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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conquests under the Kings of Asturias 868-988 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conquests_under_the_Kings_of_Asturias_868-988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_County_of_Portugal_868" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_County_of_Portugal_868"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Founding of the County of Portugal 868 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_County_of_Portugal_868-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_County_of_Coimbra_878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_County_of_Coimbra_878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Founding of the County of Coimbra 878 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_County_of_Coimbra_878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Coimbra_988–1034" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Coimbra_988–1034"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Loss of Coimbra 988–1034 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Coimbra_988–1034-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquest_of_Coimbra_1034–1064" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest_of_Coimbra_1034–1064"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reconquest of Coimbra 1034–1064 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconquest_of_Coimbra_1034–1064-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reconquest of Coimbra 1034–1064 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reconquest_of_Coimbra_1034–1064-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beiras_campaign,_1055–1064" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beiras_campaign,_1055–1064"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Beiras campaign, 1055–1064 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beiras_campaign,_1055–1064-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_County_of_Santarém,_1093" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_County_of_Santarém,_1093"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Founding of the County of Santarém, 1093 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_County_of_Santarém,_1093-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almoravid_campaigns,_1094–1117" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almoravid_campaigns,_1094–1117"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Almoravid campaigns, 1094–1117 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Almoravid_campaigns,_1094–1117-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Almoravid campaigns, 1094–1117 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Almoravid_campaigns,_1094–1117-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Lisbon_and_Sintra,_1094" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Lisbon_and_Sintra,_1094"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Loss of Lisbon and Sintra, 1094 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Lisbon_and_Sintra,_1094-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Santarém,_1111" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Santarém,_1111"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Loss of Santarém, 1111 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Santarém,_1111-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almoravid_campaigns,_1116–1117" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almoravid_campaigns,_1116–1117"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Almoravid campaigns, 1116–1117 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almoravid_campaigns,_1116–1117-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_actions_of_Afonso_Henriques_1135–1142" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_actions_of_Afonso_Henriques_1135–1142"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 First actions of Afonso Henriques 1135–1142 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_actions_of_Afonso_Henriques_1135–1142-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First actions of Afonso Henriques 1135–1142 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_actions_of_Afonso_Henriques_1135–1142-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Ourique,_1139" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Ourique,_1139"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 The Battle of Ourique, 1139 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Ourique,_1139-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_siege_of_Lisbon,_1142" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_siege_of_Lisbon,_1142"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 First siege of Lisbon, 1142 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_siege_of_Lisbon,_1142-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon_and_Santarém_1142–1147" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon_and_Santarém_1142–1147"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Definitive conquest of Lisbon and Santarém 1142–1147 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon_and_Santarém_1142–1147-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitive conquest of Lisbon and Santarém 1142–1147 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon_and_Santarém_1142–1147-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Muridun_Revolt_1144–1445" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Muridun_Revolt_1144–1445"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 The Muridun Revolt 1144–1445 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Muridun_Revolt_1144–1445-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Santarém,_1147" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Santarém,_1147"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Conquest of Santarém, 1147 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Santarém,_1147-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon,_1147" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon,_1147"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 The definitive conquest of Lisbon, 1147 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon,_1147-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_progress_south_of_the_Tagus,_1147–1189" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_progress_south_of_the_Tagus,_1147–1189"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 First progress south of the Tagus, 1147–1189 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_progress_south_of_the_Tagus,_1147–1189-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First progress south of the Tagus, 1147–1189 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_progress_south_of_the_Tagus,_1147–1189-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_siege_of_Badajoz,_1169" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_siege_of_Badajoz,_1169"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 The siege of Badajoz, 1169 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_siege_of_Badajoz,_1169-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almohad_attacks_1170–1173" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almohad_attacks_1170–1173"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Almohad