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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systems_currently_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortened_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortened_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shortened footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortened_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_deprecated_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_deprecated_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Older deprecated systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Older_deprecated_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Older deprecated systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Older_deprecated_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnote3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnote3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Footnote3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnote3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenthetical_referencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenthetical_referencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parenthetical referencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenthetical_referencing-sublist" 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It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;">This help page is an overview and gives concise examples of several systems. Please refer to the linked main articles for details. For a more general introduction see <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Introduction to referencing">Help:Introduction to referencing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wikipedia uses various <i>referencing systems</i> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite sources</a> that support assertions in the article and to add explanatory and supplementary material. This page compares two systems that are currently used (<a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> and <a href="#Shortened_footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a>) and two older systems that are deprecated and no longer used for new articles (<a href="#Footnote3">Footnote3</a> and <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Systems_currently_used" data-mw-thread-id="h-Systems_currently_used"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Systems_currently_used"></span>Systems currently used<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Systems_currently_used"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Systems currently used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes-Systems_currently_used"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes-Systems_currently_used"></span>Footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes-Systems_currently_used"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a></div> <p>Wikipedia footnotes are a specific method of creating in-text cites and reference lists using the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Cite">Cite</a> software extension. This should not be confused with the concept of footnotes in general. </p><p>The in-text cite is placed in the content, usually after punctuation, and is created by enclosing the citation or note within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags. Each in-text cite is formatted as a superscripted alphanumeric character called the cite label and is enclosed by brackets; example:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup>. The cite label has an HTML link to the full citation in the reference list. In-text cites are automatically ordered by the cite label starting from the first use on a page. The cite labels default to decimal but can be styled as alphabetic, Roman or Greek. The in-text cite may be defined with a name so they can be reused within the content and may be separated into groups for use as explanatory notes, table legends and the like. </p><p>The reference list shows the full citations with a cite label that matches the in-text cite. The cite label is a caret <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="fakelinks"><b>^</b></sup> with a backlink to the in-text cite. When a named in-text cite is invoked multiple times, multiple alphabetic back links are created after the cite label in the reference list. </p><p>The reference list is created by use of the <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> tag or the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. Example: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">This is an in-text cite.<ref>citation</ref> ==References== <references /> </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>This is an in-text cite.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">citation</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortened_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Shortened_footnotes-Systems_currently_used"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Shortened_footnotes-Systems_currently_used"></span>Shortened footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Shortened_footnotes-Systems_currently_used"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shortened footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes</a></div> <p>In this short example, note that an in-text cite such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> links to the shortened citation in the Notes list, which in turn links to the long citation in the References list: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=6}} The Norwegian blue parrot will not move if its feet are nailed to the perch.{{sfn|Praline|1969|p=12}} Its metabolic processes are a matter of interest only to historians.{{sfn|Praline|1969|p=16}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 }} *{{cite book |last=Praline |first=Eric |title=[[Dead Parrot sketch]] |date=December 7, 1969 }} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19726_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19726-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian blue parrot will not move if its feet are nailed to the perch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196912_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its metabolic processes are a matter of interest only to historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196916_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196916-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19726-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19726_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196912-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196912_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196916-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196916_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElk1972" class="citation book cs1">Elk, Anne (November 16, 1972). <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_Elk%27s_Theory_on_Brontosauruses" title="Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses">Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Elk%27s+Theory+on+Brontosauruses&rft.date=1972-11-16&rft.aulast=Elk&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AOverview+of+referencing+styles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraline1969" class="citation book cs1">Praline, Eric (December 7, 1969). <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot sketch</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Parrot+sketch&rft.date=1969-12-07&rft.aulast=Praline&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AOverview+of+referencing+styles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Older_deprecated_systems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Older_deprecated_systems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Older_deprecated_systems"></span>Older deprecated systems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Older_deprecated_systems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Older deprecated systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnote3" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnote3-Older_deprecated_systems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnote3-Older_deprecated_systems"></span>Footnote3<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnote3-Older_deprecated_systems"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnote3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnote3" title="Wikipedia:Footnote3">Wikipedia:Footnote3</a></div> <p>Footnote3 is a <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> method of referencing. New articles should not be created with it. Although it appears similar to the Footnotes system, it uses the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ref" title="Template:Ref">ref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Note" title="Template:Note">note</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big.