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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" title="History of Portugal">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" title="History of Portugal">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" title="History of Portugal">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)" title="History of Portugal">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> (2010–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–2022)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Slavery in Portugal existed since before the country's formation. During the pre-independence period, inhabitants of the current Portuguese territory were often enslaved and enslaved others. After independence, during the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, the country played a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, which involved the mass trade and transportation of slaves from Africa and other parts of the world to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. The import of black slaves was banned in European Portugal in 1761 by the <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, and at the same time, the trade of black slaves to Brazil was encouraged, with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Slavery in Portugal was only abolished in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhsportugal.org-4">[4]</a> The Atlantic slave trade began circa 1336 or 1341, <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> when Portuguese traders brought the first <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">canarian</a> slaves to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1526, Portuguese mariners carried the first shipload of African slaves to Brazil in the Americas, establishing the triangular Atlantic slave trade. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient era">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery in ancient Rome</a></div> Slavery was a major economic and social institution in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era">classical era</a> and a great deal is known about the ancient Greeks and Romans in relation to the topic. Rome added Portugal to its empire (2nd century BC), the latter a province of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> at the time, and the name of the future kingdom was derived from "<a href="/wiki/Portus_Cale" title="Portus Cale">Portucale</a>", a Roman and post-Roman settlement situated at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a>. The details of slavery in ancient Rome slavery in Roman Portugal are not well-known; however, there were several forms of slavery, including enslaved <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic servant">domestic servants</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visigothic_and_Suebi_kingdoms">Visigothic and Suebi kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Visigothic and Suebi kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> (Germanic tribes), of the 5th century AD, seized control of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> fell. At the time, Portugal did not exist as a separate kingdom, but was primarily a part of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Iberian kingdom</a> (the Visigothic ruling class lived apart and heavily taxed the native population). However, during this period, a gradual transition to <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> was occurring throughout Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Iberia">Islamic Iberia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic Iberia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a> in the 8th century, in which <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and defeated the Visigothic rulers of Iberia, the territory of both modern-day Portugal and Spain fell under Islamic control. The pattern of slavery and serfdom in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> differs from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> due to the Islamic conquest. They established <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> kingdoms in Iberia, including the area that is occupied by modern Portugal. In comparison to the north, classical-style slavery continued for a longer period of time in southern Europe, and trade between Christian Europe, across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, with Islamic North Africa meant that Slavic and Christian Iberian enslaved people appeared in Italy, Spain, Southern France, and Portugal; in the 8th century, the Islamic conquest in Portugal and Spain changed this pattern.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Trade ties between the Moorish kingdoms and the North African Moorish state led to a greater flow of trade within those geographical areas. In addition, the Moors engaged sections of Spaniards and Portuguese Christians in slave labor. The Moors used ethnic European slaves: 1/12 of Iberian population were slave Europeans, less than 1% of Iberia were Moors and more than 99% were native Iberians. Periodic <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and Moorish raiding expeditions were sent from Islamic Iberia to ravage the remaining Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back stolen goods and slaves. The governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves</a>, held 3,000 Christian slaves in 1191.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, the Christian Iberians who lived within Arab and Moorish-ruled territories were subject to specific laws and taxes for state protection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconquista">Reconquista</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reconquista">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></div> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> who converted to Christianity, known as <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>, were enslaved by the Portuguese during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>; 9.3 per cent of slaves in southern Portugal were Moors<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and many Moors were enslaved in 16th-century Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It has been documented that other slaves were treated better than Moriscos, the slaves were less than 1% of population.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After the Reconquista period, Moorish slaves began to outnumber Slavic slaves in both importance and numbers in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Discovery">Age of Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Age of Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi (warrior)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_slaves">Black slaves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black slaves">edit</a>]</div> African slaves prior to 1441 were predominately <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> and Arabs from the North African Barbary coast, known as "Moors" to the Iberians. They were typically enslaved during wars and conquests between Christian and Islamic kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The first Portuguese raids (around 1336) in search of slaves and loot took place in the Canary Islands, inhabited by a pagan people of Berber origin, the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>, who resisted bravely.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> The first expeditions of Sub-Saharan Africa were sent out by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Infante D. Henrique</a>, known commonly today as Henry the Navigator, with the intent to probe how far the kingdoms of the Moors and their power reached.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The expeditions sent by Henry came back with African slaves as a way to compensate for the expenses of their voyages. The enslavement of Africans was seen as a military campaign because the people that the Portuguese encountered were identified as Moorish and thus associated with Islam.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The royal chronicler <a href="/wiki/Gomes_Eanes_de_Zurara" title="Gomes Eanes de Zurara">Gomes Eanes de Zurara</a> was never decided on the "Moorishness" of the slaves brought back from Africa, due to a seeming lack of contact with Islam. Slavery in Portugal and the number of slaves expanded after the Portuguese began an exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> Prince Infante D. Henrique began selling African slaves in Lagos in 1444. In 1455, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> gave Portugal the rights to continue the slave trade in West Africa, under the provision that they convert all people who are enslaved. The Portuguese soon expanded their trade along the whole west coast of Africa. Infante D Henrique held the monopoly on all expeditions to Africa granted by the crown until his death in 1460. Afterward, any ship sailing for Africa required authorization from the crown. All slaves and goods brought back to Portugal were subject to duties and tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Slaves were baptized before shipment. Their process of enslavement, which was viewed by critics as cruel, was justified by the conversion of the enslaved to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> The high demand for slaves was due to a shortage of laborers in Portuguese colonies such as Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola and Mozambique. Records of both royal institutions responsible for the sale of black enslaved people, the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Company of Guinea">Casa de Guiné</a> and the Casa dos Escravos were damaged during the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">earthquake of 1755</a> in Lisbon, and the fiscal records containing the numbers and sales of these companies were destroyed. The records of the royal chronicler Zurara claim that 927 African slaves were brought to Portugal between 1441 and 1448. The majority of Africans were servants but some were considered as trustworthy and responsible slaves.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Because of Portugal's small population, Portuguese colonization of the new world was only possible with a large number of slaves they had acquired to be shipped overseas. In the late 15th and into the 16th centuries, the Portuguese economic reliance on slaves was less in question than the sheer number of slaves found in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> People wishing to purchase slaves in Portugal had two sources, the royal slaving company, the Casa da Guiné, or from slave merchants who had purchased their slaves through the Casa de Guiné to sell as retail. There were up to 70 slave merchants in Lisbon in the 1550s. Slave auctions occurred in the town or market square, or in the streets of central Lisbon. The sale of slaves was compared by observers as similar to the sale of horses or livestock. The laws of commerce regarding slavery address them as merchandise or objects. There was a period of time set upon purchase for the buyer to decide if he is happy with the slave he had purchased.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The occupations of slaves varied widely. Some slaves in Lisbon could find themselves working in domestic settings, but most worked hard labor in the mines and metal forges, while others worked at the docks loading and maintaining ships. Some slaves worked peddling cheap goods at the markets and returning the profits to their masters. Opportunities for slaves were scarce and female slaves could be freed if their masters chose to marry them, but this was only common in the colonies. When Lisbon was on the verge of being invaded in 1580, slaves were promised their freedom in exchange for their military service. 440 slaves took the offer and most, after being freed, left Portugal. Slavery did little to alter society in Portugal, due to the slight ease of enslaved people's integration, those who did not assimilate were treated similarly to the poor with most being shipped to Brazil to work in the sugar cane plantation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asians">Asians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Chinese people in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Portugal" title="Indians in Portugal">Indians in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Spain" title="Chinese people in Spain">Chinese people in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese immigration to Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese Mexicans</a></div> After the Portuguese first made contact with Japan in 1543, a large-scale slave trade developed in the <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a>, one of the Portuguese trade includes the Portuguese purchase of Japanese that sold them to various locations overseas, including Portugal itself, the Nanban trade existed throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Many documents mention the large slave trade along with protests against the enslavement of Japanese. Japanese slaves are believed to be the first of their nation to end up in Europe, and the Portuguese purchased large numbers of Japanese slave girls to bring to Portugal for sexual purposes, as noted by the Church in 1555. King Sebastian feared that it was having a negative effect on Catholic proselytization since the slave trade in Japanese was growing to large proportions, so he commanded that it be banned in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Records of three Japanese slaves dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner Perez.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> More than several hundred Japanese, especially women, were sold as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Portuguese visitors so often engaged in <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">slavery in Japan</a> and occasionally <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> and African crew members were taken to <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Americas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeupp200349-31">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">India</a>, where there was a community of Japanese slaves and traders in Goa by the early 17th century, many of whom became prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeupp200352-32">[32]</a> Enslaved Japanese women were even occasionally sold as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a> to black African crew members, along with their European counterparts serving on Portuguese ships trading in Japan, mentioned by Luis Cerqueira, a Portuguese Jesuit, in a 1598 document.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Hideyoshi blamed the Portuguese and Jesuits for this slave trade and banned Christian proselytizing as a result.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Historians have noted, however, that anti-Portuguese propaganda was actively promoted by the Japanese, particularly with regards to the Portuguese purchases of Japanese women for sexual purposes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Some Korean slaves were bought by the Portuguese and brought to Portugal from Japan, where they had been among the tens of thousands of Korean prisoners of war transported to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Historians pointed out that at the same time Hideyoshi expressed his indignation and outrage at the Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves, he himself was engaging in a mass slave trade of Korean prisoners of war in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Chinese were bought in large numbers as slaves by the Portuguese in the 1520s.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Japanese Christian daimyos</a> mainly responsible for selling to the Portuguese their fellow Japanese. Japanese women and Japanese men, Javanese, Chinese, and Indians were all sold as slaves in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Some Chinese slaves in Spain ended up there after being brought to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal, and sold when they were boys. Tristán de la China was a Chinese who was taken as a slave by the Portuguese,<a href="#cite_note-visions-47">[47]</a> while he was still a boy and in the 1520s was obtained by Cristobál de Haro in Lisbon, and taken to live in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He was paid for his service as a translator in the 1525 <a href="/wiki/Loa%C3%ADsa_expedition" title="Loaísa expedition">Loaísa expedition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> during which he was still an adolescent.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The survivors, including Tristan, were shipwrecked for a decade until 1537 when they were brought back by a Portuguese ship to Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> There are records of Chinese slaves in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> as early as 1540.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to modern historians, the first known visit of a Chinese person to Europe dates to 1540 (or soon after), when a Chinese scholar, apparently enslaved by Portuguese raiders somewhere on the southern China coast, was brought to Portugal. Purchased by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>, he worked with the Portuguese historian on translating Chinese texts into Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 16th-century southern Portugal there were Chinese slaves but the number of them was described as "negligible", being outnumbered by East Indian, Mourisco, and African slaves.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Amerindians, Chinese, Malays, and Indians were slaves in Portugal but in far fewer number than Turks, Berbers, and Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> China and Malacca were origins of slaves delivered to Portugal by Portuguese viceroys.