attacks 1170–1173 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almohad_attacks_1170–1173-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truce,_1173–1178" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truce,_1173–1178"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Truce, 1173–1178 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truce,_1173–1178-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_raids_in_Almohad_territory,_1178-1183" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_raids_in_Almohad_territory,_1178-1183"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Portuguese raids in Almohad territory, 1178-1183 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_raids_in_Almohad_territory,_1178-1183-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almohad_attacks_1179–1184" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almohad_attacks_1179–1184"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Almohad attacks 1179–1184 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almohad_attacks_1179–1184-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truce,_1184–1189" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truce,_1184–1189"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Truce, 1184–1189 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truce,_1184–1189-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Silves,_1189" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Silves,_1189"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Siege of Silves, 1189 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Silves,_1189-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_great_Almohad_campaigns,_1190–1191" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_great_Almohad_campaigns,_1190–1191"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 The great Almohad campaigns, 1190–1191 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_great_Almohad_campaigns,_1190–1191-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The great Almohad campaigns, 1190–1191 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_great_Almohad_campaigns,_1190–1191-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1190_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1190_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 1190 campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1190_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1191_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1191_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 1191 campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1191_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation,_1191–1217" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation,_1191–1217"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Consolidation, 1191–1217 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consolidation,_1191–1217-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consolidation, 1191–1217 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consolidation,_1191–1217-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Alarcos,_1195" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Alarcos,_1195"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 The Battle of Alarcos, 1195 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Alarcos,_1195-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Navas_de_Tolosa,_1212" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Navas_de_Tolosa,_1212"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 The Battle of Navas de Tolosa, 1212 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Navas_de_Tolosa,_1212-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_definitive_conquest_of_Alentejo,_1217–1238" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_definitive_conquest_of_Alentejo,_1217–1238"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 The definitive conquest of Alentejo, 1217–1238 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_definitive_conquest_of_Alentejo,_1217–1238-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_definitive_conquest_of_Algarve,_1238–1249" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_definitive_conquest_of_Algarve,_1238–1249"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 The definitive conquest of Algarve, 1238–1249 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_definitive_conquest_of_Algarve,_1238–1249-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">History of Al-Andalus</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> (711–732)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(711)" title="Siege of Córdoba (711)">Siege of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrids</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a> (756–1031)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ibn_Abi_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir">Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa period</a> (1009–1110)</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid rule</a> (1085–1145)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty#Iberian_Peninsula" title="Almoravid dynasty">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagrajas" title="Battle of Sagrajas">Battle of Sagrajas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa period</a> (1140–1203)</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad rule</a> (1147–1238)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa period</a> (1232–1287)</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> (1232–1492)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait" title="Battle of the Strait">Battle of the Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portugal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Template:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Template talk:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Portuguese participation in the Reconquista</a> occurred from when the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/868" title="868">868</a> and continued for 381 years until the last cities still in Muslim control in the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> were captured in <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>. Portugal was created during this prolonged process and largely owes its geographic form to it. The Portuguese Reconquista involved the participation of north European crusaders passing through Portuguese coasts en route to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Englishmen</a>, French, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germans</a>, most notably at the conquest of Lisbon in 1147, but also in 1142, 1154, 1189, 1191 and 1217. Many settled in Portugal at the invitation of king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a> or his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> While the initial stages of the Portuguese Reconquista were marked by the participation of the upper aristocracy, as the frontier was steadily pushed further south initiative was yielded to minor nobles, town militiamen and <a