{{ref|1}} The Moon, however, is not so big.{{ref|2}} ==Notes== # {{note|1}} Miller, E: "The Sun.", page 23. Academic Press, 2005 # {{note|2}} Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46(78):46</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup> The Moon, however, is not so big.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_2"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^</a></b></span> Miller, E: "The Sun.", page 23. Academic Press, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^</a></b></span> Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 46(78):46</li></ol> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of Footnote3 and Cite.php Footnote </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Footnote3</th> <th>Cite.php </th></tr> <tr> <td>Use</td> <td>Deprecated for standard footnotes<sup id="cite_ref-footnote3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnote3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-footnote_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number style</td> <td>User applied, free style: can use numbers, alpha, Greek, etc.</td> <td>Automatic with several styles<sup id="cite_ref-citelabel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citelabel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reference list order</td> <td>Manual</td> <td>Automatic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nesting</td> <td>Can nest <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> and other templates</td> <td>Nesting with limitations<sup id="cite_ref-refnest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refnest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reuse</td> <td>Yes, but creates duplicate HTML ids<sup id="cite_ref-htmlid_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htmlid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Yes, unique HTML ids<sup id="cite_ref-citebacklinks_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citebacklinks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Error checking</td> <td>No<sup id="cite_ref-referror_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referror-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-citeerror_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citeerror-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Markup</td> <td>Fairly terse</td> <td>Can be a bit long, especially when using groups </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preview testing</td> <td>Clicking on a <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ref" title="Template:Ref">ref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> link while previewing an edit will cause the page to reload and changes to be lost</td> <td>No issues </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parenthetical_referencing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Parenthetical_referencing-Older_deprecated_systems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Parenthetical_referencing-Older_deprecated_systems"></span>Parenthetical referencing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Parenthetical_referencing-Older_deprecated_systems"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parenthetical referencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a> system in which citations are added within sentences using <a href="/wiki/Brackets" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackets">brackets</a> (parentheses). An example would be "Paris is the capital of France (Smith 2020, p. 1)". Full citations are collected in footnotes or endnotes, or in alphabetical order by author's last name, under a "references", "bibliography", or "works cited" heading at the end of the text. </p><p>This style of citation was a type of referencing used on Wikipedia until September 2020, when a <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate_parenthetical_citations" title="Special:PermanentLink/976895063">community discussion</a> reached a consensus to <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecate</a> this format of citation. While some existing articles may still use this form of citation, new articles should not be created with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For instructions on how to "bundle" citations, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-footnote3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnote3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnote3" title="Wikipedia:Footnote3">Wikipedia:Footnote3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnote-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footnote_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citelabel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citelabel_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refnest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refnest_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNEST" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNEST">WP:REFNEST</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-htmlid-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-htmlid_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ref" title="Template:Ref">Ref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> creates an HTML id for the backlink ; when using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ref" title="Template:Ref">Ref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> multiple times, the id is the same: <ul><li>Per the HTML spec, ids must be unique, thus reuse causes <a href="/wiki/Help:Markup_validation" title="Help:Markup validation">validation errors</a> in the articles where the template is transcluded.</li> <li>Backlinks from the reference list to the inline cite are ambiguous— FireFox and Internet Explorer backlink only to the first inline cite, Opera backlinks to the last.</li> <li>Example: See the use of the dagger symbol in <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_baryons&oldid=350423039">List of baryons</a></span> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DList_of_baryons%26oldid%3D350423039&charset=%28detect+automatically%29&doctype=Inline&group=0">W3C validation</a>— the HTML id for the dagger is "ref_Undiscovered".</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-citebacklinks-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citebacklinks_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A large number of reuses of a cite will result in a long sequence of backlinks that are unwieldy and useless; see <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25455" class="extiw" title="phabricator:T25455">T25455</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-referror-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-referror_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is possible to define a Note without a matching Ref or vice versa. Example: <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_of_New_York&oldid=349745548">Governor of New York</a></span> invokes Ref but never defines the references.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citeerror-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citeerror_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Help: Cite errors</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a 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