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antonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary_antonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_antonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_antonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Relational antonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_antonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto-antonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto-antonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Auto-antonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto-antonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Opposite (semantics)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniem" title="Antoniem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antoniem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B6_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="نقيض (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقيض (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="বিপৰীতাৰ্থক শব্দ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিপৰীতাৰ্থক শব্দ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nimu" title="Antónimu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antónimu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="آنتونيم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتونيم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungkalikan" title="Tungkalikan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tungkalikan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Антонім – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антонім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="विलोम शब्द – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विलोम शब्द" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B2nim" title="Antònim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antònim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Антонимсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антонимсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymum" title="Antonymum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antonymum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthwynebair" title="Gwrthwynebair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthwynebair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Antonüüm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antonüüm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Αντώνυμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντώνυμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nimo" title="Antónimo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antónimo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonimo" title="Antonimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antonimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonimo" title="Antonimo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antonimo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B6_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="نقیض (معناشناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقیض (معناشناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymie" title="Antonymie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antonymie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%98%EC%96%B4" title="반의어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반의어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Հականիշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հականիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="विलोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andheiti" title="Andheiti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andheiti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანტონიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijwate" title="Dijwate – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dijwate" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymum" title="Antonymum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonymum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C4%ABms" title="Antonīms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antonīms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonimas" title="Antonimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antonimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Антонипне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Антонипне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniem" title="Antoniem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antoniem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="विलोम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विलोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="対義語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対義語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Антонимаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Антонимаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonimlar" title="Antonimlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antonimlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nimo" title="Antônimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antônimo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayu" title="Hayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Антонимы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антонимы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF" title="ضد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ضد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonymum" title="Antonymum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antonymum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protipomenka" title="Protipomenka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protipomenka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamicne" title="Kalamicne – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kalamicne" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C)" title="بەرامبەر (تێمانەیی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرامبەر (تێمانەیی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonim" title="Antonim – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Antonim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonyymi" title="Antonyymi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antonyymi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym" title="Antonym – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antonym" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="எதிர்ச்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Антоним – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Антоним" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Антонимҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антонимҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1tanlaml%C4%B1" title="Karşıtanlamlı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karşıtanlamlı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Антонім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антонім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8" title="متضاد الفاظ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متضاد الفاظ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr%C3%A5ve_(linwince)" title="Contråve (linwince) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Contråve (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" title="反义词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="反义词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%BE%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="反義詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="反義詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" title="反义词 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反义词" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linguistic concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Opposite" and "Opposites" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Opposite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Opposite (disambiguation)">Opposite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>A request that this article title be changed to <i><a href="/wiki/Opposite" class="mw-disambig" title="Opposite">Opposite</a></i> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Opposite_(semantics)#Requested_move_19_November_2024" title="Talk:Opposite (semantics)">under discussion</a></b>. Please <em>do not move</em> this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">lexical semantics</a>, opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that is <i>male</i> entails that it is not <i>female</i>. It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members in a set of opposites. The relationship between opposites is known as <b>opposition</b>. A member of a pair of opposites can generally be determined by the question <i>What is the opposite of <u> X </u>?</i> </p><p>The term <b>antonym</b> (and the related antonymy) is commonly taken to be synonymous with opposite, but antonym also has other more restricted meanings. Graded (or gradable) antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and which lie on a continuous spectrum (hot, cold). Complementary antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite but whose meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum (<i>push</i>, <i>pull</i>). <a href="/wiki/Relational_antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational antonym">Relational antonyms</a> are word pairs where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings (<i>teacher</i>, <i>pupil</i>). These more restricted meanings may not apply in all scholarly contexts, with Lyons (1968, 1977) defining antonym to mean gradable antonyms, and Crystal (2003) warning that antonymy and antonym should be regarded with care. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_discussion">General discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opposition is a semantic relation in which one word has a sense or meaning that negates or, in terms of a <a href="/wiki/Level_of_measurement" title="Level of measurement">scale</a>, is distant from a related word. Some words lack a lexical opposite due to an <a href="/wiki/Accidental_gap" title="Accidental gap">accidental gap</a> in the language's <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. For instance, while the word "devout" has no direct opposite, it is easy to conceptualize a scale of devoutness, where "devout" lies at the positive end with a missing counterpart at the negative end. In certain cases, opposites can be formed with prefixes like "un-" or "non-," with varying levels of naturalness. For example, "undevout" is found in Webster's 1828 dictionary, while the prefix pattern of "non-person" could theoretically extend to "non-platypus." </p><p>Conversely, some words appear to be derived from a prefix suggesting opposition, yet the root term does not exist. An example is "inept," which seems to be "in-" + *"ept," although the word "ept" itself does not exist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="inept = non apt; better example needed (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Such words are known as <a href="/wiki/Unpaired_word" title="Unpaired word">unpaired words</a>. Opposites may be viewed as a special type of incompatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words that are incompatible create the following type of <a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">entailment</a> (where <i>X</i> is a given word and <i>Y</i> is a different word incompatible with word X):<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>sentence <i>A is <u> X </u></i>  entails  sentence <i>A is not <u> Y </u></i> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>An example of an incompatible pair of words is <i>cat : dog</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>It's <u>a cat</u></i>  entails  <i>It's not <u>a dog</u></i> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This incompatibility is also found in the opposite pairs <i>fast : slow</i> and <i>stationary : moving</i>, as can be seen below: </p><p><i>It's <u>fast</u></i>  entails  <i>It's not <u>slow</u></i> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>It's <u>stationary</u></i>  entails  <i>It's not <u>moving</u></i></dd></dl> <p>Cruse (2004) identifies some basic characteristics of opposites: </p> <ul><li><i>binarity</i>, the occurrence of opposites as a lexical pair</li> <li><i>inherentness</i>, whether the relationship may be presumed implicitly</li> <li><i>patency</i>, the quality of how obvious a pair is</li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Planned_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned language">planned languages</a> abundantly use such devices to reduce vocabulary multiplication. <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_vocabulary#Affixes" title="Esperanto vocabulary">Esperanto</a> has <i>mal-</i> (compare <i>bona</i> = "good" and <i>malbona</i> = "bad"), <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a> has <i>kuri-</i> (<i>tjitjuu</i> "small", <i>kuritjitjuu</i> "large") and <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> has <i>un-</i> (as in <i>ungood</i>, "bad"). </p><p>Some classes of opposites include: </p> <ul><li><i>antipodals</i>, pairs of words which describe opposite ends of some axis, either literal (such as "left" and "right", "up" and "down", "east" and "west") or figurative or abstract (such as "first" and "last", "beginning" and "end", "entry" and "exit")</li> <li><i>disjoint opposites</i> (or "incompatibles"), members of a set which are mutually exclusive but which leave a <i>lexical gap</i> unfilled, such as "red" and "blue", "one" and "ten", or "Monday" and "Friday".