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A testament from 23 October 1562 recorded a Chinese man named António who was enslaved and owned by a Portuguese woman, <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dona</a> Maria de Vilhena, a wealthy noblewoman in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] António was among the three most common male names given to male slaves in Évora.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> D. Maria owned one of the only two Chinese slaves in Évora and she specifically selected and used him from among the slaves she owned to drive her mules for her because he was Chinese since rigorous and demanding tasks were assigned to Mourisco, Chinese, and Indian slaves.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> D. Maria's owning a Chinese, three Indians, and three Mouriscos among her fifteen slaves reflected on her high social status, since Chinese, Mouriscos, and Indians were among the ethnicities of prized slaves and were very expensive compared to blacks, so high class individuals owned these ethnicities and it was because her former husband Simão was involved in the slave trade in the east that she owned slaves of many different ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> When she died, D. Maria freed twelve of her slaves including this Chinese man in her <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">testament</a>, leaving them with sums from 20,000 to 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_real" title="Portuguese real">réis</a> in money.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> D. Maria de Vilhena was the daughter of the nobleman and explorer <a href="/wiki/Sancho_de_Tovar" title="Sancho de Tovar">Sancho de Tovar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">capitão</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Mozambique" title="List of colonial governors of Mozambique">List of colonial governors of Mozambique</a>), and she was married twice, the first marriage to the explorer <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Cristóvão de Mendonça">Cristóvão de Mendonça</a>, and her second marriage was to Simão da Silveira, <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">capitão</a> of Diu (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_governadores,_capit%C3%A3es_e_castel%C3%B5es_de_Diu" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de governadores, capitães e castelões de Diu">Lista de governadores, capitães e castelões de Diu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> D. Maria was left a widow by Simão,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and she was a major slave owner, possessing the most slaves in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, with her testament recording fifteen slaves.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A legal case was brought before the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> in the 1570s, involving two Chinese men in Seville, one of them a freeman, Esteban Cabrera, and the other a slave, Diego Indio, against Juan de Morales, Diego's owner. Diego called on Esteban to give evidence as a witness on his behalf.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-visions-47">[47]</a> Diego recalled that he was taken as a slave by Francisco de Casteñeda from Mexico, to Nicaragua, then to <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in Peru, then to Panama, and eventually to Spain via <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, while he was still a boy.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Chinese boys were kidnapped from <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and sold as slaves in Lisbon while they were still children.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil imported</a> some of Lisbon's Chinese slaves.<a href="#cite_note-TL-87">[87]</a> Fillippo Sassetti saw some Chinese and Japanese slaves in Lisbon among the large slave community in 1578, although most of the slaves were blacks.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Brazil and Portugal were both recipients of Chinese slaves bought by Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Portugal exported to Brazil some Chinese slaves. Military, religious, and civil service secretarial work and other lenient and light jobs were given to Chinese slaves while hard labor was given to Africans. Only African slaves in 1578 Lisbon outnumbered the large numbers of Japanese and Chinese slaves in the same city.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Some of the Chinese slaves were sold in Brazil, a Portuguese colony.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Cooking was the main profession of Chinese slaves around 1580 in Lisbon, according to Fillippo Sassetti from Florence and the Portuguese viewed them as diligent, smart, and "loyal".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Portuguese also valued Oriental slaves more than the black Africans and the Moors for their rarity. Chinese slaves were more expensive than Moors and blacks and showed off the high status of the owner<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finkelman_1998_737-97">[97]</a> The Portuguese attributed qualities like intelligence and industriousness to Chinese slaves.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Traits such as high intelligence were ascribed to Chinese, Indian, and Japanese slaves.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 1595, a law was passed by Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese and Japanese slaves<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> due to hostility from the Chinese and Japanese regarding the trafficking in Japanese and Chinese slaves<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On 19 February 1624, the King of Portugal forbade the enslavement of Chinese people of either sex.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> A Portuguese woman, Dona Ana de Ataíde owned an Indian man named António as a slave in Évora.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He served as a cook for her.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Ana de Ataíde's Indian slave escaped from her in 1587.<a href="#cite_note-Jorge_Fonseca_1997_31-108">[108]</a> A large number of slaves were forcibly brought there since the commercial, artisanal, and service sectors all flourished in a regional capital like Évora.<a href="#cite_note-Jorge_Fonseca_1997_31-108">[108]</a> A fugitive Indian slave from Evora named António went to Badajoz after leaving his master in 1545.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Portuguese domination was accepted by the "docile" Jau slaves. In Évora, Brites Figueira owned a <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> (Jau) slave named Maria Jau. Antão Azedo took an Indian slave named Heitor to Evora, who along with another slave was from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> were among the 34 Indian slaves in total who were owned by Tristão Homem, a nobleman in 1544 in Évora. Manuel Gomes previously owned a slave who escaped in 1558 at age 18 and he was said to be from the "land of Prester John of the Indias" named Diogo.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In Évora, men were owned and used as slaves by female establishments like <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convents</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>. Three male slaves and three female slaves were given to the nuns of <a href="/wiki/Montemor-o-Novo" title="Montemor-o-Novo">Montemor</a> by the alcaide-mor's widow. In order to "serve those who serve God" and being told to obey orders "in all things that they ordered them", a boy named Manual along with his slave mother were given to the Nuns of Montemor by father Jorge Fernandes in 1544.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A capelão do rei, father João Pinto left an Indian man in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, where he was picked up in 1546 by the Évora-based <a href="/wiki/Convento_de_Santa_Marta" title="Convento de Santa Marta">Santa Marta convent</a>'s nuns to serve as their slave. However, female slaves did not serve in male establishments, unlike vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_in_Macau_and_the_coast_of_China">Slavery in Macau and the coast of China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slavery in Macau and the coast of China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese people</a></div> Beginning in the 16th century, the Portuguese tried to establish trading ports and settlements along the coast of China. Early attempts at establishing such bases, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, were however destroyed by the Chinese, following violent raids by the settlers to neighboring ports, which included pillaging and plunder and sometimes enslavement.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The resulting complaints made it to the province's governor who commanded the settlement destroyed and the inhabitants wiped out. In 1545, a force of 60,000 Chinese troops descended on the community, and 800 of the 1,200 Portuguese residents were massacred, with 25 vessels and 42 junks destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Until the mid-17th century, during the early Portuguese mandate of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, some 5,000 slaves lived in the territory, in addition to 2,000 Portuguese and an ever-growing number of Chinese, which in 1664 reached 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-George_Bryan_Souza_2004_32-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> This number decreased in the following decades to between 1000 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Most of the slaves were of African origin.<a href="#cite_note-George_Bryan_Souza_2004_32-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Rarely did Chinese women marry Portuguese, initially, mostly <a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Ceylonese/Sinhalese</a> (from today's Sri Lanka), Indochinese, Malay (from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>), and Japanese women were the wives of the Portuguese men in Macau.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Slave women of Indian, Indonesian, Malay, and Japanese origin were used as partners by Portuguese men.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Japanese girls would be <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan#Portuguese_trade_in_Japanese_slaves" title="Slavery in Japan">purchased in Japan</a> by Portuguese men.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> From 1555 onwards Macau received slave women of Timorese origin as well as women of African origin, and from Malacca and India.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Macau was permitted by <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquess_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal">Pombal</a> to receive an influx of Timorese women.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> received an influx of African slaves, Japanese slaves as well as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">Christian Korean slaves</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people#Portuguese_colonial_period" title="Macanese people">bought by the Portuguese from the Japanese</a> after they were taken prisoner during the Japanese invasions of Korea in the era of Hideyoshi.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> On 24 June 1622, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> attacked Macau in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Battle of Macau</a>, expecting to turn the area into a Dutch possession, with an 800-strong invasion force led by under Captain Kornelis Reyerszoon. The relatively small number of defenders repulsed the Dutch attack, which was not repeated. The majority of the defenders were Africans slaves, with only a few dozen Portuguese soldiers and priests in support, and they accounted for most of the victims in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Following the defeat, the Dutch Governor Jan Coen said of the Macao slaves, that "it was they who defeated and drove away our people there".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> during the 19th century, the British consul to China noted that some Portuguese merchants were still buying children between five and eight years of age.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> added a clause to the section of the fundamental laws of China titled "Wizards, Witches, and all Superstitions, prohibited", later modified in 1821 and published in 1826 by the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a>, which sentenced Europeans, namely Portuguese Christians who would not repent their conversion, to be sent to Muslim cities in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> as slaves to Muslim leaders.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> During transport to Portugal, enslaved people were fastened and chained with <a href="/wiki/Manacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Manacles">manacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padlock" title="Padlock">padlocks</a>, and rings around their necks.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Portuguese owners could whip, chain, and pour burning hot wax and fat onto the skin of their slaves, and punish their slaves in any way that they wished, as long as the slaves remained alive.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The Portuguese also used <a href="/wiki/Branding_iron" title="Branding iron">branding irons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">brand</a> their slaves as property.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banning">Banning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Banning">edit</a>]</div> Voices condemning the slave trade were raised early during the Atlantic Slave Trade period. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_da_Cruz" title="Gaspar da Cruz">Gaspar da Cruz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar who dismissed any arguments by the slave traffickers that they had "legally" purchased already-enslaved children, among the earliest condemnations of slavery in Europe during this period.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> From an early age during the Atlantic Slave Trade period, the crown attempted to stop the trading of non-African slaves. The enslavement and overseas trading of Chinese slaves, who the Portuguese prized,<a href="#cite_note-Finkelman_1998_737-97">[97]</a> was specifically addressed in response to Chinese authorities' requests, who, although not against the enslavement of people in Macau and Chinese territories, which was common practice,<a href="#cite_note-de_Pina-Cabral_2002_114–115-152">[152]</a> at different times attempted to stop the transport of slaves outside the territory.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 1595, a Portuguese royal decree banned the selling and buying of ethnically Chinese slaves; it was reiterated by the Portuguese king on 19 February 1624,<a href="#cite_note-TL-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Pina-Cabral_2002_114–115-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and, in 1744, by the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, who forbade the practice to Chinese subjects, reiterating his order in 1750.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> However, these laws were not able to stop the trade completely, a practice which lasted until the 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-TL-87">[87]</a> In the American colonies, Portugal halted the use of Chinese, Japanese, Europeans, and Indians to work as slaves for sugar plantations,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] which was reserved exclusively for African slaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ban on importing black slaves from Africa occurred in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">continental Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> through a 1761 decree by the <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, partly for humanitarian reasons, but mainly because they were needed in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Portugal outlawed the Atlantic slave trade altogether in 1836, as a result of Brazilian independence and British diplomatic pressure. Finally, in 1869, slavery was abolished for good in the whole empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Slavery in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">Slavery in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">Slavery in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaldeira2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (2013). Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX (in Portuguese). A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 219–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escravos+e+Traficantes+no+Imp%C3%A9rio+Portugu%C3%AAs%3A+O+com%C3%A9rcio+negreiro+portugu%C3%AAs+no+Atl%C3%A2ntico+durante+os+s%C3%A9culos+XV+a+XIX&rft.pages=219-224&rft.pub=A+Esfera+dos+Livros&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Caldeira&rft.aufirst=Arlindo+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1977" class="citation book cs1">Boxer, Charles R. 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Oxford University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. 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Columbia University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51509-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51509-2"><bdi>978-0-231-51509-2</bdi></a>. 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Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-0244-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4691-0244-3"><bdi>978-1-4691-0244-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FOREIGNERS+IN+JAPAN%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4691-0244-3&rft.au=Gopal+Kshetry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVSMAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_F_MoranJ._F._Moran2012" class="citation book cs1">J F Moran; J. F. 