href="/wiki/Biojet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biojet">biojet</a> for aviation.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Single-use plastics have a high carbon footprint and may pollute the sea, but as of 2022 the best alternatives are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2022_boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus">2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus</a></div> Control of petroleum production has been a significant driver of international relations during much of the 20th and 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2020-162">[160]</a> Organizations like OPEC have played an outsized role in international politics. Some historians and commentators have called this the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Oil" title="Age of Oil">Age of Oil</a>"<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2020-162">[160]</a> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and addressing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> some commentators expect a realignment of international power away from <a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">petrostates</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a>]</div> "Oil rents" have been described as connected with corruption in political literature.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> A 2011 study suggested that increases in oil rents increased corruption in countries with heavy government involvement in the production of oil. The study found that increases in oil rents "significantly deteriorates political rights". The investigators say that oil exploitation gave politicians "an incentive to extend civil liberties but reduce political rights in the presence of oil windfalls to evade redistribution and conflict".<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">oil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petro-aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro-aggression">Petro-aggression</a></div> Petroleum production has been linked with conflict for many years, leading to thousands of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Petroleum deposits are in hardly any countries around the world; mainly in Russia and some parts of the middle east.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Conflicts may start when countries refuse to cut oil production in which other countries respond to such actions by increasing their production causing a trade war as experienced during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Other conflicts start due to countries wanting petroleum resources or other reasons on oil resource territory experienced in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OPEC">OPEC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: OPEC">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPEC&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈoʊpɛk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OH-pek</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>. It was founded on 14 September 1960, in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by the first five members which are <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. The organization, which currently comprises 12 member countries, accounted for an estimated 30 percent of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">global oil production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> A 2022 report further details that OPEC member countries were responsible for approximately 38 percent of it.<a href="#cite_note-OPEC_:4-171">[169]</a> Additionally, it is estimated that 79.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves are located within OPEC nations, with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> alone accounting for 67.2 percent of OPEC's total reserves.<a href="#cite_note-OPEC_:5-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-OPEC_:6-173">[171]</a> In a series of steps in the 1960s and 1970s, OPEC restructured the global system of oil production in favor of oil-producing states and away from an <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> of dominant Anglo-American oil firms (the "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColgan2021The_Rise_of_OPEC,_pp._59–93-174">[172]</a> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">restrictions in oil production</a> led to a dramatic rise in oil prices with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. Since the 1980s, OPEC has had a limited impact on world oil-supply and oil-price stability, as there is frequent cheating by members on their commitments to one another, and as member commitments reflect what they would do even in the absence of OPEC.<a href="#cite_note-OPEC_:1-175">[173]</a> However, since 2020, OPEC countries along with non-OPEC participants had helped in stabilising oil markets after the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a collapse in oil demand. This has allowed oil markets to remain stable relative to other energy markets that experienced unprecedented volatility.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">national sovereignty over natural resources</a>. OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil-market and in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_politics" title="Petroleum politics">international relations</a>. Economists have characterized OPEC as a textbook example of a <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> (a group whose members cooperate to reduce <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">market competition</a>) but one whose consultations may be protected by the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_immunity" title="State immunity">state immunity</a> under international law.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Current OPEC members are<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm">[ref]</a> Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Meanwhile, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, and Qatar are former OPEC members.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> A larger group called OPEC+, consisting of OPEC members plus other oil-producing countries, formed in late 2016 to exert more control on the global crude-oil market.<a href="#cite_note-OPEC_ope2-180">[178]</a> Canada, Egypt, Norway, and Oman are observer states.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_production">Future production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Future production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_oil_production.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/World_oil_production.webp/220px-World_oil_production.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/World_oil_production.webp/330px-World_oil_production.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/World_oil_production.webp/440px-World_oil_production.