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class="mw-page-title-main">Idiom dictionary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="قاموس الاصطلاح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاموس الاصطلاح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Դարձվածաբանական բառարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դարձվածաբանական բառարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Фразеологиялық сөздік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фразеологиялық сөздік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dictionary or phrase book that lists and explains idioms</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brewers_p518_keep.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Brewers_p518_keep.pdf/page1-220px-Brewers_p518_keep.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Brewers_p518_keep.pdf/page1-330px-Brewers_p518_keep.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Brewers_p518_keep.pdf/page1-440px-Brewers_p518_keep.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>A page from <i><a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" title="Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a></i> contains many idioms such as "keep your hair on!".</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>idiom dictionary</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">phrase book</a> that lists and explains <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a> – distinctive words or phrases having a <a href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">figurative meaning</a> that goes beyond the original <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of the words. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idioms">Idioms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Idioms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a></div> <p>An idiom is a phrase whose meaning could not be readily deduced from the meaning of its individual words. The word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>ἰδίωμα</i> (idioma) – the distinctive style of a particular person. The traditional example is "<a href="/wiki/Kick_the_bucket" title="Kick the bucket">kick the bucket</a>" which is normally understood to mean dying. The extent to which a phrase is thought idiomatic is a matter of degree and <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native speakers</a> of English consider a phrase like "pop the question" (proposing marriage) to be less idiomatic than "kick the bucket".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWulff20102,25,75_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWulff20102,25,75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dictionary">Dictionary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dictionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An idiom dictionary may be a traditional book or expressed in another medium such as a database within software for <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>. Examples of the genre include <i><a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" title="Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a></i>, which explains traditional allusions and proverbs, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a></i>, which was conceived as an idiom dictionary following the completion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Concise Oxford English Dictionary">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, which itself contained many idioms. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutcliffe1978220_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutcliffe1978220-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some multilingual dictionaries of idioms are available on-line. One of them is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelite.org">Babelite</a> which is freely accessible. </p><p>The main readership and market for idiom dictionaries are <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> people and learners of <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_foreign_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English as a foreign language">English as a foreign language</a> (EFL).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major dictionary of idioms in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> was <i>A Dictionary of Idioms for the Deaf</i>; published in 1966 by the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent editions were published under the more general title of <i>A Dictionary of American Idioms</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idioms may vary considerably in their presentation. The keywords may vary – "green fingers" or a "green thumb". The grammar may vary – "turn the tables" or "the tables are turned". A phrase may even be recast completely, just following a pattern – "a few gallons shy of a full tank" or "one sandwich short of a picnic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzczepaniak200634_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzczepaniak200634-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variation makes organisation of an idiom dictionary difficult. The idioms may be organised in simple alphabetical order, as in <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English</i>. They may be grouped by keyword, as in the <i>Longman Dictionary of English Idioms</i>. Or they may be grouped by domain so that, for example, all idioms based upon nautical expressions such as "show him the ropes" and "three sheets to the wind" are put together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovecses200189-92_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovecses200189-92-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilingual_dictionaries">Bilingual dictionaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bilingual dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilingual dictionaries have an additional problem when dealing with idioms – as well as explaining the idiom, they also have to translate it. In doing so, they will commonly provide both a <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literal translation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Free_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Free translation">free translation</a>. For example, the phrase "can be counted on the fingers of one hand", meaning few in number, may translated literally into Chinese as <i>qu zhe ke shu</i> and, more sensibly, as <i>liao liao wu ji</i> (only a handful).