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Lupieri, James Hooten, Amanda Kunder <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KR5H1Jj9M6EC&pg=PA190">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_GellatelyBen_Kiernan2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Gellately; Ben Kiernan, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe">The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</a> (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52750-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52750-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02. <q>Hideyoshi korean slaves guns silk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52750-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavan_McCormack2001" class="citation book cs1">Gavan McCormack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afCfAAAAMAAJ&q=Other+Koreans+were+sold+as+slaves,+or+exchanged+for+guns,+silk,+or+other+prized+foreign+goods,+either+directly+or+via+third+country+slave+traders,+to+many+countries,+some+finishing+up+as+far+away+as+Portugal.+It+seems+to+me+in+short+that+a+case+...">Reflections on Modern Japanese History in the Context of the Concept of "genocide"</a>. Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Harvard University, Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. p. 18. 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Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanegashima+%E2%80%93+The+Arrival+of+Europe+in+Japan&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78871-1&rft.au=Olof+G.+Lidin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFliQAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DHideyoshi%2Bkorean%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Stanley2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Amy Stanley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yjTKhcy0jYC&q=Hideyoshi+korean+portuguese+slaves&pg=PT60">Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan</a>. Vol. 21 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Matthew H. Sommer. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95238-6"><bdi>978-0-520-95238-6</bdi></a>. 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IBRASA. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-348-1068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-348-1068-5"><bdi>978-85-348-1068-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%B2que+luso+no+Jap%C3%A3o+dos+s%C3%A9culos+XVI+e+XVII&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=IBRASA&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-85-348-1068-5&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Yamashiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2qSNQnlQGcC%26q%3Dchineses%2Bcompravam%2Bde%2B1520%2Bportugueses%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Yamashiro1989" class="citation book cs1">José Yamashiro (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2qSNQnlQGcC&q=sul+portugal+chineses+escravos&pg=PA103">Chòque luso no Japão dos séculos XVI e XVII</a>. 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Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%B2que+luso+no+Jap%C3%A3o+dos+s%C3%A9culos+XVI+e+XVII&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=IBRASA&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-85-348-1068-5&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Yamashiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2qSNQnlQGcC%26q%3Dsul%2Bportugal%2Bchineses%2Bescravos%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-visions-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visions_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-visions_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Christina H., ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Routledge. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0850-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-0850-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-0850-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Christina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Dr Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&pg=PT43">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-8368-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8368-7&rft.au=Dr+Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H._Lee2016" class="citation book cs1">Christina H. Lee, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7GXCwAAQBAJ&q=de+haro+slaves+evocative+name&pg=PT200">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75959-0"><bdi>978-1-134-75959-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75959-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7GXCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dde%2Bharo%2Bslaves%2Bevocative%2Bname%26pg%3DPT200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Christina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Dr Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=haro+Catalina+Diaz&pg=PT278">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-8368-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8368-7&rft.au=Dr+Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3Dharo%2BCatalina%2BDiaz%26pg%3DPT278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H._Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H. Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=haro+Seville+1538&pg=PT277">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-8368-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8368-7&rft.au=Christina+H.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3Dharo%2BSeville%2B1538%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoxer1939">Boxer 1939</a>, pp. 542–543 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBoxer1939 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMungello2009">Mungello 2009</a>, p. 81 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMungello2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C._Mancall2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter C. Mancall, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrj4gApIJz4C&pg=PA228">The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624</a> (illustrated ed.). UNC Press Books. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3159-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-3159-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+World+and+Virginia%2C+1550%E2%80%931624&rft.pages=228&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3159-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrj4gApIJz4C%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberto_da_Costa_e_Silva2014" class="citation book cs1">Alberto da Costa e Silva (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpxUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT584">"25 Escravo ugual a negro"</a>. A manilha e o libambo: A África e a escravidão, de 1500 a 1700 (2 ed.). Nova Fronteira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-209-3949-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-209-3949-9"><bdi>978-85-209-3949-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=25+Escravo+ugual+a+negro&rft.btitle=A+manilha+e+o+libambo%3A+A+%C3%81frica+e+a+escravid%C3%A3o%2C+de+1500+a+1700&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-85-209-3949-9&rft.au=Alberto+da+Costa+e+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpxUBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Thomas1997" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Thomas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom">The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83565-5"><bdi>978-0-684-83565-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+The+Story+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+1440%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83565-5&rft.au=Hugh+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavetradestoryo00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFonseca1997">Fonseca 1997</a>, p. 21 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFonseca1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>): "e o chinês, também António, ainda há pouco referido e que era condutor das azémolas de D. Maria de Vilhena" </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Finalmente+dois+chinas,+um+deles+azemel+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+e+o+outro+Francisco+China,+de+Francisco+de+Carvalhais,+e+dois+judeus,+ambos+fugidos,+um+em+1575+e+o+outro+em+1577.">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DFinalmente%2Bdois%2Bchinas%2C%2Bum%2Bdeles%2Bazemel%2Bde%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2Be%2Bo%2Boutro%2BFrancisco%2BChina%2C%2Bde%2BFrancisco%2Bde%2BCarvalhais%2C%2Be%2Bdois%2Bjudeus%2C%2Bambos%2Bfugidos%2C%2Bum%2Bem%2B1575%2Be%2Bo%2Boutro%2Bem%2B1577.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberto_Da_Costa_E_Silva2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alberto Da Costa E Silva (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw65AAAAIAAJ&q=E+oito+anos+mais+tarde,+em+Évora,+uma+certa+Dona+Maria+de+Vilhena+alforriou,+por+testamento,+dez+escravos:+três+amer%C3%ADndios,+dois+mouros,+um+eslavo,+um+negro,+um+pardo,+um+mulato+e+um+chinês.1+Além+de+negros,+não+era+invulgar,+no+Portugal+quinhentista,+encontra-+rem-se+em+cativeiro">A Manilha e o Libambo</a> (in Portuguese). Editora Nova Fronteira. p. 849. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-209-1262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-209-1262-1"><bdi>978-85-209-1262-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manilha+e+o+Libambo&rft.pages=849&rft.pub=Editora+Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-85-209-1262-1&rft.au=Alberto+Da+Costa+E+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLw65AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DE%2Boito%2Banos%2Bmais%2Btarde%2C%2Bem%2B%C3%89vora%2C%2Buma%2Bcerta%2BDona%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2Balforriou%2C%2Bpor%2Btestamento%2C%2Bdez%2Bescravos%3A%2Btr%C3%AAs%2Bamer%25C3%25ADndios%2C%2Bdois%2Bmouros%2C%2Bum%2Beslavo%2C%2Bum%2Bnegro%2C%2Bum%2Bpardo%2C%2Bum%2Bmulato%2Be%2Bum%2Bchin%C3%AAs.1%2BAl%C3%A9m%2Bde%2Bnegros%2C%2Bn%C3%A3o%2Bera%2Binvulgar%2C%2Bno%2BPortugal%2Bquinhentista%2C%2Bencontra-%2Brem-se%2Bem%2Bcativeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Thomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&pg=PA119">The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870</a> (illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3745-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3745-4"><bdi>978-1-4767-3745-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+The+Story+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+1440%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-3745-4&rft.au=Hugh+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlzuEzmO81GwC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_do_Rosário_Pimentel1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maria do Rosário Pimentel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Por+sua+vez,+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+rica+e+nobre+dama+eborense,+no+seu+testamento+de+23+de+Outubro+de+1562,+deixou+forra+a+Maria+Fialha,+mulher+%C3%ADndia;+Genebra+e+Catarina,+escravas+%C3%ADndias;+Mécia+de+Abreu,+mulher+branca;+Guiomar,+escrava+parda;+Salvador+e+Margarida,+escravos+mouriscos;+António,+china+azamel;+Diogo,+Heitor,+André,+Maria+e+Lu%C3%ADs,">Viagem ao fundo das consciências: a escravatura na época moderna</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 3 of Colibri história. Edições Colibri. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8047-75-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-8047-75-7"><bdi>978-972-8047-75-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viagem+ao+fundo+das+consci%C3%AAncias%3A+a+escravatura+na+%C3%A9poca+moderna&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Colibri&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-972-8047-75-7&rft.au=Maria+do+Ros%C3%A1rio+Pimentel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPor%2Bsua%2Bvez%2C%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2C%2Brica%2Be%2Bnobre%2Bdama%2Beborense%2C%2Bno%2Bseu%2Btestamento%2Bde%2B23%2Bde%2BOutubro%2Bde%2B1562%2C%2Bdeixou%2Bforra%2Ba%2BMaria%2BFialha%2C%2Bmulher%2B%25C3%25ADndia%3B%2BGenebra%2Be%2BCatarina%2C%2Bescravas%2B%25C3%25ADndias%3B%2BM%C3%A9cia%2Bde%2BAbreu%2C%2Bmulher%2Bbranca%3B%2BGuiomar%2C%2Bescrava%2Bparda%3B%2BSalvador%2Be%2BMargarida%2C%2Bescravos%2Bmouriscos%3B%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2Bchina%2Bazamel%3B%2BDiogo%2C%2BHeitor%2C%2BAndr%C3%A9%2C%2BMaria%2Be%2BLu%25C3%25ADs%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nisXAQAAMAAJ">Viagem ao fundo das consciências: a escravatura na época moderna</a> (in Portuguese). Palácio da Independencia. 1966. p. 19. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viagem+ao+fundo+das+consci%C3%AAncias%3A+a+escravatura+na+%C3%A9poca+moderna&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Pal%C3%A1cio+da+Independencia&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnisXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortunato_de_Almeida1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fortunato de Almeida (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_hWAAAAMAAJ&q=D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+rica+e+nobre+dama+eborense,+em+seu+testamento,+de+23+de+Outubro+de+1+562,+deixou+forra+a+Maria+Fialha,+mulher+%C3%ADndia;+forra+Mécia+de+Abreu,+mulher+branca+e+Genebra,+escrava+%C3%ADndia;+Guiomar,+escrava+parda;+Catarina,+escrava+%C3%ADndia;+Margarida,+escrava+preta;+Miguel,+escravo+mulato;+Isabel,+escrava+mourisca;+António,+china+azamel;+Diogo+e+Heitor,+escravos+(não+diz+a+raça);+Salvador,+escravo+mourisco;+André,+Maria+e+Lu%C3%ADs+ficavam+a+D.+Leonor,+irmã+da+testadora4.">História de Portugal, Volume 3</a> (in Portuguese). F. de Almeida. p. 222. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=F.+de+Almeida&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Fortunato+de+Almeida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_hWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2C%2Brica%2Be%2Bnobre%2Bdama%2Beborense%2C%2Bem%2Bseu%2Btestamento%2C%2Bde%2B23%2Bde%2BOutubro%2Bde%2B1%2B562%2C%2Bdeixou%2Bforra%2Ba%2BMaria%2BFialha%2C%2Bmulher%2B%25C3%25ADndia%3B%2Bforra%2BM%C3%A9cia%2Bde%2BAbreu%2C%2Bmulher%2Bbranca%2Be%2BGenebra%2C%2Bescrava%2B%25C3%25ADndia%3B%2BGuiomar%2C%2Bescrava%2Bparda%3B%2BCatarina%2C%2Bescrava%2B%25C3%25ADndia%3B%2BMargarida%2C%2Bescrava%2Bpreta%3B%2BMiguel%2C%2Bescravo%2Bmulato%3B%2BIsabel%2C%2Bescrava%2Bmourisca%3B%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2Bchina%2Bazamel%3B%2BDiogo%2Be%2BHeitor%2C%2Bescravos%2B%28n%C3%A3o%2Bdiz%2Ba%2Bra%C3%A7a%29%3B%2BSalvador%2C%2Bescravo%2Bmourisco%3B%2BAndr%C3%A9%2C%2BMaria%2Be%2BLu%25C3%25ADs%2Bficavam%2Ba%2BD.%2BLeonor%2C%2Birm%C3%A3%2Bda%2Btestadora4.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAna_Maria_Rodrigues1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ana Maria Rodrigues, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JQMsAQAAMAAJ&q=ALFORRlA+DE+DOZE+ESCRAVOS+E+LEGADO+DE+OUTROS+TRÊS+Testamento+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+viúva+de+Simão+da+Silveira,+moradora+em+Évora+-+23+de+Outubro+de+1562+/tem+deixo+forra+a+Maria+Fialha,+mulher+%C3%ADndia,+e+lhe+deixo+para+sua+sustentação+20+mil+reis+e+deixo+a+Mécia+de+Abreu,+mulher+branca,+forra+e+livre+e+assi+mais+lhe+deixo+20+mil+reis+para+sua+sustentação.+++E+deixo+forra+a+Genebra,+minha+escrava+%C3%ADndia+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis,+e+deixo+forra+a+Guiomar+minha+escrava+parda+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis+e+deixo+forra+a+Catarina,+minha+escrava+India,+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis.+Deixo+forra+a+Margarida,+escrava+preta+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis+e+deixo+forro+a+Miguel,+meu+escravo+mulato+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis+e+deixo+forra+a+Isabel,+mourisca,+e+deixo+forro+a+António,+china,+meu+azamel,">Os Negros em Portugal: sécs. XV a XIX: Mosteiro dos Jerónimos 23 de Setembro de 1999 a 24 de Janeiro de 2000</a> (in Portuguese) (illustrated ed.). Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8325-99-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-8325-99-2"><bdi>978-972-8325-99-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+Negros+em+Portugal%3A+s%C3%A9cs.+XV+a+XIX%3A+Mosteiro+dos+Jer%C3%B3nimos+23+de+Setembro+de+1999+a+24+de+Janeiro+de+2000&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Comiss%C3%A3o+Nacional+para+as+Comemora%C3%A7%C3%B5es+dos+Descobrimentos+Portugueses&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-972-8325-99-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQMsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DALFORRlA%2BDE%2BDOZE%2BESCRAVOS%2BE%2BLEGADO%2BDE%2BOUTROS%2BTR%C3%8AS%2BTestamento%2Bde%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2C%2Bvi%C3%BAva%2Bde%2BSim%C3%A3o%2Bda%2BSilveira%2C%2Bmoradora%2Bem%2B%C3%89vora%2B-%2B23%2Bde%2BOutubro%2Bde%2B1562%2B%2Ftem%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BMaria%2BFialha%2C%2Bmulher%2B%25C3%25ADndia%2C%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2Bpara%2Bsua%2Bsustenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2B20%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Ba%2BM%C3%A9cia%2Bde%2BAbreu%2C%2Bmulher%2Bbranca%2C%2Bforra%2Be%2Blivre%2Be%2Bassi%2Bmais%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B20%2Bmil%2Breis%2Bpara%2Bsua%2Bsustenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.%2B%2B%2BE%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BGenebra%2C%2Bminha%2Bescrava%2B%25C3%25ADndia%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2C%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BGuiomar%2Bminha%2Bescrava%2Bparda%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BCatarina%2C%2Bminha%2Bescrava%2BIndia%2C%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis.%2BDeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BMargarida%2C%2Bescrava%2Bpreta%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BMiguel%2C%2Bmeu%2Bescravo%2Bmulato%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BIsabel%2C%2Bmourisca%2C%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2Bchina%2C%2Bmeu%2Bazamel%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+tinha+entre+os+quinze+escravos+que+menciona+no+seu+testamento.+58+-+A.D.E..+F.N..+Evora">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2Btinha%2Bentre%2Bos%2Bquinze%2Bescravos%2Bque%2Bmenciona%2Bno%2Bseu%2Btestamento.%2B58%2B-%2BA.D.E..%2BF.N..%2BEvora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=na+tinha+entre+os+quinze+escravos+que+menciona+no+seu+testamento+um+António,+china,+seu+azemel+(condutor+de+azémolas)(64).+O+mesmo+acontecia+com+D.+Joana+de+Sousa+que,+em+1558,+deixava+ao+seu+azemel+Diogo+as+bestas+que+tivesse">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dna%2Btinha%2Bentre%2Bos%2Bquinze%2Bescravos%2Bque%2Bmenciona%2Bno%2Bseu%2Btestamento%2Bum%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2Bchina%2C%2Bseu%2Bazemel%2B%28condutor%2Bde%2Baz%C3%A9molas%29%2864%29.%2BO%2Bmesmo%2Bacontecia%2Bcom%2BD.%2BJoana%2Bde%2BSousa%2Bque%2C%2Bem%2B1558%2C%2Bdeixava%2Bao%2Bseu%2Bazemel%2BDiogo%2Bas%2Bbestas%2Bque%2Btivesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Pereira1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabriel Pereira (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/estudoseborenses01pere#page/n575/mode/2up">Estudos eborenses: historia, arte, archeologia (O Archivo Da Santa Casa de Misericordia d'Evora 2.a Parte)(O testamento de uma grande dama do seculo 16)</a> (in Portuguese). Evora : Minerva Eborense. p. 5 (575). Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudos+eborenses%3A+historia%2C+arte%2C+archeologia+%28O+Archivo+Da+Santa+Casa+de+Misericordia+d%27Evora+2.a+Parte%29%28O+testamento+de+uma+grande+dama+do+seculo+16%29&rft.pages=5+%28575%29&rft.pub=Evora+%3A+Minerva+Eborense&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Gabriel+Pereira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Festudoseborenses01pere%23page%2Fn575%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdalentejo.net/BDAObra/obras/77/BlocosPDF/bloco04-25_34.pdf">O Testamento de uma Grande Dama do Século XVI</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 27. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Testamento+de+uma+Grande+Dama+do+S%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdalentejo.net%2FBDAObra%2Fobras%2F77%2FBlocosPDF%2Fbloco04-25_34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_D._Forbes1993" class="citation book cs1">Jack D. Forbes (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLAeB5QiHAC&pg=PA40">Title Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples</a> (reprint ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06321-3"><bdi>978-0-252-06321-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Title+Africans+and+Native+Americans%3A+The+Language+of+Race+and+the+Evolution+of+Red-Black+Peoples&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06321-3&rft.au=Jack+D.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aLAeB5QiHAC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._C._de_C._M._Saunders1982" class="citation book cs1">A. C. de C. M. Saunders (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA214">A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23150-3"><bdi>978-0-521-23150-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Black+Slaves+and+Freedmen+in+Portugal%2C+1441%E2%80%931555&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23150-3&rft.au=A.+C.+de+C.+M.+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0TCPWGGVqgC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=A+comparação+com+o+nome+dos+donos+de+escravos+que+conhecemos+não+teria+vantagens+dado+que+também+estes+eram+uma+camada+restrita+da+população+-+com+grande+peso+da+nobreza+-+em+que+podiam+verificar-se+especificidades+culturais+determinantes+do+uso+dos+nomes.+É+de+destacar+a+coincidência+dos+três+nomes+mais+usados,+quer+pelos+escravos+-+António,+Manuel+e+Francisco+-+quer+pelas+escravas+-+Maria,+Isabel+e+Catarina+-+na+região+de+Évora+e+na+Madeira,+de+acordo+com+o+estudo+de+Alberto+Vieira">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DA%2Bcompara%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2Bcom%2Bo%2Bnome%2Bdos%2Bdonos%2Bde%2Bescravos%2Bque%2Bconhecemos%2Bn%C3%A3o%2Bteria%2Bvantagens%2Bdado%2Bque%2Btamb%C3%A9m%2Bestes%2Beram%2Buma%2Bcamada%2Brestrita%2Bda%2Bpopula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2B-%2Bcom%2Bgrande%2Bpeso%2Bda%2Bnobreza%2B-%2Bem%2Bque%2Bpodiam%2Bverificar-se%2Bespecificidades%2Bculturais%2Bdeterminantes%2Bdo%2Buso%2Bdos%2Bnomes.%2B%C3%89%2Bde%2Bdestacar%2Ba%2Bcoincid%C3%AAncia%2Bdos%2Btr%C3%AAs%2Bnomes%2Bmais%2Busados%2C%2Bquer%2Bpelos%2Bescravos%2B-%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2BManuel%2Be%2BFrancisco%2B-%2Bquer%2Bpelas%2Bescravas%2B-%2BMaria%2C%2BIsabel%2Be%2BCatarina%2B-%2Bna%2Bregi%C3%A3o%2Bde%2B%C3%89vora%2Be%2Bna%2BMadeira%2C%2Bde%2Bacordo%2Bcom%2Bo%2Bestudo%2Bde%2BAlberto%2BVieira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Os+%C3%ADndios,+chineses+e+mouriscos+parecem+ter+tarefas+mais+exigentes,+como+António,+%C3%ADndio,+cozinheiro+de+D.+Ana+de+Ata%C3%ADde(33)+e+o+chinês,+também+António,+ainda+há+pouco+referido+e+que+era+condutor+das+azemo-+las+de+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena(34).+Aparecem+na+posse+de+pessoas+da+mais+elevada+condição+social,+como+o+infante+D.+Luis,+que+possu%C3%ADa+8+mouriscos+e+apenas+3+pretos,+ou+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+que+dispunha+entre+os+seus+15+cativos+de+uma+gama+etnicamente+variada:+3+%C3%ADndios,+3+mouriscos,+1+china,+uma+preta,+uma+parda+e+um+mulato.+Este+caso+explica-se+pela+presença+no+Oriente+do+marido+desta+senhora,+como+capitão+de+Diu+e+Ormuz.+Simão+da+Silveira+esteve+directamente+implicado+no+tráfico+de+escravos,+tendo+sido+enviado+em+1512+pelo+rei+ao+Congo+para+trazer+cativos(35).">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DOs%2B%25C3%25ADndios%2C%2Bchineses%2Be%2Bmouriscos%2Bparecem%2Bter%2Btarefas%2Bmais%2Bexigentes%2C%2Bcomo%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2B%25C3%25ADndio%2C%2Bcozinheiro%2Bde%2BD.%2BAna%2Bde%2BAta%25C3%25ADde%2833%29%2Be%2Bo%2Bchin%C3%AAs%2C%2Btamb%C3%A9m%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2Bainda%2Bh%C3%A1%2Bpouco%2Breferido%2Be%2Bque%2Bera%2Bcondutor%2Bdas%2Bazemo-%2Blas%2Bde%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2834%29.%2BAparecem%2Bna%2Bposse%2Bde%2Bpessoas%2Bda%2Bmais%2Belevada%2Bcondi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2Bsocial%2C%2Bcomo%2Bo%2Binfante%2BD.%2BLuis%2C%2Bque%2Bpossu%25C3%25ADa%2B8%2Bmouriscos%2Be%2Bapenas%2B3%2Bpretos%2C%2Bou%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2C%2Bque%2Bdispunha%2Bentre%2Bos%2Bseus%2B15%2Bcativos%2Bde%2Buma%2Bgama%2Betnicamente%2Bvariada%3A%2B3%2B%25C3%25ADndios%2C%2B3%2Bmouriscos%2C%2B1%2Bchina%2C%2Buma%2Bpreta%2C%2Buma%2Bparda%2Be%2Bum%2Bmulato.%2BEste%2Bcaso%2Bexplica-se%2Bpela%2Bpresen%C3%A7a%2Bno%2BOriente%2Bdo%2Bmarido%2Bdesta%2Bsenhora%2C%2Bcomo%2Bcapit%C3%A3o%2Bde%2BDiu%2Be%2BOrmuz.%2BSim%C3%A3o%2Bda%2BSilveira%2Besteve%2Bdirectamente%2Bimplicado%2Bno%2Btr%C3%A1fico%2Bde%2Bescravos%2C%2Btendo%2Bsido%2Benviado%2Bem%2B1512%2Bpelo%2Brei%2Bao%2BCongo%2Bpara%2Btrazer%2Bcativos%2835%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Aparecem+na+posse+de+pessoas+da+mais+elevada+condição+social,+como+o+infante+D.+Luis,+que+possu%C3%ADa+8+mouriscos+e+apenas+3+pretos,+ou+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+que+dispunha+entre+os+seus+15+cativos+de+uma+gama+etnicamente+variada:+3+%C3%ADndios,+3+mouriscos,+1+china,+uma+preta,+uma+parda+e+um+mulato.+Este+caso+explica-se+pela+presença+no+Oriente+do+marido+desta+senhora,+como+capitão+de+Diu+e+Ormuz.+Simão+da+Silveira+esteve+directamente+implicado+no+tráfico+de+escravos,+tendo+sido+enviado+em+1512+pelo+rei+ao+Congo+para+trazer+cativos(35).+A+posse+de+escravos+dessas+etnias+pelas+classes+mais+altas+devia-se+certamente+ao+seu+mais+elevado+preço.+Efectivamente,+o+valor+dos+escravos+negros+era+de+todos+o+mais+baixo,+pela+sua+maior+abundância+e+bocalidade,+o+que+está+de+acordo+com+o+que+também+se.">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAparecem%2Bna%2Bposse%2Bde%2Bpessoas%2Bda%2Bmais%2Belevada%2Bcondi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2Bsocial%2C%2Bcomo%2Bo%2Binfante%2BD.%2BLuis%2C%2Bque%2Bpossu%25C3%25ADa%2B8%2Bmouriscos%2Be%2Bapenas%2B3%2Bpretos%2C%2Bou%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2C%2Bque%2Bdispunha%2Bentre%2Bos%2Bseus%2B15%2Bcativos%2Bde%2Buma%2Bgama%2Betnicamente%2Bvariada%3A%2B3%2B%25C3%25ADndios%2C%2B3%2Bmouriscos%2C%2B1%2Bchina%2C%2Buma%2Bpreta%2C%2Buma%2Bparda%2Be%2Bum%2Bmulato.%2BEste%2Bcaso%2Bexplica-se%2Bpela%2Bpresen%C3%A7a%2Bno%2BOriente%2Bdo%2Bmarido%2Bdesta%2Bsenhora%2C%2Bcomo%2Bcapit%C3%A3o%2Bde%2BDiu%2Be%2BOrmuz.%2BSim%C3%A3o%2Bda%2BSilveira%2Besteve%2Bdirectamente%2Bimplicado%2Bno%2Btr%C3%A1fico%2Bde%2Bescravos%2C%2Btendo%2Bsido%2Benviado%2Bem%2B1512%2Bpelo%2Brei%2Bao%2BCongo%2Bpara%2Btrazer%2Bcativos%2835%29.%2BA%2Bposse%2Bde%2Bescravos%2Bdessas%2Betnias%2Bpelas%2Bclasses%2Bmais%2Baltas%2Bdevia-se%2Bcertamente%2Bao%2Bseu%2Bmais%2Belevado%2Bpre%C3%A7o.%2BEfectivamente%2C%2Bo%2Bvalor%2Bdos%2Bescravos%2Bnegros%2Bera%2Bde%2Btodos%2Bo%2Bmais%2Bbaixo%2C%2Bpela%2Bsua%2Bmaior%2Babund%C3%A2ncia%2Be%2Bbocalidade%2C%2Bo%2Bque%2Best%C3%A1%2Bde%2Bacordo%2Bcom%2Bo%2Bque%2Btamb%C3%A9m%2Bse.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAna_Maria_Rodrigues1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ana Maria Rodrigues, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JQMsAQAAMAAJ&q=E+deixo+forra+a+Genebra,+minha+escrava+%C3%ADndia+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis,+e+deixo+forra+a+Guiomar+minha+escrava+parda+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis+e+deixo+forra+a+Catarina,+minha+escrava+India,+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis.+Deixo+forra+a+Margarida,+escrava+preta+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis+e+deixo+forro+a+Miguel,+meu+escravo+mulato+e+lhe+deixo+10+mil+reis+e+deixo+forra+a+Isabel,+mourisca,+e+deixo+forro+a+António,+china,+meu+azamel,+e+deixo+forro+a+Diogo,+meu+escravo+e+deixo+forro+a+Heitor,+meu+escravo,+e+deixo+forro+a+Salvador,+meu+escravo+mourisco+e+deixo+a+André,+meu+escravo,+aos+padres+de+Nossa+Senhora+de+Carmo+e+deixo+Maria,+moça,+e+Luis,+ambos+meus+escravos,+à+senhora+D.+Lianor,+minha+irmã.">Os Negros em Portugal: sécs. XV a XIX: Mosteiro dos Jerónimos 23 de Setembro de 1999 a 24 de Janeiro de 2000</a> (in Portuguese) (illustrated ed.). Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8325-99-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-8325-99-2"><bdi>978-972-8325-99-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+Negros+em+Portugal%3A+s%C3%A9cs.+XV+a+XIX%3A+Mosteiro+dos+Jer%C3%B3nimos+23+de+Setembro+de+1999+a+24+de+Janeiro+de+2000&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Comiss%C3%A3o+Nacional+para+as+Comemora%C3%A7%C3%B5es+dos+Descobrimentos+Portugueses&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-972-8325-99-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQMsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DE%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BGenebra%2C%2Bminha%2Bescrava%2B%25C3%25ADndia%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2C%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BGuiomar%2Bminha%2Bescrava%2Bparda%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BCatarina%2C%2Bminha%2Bescrava%2BIndia%2C%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis.%2BDeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BMargarida%2C%2Bescrava%2Bpreta%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BMiguel%2C%2Bmeu%2Bescravo%2Bmulato%2Be%2Blhe%2Bdeixo%2B10%2Bmil%2Breis%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforra%2Ba%2BIsabel%2C%2Bmourisca%2C%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BAnt%C3%B3nio%2C%2Bchina%2C%2Bmeu%2Bazamel%2C%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BDiogo%2C%2Bmeu%2Bescravo%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BHeitor%2C%2Bmeu%2Bescravo%2C%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Bforro%2Ba%2BSalvador%2C%2Bmeu%2Bescravo%2Bmourisco%2Be%2Bdeixo%2Ba%2BAndr%C3%A9%2C%2Bmeu%2Bescravo%2C%2Baos%2Bpadres%2Bde%2BNossa%2BSenhora%2Bde%2BCarmo%2Be%2Bdeixo%2BMaria%2C%2Bmo%C3%A7a%2C%2Be%2BLuis%2C%2Bambos%2Bmeus%2Bescravos%2C%2B%C3%A0%2Bsenhora%2BD.%2BLianor%2C%2Bminha%2Birm%C3%A3.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=%C3%8Dndia">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25C3%258Dndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristovão_Alão_de_MoraisEugénio_de_Andrea_da_Cunha_e_Freitas1699" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cristovão Alão de Morais; Eugénio de Andrea da Cunha e Freitas (1699). Alexandre António Pereira de Miranda Vasconcellos; António Cruz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhJ4bRglwQQC&q=Leonor+de+Vilhena%2C+casou+com+Ant%C3%A3o+de+Faria&pg=PA276">Pedatura lusitana (nobiliário de famílias de Portugal) ...</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Livraria Fernando Machado. p. 276. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedatura+lusitana+%28nobili%C3%A1rio+de+fam%C3%ADlias+de+Portugal%29+...&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Livraria+Fernando+Machado&rft.date=1699&rft.au=Cristov%C3%A3o+Al%C3%A3o+de+Morais&rft.au=Eug%C3%A9nio+de+Andrea+da+Cunha+e+Freitas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhJ4bRglwQQC%26q%3DLeonor%2Bde%2BVilhena%252C%2Bcasou%2Bcom%2BAnt%25C3%25A3o%2Bde%2BFaria%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristovão_Alão_de_MoraisEugénio_de_Andrea_da_Cunha_e_Freitas1673" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cristovão Alão de Morais; Eugénio de Andrea da Cunha e Freitas (1673). Alexandre António Pereira de Miranda Vasconcellos; António Cruz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qm4vAQAAIAAJ&q=Maria+de+Vilhena%2C+filha+de+Sancho+de+Tovar&pg=PA463">Pedatura lusitana (nobiliário de famílias de Portugal) ...</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Livraria Fernando Machado. p. 463. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedatura+lusitana+%28nobili%C3%A1rio+de+fam%C3%ADlias+de+Portugal%29+...&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Livraria+Fernando+Machado&rft.date=1673&rft.au=Cristov%C3%A3o+Al%C3%A3o+de+Morais&rft.au=Eug%C3%A9nio+de+Andrea+da+Cunha+e+Freitas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqm4vAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%252C%2Bfilha%2Bde%2BSancho%2Bde%2BTovar%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociedade_Histórica_da_Independência_de_Portugal_(Lisbon,_Portugal)2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sociedade Histórica da Independência de Portugal (Lisbon, Portugal) (2000). João Paulo Oliveira e Costa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0N7AAAAMAAJ&q=D.+Maria+de+Vilhena+foi+mulher+de+Cristovão+de+Mendonça,+...+Casou+segunda+vez+com+Simão+da+Silveira,+provedor+das+obras+do+reino33.">Descobridores do Brasil: exploradores do Atlântico e construtores do Estado da Índia</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 8 of Memória lusíada. Sociedade Histórica da Independência de Portugal. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-9326-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-9326-31-8"><bdi>978-972-9326-31-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descobridores+do+Brasil%3A+exploradores+do+Atl%C3%A2ntico+e+construtores+do+Estado+da+%C3%8Dndia&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Sociedade+Hist%C3%B3rica+da+Independ%C3%AAncia+de+Portugal&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-972-9326-31-8&rft.au=Sociedade+Hist%C3%B3rica+da+Independ%C3%AAncia+de+Portugal+%28Lisbon%2C+Portugal%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0N7AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2Bfoi%2Bmulher%2Bde%2BCristov%C3%A3o%2Bde%2BMendon%C3%A7a%2C%2B...%2BCasou%2Bsegunda%2Bvez%2Bcom%2BSim%C3%A3o%2Bda%2BSilveira%2C%2Bprovedor%2Bdas%2Bobras%2Bdo%2Breino33.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=baronesa+de+Alvito,+viúva+de+D.+Diogo+D.+Filipa,+irmã+de+D.+Diogo+D.+Maria+de+Vilhena,+viúva+de+Simão+da+Silveira">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dbaronesa%2Bde%2BAlvito%2C%2Bvi%C3%BAva%2Bde%2BD.%2BDiogo%2BD.%2BFilipa%2C%2Birm%C3%A3%2Bde%2BD.%2BDiogo%2BD.%2BMaria%2Bde%2BVilhena%2C%2Bvi%C3%BAva%2Bde%2BSim%C3%A3o%2Bda%2BSilveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Maria+Vilhena+menciona+15+Simão+Silveira">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMaria%2BVilhena%2Bmenciona%2B15%2BSim%C3%A3o%2BSilveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Christina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Dr Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&pg=PT44">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-8368-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8368-7&rft.au=Dr+Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Científicas1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (1984). José Jesús Hernández Palomo; Bibiano Torres Ramírez (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_G_-1LxBecoC&q=De+China+viaje+escalas+M%C3%A9xico+Nicaragua+Lima+Panam%C3%A1+Lisboa+indios+Diego&pg=PA555">Andalucia y America en el Siglo Xvi</a>. Vol. 292 of Publicaciones de la Escuela de estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla (illustrated ed.). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05664-3"><bdi>978-84-00-05664-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-5802">0210-5802</a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalucia+y+America+en+el+Siglo+Xvi&rft.pages=553&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+%E2%80%93+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0210-5802&rft.isbn=978-84-00-05664-3&rft.au=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_G_-1LxBecoC%26q%3DDe%2BChina%2Bviaje%2Bescalas%2BM%25C3%25A9xico%2BNicaragua%2BLima%2BPanam%25C3%25A1%2BLisboa%2Bindios%2BDiego%26pg%3DPA555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Iwasaki_Cauti2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fernando Iwasaki Cauti (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwCeavlP9QC&q=los+esclavos+parar+Portugal+Lisboa+Diego+Yndio&pg=PA293">Extremo Oriente y el Perú en el siglo XVI</a>. Vol. 12 of Colección Orientalia (illustrated ed.). Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-671-1"><bdi>978-9972-42-671-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremo+Oriente+y+el+Per%C3%BA+en+el+siglo+XVI&rft.pages=293&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-671-1&rft.au=Fernando+Iwasaki+Cauti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwCeavlP9QC%26q%3Dlos%2Besclavos%2Bparar%2BPortugal%2BLisboa%2BDiego%2BYndio%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Christina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Dr Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&pg=PT284">Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8368-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-8368-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-8368-7&rft.au=Dr+Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26pg%3DPT284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_López-Calvo2013" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio López-Calvo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&q=Lima+Diego+Chinese+slave&pg=PA134">The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru</a>. Fernando Iwasaki. University of Arizona Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-9987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-9987-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-9987-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Affinity+of+the+Eye%3A+Writing+Nikkei+in+Peru&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-9987-5&rft.au=Ignacio+L%C3%B3pez-Calvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMY4-ffumwUC%26q%3DLima%2BDiego%2BChinese%2Bslave%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roberto_Teixeira_Leite1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+No+Brasil%3A+Influencias%2C+Marcas%2C+Ecos+E+Sobrevivencias+Chinesas+Na+Sociedade+E+Na+Arte+Brasileiras&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=UNICAMP.+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira+Leite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TL-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TL_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TL_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeixeira_Leite1999">Teixeira Leite 1999</a>, p. 20 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTeixeira_Leite1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>): "Já por aí se vê que devem ter sido numerosos os escravos chineses que tomaram o caminho de Lisboa — e por extensão o do Brasil ... Em 1744 era o imperador Qianlong quem ordenava que nenhum Chinês ou europeu de Macau vendesse filhos e filhas, prohibição reiterada em 1750 pelo vice-rei de Cantão." </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_D._Spence1985" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan D. Spence (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmauWWluaqcC&q=sassetti+scattering+chinese+slaves">The memory palace of Matteo Ricci</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin Books. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008098-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008098-8"><bdi>978-0-14-008098-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-05-05. <q>countryside.16 Slaves were everywhere in Lisbon, according to the Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti, who was also living in the city during 1578. Black slaves were the most numerous, but there were also a scattering of Chinese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memory+palace+of+Matteo+Ricci&rft.pages=208&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-14-008098-8&rft.au=Jonathan+D.+Spence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmauWWluaqcC%26q%3Dsassetti%2Bscattering%2Bchinese%2Bslaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulita_Scarano" class="citation web cs1">Julita Scarano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/anpocs00/gt09/00gt0934.doc">"MIGRAÇÃO SOB CONTRATO: A OPINIÃO DE EÇA DE QUEIROZ"</a>. Unesp- Ceru. p. 4. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIGRA%C3%87%C3%83O+SOB+CONTRATO%3A+A+OPINI%C3%83O+DE+E%C3%87A+DE+QUEIROZ&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Unesp-+Ceru&rft.au=Julita+Scarano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar%2Far%2Flibros%2Fanpocs00%2Fgt09%2F00gt0934.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roberto_Teixeira_Leite1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNZ6AAAAMAAJ&q=escravos+chineses+lisboa+sequestrados">A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras</a> (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-05-05. <q>Idéias e costumes da China podem ter-nos chegado também através de escravos chineses, de uns poucos dos quais sabe-se da presença no Brasil de começos do Setecentos.17 Mas não deve ter sido através desses raros infelizes que a influência chinesa nos atingiu, mesmo porque escravos chineses (e também japoneses) já existiam aos montes em Lisboa por volta de 1578, quando Filippo Sassetti visitou a cidade,18 apenas suplantados em número pelos africanos. Parece aliás que aos últimos cabia o trabalho pesado, ficando reservadas aos chins tarefas e funções mais amenas, inclusive a de em certos casos secretariar autoridades civis, religiosas e militares.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+no+Brasil%3A+influ%C3%AAncias%2C+marcas%2C+ecos+e+sobreviv%C3%AAncias+chinesas+na+sociedade+e+na+arte+brasileiras&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=UNICAMP.+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira+Leite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNZ6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Descravos%2Bchineses%2Blisboa%2Bsequestrados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roberto_Teixeira_Leite1999" class="citation book cs1">José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNZ6AAAAMAAJ&q=J%C3%A1+por+a%C3%AD+se+v%C3%AA+que+devem+ter+sido+numerosos+os+escravos+chineses+que+tomaram+o+caminho+de+Lisboa+%E2%80%94+e+por+extens%C3%A3o+o+do+Brasil">A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras</a>. Editora da Unicamp. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+no+Brasil%3A+influ%C3%AAncias%2C+marcas%2C+ecos+e+sobreviv%C3%AAncias+chinesas+na+sociedade+e+na+arte+brasileiras&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Editora+da+Unicamp&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira+Leite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNZ6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJ%25C3%25A1%2Bpor%2Ba%25C3%25AD%2Bse%2Bv%25C3%25AA%2Bque%2Bdevem%2Bter%2Bsido%2Bnumerosos%2Bos%2Bescravos%2Bchineses%2Bque%2Btomaram%2Bo%2Bcaminho%2Bde%2BLisboa%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2Be%2Bpor%2Bextens%25C3%25A3o%2Bo%2Bdo%2BBrasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roberto_Teixeira_Leite1999" class="citation book cs1">José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNZ6AAAAMAAJ&q=escravo+Chin%C3%AAs+lisboa+macau">A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras</a>. Editora da Unicamp. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+no+Brasil%3A+influ%C3%AAncias%2C+marcas%2C+ecos+e+sobreviv%C3%AAncias+chinesas+na+sociedade+e+na+arte+brasileiras&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Editora+da+Unicamp&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira+Leite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNZ6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Descravo%2BChin%25C3%25AAs%2Blisboa%2Bmacau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanette_Pinto1992" class="citation book cs1">Jeanette Pinto (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&q=circa+1580">Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510–1842</a>. Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7040-587-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7040-587-0"><bdi>978-81-7040-587-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-05-05. <q>ing Chinese as slaves, since they are found to be very loyal, intelligent and hard working' ... their culinary bent was also evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Fillippo Sassetti, recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Portuguese+India%2C+1510%E2%80%931842&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Himalaya+Pub.+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7040-587-0&rft.au=Jeanette+Pinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHPaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcirca%2B1580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Ralph_Boxer1968" class="citation book cs1">Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&q=enormous+majority">Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770</a> (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). 2, illustrated, reprint. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2"><bdi>978-0-19-638074-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-05-05. <q>be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidalgos+in+the+Far+East+1550%E2%80%931770&rft.pages=225&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=2%2C+illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-638074-2&rft.au=Charles+Ralph+Boxer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUAsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Denormous%2Bmajority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roberto_Teixeira_Leite1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyEsAAAAYAAJ&q=Idéias+e+costumes+da+China+podem+ter-nos+chegado+também+através+de+escravos+chineses,+de+uns+poucos+dos+quais+sabe-se+da+presença+no+Brasil+de+começos+do+Setecentos.17+Mas+não+deve+ter+sido+através+desses+raros+infelizes+que+a+influência+chinesa+nos+atingiu,+mesmo+porque+escravos+chineses+(e+também+japoneses)+já+existiam+aos+montes+em+Lisboa+por+volta+de+1578,+quando+Filippo+Sassetti+visitou+a+cidade,18+apenas+suplantados+em+número+pelos+africanos.+Parece+aliás+que+aos+últimos+cabia+o+trabalho+pesado,+ficando+reservadas+aos+chins+tarefas+e+funções+mais+amenas,+inclusive+a+de+em+certos+casos+secretariar+autoridades+civis,+religiosas+e+militares.">A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras</a> (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+No+Brasil%3A+Influencias%2C+Marcas%2C+Ecos+E+Sobrevivencias+Chinesas+Na+Sociedade+E+Na+Arte+Brasileiras&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=UNICAMP.+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira+Leite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyEsAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DId%C3%A9ias%2Be%2Bcostumes%2Bda%2BChina%2Bpodem%2Bter-nos%2Bchegado%2Btamb%C3%A9m%2Batrav%C3%A9s%2Bde%2Bescravos%2Bchineses%2C%2Bde%2Buns%2Bpoucos%2Bdos%2Bquais%2Bsabe-se%2Bda%2Bpresen%C3%A7a%2Bno%2BBrasil%2Bde%2Bcome%C3%A7os%2Bdo%2BSetecentos.17%2BMas%2Bn%C3%A3o%2Bdeve%2Bter%2Bsido%2Batrav%C3%A9s%2Bdesses%2Braros%2Binfelizes%2Bque%2Ba%2Binflu%C3%AAncia%2Bchinesa%2Bnos%2Batingiu%2C%2Bmesmo%2Bporque%2Bescravos%2Bchineses%2B%28e%2Btamb%C3%A9m%2Bjaponeses%29%2Bj%C3%A1%2Bexistiam%2Baos%2Bmontes%2Bem%2BLisboa%2Bpor%2Bvolta%2Bde%2B1578%2C%2Bquando%2BFilippo%2BSassetti%2Bvisitou%2Ba%2Bcidade%2C18%2Bapenas%2Bsuplantados%2Bem%2Bn%C3%BAmero%2Bpelos%2Bafricanos.%2BParece%2Bali%C3%A1s%2Bque%2Baos%2B%C3%BAltimos%2Bcabia%2Bo%2Btrabalho%2Bpesado%2C%2Bficando%2Breservadas%2Baos%2Bchins%2Btarefas%2Be%2Bfun%C3%A7%C3%B5es%2Bmais%2Bamenas%2C%2Binclusive%2Ba%2Bde%2Bem%2Bcertos%2Bcasos%2Bsecretariar%2Bautoridades%2Bcivis%2C%2Breligiosas%2Be%2Bmilitares.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Finkelman1998" class="citation book cs1">Paul Finkelman (1998). Paul Finkelman, Joseph Calder Miller (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5s0YAAAAIAAJ&q=In+the+sixteenth+century+North+African+and+black+African+slaves+were+joined+by+captives+from+Brazil,+India,+Southeast+Asia,+China,+and+Japan.+Asian+slaves,+especially+Japanese+and+Chinese,+were+much+more+highly+regarded+than+slaves+from+sub-+Saharan+Africa,+who+in+turn+were+valued+and+trusted+more+than+Muslim+slaves+from+North+Africa.">Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 2</a>. Macmillan Reference USA, Simon & Schuster Macmillan. p. 737. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864781-4"><bdi>978-0-02-864781-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+encyclopedia+of+world+slavery%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA%2C+Simon+%26+Schuster+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864781-4&rft.au=Paul+Finkelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5s0YAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DIn%2Bthe%2Bsixteenth%2Bcentury%2BNorth%2BAfrican%2Band%2Bblack%2BAfrican%2Bslaves%2Bwere%2Bjoined%2Bby%2Bcaptives%2Bfrom%2BBrazil%2C%2BIndia%2C%2BSoutheast%2BAsia%2C%2BChina%2C%2Band%2BJapan.%2BAsian%2Bslaves%2C%2Bespecially%2BJapanese%2Band%2BChinese%2C%2Bwere%2Bmuch%2Bmore%2Bhighly%2Bregarded%2Bthan%2Bslaves%2Bfrom%2Bsub-%2BSaharan%2BAfrica%2C%2Bwho%2Bin%2Bturn%2Bwere%2Bvalued%2Band%2Btrusted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2BMuslim%2Bslaves%2Bfrom%2BNorth%2BAfrica.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelman_1998_737-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman_1998_737_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman_1998_737_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998">Finkelman & Miller 1998</a>, p. 737 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuarte_de_Sande2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Duarte de Sande (2012). Derek Massarella (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DUmk9XUsMC&q=Japanese%2C+and+Chinese%2C+slaves+were+greatly+appreciated+by+the+Portuguese+because+they+were+highly+intelligent+and+industrious&pg=RA1-PT294">Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia (1590)</a>. Vol. 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7223-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-7223-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-9396">0072-9396</a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Travellers+in+Sixteenth-century+Europe%3A+A+Dialogue+Concerning+the+Mission+of+the+Japanese+Ambassadors+to+the+Roman+Curia+%281590%29&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0072-9396&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7223-0&rft.au=Duarte+de+Sande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2DUmk9XUsMC%26q%3DJapanese%252C%2Band%2BChinese%252C%2Bslaves%2Bwere%2Bgreatly%2Bappreciated%2Bby%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bbecause%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bhighly%2Bintelligent%2Band%2Bindustrious%26pg%3DRA1-PT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._C._de_C._M._Saunders1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">A. C. de C. M. Saunders (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA168">A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555</a>. Vol. 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23150-3"><bdi>978-0-521-23150-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Black+Slaves+and+Freedmen+in+Portugal%2C+1441%E2%80%931555&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23150-3&rft.au=A.+C.+de+C.+M.+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0TCPWGGVqgC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanette_Pinto1992" class="citation book cs1">Jeanette Pinto (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'">Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510–1842</a>. Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7040-587-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7040-587-0"><bdi>978-81-7040-587-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Portuguese+India%2C+1510%E2%80%931842&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Himalaya+Pub.+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7040-587-0&rft.au=Jeanette+Pinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHPaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJean%2BMocquet%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bbook%2BOld%2BChina%2BHands%2Brecords%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bwere%2Bparticularly%2Bdesirous%2Bof%2Bsecuring%2BChinese%2Bas%2Bslaves%2C%2Bsince%2B%27they%2Bare%2Bfound%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bvery%2Bloyal%2C%2Bintelligent%2Band%2Bhard%2Bworking%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Ralph_Boxer1968" class="citation book cs1">Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'">Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770</a> (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford U.P. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2"><bdi>978-0-19-638074-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidalgos+in+the+Far+East+1550%E2%80%931770&rft.pages=225&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-638074-2&rft.au=Charles+Ralph+Boxer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUAsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJean%2BMocquet%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bbook%2BOld%2BChina%2BHands%2Brecords%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bwere%2Bparticularly%2Bdesirous%2Bof%2Bsecuring%2BChinese%2Bas%2Bslaves%2C%2Bsince%2B%27they%2Bare%2Bfound%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bvery%2Bloyal%2C%2Bintelligent%2Band%2Bhard%2Bworking%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDias2007">Dias 2007</a>, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Suzette_Fernandes_Dias2007" class="citation book cs1">Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHm4AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Japanese+and+the+Chinese+showed+strong+reluctance+to+the+idea+of+their+people+being+taken+as+slaves+by+the+Portuguese.">Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4"><bdi>978-1-84718-111-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+slavery%3A+comparative+perspectives&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-111-4&rft.au=Maria+Suzette+Fernandes+Dias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHm4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BJapanese%2Band%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bshowed%2Bstrong%2Breluctance%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bidea%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bpeople%2Bbeing%2Btaken%2Bas%2Bslaves%2Bby%2Bthe%2BPortuguese.