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>World oil production by average barrels per day between 2011 and 2022</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Consumption_function" title="Consumption function">Consumption</a> in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobile sector growth. The <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1985–2003 oil glut</a> even fueled the sales of low fuel economy vehicles in <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries. The 2008 economic crisis seems to have had some impact on the sales of such vehicles; still, in 2008 oil consumption showed a small increase. In 2016 Goldman Sachs predicted lower demand for oil due to emerging economies concerns, especially China.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> (Brasil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries might also kick in, as China briefly had the largest automobile market in December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In the long term, uncertainties linger; the <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> believes that the OECD countries will push low consumption policies at some point in the future; when that happens, it will definitely curb oil sales, and both OPEC and the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> (EIA) kept lowering their 2020 consumption estimates during the past five years.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> A detailed review of <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> oil projections have revealed that revisions of world oil production, price and investments have been motivated by a combination of demand and supply factors.<a href="#cite_note-Wachtmeister2018-184">[182]</a> All together, Non-OPEC conventional projections have been fairly stable the last 15 years, while downward revisions were mainly allocated to OPEC. Upward revisions are primarily a result of US <a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a>. Production will also face an increasingly complex situation; while OPEC countries still have large reserves at low production prices, newly found reservoirs often lead to higher prices; offshore giants such as <a href="/wiki/Tupi_oil_field" title="Tupi oil field">Tupi</a>, Guara and <a href="/wiki/Tiber_oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber oilfield">Tiber</a> demand high investments and ever-increasing technological abilities. Subsalt reservoirs such as Tupi were unknown in the twentieth century, mainly because the industry was unable to probe them. <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Oil_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Oil Recovery">Enhanced Oil Recovery</a> (EOR) techniques (example: <a href="/wiki/Daqing_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Daqing Field">DaQing</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a>) will continue to play a major role in increasing the world's recoverable oil. The expected availability of petroleum resources has always been around 35 years or even less since the start of the modern exploration. The <a href="/wiki/Oil_constant" title="Oil constant">oil constant</a>, an insider pun in the German industry, refers to that effect.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> A growing number of divestment campaigns from major funds pushed by newer generations who question the sustainability of petroleum may hinder the financing of future oil prospection and production.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_oil">Peak oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Peak oil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> is a term applied to the projection that future petroleum production, whether for individual oil wells, entire oil fields, whole countries, or worldwide production, will eventually peak and then decline at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The peak of oil discoveries was in 1965, and oil production per year has surpassed oil discoveries every year since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> However, this does not mean that potential oil production has surpassed oil demand.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] It is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region, due to the lack of knowledge and/or transparency in the accounting of global oil reserves.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Based on available production data, proponents have previously predicted the peak for the world to be in the years 1989, 1995, or 1995–2000. Some of these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s, and the consequent lowering in global consumption, the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> In 2020, according to <a href="/wiki/BP#Climate_policy" title="BP">BP's Energy Outlook 2020</a>, peak oil had been reached, due to the changing energy landscape coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Oil_prices" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic</a>. While there has been much focus historically on peak oil supply, the focus is increasingly shifting to peak demand as more countries seek to transition to renewable energy. The GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses assesses how the geopolitical position of 156 countries may change if the world fully transitions to renewable energy resources. Former oil exporters are expected to lose power, while the positions of former oil importers and countries rich in renewable energy resources is expected to strengthen.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconventional_oil">Unconventional oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Unconventional oil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">Unconventional oil</a> is petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the conventional methods. The calculus for peak oil has changed with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_%26_gas)_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir">unconventional</a> production methods. In particular, the combination of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal drilling">horizontal drilling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> has resulted in a significant increase in production from previously uneconomic plays.