href="/wiki/Knight-villein" title="Knight-villein">peasant knights</a> willing to go on lengthy campaigns. The final stages of Portuguese military effort in the south were mostly undertaken by the military Orders, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Knights of Santiago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers</a> to a lesser degree. The threat of Muslim raids also prompted the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a>, the oldest in the world still in operation. While the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">Count of Portugal</a> was a major vassal of León, at the time of independence, the economy of Portugal was relatively underdeveloped, and there was no <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-disney85-2">[2]</a> The capture of spoils or extraction of tribute provided momentary income but it was largely unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-disney85-2">[2]</a> Defensive needs motivated the settlement and economic development of the territory and this in turn provided the means for further expansion. Religious Orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> led the way in agricultural development through a system of <a href="/wiki/Monastic_grange" title="Monastic grange">granges</a> worked by lay brothers who enabled them to maintain agricultural and cattle enterprises of a sophistication and scale previously unheard of in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-disney85-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military Orders</a> later adopted similar economies and scale and introduced notably sophisticated methods of production, irrigation and fortification.<a href="#cite_note-disney86-3">[3]</a> As Islam receded, Portuguese cities became steadily more prosperous and larger, with signs of an international Portuguese maritime trade appearing by the thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-disney86-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The expansion of Portugal was vital to the legitimization of Afonso I as an independent sovereign, with the Papal decree <a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a> acknowledging Afonsos efforts in the reconquest of territory back to Christendom as "manifestly proven" and his claims to the title of king as worthy of recognition.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In 711, a Muslim army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> of Damascus, invaded the Iberian peninsula then controlled in its entirety by the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>. The Visigoths and their king, <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a>, were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a> and from that moment on the peninsula was quickly captured by Muslims forces, which included Arabs and Berbers, in about two years thereafter. Eleven years later Pelagius revolted against the Muslim occupation in Asturias and in 722 defeated a Muslim force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">Battle of Covadonga</a>, expelled the Muslim governor <a href="/wiki/Munuza" title="Munuza">Munuza</a> from the region and founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a>. This kingdom gradually expanded across the mountainous north of the Iberian peninsula, capturing <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">Leon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> among other territories and it would be under the aegis of its kings that 146 years later Christian rule would reach the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro River</a>, where the city and region of Portucale, now <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, was located. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquests_under_the_Kings_of_Asturias_868-988">Conquests under the Kings of Asturias 868-988</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conquests under the Kings of Asturias 868-988">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_County_of_Portugal_868">Founding of the County of Portugal 868</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding of the County of Portugal 868">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_875.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian peninsula in 875.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></div> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III of Asturias</a>, 157 years after the invasion of the Iberian peninsula by Muslims, the nobleman <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADmara_Peres" title="Vímara Peres">Vímara Peres</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and its territory, then called Portucale, or Portugal, at a time when the head of royal guard of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emir of Cordoba</a> had revolted. Vímara Peres was granted broad privileges and the territory began to be settled by families belonging to the high nobility, few in number and related to royalty. The capture and occupation of territory continued and in <a href="/wiki/870" title="870">870</a> <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> was settled and its territory was organized under the personal guidance of Vímara Peres. In the same year, São Miguel do Paraíso (<a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>) was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Luc%C3%ADdio_Vimaranes" title="Lucídio Vimaranes">Lucídio Vimaranes</a>, son of Vimara Peres.<a href="#cite_note-barroca182-6">[6]</a> Still in 870, <a href="/wiki/Negrelos_(S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9)" title="Negrelos (São Tomé)">São Tomé de Negrelos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santo_Tirso" title="Santo Tirso">Santo Tirso</a>) was occupied by Flomarico and his wife Gundila, as well as by Scelemondo with his wife Astragundia.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Count Odoário seized <a href="/wiki/Chaves,_Portugal" title="Chaves, Portugal">Chaves</a> in 872, and from this city the process of capture and resettlement of the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes" title="Trás-os-Montes">Trás-os-Montes</a> began, first in and around the fertile lands of the Chaves valley.<a href="#cite_note-barroca182-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_County_of_Coimbra_878">Founding of the County of Coimbra 878</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of the County of Coimbra 878">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_900.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian peninsula in 900.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Coimbra" title="County of Coimbra">County of Coimbra</a></div> The city of <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> was seized by Count <a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Guterres" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermenegildo Guterres">Hermenegildo Guterres</a> in 878.