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_João_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1">Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=1624+royal+decree&pg=PA115">Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</a>. Berg Publishers. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-5749-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5749-3&rft.au=Gary+Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDvOJRO7qu8C%26q%3D1624%2Broyal%2Bdecree%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_João_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1">Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=chinese+declared+that+they+cannot+and+should+not+be+made+captive&pg=PA115">Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</a>. Berg Publishers. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-5749-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5749-3&rft.au=Gary+Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDvOJRO7qu8C%26q%3Dchinese%2Bdeclared%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Bcannot%2Band%2Bshould%2Bnot%2Bbe%2Bmade%2Bcaptive%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=%C3%ADndio+de+D.+Ana+de+Ata%C3%ADde+que+%C3%A9+cozinheiro">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25C3%25ADndio%2Bde%2BD.%2BAna%2Bde%2BAta%25C3%25ADde%2Bque%2B%25C3%25A9%2Bcozinheiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Antónia_Pires_de_Almeida2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maria Antónia Pires de Almeida (2002). Andrade Martins Conceição; Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/bitstream/10071/3533/1/Cozinheiro.pdf">A Agricultura: Dicionário das Ocupações, História do Trabalho e das Ocupações</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. III. Oeiras: Celta Editora. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-774-133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-774-133-5"><bdi>978-972-774-133-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Agricultura%3A+Dicion%C3%A1rio+das+Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%B5es%2C+Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Trabalho+e+das+Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%B5es&rft.place=Oeiras&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Celta+Editora&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-972-774-133-5&rft.au=Maria+Ant%C3%B3nia+Pires+de+Almeida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.iscte-iul.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10071%2F3533%2F1%2FCozinheiro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jorge_Fonseca_1997_31-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jorge_Fonseca_1997_31_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jorge_Fonseca_1997_31_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=ana+ata%C3%ADde">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dana%2Bata%25C3%25ADde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=...+de+Sande,+%22homem+mourisco+forro%22,+criado+do+c%C3%B3nego+Manuel+de+Sande+e+provavelmente+seu+antigo+escravo,+que+em+1545+foi+em+nome+do+patr%C3%A3o+a+Badajoz+buscar+Ant%C3%B3nio,+%C3%ADndio+que+para+l%C3%A1+fugira,+com+ordem+de+o+vender(396).">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D...%2Bde%2BSande%2C%2B%2522homem%2Bmourisco%2Bforro%2522%2C%2Bcriado%2Bdo%2Bc%25C3%25B3nego%2BManuel%2Bde%2BSande%2Be%2Bprovavelmente%2Bseu%2Bantigo%2Bescravo%2C%2Bque%2Bem%2B1545%2Bfoi%2Bem%2Bnome%2Bdo%2Bpatr%25C3%25A3o%2Ba%2BBadajoz%2Bbuscar%2BAnt%25C3%25B3nio%2C%2B%25C3%25ADndio%2Bque%2Bpara%2Bl%25C3%25A1%2Bfugira%2C%2Bcom%2Bordem%2Bde%2Bo%2Bvender%28396%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=chines">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dchines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=Em+1544+o+padre+Jorge+Fernandes,+de+Montemor,+deixa+%C3%A0s+freiras+da+vila+uma+escrava+com+um+filho,+Manuel,+para+as+servirem+%22em+todas+as+cousas+em+que+os+mandarem%22,+sem+que+os+pudessem+vender,+por+serem+crist%C3%A3os+e+ser+vontade+do+doador+%22de+servirem+a+quem+serve+a+Deus%22(1U).+Caso+semelhante+%C3%A9+o+da+doa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+j%C3%A1+referida,+pela+vi%C3%BAva+do+alcaide-mor+da+vila,+%C3%A0s+mesmas+freiras,+de+tr%C3%AAs+escravas+destinadas+a+servi-las+%22das+portas+adentro%22+e+de+tr%C3%AAs+escravos+para+as+servirem+%22defora%22(U5).+As+madres+do+convento+de+Santa+Marta+mandaram,+em+1546,+buscar+ao+Porto+um+escravo+%C3%ADndio+que+tinham+recebido+do+padre+Jo%C3%A3o+Pinto,+capel%C3%A3o+do+rei(116).+No+caso+de+estabelecimentos+masculinos+j%C3%A1+n%C3%A3o+se+verifica+a+mesma+situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o,+pois+em+nenhum+aparecem+escravas.">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DEm%2B1544%2Bo%2Bpadre%2BJorge%2BFernandes%2C%2Bde%2BMontemor%2C%2Bdeixa%2B%25C3%25A0s%2Bfreiras%2Bda%2Bvila%2Buma%2Bescrava%2Bcom%2Bum%2Bfilho%2C%2BManuel%2C%2Bpara%2Bas%2Bservirem%2B%2522em%2Btodas%2Bas%2Bcousas%2Bem%2Bque%2Bos%2Bmandarem%2522%2C%2Bsem%2Bque%2Bos%2Bpudessem%2Bvender%2C%2Bpor%2Bserem%2Bcrist%25C3%25A3os%2Be%2Bser%2Bvontade%2Bdo%2Bdoador%2B%2522de%2Bservirem%2Ba%2Bquem%2Bserve%2Ba%2BDeus%2522%281U%29.%2BCaso%2Bsemelhante%2B%25C3%25A9%2Bo%2Bda%2Bdoa%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2Bj%25C3%25A1%2Breferida%2C%2Bpela%2Bvi%25C3%25BAva%2Bdo%2Balcaide-mor%2Bda%2Bvila%2C%2B%25C3%25A0s%2Bmesmas%2Bfreiras%2C%2Bde%2Btr%25C3%25AAs%2Bescravas%2Bdestinadas%2Ba%2Bservi-las%2B%2522das%2Bportas%2Badentro%2522%2Be%2Bde%2Btr%25C3%25AAs%2Bescravos%2Bpara%2Bas%2Bservirem%2B%2522defora%2522%28U5%29.%2BAs%2Bmadres%2Bdo%2Bconvento%2Bde%2BSanta%2BMarta%2Bmandaram%2C%2Bem%2B1546%2C%2Bbuscar%2Bao%2BPorto%2Bum%2Bescravo%2B%25C3%25ADndio%2Bque%2Btinham%2Brecebido%2Bdo%2Bpadre%2BJo%25C3%25A3o%2BPinto%2C%2Bcapel%25C3%25A3o%2Bdo%2Brei%28116%29.%2BNo%2Bcaso%2Bde%2Bestabelecimentos%2Bmasculinos%2Bj%25C3%25A1%2Bn%25C3%25A3o%2Bse%2Bverifica%2Ba%2Bmesma%2Bsitua%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2C%2Bpois%2Bem%2Bnenhum%2Baparecem%2Bescravas.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Fonseca1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge Fonseca (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrlIAAAAYAAJ&q=%C3%ADndio">Os escravos em Évora no século XVI</a> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 of Colecção "Novos estudos eborenses" Volume 2 of Novos Estudos e Eborenses. Câmara Municipal de Évora. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-96965-3-4"><bdi>978-972-96965-3-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+escravos+em+%C3%89vora+no+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=C%C3%A2mara+Municipal+de+%C3%89vora&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-972-96965-3-4&rft.au=Jorge+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrlIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25C3%25ADndio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_S._Dodge1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ernest S. Dodge (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9jOp9SlQIwC&q=The+Portuguese%2C+who+considered+all+Eastern+peoples+legitimate+prey%2C+established+trading+settlements+at+Ningpo+and+in+Fukien%2C+but+both+were+wiped+out+by+massacres+in+1545+and+1549.&pg=PA226">Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia</a>. Vol. 7 of Europe and the World in Age of Expansion. U of Minnesota Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0853-9"><bdi>978-0-8166-0853-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2011. <q>The Portuguese, who considered all Eastern peoples legitimate prey, established trading settlements at Ningpo and in Fukien, but both were wiped out by massacres in 1545 and 1549. For some years the Portuguese were second only to the</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+and+Empires%3A+Western+Impact+on+the+Pacific+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0853-9&rft.au=Ernest+S.+Dodge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9jOp9SlQIwC%26q%3DThe%2BPortuguese%252C%2Bwho%2Bconsidered%2Ball%2BEastern%2Bpeoples%2Blegitimate%2Bprey%252C%2Bestablished%2Btrading%2Bsettlements%2Bat%2BNingpo%2Band%2Bin%2BFukien%252C%2Bbut%2Bboth%2Bwere%2Bwiped%2Bout%2Bby%2Bmassacres%2Bin%2B1545%2Band%2B1549.%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Scott_Latourette1964" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ&q=Ningpo+massacre+1545">The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2</a> (4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 235. Retrieved 18 July 2011. <q>A settlement which the Portuguese established near Ningpo was wiped out by a massacre (1545), and a similar fate overtook a trading colony in Fukien (1549). For a time the Portuguese retained a precarious tenure only on islands south of Canton</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%2C+their+history+and+culture%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=4%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Kenneth+Scott+Latourette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkBwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNingpo%2Bmassacre%2B1545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Scott_Latourette1942" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Scott Latourette (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixAhAAAAMAAJ&q=ningpo+massacre+1545">The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2</a> (2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 313. Retrieved 18 July 2011. <q>A settlement which the Portuguese established near Ningpo was wiped out by a massacre (1545), and a similar fate overtook a trading colony in Fukien (1549). For a time the Portuguese retained a precarious tenure only on islands south of Canton</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%2C+their+history+and+culture%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pages=313&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Kenneth+Scott+Latourette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixAhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dningpo%2Bmassacre%2B1545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_William_Parry1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">John William Parry (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llo-AQAAIAAJ&q=The+Portuguese+succeeded+in+establishing+a+settlement+near+Ningpo+which+was+wiped+out+by+massacre+in+1545;+another+Portuguese+settlement+in+Fukien+province+met+a+similar+fate+in+1549,+but+they+finally+succeeded+in+establishing+a">Spices: The story of spices. The spices described</a>. Vol. 1 of Spices. Chemical Pub. Co. p. 102. Retrieved 18 July 2011. <q>The Portuguese succeeded in establishing a settlement near Ningpo which was wiped out by massacre in 1545; another Portuguese settlement in Fukien province met a similar fate in 1549, but they finally succeeded in establishing a</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spices%3A+The+story+of+spices.+The+spices+described&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Chemical+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft.au=John+William+Parry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dllo-AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BPortuguese%2Bsucceeded%2Bin%2Bestablishing%2Ba%2Bsettlement%2Bnear%2BNingpo%2Bwhich%2Bwas%2Bwiped%2Bout%2Bby%2Bmassacre%2Bin%2B1545%3B%2Banother%2BPortuguese%2Bsettlement%2Bin%2BFukien%2Bprovince%2Bmet%2Ba%2Bsimilar%2Bfate%2Bin%2B1549%2C%2Bbut%2Bthey%2Bfinally%2Bsucceeded%2Bin%2Bestablishing%2Ba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of California) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitold_Rodziński1983" class="citation book cs1">Witold Rodziński (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X63tAAAAMAAJ&q=1545+wiped">A history of China, Volume 1</a> (illustrated ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-021806-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-021806-9"><bdi>978-0-08-021806-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 July 2011. <q>A further attempt was made by the Portuguese in 1 522 by Affonso de Mello Coutinho which also suffered defeat. In spite of these initial setbacks the Portuguese succeeded, probably by bribing local officials, in establishing themselves in Ningpo (Chekiang) and in Ch'uanchou (Fukien), where considerable trade with the Chinese was developed. In both cases, however, the unspeakably brutal behaviours of the Portuguese caused a revulsion of Chinese feeling against the newcomers. In 1545 the Portuguese colony in Ningpo was completely wiped out after three years of existence and later, in 1549, the same fate met the settlement in Ch'iianchou. Somewhat later, the Portuguese did succeed finally in gaining</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+China%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-08-021806-9&rft.au=Witold+Rodzi%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX63tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1545%2Bwiped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.J._Johnson_Company1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">A.J. Johnson Company (1895). Charles Kendall Adams (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsEXAQAAIAAJ&q=Ningpo+has+long+been+an+important+center+of+trade.+In+1522+the+Portuguese+settled+here+by+permission+and+flourished%2C+but+their+rapacity+led+to+their+expulsion+in+1542%2C+when+800+of+the+1%2C200+Portuguese+residents+were+massacred%2C+and+25+Portuguese+vessels+and+42+junks+were+destroyed.+The+city+was+occupied+by+the+British+from+Oct.+13%2C+1841%2C+to+May+7%2C+1842%2C+and+was+captured+Dec.+9%2C1861%2C+by+the+Taipings%2C+who%2C+however%2C+were+compelled+by+the+foreign+fleets+then+in+the+river+to+retire+on+May+10%2C+1%2A862.+It+is+an+important+center+of+missionary+work.+Pop.+estimated+%281893%29+2o5%2C000&pg=PA202">Johnson's universal cyclopedia: a new edition</a>. Vol. 6 of Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia. NEW YORK: D. Appleton, A.J. Johnson. p. 202. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnson%27s+universal+cyclopedia%3A+a+new+edition&rft.place=NEW+YORK&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=D.+Appleton%2C+A.J.+Johnson&rft.date=1895&rft.au=A.J.+Johnson+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsEXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DNingpo%2Bhas%2Blong%2Bbeen%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Btrade.%2BIn%2B1522%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bsettled%2Bhere%2Bby%2Bpermission%2Band%2Bflourished%252C%2Bbut%2Btheir%2Brapacity%2Bled%2Bto%2Btheir%2Bexpulsion%2Bin%2B1542%252C%2Bwhen%2B800%2Bof%2Bthe%2B1%252C200%2BPortuguese%2Bresidents%2Bwere%2Bmassacred%252C%2Band%2B25%2BPortuguese%2Bvessels%2Band%2B42%2Bjunks%2Bwere%2Bdestroyed.%2BThe%2Bcity%2Bwas%2Boccupied%2Bby%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bfrom%2BOct.%2B13%252C%2B1841%252C%2Bto%2BMay%2B7%252C%2B1842%252C%2Band%2Bwas%2Bcaptured%2BDec.%2B9%252C1861%252C%2Bby%2Bthe%2BTaipings%252C%2Bwho%252C%2Bhowever%252C%2Bwere%2Bcompelled%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bforeign%2Bfleets%2Bthen%2Bin%2Bthe%2Briver%2Bto%2Bretire%2Bon%2BMay%2B10%252C%2B1%252A862.%2BIt%2Bis%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Bmissionary%2Bwork.%2BPop.%2Bestimated%2B%25281893%2529%2B2o5%252C000%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(Original from the University of California) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_N1TAAAAYAAJ&q=Ningpo+has+long+been+an+important+center+of+trade.+In+1522+the+Portuguese+settled+here+by+permission+and+flourished%2C+but+their+rapacity+led+to+their+expulsion+in+1542%2C+when+800+of+the+1%2C200+Portuguese+residents+were+massacred%2C+and+25+Portuguese+vessels+and+42+junks+were+destroyed.+The+city+was+occupied+by+the+British+from+Oct.+13%2C+1841%2C+to+May+7%2C+1842%2C+and+was+captured+Dec.+9%2C1861%2C+by+the+Taipings%2C+who%2C+however%2C+were+compelled+by+the+foreign+fleets+then+in+the+river+to+retire+on+May+10%2C+1%2A862.+It+is+an+important+center+of+missionary+work.+Pop.+estimated+%281893%29+2o5%2C000&pg=PA490">Universal cyclopædia and atlas, Volume 8</a>. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. 1909. p. 490. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+cyclop%C3%A6dia+and+atlas%2C+Volume+8&rft.place=NEW+YORK&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_N1TAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNingpo%2Bhas%2Blong%2Bbeen%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Btrade.%2BIn%2B1522%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bsettled%2Bhere%2Bby%2Bpermission%2Band%2Bflourished%252C%2Bbut%2Btheir%2Brapacity%2Bled%2Bto%2Btheir%2Bexpulsion%2Bin%2B1542%252C%2Bwhen%2B800%2Bof%2Bthe%2B1%252C200%2BPortuguese%2Bresidents%2Bwere%2Bmassacred%252C%2Band%2B25%2BPortuguese%2Bvessels%2Band%2B42%2Bjunks%2Bwere%2Bdestroyed.%2BThe%2Bcity%2Bwas%2Boccupied%2Bby%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bfrom%2BOct.%2B13%252C%2B1841%252C%2Bto%2BMay%2B7%252C%2B1842%252C%2Band%2Bwas%2Bcaptured%2BDec.%2B9%252C1861%252C%2Bby%2Bthe%2BTaipings%252C%2Bwho%252C%2Bhowever%252C%2Bwere%2Bcompelled%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bforeign%2Bfleets%2Bthen%2Bin%2Bthe%2Briver%2Bto%2Bretire%2Bon%2BMay%2B10%252C%2B1%252A862.%2BIt%2Bis%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Bmissionary%2Bwork.%2BPop.%2Bestimated%2B%25281893%2529%2B2o5%252C000%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(Original from the New York Public Library) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Kendall_Adams1895" class="citation book cs1">Charles Kendall Adams (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjFOAAAAYAAJ&q=Ningpo+has+long+been+an+important+center+of+trade.