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Certain rock <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a> contain hydrocarbons but have low permeability and are not thick from a vertical perspective. Conventional vertical wells would be unable to economically retrieve these hydrocarbons. Horizontal drilling, extending horizontally through the strata, permits the well to access a much greater volume of the strata. Hydraulic fracturing creates greater permeability and increases hydrocarbon flow to the wellbore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrocarbons_on_other_worlds">Hydrocarbons on other worlds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Hydrocarbons on other worlds">edit</a>]</div> On <a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn's">Saturn's</a> largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, lakes of liquid hydrocarbons comprising methane, ethane, propane and other constituents, occur naturally. Data collected by the space probe <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> yield an estimate that the visible lakes and seas of Titan contain about 300 times the volume of Earth's proven oil reserves.<a href="#cite_note-oil-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Drilled samples from the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> taken in 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity Rover">Curiosity rover's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> have found organic molecules of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> in 3-billion-year-old rock samples in <a href="/wiki/Gale_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Crater">Gale Crater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20180607-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrofiction&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a> or oil fiction<a href="#cite_note-Petrofiction_:4-197">[195]</a> is a genre of fiction focused on the role of petroleum in society.<a href="#cite_note-Petrofiction_:5-198">[196]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">Barrel of oil equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">Filling station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas/oil_ratio" title="Gas/oil ratio">Gas/oil ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Safety_Guide_for_Oil_Tankers_and_Terminals" title="International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals">International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">List of oil exploration and production companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure-derived_synthetic_crude_oil" title="Manure-derived synthetic crude oil">Manure-derived synthetic crude oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_burden" title="Oil burden">Oil burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_France" title="Oil reserves in France">Oil reserves in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_politics" title="Petroleum politics">Petroleum politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_petroleum_hydrocarbon" title="Total petroleum hydrocarbon">Total petroleum hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_oil" title="Waste oil">Waste oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_%26_gas)_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Also known as crude oil, or simply oil. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> 12.4 gigatonnes petroleum (and about 1 Gt CO2 eq from methane)/50 gigatonnes total. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/01/stories/2011030155921100.htm">the original</a> on March 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Libyan+tremors+threaten+to+rattle+the+oil+world&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft.au=Mouawad%2C+Jad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2011%2F03%2F01%2Fstories%2F2011030155921100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/economic-impact-oil-and-gas">"The Economic Benefits of Oil & Gas"</a>. Department of Energy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331224819/https://www.energy.gov/articles/economic-impact-oil-and-gas">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Energy&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Benefits+of+Oil+%26+Gas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Farticles%2Feconomic-impact-oil-and-gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard2021" class="citation web cs1">Bullard, Nathaniel (December 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/peak-oil-demand-is-coming-but-not-so-soon-1.1693325">"Peak Oil Demand Is Coming But Not So Soon"</a>. BNN, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. Retrieved December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNN%2C+Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Peak+Oil+Demand+Is+Coming+But+Not+So+Soon&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnnbloomberg.ca%2Fpeak-oil-demand-is-coming-but-not-so-soon-1.1693325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRallWarren" class="citation news cs1">R, Tom; all; Warren, Hayley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us/">"Peak Oil Is Already Here"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218064958/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us/">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peak+Oil+Is+Already+Here&rft.aulast=R&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=all&rft.au=Warren%2C+Hayley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2F2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum">"petroleum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516164428/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum">Archived</a> May 16, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the American Heritage Dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum">Petroleum</a>, Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil = Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil, The Free Dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110024856/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum">Archived</a> January 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Dijk_2022,_n-9"><a href="#cite_ref-van_Dijk_2022,_n_9-0">^</a> van Dijk, J.P. (2022); Unravelling the Maze of Scientific Writing Through the Ages: On the Origins of the Terms Hydrocarbon, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Methane. Amazon Publishers, 166 pp. PaperBack Edition B0BKRZRKHW. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-3539-8917-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-3539-8917-2">979-8-3539-8917-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer,_Georg1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Bauer">Bauer, Georg</a> (1955) [1546]. De Natura Fossilium. Translated by Bandy, Mark Chance; Bandy, Jean A. Mineola, NY: Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Natura+Fossilium&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-11"><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-0">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedwood1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Redwood, Boverton (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Petroleum" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petroleum">Petroleum</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petroleum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=316&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Redwood&rft.aufirst=Boverton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhiguo1998" class="citation book cs1">Zhiguo, Gao (1998). Environmental regulation of oil and gas. London: Kluwer Law International. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0726-8"><bdi>978-90-411-0726-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39313498">39313498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+regulation+of+oil+and+gas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39313498&rft.isbn=978-90-411-0726-8&rft.aulast=Zhiguo&rft.aufirst=Gao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2011" class="citation book cs1">Deng, Yinke (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientchinesein0000deng">Ancient Chinese Inventions</a>. 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Nanotechnology: The Business. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-5399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-5399-9"><bdi>978-1-4200-5399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology%3A+The+Business&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-5399-9&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten" class="citation web cs1">Totten, George E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">"ASTM International – Standards Worldwide"</a>. astm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706232229/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=astm.org&rft.atitle=ASTM+International+%E2%80%93+Standards+Worldwide&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FCOMMIT%2FD02%2Fto1899_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalvi2015" class="citation book cs1">Dalvi, Samir (2015). Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5206-419-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5206-419-9"><bdi>978-93-5206-419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Oil+%26+Gas+Industry+for+Beginners&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5206-419-9&rft.aulast=Dalvi&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/Greek-fire">"Greek fire | Byzantine, Naval Warfare, Incendiary | Britannica"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+fire+%7C+Byzantine%2C+Naval+Warfare%2C+Incendiary+%7C+Britannica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2FGreek-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1958" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Robert James (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149">Studies in Early Petroleum History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315165347/https://books.google.com/books?id=eckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Early+Petroleum+History&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeckUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalim_Al-Hassani2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salim_Al-Hassani" title="Salim Al-Hassani">Salim Al-Hassani</a> (2008). "1000 Years of Missing Industrial History". In Emilia Calvo Labarta; Mercè Comes Maymo; Roser Puig Aguilar; Mònica Rius Pinies (eds.). A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">Edicions Universitat Barcelona</a>. pp. 57–82 [63]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-475-3285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-475-3285-8"><bdi>978-84-475-3285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1000+Years+of+Missing+Industrial+History&rft.btitle=A+shared+legacy%3A+Islamic+science+East+and+West&rft.pages=57-82+63&rft.pub=Edicions+Universitat+Barcelona&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-475-3285-8&rft.au=Salim+Al-Hassani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_P._Riva_Jr.Gordon_I._Atwater" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joseph P. Riva Jr.; Gordon I. Atwater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum">"petroleum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429155229/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015. 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Bangkok: White Lotus Press. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7534-60-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-7534-60-3"><bdi>978-974-7534-60-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48517638">48517638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+in+Burma%3A+the+extraction+of+%22earth-oil%22+to+1914&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48517638&rft.isbn=978-974-7534-60-3&rft.aulast=Longmuir&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatveichuk2004" class="citation journal cs1">Matveichuk, Alexander A (2004). 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McKain. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006P93DY">B0006P93DY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+It+All+Began%3A+The+Story+of+the+People+and+Places+Where+the+Oil+Industry+Began+%E2%80%93+West+Virginia+and+South-eastern+Ohio&rft.place=Parkersburg%2C+WV&rft.pub=D.L.+McKain&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006P93DY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=McKain&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Bernard%2C+L.+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603102058/http://www.rri.ro/arh-art.shtml?lang=1&sec=9&art=3596">"The History Of Romanian Oil Industry"</a>. rri.ro. 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FAZ.NET (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909">0174-4909</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126111737/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/deutsche-erdoelfoerderung-klein-texas-in-der-lueneburger-heide-1812092.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=Deutsche+Erd%C3%B6lf%C3%B6rderung%3A+Klein-Texas+in+der+L%C3%BCneburger+Heide&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft.issn=0174-4909&rft.aulast=Lucius&rft.aufirst=Robert+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2F1.812092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erdoelmuseum.de/">"Deutsches Erdölmuseum Wietze"</a>. www.erdoelmuseum.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014171832/http://www.erdoelmuseum.de/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.erdoelmuseum.de&rft.atitle=Deutsches+Erd%C3%B6lmuseum+Wietze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erdoelmuseum.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/02/23/98888884.pdf">"The oil wells of Alsace; a discovery made more than a century ago. What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad, primitive methods of obtaining oil, the process similar to that used in coal mining"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. February 23, 1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218003110/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/02/23/98888884.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+oil+wells+of+Alsace%3B+a+discovery+made+more+than+a+century+ago.