</li> <li><i>reversives</i>, pairs of verbs which denote opposing processes, in which one is the reverse of the other. They are (or may be) performed by the same or similar subject(s) without requiring an object of the verbs, such as "rise" and "fall", "accelerate" and "decelerate", or "shrink" and "grow".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converse_(semantics)" title="Converse (semantics)"><i>converses</i></a> (or <i>relational opposites</i> or <i>relational antonyms</i>), pairs in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the other describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed, such as <i>parent</i> and <i>child</i>, <i>teacher</i> and <i>student</i>, or <i>buy</i> and <i>sell</i>.</li> <li><i>overlapping antonyms</i>, a pair of comparatives in which one, but not the other, implies the positive: <ul><li>An example is "better" and "worse". The sentence "<i>x</i> is better than <i>y</i>" does not imply that <i>x</i> is good, but "<i>x</i> is worse than <i>y</i>" implies that <i>x</i> is bad. Other examples are "faster" and "slower" ("fast" is implied but not "slow") and "dirtier" and "cleaner" ("dirty" is implied but not "clean"). The relationship between overlapping antonyms is often not inherent, but arises from the way they are interpreted most generally in a language. There is no inherent reason that an item be presumed to be bad when it is compared to another as being worse (it could be "less good"), but English speakers have combined the meaning semantically to it over the development of the language.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_antonyms">Types of antonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of antonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the antithesis of the other. A word may have more than one antonym. There are three categories of antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship between the opposed meanings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradable_antonyms">Gradable antonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gradable antonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gradable antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. Temperature is such a continuous spectrum so <i>hot</i> and <i>cold</i>, two meanings on opposite ends of the spectrum, are gradable antonyms. Other examples include: <i>heavy</i> : <i>light</i>, <i>fat</i> : <i>skinny</i>, <i>dark</i> : <i>light</i>, <i>young</i> : <i>old</i>, <i>early</i> : <i>late</i>, <i>empty</i> : <i>full</i>, <i>dull</i> : <i>interesting</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_antonyms">Complementary antonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complementary antonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complementary antonym, sometimes called a binary or contradictory antonym (Aarts, Chalker & Weiner 2014), is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where the two meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum. There is no continuous spectrum between <i>odd</i> and <i>even</i> but they are opposite in meaning and are therefore complementary antonyms. Other examples include: <i>mortal</i> : <i>immortal</i>, <i>exit</i> : <i>entrance</i>, <i>exhale</i> : <i>inhale</i>, <i>occupied</i> : <i>vacant</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_antonyms">Relational antonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relational antonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Converse_(semantics)" title="Converse (semantics)">relational antonym</a> is one of a pair of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view. There is no lexical opposite of <i>teacher</i>, but <i>teacher</i> and <i>pupil</i> are opposite within the context of their relationship. This makes them relational antonyms. Other examples include: <i>husband</i> : <i>wife</i>, <i>doctor</i> : <i>patient</i>, <i>predator</i> : <i>prey</i>, <i>teach</i> : <i>learn</i>, <i>servant</i> : <i>master</i>, <i>come</i> : <i>go</i>, <i>parent</i> : <i>child</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auto-antonyms">Auto-antonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Auto-antonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Auto-antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-antonym">auto-antonym</a> is a word that can have opposite meanings in different contexts or under separate definitions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enjoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjoin">enjoin</a> (to prohibit, issue <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a>; to <a href="/wiki/General_order" title="General order">order</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/command" class="extiw" title="wikt:command">command</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fast#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:fast">fast</a> (moving quickly; fixed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/firmly" class="extiw" title="wikt:firmly">firmly</a> in place)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleave" class="extiw" title="wikt:cleave">cleave</a> (to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/split" class="extiw" title="wikt:split">split</a>; to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adhere" class="extiw" title="wikt:adhere">adhere</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanction" class="extiw" title="wikt:sanction">sanction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>, prohibition; permission)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stay" class="extiw" title="wikt:stay">stay</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/remain" class="extiw" title="wikt:remain">remain</a> in a specific place, postpone; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guide" class="extiw" title="wikt:guide">guide</a> direction, movement)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">Antithesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">Litotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_differential" title="Semantic differential">Semantic differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Incompatibility can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive disjunction">exclusive disjunction</a> in logic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are four types of entailment useful to lexical semantics: <ul><li><b>unilateral entailment</b>: <i>It's a fish</i> unilaterally entails <i>It's an animal</i>. (It is unilateral, i.e. one-directional, because <i>It's an animal</i> does not entail <i>It's a fish</i> since <i>it</i> could be a dog or a cat or some other animal.)