+In+1522+the+Portuguese+settled+here+by+permission+and+flourished%2C+but+their+rapacity+led+to+their+expulsion+in+1542%2C+when+800+of+the+1%2C200+Portuguese+residents+were+massacred%2C+and+25+Portuguese+vessels+and+42+junks+were+destroyed.+The+city+was+occupied+by+the+British+from+Oct.+13%2C+1841%2C+to+May+7%2C+1842%2C+and+was+captured+Dec.+9%2C1861%2C+by+the+Taipings%2C+who%2C+however%2C+were+compelled+by+the+foreign+fleets+then+in+the+river+to+retire+on+May+10%2C+1%2A862.+It+is+an+important+center+of+missionary+work.+Pop.+estimated+%281893%29+2o5%2C000&pg=PA202">Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 6</a>. NEW YORK: A.J. Johnson Co. p. 202. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnson%27s+universal+cyclopaedia%2C+Volume+6&rft.place=NEW+YORK&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=A.J.+Johnson+Co.&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Charles+Kendall+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjFOAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNingpo%2Bhas%2Blong%2Bbeen%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Btrade.%2BIn%2B1522%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bsettled%2Bhere%2Bby%2Bpermission%2Band%2Bflourished%252C%2Bbut%2Btheir%2Brapacity%2Bled%2Bto%2Btheir%2Bexpulsion%2Bin%2B1542%252C%2Bwhen%2B800%2Bof%2Bthe%2B1%252C200%2BPortuguese%2Bresidents%2Bwere%2Bmassacred%252C%2Band%2B25%2BPortuguese%2Bvessels%2Band%2B42%2Bjunks%2Bwere%2Bdestroyed.%2BThe%2Bcity%2Bwas%2Boccupied%2Bby%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bfrom%2BOct.%2B13%252C%2B1841%252C%2Bto%2BMay%2B7%252C%2B1842%252C%2Band%2Bwas%2Bcaptured%2BDec.%2B9%252C1861%252C%2Bby%2Bthe%2BTaipings%252C%2Bwho%252C%2Bhowever%252C%2Bwere%2Bcompelled%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bforeign%2Bfleets%2Bthen%2Bin%2Bthe%2Briver%2Bto%2Bretire%2Bon%2BMay%2B10%252C%2B1%252A862.%2BIt%2Bis%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Bmissionary%2Bwork.%2BPop.%2Bestimated%2B%25281893%2529%2B2o5%252C000%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(Original from Princeton University) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Kendall_AdamsRossiter_Johnson1902" class="citation book cs1">Charles Kendall Adams; Rossiter Johnson (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntdTAAAAYAAJ&q=Ningpo+has+long+been+an+important+center+of+trade.+In+1522+the+Portuguese+settled+here+by+permission+and+flourished%2C+but+their+rapacity+led+to+their+expulsion+in+1542%2C+when+800+of+the+1%2C200+Portuguese+residents+were+massacred%2C+and+25+Portuguese+vessels+and+42+junks+were+destroyed.+The+city+was+occupied+by+the+British+from+Oct.+13%2C+1841%2C+to+May+7%2C+1842%2C+and+was+captured+Dec.+9%2C1861%2C+by+the+Taipings%2C+who%2C+however%2C+were+compelled+by+the+foreign+fleets+then+in+the+river+to+retire+on+May+10%2C+1%2A862.+It+is+an+important+center+of+missionary+work.+Pop.+estimated+%281893%29+2o5%2C000&pg=PA490">Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8</a>. NEW YORK: D. Appleton and Company. p. 490. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+cyclopaedia+and+atlas%2C+Volume+8&rft.place=NEW+YORK&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Charles+Kendall+Adams&rft.au=Rossiter+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntdTAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNingpo%2Bhas%2Blong%2Bbeen%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Btrade.%2BIn%2B1522%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bsettled%2Bhere%2Bby%2Bpermission%2Band%2Bflourished%252C%2Bbut%2Btheir%2Brapacity%2Bled%2Bto%2Btheir%2Bexpulsion%2Bin%2B1542%252C%2Bwhen%2B800%2Bof%2Bthe%2B1%252C200%2BPortuguese%2Bresidents%2Bwere%2Bmassacred%252C%2Band%2B25%2BPortuguese%2Bvessels%2Band%2B42%2Bjunks%2Bwere%2Bdestroyed.%2BThe%2Bcity%2Bwas%2Boccupied%2Bby%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bfrom%2BOct.%2B13%252C%2B1841%252C%2Bto%2BMay%2B7%252C%2B1842%252C%2Band%2Bwas%2Bcaptured%2BDec.%2B9%252C1861%252C%2Bby%2Bthe%2BTaipings%252C%2Bwho%252C%2Bhowever%252C%2Bwere%2Bcompelled%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bforeign%2Bfleets%2Bthen%2Bin%2Bthe%2Briver%2Bto%2Bretire%2Bon%2BMay%2B10%252C%2B1%252A862.%2BIt%2Bis%2Ban%2Bimportant%2Bcenter%2Bof%2Bmissionary%2Bwork.%2BPop.%2Bestimated%2B%25281893%2529%2B2o5%252C000%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(Original from the New York Public Library) </li> <li id="cite_note-George_Bryan_Souza_2004_32-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-George_Bryan_Souza_2004_32_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Bryan_Souza_2004_32_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Bryan_Souza2004" class="citation book cs1">George Bryan Souza (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPyg0evI8ykC&q=and+soldiers+5000+slaves+20000+Chinese+1643+2000+moradores+%28Portuguese+inhabitants%29+1644+40000+total+inhabitants+1648&pg=PA32">The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630–1754</a> (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53135-1"><bdi>978-0-521-53135-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>5000 slaves 20000 Chinese 1643 2000 moradores (Portuguese civil citizens) 1644</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survival+of+Empire%3A+Portuguese+Trade+and+Society+in+China+and+the+South+China+Sea+1630%E2%80%931754&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53135-1&rft.au=George+Bryan+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPyg0evI8ykC%26q%3Dand%2Bsoldiers%2B5000%2Bslaves%2B20000%2BChinese%2B1643%2B2000%2Bmoradores%2B%2528Portuguese%2Binhabitants%2529%2B1644%2B40000%2Btotal%2Binhabitants%2B1648%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Adolphe_WurmPeter_MühlhäuslerDarrell_T._Tryon1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Adolphe Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC&q=typical+cross+section+of+the+population+consisted+of+about+600+casados%2C+100-200+other+Portuguese%2C+some+5000+slaves+and+a+growing&pg=PA323">Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013417-9"><bdi>978-3-11-013417-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>The Portuguese population of Macao was never very large. Between the period 1601–1669, a typical cross section of the population consisted of about 600 casados, 100-200 other Portuguese, some 5000 slaves and a growing number of Chinese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+languages+of+intercultural+communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013417-9&rft.au=Stephen+Adolphe+Wurm&rft.au=Peter+M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.au=Darrell+T.+Tryon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoCx0D0iE2QoC%26q%3Dtypical%2Bcross%2Bsection%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpopulation%2Bconsisted%2Bof%2Babout%2B600%2Bcasados%252C%2B100-200%2Bother%2BPortuguese%252C%2Bsome%2B5000%2Bslaves%2Band%2Ba%2Bgrowing%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhidong_Hao2011" class="citation book cs1">Zhidong Hao (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC&q=black+slaves+macao&pg=PA63">Macau History and Society</a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-54-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-54-2"><bdi>978-988-8028-54-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>This is a time when there were most African slaves, about 5100. In comparison there were about 1000 to 2000 during the later Portuguese rule in Macau.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau+History+and+Society&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-988-8028-54-2&rft.au=Zhidong+Hao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP9q1dzVRYQC%26q%3Dblack%2Bslaves%2Bmacao%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Burnard2010" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Burnard (2010). Gad Heuman; Trevor Burnard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_oSu7nW-m0C&q=black+slaves+macao&pg=PA57">The Routledge history of slavery</a> (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46689-9"><bdi>978-0-415-46689-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>South Asia also exported bondspeople: Indians, for example, were exported as slaves to Macao, Japan, Indonesia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+history+of+slavery&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46689-9&rft.au=Trevor+Burnard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db_oSu7nW-m0C%26q%3Dblack%2Bslaves%2Bmacao%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnabel_Jackson2003" class="citation book cs1">Annabel Jackson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwZwFh1aqFUC&pg=PR10">Taste of Macau: Portuguese Cuisine on the China Coast</a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-638-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-638-7"><bdi>978-962-209-638-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Macau%3A+Portuguese+Cuisine+on+the+China+Coast&rft.pages=x&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-962-209-638-7&rft.au=Annabel+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwZwFh1aqFUC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoão_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GglrUksvCUcC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA39">Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</a>. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-5749-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-03-01. <q>To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macao with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. ... but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay – they came to Macao in our boats. Sporadically it was a Chinese woman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5749-3&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGglrUksvCUcC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bslave%2Btanka%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Montalto_de_Jesus1902" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Montalto de Jesus (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmacao00jesugoog">Historic Macao</a> (2 ed.). Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmacao00jesugoog/page/n23">41</a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02. <q>macao Japanese women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Macao&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh%2C+Limited&rft.date=1902&rft.au=C.+A.+Montalto+de+Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricmacao00jesugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_Coates2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Austin Coates (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE-6AgAAQBAJ&q=macao+Japanese+women&pg=PA44">A Macao Narrative</a>. Vol. 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. Hong Kong University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-077-4"><bdi>978-962-209-077-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Macao+Narrative&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-962-209-077-4&rft.au=Austin+Coates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE-6AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmacao%2BJapanese%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_A._WurmPeter_MühlhäuslerDarrell_T._Tryon1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA323">Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4"><bdi>978-3-11-081972-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081972-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamões_Center_(Columbia_University._Research_Institute_on_International_Change)1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Camões Center (Columbia University. Research Institute on International Change) (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPoWAQAAMAAJ&q=and+they+usually+managed+to+get+enough+money+to+buy+Japanese+girls+and+take+them+back+to+Macau+as+concubines.">Camões Center Quarterly, Volume 1</a>. Vol. 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. The Center. p. 29. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cam%C3%B5es+Center+Quarterly%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=The+Center&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Cam%C3%B5es+Center+%28Columbia+University.+Research+Institute+on+International+Change%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPoWAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dand%2Bthey%2Busually%2Bmanaged%2Bto%2Bget%2Benough%2Bmoney%2Bto%2Bbuy%2BJapanese%2Bgirls%2Band%2Btake%2Bthem%2Bback%2Bto%2BMacau%2Bas%2Bconcubines.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Dikötter2015" class="citation book cs1">Frank Dikötter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpGMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">The Discourse of Race in Modern China</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023113-2"><bdi>978-0-19-023113-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Race+in+Modern+China&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023113-2&rft.au=Frank+Dik%C3%B6tter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpGMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Dikotter1992" class="citation book cs1">Frank Dikotter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSjxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Discourse of Race in Modern China: Hong Kong Memoirs</a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-304-1"><bdi>978-962-209-304-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Race+in+Modern+China%3A+Hong+Kong+Memoirs&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-962-209-304-1&rft.au=Frank+Dikotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSjxAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_Bethencourt2014" class="citation book cs1">Francisco Bethencourt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_fSKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4841-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-4841-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisms%3A+From+the+Crusades+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4841-6&rft.au=Francisco+Bethencourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fSKAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaijian_Tang2015" class="citation book cs1">Kaijian Tang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">Setting Off from Macau: Essays on Jesuit History during the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a>. Brill. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30552-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30552-6"><bdi>978-90-04-30552-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+Off+from+Macau%3A+Essays+on+Jesuit+History+during+the+Ming+and+Qing+Dynasties&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30552-6&rft.au=Kaijian+Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3HsCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrani_ChatterjeeRichard_Maxwell_Eaton2006" class="citation book cs1">Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Maxwell Eaton (2006). Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Maxwell Eaton (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&q=african+slaves+macau&pg=PA238">Slavery and South Asian history</a> (illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21873-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21873-5"><bdi>978-0-253-21873-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>Portuguese,"he concluded;"The Portuguese beat us off from Macao with their slaves."10 The same year as the Dutch ... an English witness recorded that the Portuguese defense was conducted primarily by their African slaves, who threw</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+South+Asian+history&rft.pages=238&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21873-5&rft.au=Indrani+Chatterjee&rft.au=Richard+Maxwell+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsh8NHDQHlcC%26q%3Dafrican%2Bslaves%2Bmacau%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=african+slaves+macau&pg=PA544">Middle East and Africa</a>. Taylor & Francis. 1996. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>A miscellaneous assemblage of Portuguese soldiers, citizens, African slaves, friars, and Jesuits managed to withstand the attack. Following this defeat, the Dutch made no further attempts to take Macau, although they continued to harass</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26q%3Dafrican%2Bslaves%2Bmacau%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Miu_Bing_Cheng1999" class="citation book cs1">Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&q=invaded+Macau+on+24+June+1622+but+was+defeated+by+a+handful+of+Portuguese+priests%2C+citizens+and+African+slaves&pg=PA159">Macau: a cultural Janus</a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-486-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-486-4"><bdi>978-962-209-486-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>invaded Macau on 24 June 1622 but was defeated by a handful of Portuguese priests, citizens and African slaves</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%3A+a+cultural+Janus&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-209-486-4&rft.au=Christina+Miu+Bing+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Gr51C1eS1oC%26q%3Dinvaded%2BMacau%2Bon%2B24%2BJune%2B1622%2Bbut%2Bwas%2Bdefeated%2Bby%2Ba%2Bhandful%2Bof%2BPortuguese%2Bpriests%252C%2Bcitizens%2Band%2BAfrican%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Bailey2007" class="citation book cs1">Steven Bailey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw6JYOYgjokC&q=Macau%27s+future+as+a+Dutch+colony+seemed+all+but+assured%2C+since+the+city%27s+...