+What+a+Pennsylvania+operator+saw+abroad%2C+primitive+methods+of+obtaining+oil%2C+the+process+similar+to+that+used+in+coal+mining&rft.date=1880-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1880%2F02%2F23%2F98888884.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Erdöl in Wietze (1. Aufl ed.). Horb am Neckar: Geiger. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89264-910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89264-910-6"><bdi>978-3-89264-910-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75489983">75489983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erd%C3%B6l+in+Wietze&rft.place=Horb+am+Neckar&rft.edition=1.+Aufl&rft.pub=Geiger&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75489983&rft.isbn=978-3-89264-910-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlschStokes2003" class="citation book cs1">Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G. (2003). Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859–1974. Stokes, Raymond G. Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-50276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-50276-7"><bdi>978-3-406-50276-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52134361">52134361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faktor+%C3%96l%3A+die+Mineral%C3%B6lwirtschaft+in+Deutschland+1859%E2%80%931974&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52134361&rft.isbn=978-3-406-50276-7&rft.aulast=Karlsch&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Raymond+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-russell-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russell_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russell_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2003" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Loris S. (2003). A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home. 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Guilford, CN: Lyons Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofoilmytholog0000maug/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-118-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-118-3"><bdi>978-1-59921-118-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212226551">212226551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+oil%3A+the+mythology%2C+history%2C+and+future+of+the+world%27s+most+controversial+resource&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CN&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st+Lyons+Press&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212226551&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-118-3&rft.aulast=Maugeri&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofoilmytholog0000maug%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliou2018" class="citation book cs1">Vassiliou, Marius S. 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Table Posted: March 1, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> From DSW-Datareport 2008 ("<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Stiftung_Weltbev%C3%B6lkerung" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung">Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung</a>") </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=5&aid=2">http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=5&aid=2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/paisesat/main.php">"IBGE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904063203/http://www.ibge.gov.br/paisesat/main.php">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBGE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fpaisesat%2Fmain.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA2-126"><a href="#cite_ref-EIA2_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=00000000000000000000000000000000002&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvvvs&s=63072000000&e=1514764800000&ev=false&">"Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d)"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514060445/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=00000000000000000000000000000000002&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvvvs&s=63072000000&e=1514764800000&ev=false&">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crude+oil+including+lease+condensate+production+%28Mb%2Fd%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fworld%2Fpetroleum-and-other-liquids%2Fannual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production%3Fpd%3D5%26p%3D00000000000000000000000000000000002%26u%3D0%26f%3DA%26v%3Dmapbubble%26a%3D-%26i%3Dnone%26vo%3Dvalue%26t%3DC%26g%3D00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001%26l%3D249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvvvs%26s%3D63072000000%26e%3D1514764800000%26ev%3Dfalse%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA-127"><a href="#cite_ref-EIA_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016">"Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016"</a> (CVS download). 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Energy Economics. 102: 105517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EneEc.10205517M">2021EneEc.10205517M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2021.105517">10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105517</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-9883">0140-9883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8652835">8652835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34898736">34898736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Russia-Saudi+Arabia+oil+price+war+during+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=105517&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8652835%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021EneEc.10205517M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34898736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2021.105517&rft.issn=0140-9883&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Richie+Ruchuan&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Tao&rft.au=Bao%2C+Yukun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8652835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War">"Iran-Iraq War | Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved February 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Iran-Iraq+War+%7C+Causes%2C+Summary%2C+Casualties%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FIran-Iraq-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61188579">"Opec: What is it and what is happening to oil prices?"</a>. BBC News. May 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Opec%3A+What+is+it+and+what+is+happening+to+oil+prices%3F&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-61188579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC_:4-171"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC_:4_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/where-our-oil-comes-from.php">"Where our oil comes from - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"</a>. www.eia.gov. Retrieved March 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eia.gov&rft.atitle=Where+our+oil+comes+from+-+U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fenergyexplained%2Foil-and-petroleum-products%2Fwhere-our-oil-comes-from.