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Other locations south of the Douro were then taken and resettled by order of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III of Asturias</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamego" title="Lamego">Lamego</a>, and Anégia (<a href="/wiki/Gondomar,_Portugal" title="Gondomar, Portugal">Gondomar</a>) where the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Cividade now stands specifically. Lardosa, in the current parish of Rans (<a href="/wiki/Penafiel_(parish)" title="Penafiel (parish)">Penafiel</a>) was seized in 882 by Muzara and Zamora, two <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabs</a> most likely coming from the south.<a href="#cite_note-barroca182-6">[6]</a> The Christian border progressed nearly 200 km south along the coast, passing from the Douro River to the <a href="/wiki/Mondego_River" title="Mondego River">Mondego</a> valley but inland the border ran northeast along the <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Estrela" title="Serra da Estrela">Estrela mountain range</a> on the northern slope but probably did not exceed the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Coa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Coa">Côa River</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_of_Coimbra_988–1034">Loss of Coimbra 988–1034</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loss of Coimbra 988–1034">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique_en_1002.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian peninsula in 1002</figcaption></figure> The territory between the Douro and the Mondego remained in Christian hands for more than a century until the late 10th century campaigns of the notable vizier of Cordoba <a href="/wiki/Almanzor" title="Almanzor">Almançor</a>, in 986, 987, 995 and 997, which brought the frontier back to the Douro river valley. Braga was sacked in 985 and two years later Almançor captured Coimbra, <a href="/wiki/Seia" title="Seia">Seia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamego" title="Lamego">Lamego</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconquest_of_Coimbra_1034–1064">Reconquest of Coimbra 1034–1064</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reconquest of Coimbra 1034–1064">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbra_(1064)" title="Siege of Coimbra (1064)">Siege of Coimbra (1064)</a></div> Civil-war broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Cordoba</a> in 1009 and this would ultimately result in the fragmentation of the Andaluz into several independent and rival emirates or <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a> states, a circumstance which benefited the Christian kingdoms to the north. In 1028 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V of León</a> sieged <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a>, however he was killed in the action by a <a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">crossbow bolt</a> shot from the walls.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> On October 14, 1034, Gonçalo Trastamires da Maia reconquered <a href="/wiki/Montemor-o-Velho" title="Montemor-o-Velho">Montemor-o-Velho</a>, thus bringing the border to the Mondego river.<a href="#cite_note-livermore39-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beiras_campaign,_1055–1064">Beiras campaign, 1055–1064</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beiras campaign, 1055–1064">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1065.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian peninsula in 1065.</figcaption></figure> In 1054, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I of León</a> prepared a military campaign in <a href="/wiki/Tierra_de_Campos" title="Tierra de Campos">Tierra de Campos</a> with the intention of recapturing the territories which had been lost to the Muslims in the west of the peninsula. In the summer of the following year he crossed the river Douro from <a href="/wiki/Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a> and entered Portugal. Between 1055 and 1063 the emperor captured the castle of Seia on the slopes of the Estrela mountain range; the castle of <a href="/wiki/Tarouca" title="Tarouca">Tarouca</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lamego" title="Lamego">Lamego</a> on November 29, 1057; the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Marialva" title="Castle of Marialva">castle of Marialva</a>; Viseu was recaptured on July 25, 1057, the attack on this city having been encouraged by the spirit of retaliation after the death of Afonso V during the unsuccessful siege of 1028. São Martinho de Mouro (<a href="/wiki/Resende,_Portugal" title="Resende, Portugal">Resende</a>), <a href="/wiki/Travanca_(Santa_Maria_da_Feira)" title="Travanca (Santa Maria da Feira)">Travanca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira" title="Santa Maria da Feira">Santa Maria da Feira</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Penalva_do_Castelo" title="Penalva do Castelo">Penalva do Castelo</a> were also recaptured.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1063, the Emperor carried out a large raid against the taifas of <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, from which he began receiving tribute and in this same year the mozarabic lord of <a href="/wiki/Tent%C3%BAgal" title="Tentúgal">Tentúgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisnando_Davides" title="Sisnando Davides">Dom Sisnando Davides</a> proposed to Emperor Ferdinand the capture of nearby Coimbra. Dom Sesnando had served in the Court of Cordoba and married the daughter of the last count of Portugal. The Emperor accepted the proposal and an expedition was prepared in December. After a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> that included the entire royal family, Coimbra was beset on January 20, 1064, and fell to Christian hands on July 9, 1064, after a six-month siege.<a href="#cite_note-livermore39-11">[11]</a> Dom Sesnando was attributed the city and the region as <a href="/wiki/County_of_Coimbra" title="County of Coimbra">Count of Coimbra</a>, a position which he would hold until his death in 1091.<a href="#cite_note-livermore39-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_County_of_Santarém,_1093">Founding of the County of Santarém, 1093</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Founding of the County of Santarém, 1093">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg/220px-Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg/330px-Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg/440px-Muralhas_de_Santar%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Walls of the citadel of Santarém.