+still+remained+under+construction+and+its+defenders+numbered+only+about+60+soldiers+and+90+civilians%2C+who+ranged+from+Jesuit+priests+to+African+slaves&pg=PA15">Strolling in Macau: A Visitor's Guide to Macau, Taipa, and Coloane</a> (illustrated ed.). ThingsAsian Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9715940-9-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9715940-9-8"><bdi>978-0-9715940-9-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>On June 24, 1622, a Dutch fleet under Captain Kornelis Reyerszoon assembled a landing force of some 800 armed sailors, a number thought more than sufficient to overpower Macau's relatively weak garrison. Macau's future as a Dutch colony seemed all but assured, since the city's ... still remained under construction and its defenders numbered only about 60 soldiers and 90 civilians, who ranged from Jesuit priests to African slaves</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+in+Macau%3A+A+Visitor%27s+Guide+to+Macau%2C+Taipa%2C+and+Coloane&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=ThingsAsian+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9715940-9-8&rft.au=Steven+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLw6JYOYgjokC%26q%3DMacau%2527s%2Bfuture%2Bas%2Ba%2BDutch%2Bcolony%2Bseemed%2Ball%2Bbut%2Bassured%252C%2Bsince%2Bthe%2Bcity%2527s%2B...%2Bstill%2Bremained%2Bunder%2Bconstruction%2Band%2Bits%2Bdefenders%2Bnumbered%2Bonly%2Babout%2B60%2Bsoldiers%2Band%2B90%2Bcivilians%252C%2Bwho%2Branged%2Bfrom%2BJesuit%2Bpriests%2Bto%2BAfrican%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Simms_Hamilton2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ruth Simms Hamilton, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3s8VAQAAIAAJ&q=jan+coen">Routes of passage: rethinking the African diaspora, Volume 1, Part 1</a>. Vol. 1 of African diaspora research. Michigan State University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-632-0"><bdi>978-0-87013-632-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>Jan Coen, who had been sent to establish a Dutch base on the China coast, wrote about the slaves who served the Portuguese so faithfully: "It was they who defeated and drove away our people last year."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routes+of+passage%3A+rethinking+the+African+diaspora%2C+Volume+1%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-632-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3s8VAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Djan%2Bcoen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of California) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentro_de_Estudos_Históricos_Ultramarinos1968" class="citation book cs1">Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gdmAAAAMAAJ&q=coen">Studia, Issue 23</a>. Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. p. 89. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>85, quotes a report from the Dutch governor-general, Coen, in 1623: «The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people last year».</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia%2C+Issue+23&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudos+Hist%C3%B3ricos+Ultramarinos.&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Centro+de+Estudos+Hist%C3%B3ricos+Ultramarinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gdmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcoen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(University of Texas) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThemba_SonoHuman_Sciences_Research_Council1993" class="citation book cs1">Themba Sono; Human Sciences Research Council (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8IEFAQAAIAAJ&q=A+year+later,+Captain+Coen+was+still+harping+on+the+same+theme:+%22The+slaves+of+the+Portuguese+at+Macao+served+them+so+well+and+faithfully,+that+it+was+they+who+defeated+and+drove+away+our+people+there+last+year%22">Japan and Africa: the evolution and nature of political, economic and human bonds, 1543–1993</a>. HSRC. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-1525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-1525-2"><bdi>978-0-7969-1525-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>A year later, Captain Coen was still harping on the same theme: "The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last year". Captain Coen was</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Africa%3A+the+evolution+and+nature+of+political%2C+economic+and+human+bonds%2C+1543%E2%80%931993&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=HSRC&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7969-1525-2&rft.au=Themba+Sono&rft.au=Human+Sciences+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IEFAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DA%2Byear%2Blater%2C%2BCaptain%2BCoen%2Bwas%2Bstill%2Bharping%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Btheme%3A%2B%2522The%2Bslaves%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bat%2BMacao%2Bserved%2Bthem%2Bso%2Bwell%2Band%2Bfaithfully%2C%2Bthat%2Bit%2Bwas%2Bthey%2Bwho%2Bdefeated%2Band%2Bdrove%2Baway%2Bour%2Bpeople%2Bthere%2Blast%2Byear%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Ralph_Boxer1968" class="citation book cs1">Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&q=harping">Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770</a> (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford U.P. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638074-2"><bdi>978-0-19-638074-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>The enemy, it was reported, "had lost many more men than we, albeit mostly slaves. Our people saw very few Portuguese". A year later he was still harping on the same theme. "The slaves of the Portuguese at Macao served them so well and faithfully, that it was they who defeated and drove away our people there last</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidalgos+in+the+Far+East+1550%E2%80%931770&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-638074-2&rft.au=Charles+Ralph+Boxer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUAsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dharping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._D._Coates1988" class="citation book cs1">P. D. Coates (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-MvAAAAMAAJ&q=trade+children">The China consuls: British consular officers, 1843–1943</a> (2, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-584078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-584078-0"><bdi>978-0-19-584078-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>a Portuguese slave trade in male and female children aged between 5 and 8, whom Portuguese bought for $3 to $4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+consuls%3A+British+consular+officers%2C+1843%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-584078-0&rft.au=P.+D.+Coates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-MvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtrade%2Bchildren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988">(the University of Michigan) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Miu_Bing_Cheng1999" class="citation book cs1">Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&q=black+slaves+macau&pg=PA159">Macau: a cultural Janus</a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-486-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-486-4"><bdi>978-962-209-486-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>Apart from being a centre of coolie-slave trade, Macau was also known as the Oriental Monte Carlo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%3A+a+cultural+Janus&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-209-486-4&rft.au=Christina+Miu+Bing+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Gr51C1eS1oC%26q%3Dblack%2Bslaves%2Bmacau%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._G._Clarence-Smith1985" class="citation book cs1">W. G. Clarence-Smith (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LA28AAAAIAAJ&q=19+As+the+African+slave+trade+declined+the+Portuguese+became+involved+in+a+form+of+trade+in+Chinese+labour+which+was+in+effect&pg=PA71">The third Portuguese empire, 1825–1975: a study in economic imperialism</a> (illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press ND. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1719-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-1719-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2011. <q>As the African slave trade declined the Portuguese became involved in a form of trade in Chinese labour which was in effect a Chinese slave trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+third+Portuguese+empire%2C+1825%E2%80%931975%3A+a+study+in+economic+imperialism&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+ND&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1719-3&rft.au=W.+G.+Clarence-Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLA28AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D19%2BAs%2Bthe%2BAfrican%2Bslave%2Btrade%2Bdeclined%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2Bbecame%2Binvolved%2Bin%2Ba%2Bform%2Bof%2Btrade%2Bin%2BChinese%2Blabour%2Bwhich%2Bwas%2Bin%2Beffect%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Samuel_Maclay1861" class="citation book cs1">Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023558921">Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China</a>. Carlton & Porter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023558921/page/n341">336</a>. Retrieved 2011-07-06. <q>mohammedan slaves to beys.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+among+the+Chinese%3A+with+characteristic+sketches+and+incidents+of+missionary+operations+and+prospects+in+China&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Carlton+%26+Porter&rft.date=1861&rft.au=Robert+Samuel+Maclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023558921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Saunders2010" class="citation book cs1">A. Saunders (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&q=portuguese+slaves+padlocks&pg=PA14">A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13003-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13003-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Black+Slaves+and+Freedmen+in+Portugal%2C+1441%E2%80%931555&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13003-5&rft.au=A.+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0TCPWGGVqgC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bslaves%2Bpadlocks%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Saunders2010" class="citation book cs1">A. Saunders (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&q=chains+hot+fat+wax">A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13003-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13003-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Black+Slaves+and+Freedmen+in+Portugal%2C+1441%E2%80%931555&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13003-5&rft.au=A.+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0TCPWGGVqgC%26q%3Dchains%2Bhot%2Bfat%2Bwax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Patterson2002" class="citation book cs1">Charles Patterson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkvY1-t3VxMC&q=portuguese+branded+slaves&pg=PA14">Eternal Treblinka: our treatment of animals and the Holocaust</a>. Lantern Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930051-99-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930051-99-7"><bdi>978-1-930051-99-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Treblinka%3A+our+treatment+of+animals+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-930051-99-7&rft.au=Charles+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkvY1-t3VxMC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bbranded%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxerPereiraCruzRada1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, Charles Ralph</a>; Pereira, Galeote; Cruz, Gaspar da; Rada, Martín de (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImoTAAAAIAAJ">South in the sixteenth century: being the narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550–1575)</a>, Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, pp. 149–152</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+in+the+sixteenth+century%3A+being+the+narratives+of+Galeote+Pereira%2C+Fr.+Gaspar+da+Cruz%2C+O.P.+%5Band%5D+Fr.+Mart%C3%ADn+de+Rada%2C+O.E.S.A.+%281550%E2%80%931575%29&rft.series=Issue+106+of+Works+issued+by+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft.pages=149-152&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ralph&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Galeote&rft.au=Cruz%2C+Gaspar+da&rft.au=Rada%2C+Mart%C3%ADn+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImoTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> (Includes a translation of Gaspar da Cruz's entire book, with <a href="/wiki/C.R._Boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Boxer">C.R. Boxer</a>'s comments) </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Pina-Cabral_2002_114–115-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Pina-Cabral_2002_114–115_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Pina-Cabral_2002_114–115_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Pina-Cabral2002">de Pina-Cabral 2002</a>, pp. 114–115 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Pina-Cabral2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>): "From very early on, it was recognized that the purchase of Chinese persons (particularly female infants) caused no particular problems in Macao, but that the export of these people as slaves was contrary to the safeguarding of peaceable relations with the Chinese authorities. This point is clearly made by a Royal Decree of 1624 ... [t]hese good intentions were, however, difficult to uphold in the territory where the monetary purchase of persons was easily accomplished and the supply very abundant, particularly of young females." </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Suzette_Fernandes_Dias2007" class="citation book cs1">Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHm4AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Japanese+and+the+Chinese+showed+strong+reluctance+to+the+idea+of+their+people+being+taken+as+slaves+by+the+Portuguese.">Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4"><bdi>978-1-84718-111-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+slavery%3A+comparative+perspectives&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-111-4&rft.au=Maria+Suzette+Fernandes+Dias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHm4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BJapanese%2Band%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bshowed%2Bstrong%2Breluctance%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bidea%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bpeople%2Bbeing%2Btaken%2Bas%2Bslaves%2Bby%2Bthe%2BPortuguese.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_João_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1">Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&q=1624+royal+decree&pg=PA115">Between China and Europe: person, and emotion in Macao</a>. Berg Publishers. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5749-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-5749-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5749-3&rft.au=Gary+Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDvOJRO7qu8C%26q%3D1624%2Broyal%2Bdecree%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMancall2007">Mancall 2007</a>, p. 228 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMancall2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roberto_Teixeira_Leite1999" class="citation book cs1">José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundaj.gov.br/china/texto1.rtf">A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras</a>. Editora da Unicamp. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-268-0436-4"><bdi>978-85-268-0436-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+China+no+Brasil%3A+influ%C3%AAncias%2C+marcas%2C+ecos+e+sobreviv%C3%AAncias+chinesas+na+sociedade+e+na+arte+brasileiras&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Editora+da+Unicamp&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-85-268-0436-4&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roberto+Teixeira+Leite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundaj.gov.br%2Fchina%2Ftexto1.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzevedo1922" class="citation book cs1">Azevedo, J. Lucio de (1922). O Marquês de Pombal e a sua época. Annuario do Brasil. p. 332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Marqu%C3%AAs+de+Pombal+e+a+sua+%C3%A9poca&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Annuario+do+Brasil&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Azevedo&rft.aufirst=J.+Lucio+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos1971" class="citation web cs1">Ramos, Luis de Oliveira (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/7680/2/3108.pdf">"Pombal e o esclavagismo"</a> (PDF). Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reposit%C3%B3rio+Aberto+da+Universidade+do+Porto&rft.atitle=Pombal+e+o+esclavagismo&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Luis+de+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio-aberto.up.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10216%2F7680%2F2%2F3108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias2007" class="citation cs2">Dias, Maria Suzette Fernandes (2007), Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 238, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-111-4"><bdi>978-1-84718-111-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+slavery%3A+comparative+perspectives&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-111-4&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Maria+Suzette+Fernandes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Portugal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portugal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal_topics" title="Template talk:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal topics"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&oldid=1252900083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&oldid=1252900083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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