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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron%C3%ADmia_%C3%A9s_holon%C3%ADmia" title="Meronímia és holonímia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Meronímia és holonímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meronimie_%C8%99i_holonimie" title="Meronimie și holonimie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Meronimie și holonimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Мероним и холоним 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Meronymy_and_holonymy" title="Special:EditPage/Meronymy and holonymy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Meronymy+and+holonymy%22">"Meronymy and holonymy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Meronymy+and+holonymy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Meronymy+and+holonymy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Meronymy+and+holonymy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Meronymy+and+holonymy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Meronymy+and+holonymy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>meronymy</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέρος">μέρος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>méros</i></span>)</i> 'part' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνυμα">ὄνυμα</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>ónuma</i></span>)</i> 'name') is a <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic relation</a> between a <b>meronym</b> denoting a part and a <b>holonym</b> denoting a whole. In simpler terms, a meronym is in a <a href="/wiki/Ontology_components" title="Ontology components"><i>part-of</i> relationship</a> with its holonym. For example, <i>finger</i> is a meronym of <i>hand,</i> which is its holonym. Similarly, <i>engine</i> is a meronym of <i>car,</i> which is its holonym. Fellow meronyms (naming the various fellow parts of any particular whole) are called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comeronym" class="extiw" title="wikt:comeronym">comeronyms</a> (for example, <i>leaves</i>, <i>branches</i>, <i>trunk</i>, and <i>roots</i> are comeronyms under the holonym of <i>tree</i>). </p><p><b>Holonymy</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὅλος">ὅλος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>hólos</i></span>)</i> 'whole' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνυμα">ὄνυμα</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>ónuma</i></span>)</i> 'name') is the converse of meronymy. </p><p>A closely related concept is that of <a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">mereology</a>, which specifically deals with part–whole relations and is used in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>. It is formally expressed in terms of <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>. A meronymy can also be considered a <a href="/wiki/Partial_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial order">partial order</a>. </p><p>Meronym and holonym refer to <i>part</i> and <i>whole</i> respectively, which is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy">hypernym</a> which refers to <i>type</i>. For example, a holonym of <i>leaf</i> might be <i>tree</i> (a leaf is a part of a tree), whereas a hypernym of <i>oak tree</i> might be <i>tree</i> (an oak tree is a type of tree). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meronymy_and_holonymy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has-a" title="Has-a">Has-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy">Hyponymy and hypernymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is-a" title="Is-a">Is-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereological_essentialism" title="Mereological essentialism">Mereological essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereological_nihilism" title="Mereological nihilism">Mereological nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">Synecdoche</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meronymy_and_holonymy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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title="Glyph">Glyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">Lemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">Lexeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">Morpheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seme_(semantics)" title="Seme (semantics)">Seme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sememe" title="Sememe">Sememe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">Semantic</a> relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" title="Opposite (semantics)">Antonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernymy_and_hyponymy" title="Hypernymy and hyponymy">Hypernymy and hyponymy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meronymy and holonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponymy" title="Troponymy">Troponymy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">Function word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">Headword</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_lexicology_and_lexicography" title="English lexicology and lexicography">English lexicology and lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_error" title="Lexicographic error">Lexicographic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_information_cost" title="Lexicographic information cost">Lexicographic information cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Linguistic prescription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_lexicography" title="Specialized lexicography">Specialized lexicography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexicography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexicography" title="Template:Lexicography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexicography" title="Template talk:Lexicography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexicography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexicography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexicography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">Phrase book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Advanced learner's dictionary">Advanced learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagram_dictionary" title="Anagram dictionary">Anagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defining_vocabulary" title="Defining vocabulary">Defining vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_dictionary" title="Explanatory dictionary">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dictionary" title="Historical dictionary">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_dictionary" title="Idiom dictionary">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-for-specific-purposes_dictionary" title="Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary">Language-for-specific-purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_dictionary" title="Medical dictionary">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">Multi-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_dictionary" title="Reverse dictionary">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_dictionary" title="Rhyming dictionary">Rhyming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">Single-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">Specialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling#Standards_and_conventions" title="Spelling">Spelling dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">Sub-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_dictionary" title="Visual dictionary">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">List of lexicographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_dictionaries" title="List of online dictionaries">List of online dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output 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