</figcaption></figure> When Emperor Ferdinand died in 1065, his realm was divided among this three sons and Garcia received the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a> with the counties of Portugal and Coimbra. Six years later, Count <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Mendes_(count)" title="Nuno Mendes (count)">Nuno Mendes</a> of Portugal revolted but was defeated and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pedroso" title="Battle of Pedroso">Battle of Pedroso</a>. The title and office of Count of Portugal was abolished and Portugal lost its autonomy. In 1090, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Burgundy" title="Raymond of Burgundy">Raymond of Burgundy</a> married the daughter and heir of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Emperor Alfonso VI</a> and later received the title of <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Galicia">count of Galicia</a> with authority over all the territory in the west of the peninsula from Galicia to Coimbra. The mozarabic count of Coimbra <a href="/wiki/Martim_Moniz_de_Ribadouro" class="mw-redirect" title="Martim Moniz de Ribadouro">Martim Moniz de Ribadouro</a> was sacked from his position and relegated to the minor governorship of <a href="/wiki/Arouca,_Portugal" title="Arouca, Portugal">Arouca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> At a time when the Almoravid emir <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ibn_Tashfin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Ibn Tashfin">Yusuf Ibn Tashfin</a> sought to annex all the small taifa stats in the peninsula, the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">emir of Badajoz</a> offered to become a tributary vassal and to hand over the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a> to the Emperor of Leon in exchange for military protection.<a href="#cite_note-livermore47-14">[14]</a> The Emperor was in Coimbra on April 22, 1093, and on the occasion confirmed the charter of privileges of this city. Lisbon, Sintra and Santarém were then occupied between April 30 and May 8, 1093. Soeiro Mendes was tasked with defending the territory as Count of Santarém.<a href="#cite_note-livermore47-14">[14]</a> Mendes was subordinate to Raymond, tasked with defending all the territory from Galicia to the Tagus.<a href="#cite_note-livermore47-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Almoravid_campaigns,_1094–1117">Almoravid campaigns, 1094–1117</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Almoravid campaigns, 1094–1117">edit</a>]</div> The delivery of territory to Christians caused outrage among Muslims in Andaluz and the Maghreb and the residents of Santarém, Lisbon and Sintra requested the Almoravid emir <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf Ibn Tashfin</a> to intervene on their behalf, shortly after Soeiro Mendes had taken possession of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-livermore47-14">[14]</a> A few months later in 1093 still, the Almoravid general Seyr landed in Iberia with a numerous army and orders to annex Badajoz, Lisbon, Sintra and Santarém.<a href="#cite_note-livermore47-14">[14]</a> Badajoz was attacked in the Spring of 1094. The emir of the city along with his children were assassinated and the city taken before Raymon could intervene.<a href="#cite_note-livermore47-14">[14]</a> Count Raymond gathered a force at Coimbra along with the Bishops of Santiago and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lugo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Lugo">Lugo</a> and many Galician knights however upon marching out he was routed in battle and forced to return to Christian territory.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_Lisbon_and_Sintra,_1094">Loss of Lisbon and Sintra, 1094</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Loss of Lisbon and Sintra, 1094">edit</a>]</div> Lisbon and Sintra surrendered to the Almoravids in 1094. Besieged by Almoravid forces, Soeiro Mendes, resisted vigorously in Santarém until Seyr withdrew to north Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseFlag1095.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PortugueseFlag1095.svg/220px-PortugueseFlag1095.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PortugueseFlag1095.svg/330px-PortugueseFlag1095.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PortugueseFlag1095.svg/440px-PortugueseFlag1095.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the count of Portugal</figcaption></figure> Count Raymonds lack of capacity against the Muslims dictated his loss of prestige at the Leonese Court. In 1096 his cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal" title="Henry, Count of Portugal">Henry</a> was made new Count of Portugal and attributed the territory between the river Minho and Mondego. In 1102, count Henry defeated a Muslim force at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arouca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Arouca (page does not exist)">Battle of Arouca</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz_o_Aio" title="Egas Moniz o Aio">Egas Moniz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_Santarém,_1111">Loss of Santarém, 1111</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loss of Santarém, 1111">edit</a>]</div> In 1110 Count Henry dispatched the adail Soeiro Fromarigues to Santarém with a number of troops to reinforce the city against the almoravids, who threatened the southern frontier. These forces were however attacked while encamped at Vatalandi, an unknown location close to the Tagus. Soeiro Fromarigues and the knight Miro Crescones were killed in action. The following year, Santarém was again besieged by an army led by Seyr. Lacking sufficient forces to resist effectively or sure relief, the city fell to the Almoravids and the county of Santarém was abolished. Count Henry died in 1112 and his wife <a href="/wiki/Theresa,_Countess_of_Portugal" title="Theresa, Countess of Portugal">Teresa</a> took over as regent for their young son <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Henriques" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Henriques">Afonso Henriques</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almoravid_campaigns,_1116–1117">Almoravid campaigns, 1116–1117</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Almoravid campaigns, 1116–1117">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theresa_of_Portugal_(1080-1130)_mini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Theresa_of_Portugal_%281080-1130%29_mini.jpg/220px-Theresa_of_Portugal_%281080-1130%29_mini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Theresa_of_Portugal_%281080-1130%29_mini.jpg/330px-Theresa_of_Portugal_%281080-1130%29_mini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Theresa_of_Portugal_%281080-1130%29_mini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>The regent-countess Teresa.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbra_(1117)" title="Siege of Coimbra (1117)">Siege of Coimbra (1117)</a></div> New Almoravid attacks had been expected ever since the death of Count Henry, however only in 1116 did an Almoravid army commanded by Abd al-Malik advance against Coimbra and its territory.<a href="#cite_note-livermore55-56-16">[16]</a> The Almoravids massacred the garrison of the castle of <a href="/wiki/Miranda_do_Corvo" title="Miranda do Corvo">Miranda do Corvo</a> and captured the garrison of Santa Eulália, including its alcaide Diogo Galinha.<a href="#cite_note-livermore55-56-16">[16]</a> The inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Soure,_Portugal" title="Soure, Portugal">Soure</a> abandoned their castle and sought refuge in Coimbra.<a href="#cite_note-livermore55-56-16">[16]</a> Its outskirts were attacked and destroyed, after which the Almoravids withdrew south.