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2007189_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2007189-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M-Z)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)">Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slang_dictionary" title="Slang dictionary">Slang dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWulff20102,25,75-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWulff20102,25,75_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWulff2010">Wulff 2010</a>, p. 2,25,75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutcliffe1978220-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutcliffe1978220_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutcliffe1978">Sutcliffe 1978</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb199256_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGottlieb1992">Gottlieb 1992</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzczepaniak200634-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzczepaniak200634_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzczepaniak2006">Szczepaniak 2006</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovecses200189-92-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovecses200189-92_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovecses2001">Kovecses 2001</a>, p. 89-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2007189-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYongPeng2007189_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYongPeng2007">Yong & Peng 2007</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom_dictionary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSutcliffe1978" class="citation cs2">Sutcliffe, Peter (1978), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforduniversity0000sutc"><i>The Oxford University Press: an informal History</i></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199510849" title="Special:BookSources/9780199510849"><bdi>9780199510849</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+University+Press%3A+an+informal+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780199510849&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforduniversity0000sutc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb1992" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Henrik (1992). "Idioms into Danish". <i>Words that Teem with Meening</i>. Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788772892337" title="Special:BookSources/9788772892337"><bdi>9788772892337</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0907-7901">0907-7901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idioms+into+Danish&rft.btitle=Words+that+Teem+with+Meening&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0907-7901&rft.isbn=9788772892337&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitra1996" class="citation cs2">Chitra, Fernando (1996), <i>Idioms and Idiomaticity</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780194371995" title="Special:BookSources/9780194371995"><bdi>9780194371995</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idioms+and+Idiomaticity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780194371995&rft.aulast=Chitra&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovecses2001" class="citation book cs1">Kovecses, Zoltan (2001). "A Cognitive Linguistic View of Learning Idioms in an FLT Context". <i>Applied Cognitive Linguistics II: Language Pedagogy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110172225" title="Special:BookSources/9783110172225"><bdi>9783110172225</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1861-4132">1861-4132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Cognitive+Linguistic+View+of+Learning+Idioms+in+an+FLT+Context&rft.btitle=Applied+Cognitive+Linguistics+II%3A+Language+Pedagogy&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1861-4132&rft.isbn=9783110172225&rft.aulast=Kovecses&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepaniak2006" class="citation cs2">Szczepaniak, Renata (2006), <i>The Role of Dictionary Use in the Comprehension of Idiom Variants</i>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110891713" title="Special:BookSources/9783110891713"><bdi>9783110891713</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Dictionary+Use+in+the+Comprehension+of+Idiom+Variants&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110891713&rft.aulast=Szczepaniak&rft.aufirst=Renata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongPeng2007" class="citation book cs1">Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2007). "Ch. 8 Bilingual dictionaries – ways of handling idioms". <i>Bilingual Lexicography from a Communicative Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins" class="mw-redirect" title="John Benjamins">John Benjamins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Ftlrp.9">10.1075/tlrp.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027223333" title="Special:BookSources/9789027223333"><bdi>9789027223333</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1388-8455">1388-8455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+8+Bilingual+dictionaries+%E2%80%93+ways+of+handling+idioms&rft.btitle=Bilingual+Lexicography+from+a+Communicative+Perspective&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1388-8455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Ftlrp.9&rft.isbn=9789027223333&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Heming&rft.au=Peng%2C+Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie2009" class="citation cs2">Cowie, A.P. (2009), <i>The Oxford History of English Lexicography</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199285624" title="Special:BookSources/9780199285624"><bdi>9780199285624</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+English+Lexicography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199285624&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnavaia2010" class="citation book cs1">Pinnavaia, Laura (2010). "Lexicographical history". <i>Sugar and spice... Exploring Food and Drink Idioms in English</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimetrica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimetrica (page does not exist)">Polimetrica</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788876991912" title="Special:BookSources/9788876991912"><bdi>9788876991912</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1974-0603">1974-0603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexicographical+history&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+spice...+Exploring+Food+and+Drink+Idioms+in+English&rft.pub=Polimetrica&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1974-0603&rft.isbn=9788876991912&rft.aulast=Pinnavaia&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulff2010" class="citation cs2">Wulff, Stefanie (2010), <i>Rethinking Idiomaticity</i>, Continuum International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441116444" title="Special:BookSources/9781441116444"><bdi>9781441116444</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Idiomaticity&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441116444&rft.aulast=Wulff&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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