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC_:5-172"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC_:5_172-0">^</a> Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. (2023). OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin (58th ed.), 90 pages. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://asb.opec.org/">https://asb.opec.org/</a>. ISSN: 0475-0608. (See pages 7 and 22). </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC_:6-173"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC_:6_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm">"OPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OPEC+Share+of+World+Crude+Oil+Reserves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fdata_graphs%2F330.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColgan2021The_Rise_of_OPEC,_pp._59–93-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColgan2021The_Rise_of_OPEC,_pp._59–93_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColgan2021">Colgan 2021</a>, The Rise of OPEC, pp. 59–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC_:1-175"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC_:1_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgan2021" class="citation book cs1">Colgan, Jeff D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780197546376.001.0001/oso-9780197546376-chapter-4">"The Stagnation of OPEC"</a>. Partial Hegemony: Oil Politics and International Order. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197546376.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197546376.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754637-6"><bdi>978-0-19-754637-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Stagnation+of+OPEC&rft.btitle=Partial+Hegemony%3A+Oil+Politics+and+International+Order&rft.pages=94-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197546376.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-754637-6&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=Jeff+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197546376.001.0001%2Foso-9780197546376-chapter-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2020" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Pippa (April 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/oil-jumps-ahead-of-make-or-break-opec-meeting.html">"OPEC and allies agree to historic 10 million barrel per day production cut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=OPEC+and+allies+agree+to+historic+10+million+barrel+per+day+production+cut&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F04%2F09%2Foil-jumps-ahead-of-make-or-break-opec-meeting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeClair2016" class="citation book cs1">LeClair, Mark S. (July 8, 2016) [2000]. "The History and Evlauation of Significant commodity Cartels". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hW6lDAAAQBAJ">International Commodity Markets and the Role of Cartels</a> (reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50088-1"><bdi>978-1-315-50088-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 11, 2023. <q>OPEC, the most notorious of the modern cartels, functioned effectively for only thirteen years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Evlauation+of+Significant+commodity+Cartels&rft.btitle=International+Commodity+Markets+and+the+Role+of+Cartels&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50088-1&rft.aulast=LeClair&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhW6lDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerhechte2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Philipp_Terhechte" title="Jörg Philipp Terhechte">Terhechte, Jörg Philipp</a> (December 1, 2009). "Applying European Competition Law to International Organizations: The Case of OPEC". In Herrmann, Christoph; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Philipp_Terhechte" title="Jörg Philipp Terhechte">Terhechte, Jörg Philipp</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugnfC6oFH2YC">European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2010</a>. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78883-6"><bdi>978-3-540-78883-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 11, 2023. <q>[...] the question whether OPEC's activities, those of its member states and those of the state-owned enterprises are protected by the principle of State Immunity is to be answered in accordance with the preconditions set by the UN Convention as an expression of common principles of International law. [...] The crucial question [...] in terms of International law is: 'Is OPEC engaged in commercial activities or not?'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Applying+European+Competition+Law+to+International+Organizations%3A+The+Case+of+OPEC&rft.btitle=European+Yearbook+of+International+Economic+Law+2010&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78883-6&rft.aulast=Terhechte&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugnfC6oFH2YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm">"OPEC: Member Countries"</a>. opec.org. Retrieved April 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opec.org&rft.atitle=OPEC%3A+Member+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC_ope2-180"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC_ope2_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Cohen" title="Ariel Cohen">Cohen, Ariel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2018/06/29/opec-is-dead-long-live-opec/">"OPEC Is Dead, Long Live OPEC+"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802092849/https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2018/06/29/opec-is-dead-long-live-opec/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019. <q>The deal represents the latest successful policy effort by the 24 member supercartel, informally referred to as the 'Vienna Group' or 'OPEC+,' to put their thumb on the scale of global oil markets. And it's a huge thumb indeed. [...] OPEC's 14 members control 35 percent of global oil supplies and 82 percent of proven reserves. With the addition of the 10 Non-OPEC nations, notable among them Russia, Mexico and Kazakhstan, those shares increase to 55 percent and 90 percent respectively. This affords OPEC+ a level of influence over the world economy never seen before.