<a href="#cite_note-livermore55-56-16">[16]</a> This same year the Almoravids captured <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, the last independent taifa state in Iberia, thus bringing the entirety of the Andaluz under their authority. Coimbra was attacked in 1117 by the Almoravid emir <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali Ibn Yusuf</a> at the head of a large army which included both Africans as well as Andalucians, "as many as the grains of sand of the sea" according to one source.<a href="#cite_note-livermore55-56-16">[16]</a> On this occasion the Almoravids landed at <a href="/wiki/Montemor-o-Velho" title="Montemor-o-Velho">Montemor-o-Velho</a> and proceeded to sack the outer suburbs from there, capturing and killing people. The Portuguese once more sought refuge behind the walls of Coimbra, where the regent-Countess Teresa could be found at this time. The city was subjected to almost daily assaults beginning in late June, but the Almoravids were unable to capture Coimbra. After 20 days Ali Ibn Yusuf withdrew to Seville in early July. Keeping Coimbra would have proven difficult for the Almoravids. Thousands perished in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The siege of Coimbra marked the height of Almoravid power in Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After the successful defense of Coimbra, Teresa henceforth signed as "queen". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/220px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/330px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/440px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Templar cross.</figcaption></figure> In 1128, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a> settled in Portugal after Teresa donated the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Soure" title="Castle of Soure">Castle of Soure</a> to the Order.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The castle had been erected close to Coimbra in the second half of the 11th century by Sisnando Davides, on the road that connected Coimbra to Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_actions_of_Afonso_Henriques_1135–1142">First actions of Afonso Henriques 1135–1142</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First actions of Afonso Henriques 1135–1142">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Henriques" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Henriques">Afonso Henriques</a> took over the government of the county of Portugal. In 1135 founded the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Leiria" title="Castle of Leiria">Castle of Leiria</a>, roughly halfway between Coimbra and Santarém, defending an important road between the two cities. Its garrison was tasked not only with defending the access to Coimbra from the south, but also to attack Santarém and its surrounding territory, raiding fields, capturing persons, ambushing caravans until the city was weak enough to be taken by assault. The founding of Leiria was the first hostile act carried out by Afonso towards the Muslims. <a href="/wiki/Torres_Novas" title="Torres Novas">Torres Novas</a> was also captured. Dom Paio Guterres was left as alcaide of Leiria and he launched so many successful attacks against the territory of Santarém that in 1137 the castle was assaulted and razed, with over 250 men among knights and footmen being killed.<a href="#cite_note-livermore63-21">[21]</a> Torres Novas was lost. A Portuguese force was also wiped out close to the banks of the River Nabão, modern-day Tomar River.<a href="#cite_note-livermore63-21">[21]</a> Leiria was later recaptured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Ourique,_1139">The Battle of Ourique, 1139</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Battle of Ourique, 1139">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azulejo_L_(4845697363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Azulejo_L_%284845697363%29.jpg/220px-Azulejo_L_%284845697363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Azulejo_L_%284845697363%29.jpg/330px-Azulejo_L_%284845697363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Azulejo_L_%284845697363%29.jpg/440px-Azulejo_L_%284845697363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Commeorative azulejo tile panel dedicated to the Battle of Ourique.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">Battle of Ourique</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tuy" title="Treaty of Tuy">Treaty of Tuy</a> was signed and peace sealed with Emperor Alfonso VII of León, king Afonso Henriques led a major raid in Muslim territory.<a href="#cite_note-martins39-57-22">[22]</a> The moment was well selected as the Leonese had laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oreja" title="Siege of Oreja">sieged Oreja</a> and the Almoravids would have been preoccupied with aiding the beleaguered castle. Little resistance could thus be mounted by the western garrisons against the Portuguese king and his troops, who faced little resistance as they advanced.<a href="#cite_note-martins39-57-22">[22]</a> The Portuguese numbered about 800 to 1000 knights and 1600 to 2000 footmen, among spearmen and crossbowmen. On their way back they were intercepted by a Muslim force commanded by "Esmar", likely the governor of Cordoba Muhammad Az-Zubayr Ibn Umar at Ourique.<a href="#cite_note-martins39-57-22">[22]</a> The Muslim commander had gathered whatever forces could be collected from <a href="/wiki/Beja,_Portugal" title="Beja, Portugal">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elvas" title="Elvas">Elvas</a>, thereby forming a relatively numerous host.<a href="#cite_note-martins39-57-22">[22]</a> When they attempted to attack the Portuguese camp set upon a hill however, the Portuguese sallied out to meet them on the open field and routed them with a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> charge.<a href="#cite_note-martins39-57-22">[22]</a> On the day of the Battle of Ourique, Afonso was acclaimed as king by his men in the old Germanic fashion, by being raised atop his shield. Henceforth he signed always as "rex".<a href="#cite_note-martins39-57-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_siege_of_Lisbon,_1142">First siege of Lisbon, 1142</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First siege of Lisbon, 1142">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Leiria_(vista_geral).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castelo_de_Leiria_%28vista_geral%29.JPG/220px-Castelo_de_Leiria_%28vista_geral%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castelo_de_Leiria_%28vista_geral%29.JPG/330px-Castelo_de_Leiria_%28vista_geral%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castelo_de_Leiria_%28vista_geral%29.JPG/440px-Castelo_de_Leiria_%28vista_geral%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Leiria castle.</figcaption></figure> After the Battle of Ourique, a Muslim force under the command of Ismar attacked Leiria in 1140 and once again razed it.