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Logical_equivalence" title="Logical equivalence">logical equivalence</a></b> (or multilateral entailment): <i>The party commenced at midnight</i> entails <i>The party began at midnight</i> AND <i>The party began at midnight</i> also entails <i>The party commenced</i> since both cannot be simultaneously true. On the Aristotelian square of opposition, the A and E type propositions ('All As are Bs' and 'No As are Bs', respectively) are contraries of each other. Propositions that cannot be simultaneously false (e.g. 'Something is red' and 'Something is not red') are said to be <b>subcontraries</b>.</li> <li><b>contradiction</b>: <i>It's dead</i> entails <i>It's not alive</i> AND <i>It's not alive</i> entails <i>It's dead</i> AND <i>It's alive</i> entails <i>It's not dead</i> AND <i>It's not dead</i> entails <i>It's alive</i>. <i>It's dead</i> and <i>It's alive</i> are said to be in a contradictory relation.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stated differently, if the proposition expressed by the sentence <i>A is <u> X </u></i> is TRUE, then the proposition expressed by the sentence <i>A is not <u> Y </u></i> is also TRUE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is assumed here that <i>it</i> has the same <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is also assumed here the reference point of comparison for these adjectives remains the same in both sentences. For example, a rabbit might be fast compared to turtle but slow compared to a sport car. It is essential when determining the relationships between the lexical meaning of words to keep the situational context identical.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opposite_(semantics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAartsChalkerWeiner2014" class="citation cs2">Aarts, Bas; Chalker, Sylvia; Weiner, Edmund (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1awJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar</i></a>, Oxford University Press, p. 80, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965823-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965823-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Grammar&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965823-7&rft.aulast=Aarts&rft.aufirst=Bas&rft.au=Chalker%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1awJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpposite+%28semantics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crystal, David. (2003). <i>A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics</i> (5th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li>Cruse, D. Alan. (1986). <i>Lexical semantics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Cruse, D. Alan. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aU2roZJBICEC&dq=%22Antonymy+revisited%3A+Some+thoughts+on+the+relationship+between+words+and+concepts%22&pg=PA289">Antonymy revisited: Some thoughts on the relationship between words and concepts</a>. In A. J. Lehrer & E. F. Kittay (Eds.), <i>Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization</i> (pp. 289–306). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</li> <li>Cruse, D. Alan. (2002). Paradigmatic relations of exclusion and opposition II: Reversivity. In D. A. Cruse, F. Hundsnurscher, M. Job, & P.-R. Lutzeier (Eds.), <i>Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen: Lexicology: An international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies</i> (Vol. 1, pp. 507–510). Berlin: De Gruyter.</li> <li>Cruse, D. Alan. (2004). <i>Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Cruse, D. Alan; & Togia, Pagona. (1995). Towards a cognitive model of antonymy. <i>Journal of Lexicology</i> <i>1</i>, 113-141.</li> <li>Davies, M. (2007) ‘The Attraction of Opposites: The ideological function of conventional and created oppositions in the construction of in-groups and out-groups in news texts’, in Jeffries, L., McIntyre, D. and Bousfield, D. (eds) <i>Stylistics and Social Cognition</i>, pp. 79–100.</li> <li>Davies, M. (2013) Oppositions and Ideology in News Discourse. London: Bloomsbury Academic.</li> <li>Gambino, Stephen. <i>The Subject Of Opposite.</i> 33 types of Opposites. ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-8715-3854-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-8715-3854-8">979-8-8715-3854-8</a> )</li> <li>Jeffries, L. (2009, forthcoming) <i>Opposition in Discourse: The Construction of Oppositional Meaning</i> London: Continuum.</li> <li>Jones, S. (2002), <i>Antonymy: A Corpus-based perspective</i> London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Lehrer, Adrienne J. (1985). Markedness and antonymy. <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>, <i>21</i>, 397-421.</li> <li>Lehrer, Adrienne J. (2002). Paradigmatic relations of exclusion and opposition I: Gradable antonymy and complementarity. In D. A. Cruse, F. Hundsnurscher, M. Job, & P.-R. Lutzeier (Eds.), <i>Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen: Lexicology: An international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies</i> (Vol. 1, pp. 498–507). Berlin: De Gruyter.</li> <li>Lehrer, Adrienne J.; & Lehrer, Keith. (1982). Antonymy. <i>Linguistics and Philosophy</i>, <i>5</i>, 483-501.</li> <li>Lyons, John. (1963). <i>Structural semantics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lyons, John. (1968). <i>Introduction to theoretical linguistics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lyons, John. (1977). <i>Semantics</i> (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Mettinger, Arthur. (1994). <i>Aspects of semantic opposition in English</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Murphy, M. Lynne. (2003). <i>Semantic relations and the lexicon: Antonymy, synonymy, and other paradigms</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Palmer, F. R. (1976). <i>Semantics: A new outline</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Saeed, John I. (2003). <i>Semantics</i> (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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