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=OPEC+Is+Dead%2C+Long+Live+OPEC%2B&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Farielcohen%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2Fopec-is-dead-long-live-opec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2016" class="citation news cs1">Hume, Neil (March 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e178653e-e517-11e5-bc31-138df2ae9ee6">"Goldman Sachs says commodity rally is unlikely to last"</a>. Financial Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1766">0307-1766</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093259/https://www.ft.com/content/e178653e-e517-11e5-bc31-138df2ae9ee6">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2018. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019234900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7879372.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+car+industry+overtakes+US&rft.date=2009-02-10&rft.au=Chris+Hogg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7879372.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOPEC_Secretariat2008" class="citation web cs1">OPEC Secretariat (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407091227/http://www.opec.org/library/World%20Oil%20Outlook/pdf/WOO2008.pdf">"World Oil Outlook 2008"</a> (PDF). 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Applied Energy. 220: 138–153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApEn..220..138W">2018ApEn..220..138W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2018.03.013">10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=Oil+projections+in+retrospect%3A+Revisions%2C+accuracy+and+current+uncertainty&rft.volume=220&rft.pages=138-153&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2018.03.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ApEn..220..138W&rft.aulast=Wachtmeister&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.au=Henke%2C+Petter&rft.au=H%C3%B6%C3%B6k%2C+Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.apenergy.2018.03.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNi_Weiling2006" class="citation web cs1">Ni Weiling (October 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ce.cn/Insight/200610/16/t20061016_8980162.shtml">"Daqing Oilfield rejuvenated by virtue of technology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_Daily" title="Economic Daily">Economic Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212081616/http://en.ce.cn/Insight/200610/16/t20061016_8980162.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Daily&rft.atitle=Daqing+Oilfield+rejuvenated+by+virtue+of+technology&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.au=Ni+Weiling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ce.cn%2FInsight%2F200610%2F16%2Ft20061016_8980162.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Samuel Schubert, Peter Slominski UTB, 2010: Die Energiepolitik der EU Johannes Pollak, 235 Seiten, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/27/rating-agency-sp-warns-13-oil-and-gas-companies-they-risk-downgrades-as-renewables-pick-up-steam">"Rating agency S&P warns 13 oil and gas companies they risk downgrades as renewables pick up steam"</a>. 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Iags.org. March 31, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529211546/http://www.iags.org/n0331043.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+study+raises+doubts+about+Saudi+oil+reserves&rft.pub=Iags.org&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iags.org%2Fn0331043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oildecline.com/">Peak Oil Info and Strategies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617184210/http://www.oildecline.com/">Archived</a> June 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The only uncertainty about peak oil is the time scale, which is difficult to predict accurately." </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverlandBazilianIlimbek_UuluVakulchuk2019" class="citation journal cs1">Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.esr.2019.100406">"The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition"</a>. 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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, which reflect combined production of crude oil and lease condensate, show a rise from 5.6 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2011 to 7.5 million bbl/d in 2013, and a record 1.2 million bbl/d increase to 8.7 million bbl/d in 2014. Increasing production of light crude oil in low-permeability or tight resource formations in regions like the Bakken, Permian Basin, and Eagle Ford (often referred to as light tight oil) account for nearly all the net growth in U.S. crude oil production. EIA's latest Short-Term Energy Outlook, issued in May 2015, reflects continued production growth in 2015 and 2016, albeit at a slower pace than in 2013 and 2014, with U.S. crude oil production in 2016 forecast to reach 9.2 million bbl/d. 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Retrieved April 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=Call+for+Papers%2C+Oil+Fictions%3A+World+literature+and+our+Contemporary+Petrosphere+%7C+Global+South+Studies%2C+U.Va.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu%2Fcall-papers-oil-fictions-world-literature-and-our-contemporary-petrosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" class="extiw" title="commons:Petroleum">Petroleum</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Petroleum" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Petroleum">Petroleum</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ggon.org/fossil-tracker/">Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.api.org/">API – the trade association of the US oil industry.</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html">U.S. Department of Energy EIA – World supply and consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jodidata.org/">Joint Organisations Data Initiative | Oil and Gas Data Transparency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+Crude+oil">U.S. National Library of Medicine: Hazardous Substances Databank – Crude Oil</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Petroleum">"Petroleum" </a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petroleum&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ">A Short History of Petroleum</a>", <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, August 10, 1878, p. 85</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry" title="Category:Petroleum industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015179-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100361">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975899m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975899m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570596">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116059&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524464">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538724805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014049">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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