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Muslims then marched on Portugal and raided the territory as far as <a href="/wiki/Trancoso,_Portugal" title="Trancoso, Portugal">Trancoso</a>, but in the end were repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Once peace was signed with Emperor Alfonso VII of Leon after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valdevez" title="Battle of Valdevez">Battle of Valdevez</a>, Afonso Henriques marched south with his men, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro river</a> close to Lamego, and routed the Muslims at Trancoso, which he expelt from the territory.<a href="#cite_note-herculano266-25">[25]</a> On his way back from this campaign he founded the Monastery of Tarouca.<a href="#cite_note-herculano266-25">[25]</a> In 1142, a fleet of English and Norman crusaders who had departed from Southampton and Hasting on their way to the Holy Land called at <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia" title="Vila Nova de Gaia">Gaia</a>, blown off-course due to bad weather.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> King Afonso convinced them to support his projected campaign against Lisbon, the ownership of which would yield him the control of all the territory between Leiria and the Tagus in one fell swoop. The crusader fleet sailed up the Tagus as the Portuguese attacked Lisbon on the land side, however the attack had to be called off due to disagreements between the crusaders and Afonso. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon_and_Santarém_1142–1147">Definitive conquest of Lisbon and Santarém 1142–1147</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Definitive conquest of Lisbon and Santarém 1142–1147">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1144.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian peninsula in 1144.</figcaption></figure> Afonso probably refounded the Castle of Leiria on his return to Coimbra from his failed attack on Lisbon. This was the first step towards the recapture of the Extremadura as far as the Tagus. Peace was sealed with Leon in 1143 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a>, thereby securing the northern Portuguese border against Leonese attack. In 1144 the Almoravids left Santarém and pillaged the Templar castle of Soure under the command of Esmar, who took the defenders captive.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem44-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Muridun_Revolt_1144–1445">The Muridun Revolt 1144–1445</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Muridun Revolt 1144–1445">edit</a>]</div> Almoravid power in Iberia began to crumble in 1144 when the <a href="/wiki/Mur%C4%ABd%C5%ABn" title="Murīdūn">muridun</a> staged a major revolt in the <a href="/wiki/Gharb_al-Andalus" title="Gharb al-Andalus">Gharb</a>, led by the Sufi mystic <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_ibn_Qasi" title="Abu al-Qasim ibn Qasi">Ibn Qasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livermore56-28">[28]</a> Ibn Qasi was a radical anti-Almoravid millenarian whose writings displayed strong <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> esoterist tendencies and had given up leisurely life.<a href="#cite_note-casewit-29">[29]</a> A complex combination of Almohad theology, claims to <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a>, a spiritualist idea of Islam, the legal pedantry of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a> jurists and the disturbing amount of wealth of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> probably lay at the root of his revolt.<a href="#cite_note-casewit-29">[29]</a> He captured <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rtola" title="Mértola">Mértola</a> with the help of Ibn al-Qabila and 70 murids in 1144.<a href="#cite_note-casewit-29">[29]</a> With the aid of governor of Évora Ibn Wazir and Muhammad Ibn al-Mundhir Ibn Qasi captured Silves, Évora, Beja, <a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Spain" title="Niebla, Spain">Niebla</a> and organized two unsuccessful attacks against Seville and Cordoba.<a href="#cite_note-casewit-29">[29]</a> The revolt of the muridun greatly weakened the ability of the Almoravids to respond to external threats, indirectly aiding the Christians.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The muridun split in 1145 and Ibn Qasi was deposed by Ibn Wazir.<a href="#cite_note-livermore56-28">[28]</a> He then joined the Almohads, who placed him in charge of Silves.<a href="#cite_note-casewit-29">[29]</a> That same year, Afonso Henriques led a raid into Muslim territory that reached as far as Beja, from which he and his party returned loaded with spoils.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem44-27">[27]</a> In 1145 still, the Templars were granted the <a href="/wiki/Castelo_de_Longroiva" title="Castelo de Longroiva">castle of Longroiva</a> by Afonso Henriques' sister Sancha and her husband Fernão Mendes de Bragança II.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Santarém,_1147">Conquest of Santarém, 1147</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conquest of Santarém, 1147">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_(Roque_Gameiro,_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal,_1917).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/220px-Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/330px-Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/440px-Tomada_de_Santar%C3%A9m_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The scaling of Santarém, by Roque Gameiro.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Santar%C3%A9m" title="Conquest of Santarém">Conquest of Santarém</a></div> In order to spy the defenses of Santarém, Afonso dispatched Mem Ramires to the city under the pretext of speaking with the templars taken captive at Soure. The moment to attack Santarém had been well picked as the Almoravid authority was disintegrating in Iberia and in Africa due to revolts, especially because of the Almohads. On March 10 the king departed from Coimbra with 250 men, among templar knights and footmen and at the end of five days march done by night and by secondary paths, they camped at Pernes. By dawn of the following day, the walls of Santarém were scaled by a small group of men commanded by Mem Ramires, who then opened the gates to the king and his men, waiting outside. Thus the city fell under Portuguese control. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_definitive_conquest_of_Lisbon,_1147">The definitive conquest of Lisbon, 1147</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The definitive conquest of Lisbon, 1147">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Lisbon_by_Roque_Gameiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The siege of Lisbon, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Roque_Gameiro" title="Alfredo Roque Gameiro">Roque Gameiro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon" title="Siege of Lisbon">Siege of Lisbon</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Edessa">fall of Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eugenius III">Pope Eugenius III</a> called for a new crusade and under these circumstances a new crusader fleet totalling 164 ships anchored at Porto on June 16, 1147, on their way to the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Porto">Bishop of Porto</a> Pedro Pitões II convinced them to participate in the projected siege to Lisbon. The host of Afonso Henriques departed from Coimbra on 6 of June and when the crusader fleet sailed up the Tagus on June 28, the Portuguese had already pitched camp in Mount São Gens, to the north. The king was accompanied by some of the most distinguished figures among the nobility at the time, such as Fernão Mendes II of Braganza and the royal ensign Fernão Peres Cativo, along with other minor nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Martim_Moniz" title="Martim Moniz">Martim Moniz</a>, who would perish in the siege. The Portuguese probably numbered about 3000 men, while the crusaders totalled 10,000 to 13,000 persons.<a href="#cite_note-martins79-101-32">[32]</a> On June 29 the king met with the main crusader leaders in order to decide how the spoils would be divided, and it was agreed that the crusaders would keep whatever plunder they carry, the prisoners and their ransom, as well as future trading rights, while the king would keep the city and its houses, so he could reward them as a prize to the participants of the siege who expressed the desire to settle in Lisbon. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Lisbon_-_Muslim_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The surrender of Lisbon, 18th century painting by Joaquim Rodrigues Braga.</figcaption></figure> The Muslims refused an offer to surrender peacefully. The English and Normans pitched their camp to the west of the city while the Germans and Flemish chose the place where the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente_de_Fora" title="Monastery of São Vicente de Fora">Monastery of São Vicente de Fora</a> now stands. A harsh siege followed in which the outer suburbs were violently taken and traction trebuchtes, underground mines and a large movable siege tower were used. At the end of three months and 20 days the Muslim defenders were severely afflicted by hunger and plague due to a lack of room to bury the dead and asked to surrender. The king solemnly entered the city on October 25.<a href="#cite_note-martins79-101-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_progress_south_of_the_Tagus,_1147–1189">First progress south of the Tagus, 1147–1189</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: First progress south of the Tagus, 1147–1189">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> on the southern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> was taken during the siege of Lisbon, while <a href="/wiki/Palmela" title="Palmela">Palmela</a> was abandoned by its garrison once Lisbon fell. <a href="/wiki/%C3%93bidos,_Portugal" title="Óbidos, Portugal">Óbidos</a> was scaled during the night and forcibly taken by a group of men led by <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Mendes_da_Maia" title="Gonçalo Mendes da Maia">Gonçalo Mendes da Maia</a> on 11 January 1148.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1151, Ibn Qasi revolted against the Almohads in Silves and sought the protection of the Portuguese king Afonso.<a href="#cite_note-casewit65-34">[34]</a> When this pact became public he was murdered and decapitated by a group of dissenters.<a href="#cite_note-casewit65-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_(37505690132).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_%2837505690132%29.jpg/220px-Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_%2837505690132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_%2837505690132%29.jpg/330px-Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_%2837505690132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_%2837505690132%29.jpg/440px-Alcac%C3%A9r_do_Sal_DSC_0602_%2837505690132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Castle of Alcácer do Sal">Castle of Alcácer do Sal</a>.</figcaption></figure> Afonso Henriques tried to personally take <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Alcácer do Sal">Alcácer do Sal</a> by surprise in 1151 at the head of a party of men, like he had done at Santarém, however the Portuguese were detected and the king wounded, hence he returned to Lisbon. After three years at peace, Alcácer do Sal was attacked by Afonso Henriques, however the Muslim stronghold resisted. A third attack was made against Alcácer in 1157 with the support of a crusader fleet commanded by the count of Flanders <a href="/wiki/Thierry,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Thierry, Count of Flanders">Thierry of Alsace</a> however the Christians were rebuffed once more.<a href="#cite_note-Hazard413-35">[35]</a> In April 1158 Alcácer was taken at the end of a sixty days siege.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazard413-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beja,_Portugal" title="Beja, Portugal">Beja</a> was taken by militiamen from Santarém in December 1159 but it was abandoned on April of the following year. A pitched battle took place in Alentejo between the Almohads and the Portuguese, who were routed. Beja was attacked and plundered once more by the Portuguese in late November 1162. In 1165 <a href="/wiki/Sesimbra" title="Sesimbra">Sesimbra</a> was taken by force and Palmela, which had since been reoccupied by the Muslims, surrendered to Afonso Henriques.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In November 30 of this same year, king Afonso donated the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Monsanto" title="Castle of Monsanto">castle of Monsanto</a> to the Templars. Still in 1165, <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_the_Fearless" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldo the Fearless">Geraldo the Fearless</a> took <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Trujillo, Cáceres">Trujillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, both in the middle of the night and then offered the latter city to Afonso Henriques, apparently in exchange for a large sum of money, and the king then made him its alcaide. The following year Geraldo took <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A1nchez" title="Montánchez">Montánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alconchel" title="Alconchel">Alconchel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpa" title="Serpa">Serpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juromenha" title="Juromenha">Juromenha</a>, the last of which became Geraldos base for attacks against the major city of <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1166 still the warrior monks of a recently created Catholic military Order settled at Évora, however by order of the Pope they were then integrated in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruz_Calatrava.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cruz_Calatrava.svg/220px-Cruz_Calatrava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cruz_Calatrava.svg/330px-Cruz_Calatrava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cruz_Calatrava.svg/440px-Cruz_Calatrava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Cross of Calatrava.</figcaption></figure> In 1167, Gonçalo Mendes da Maia captured the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Noudar" title="Castle of Noudar">Castle of Noudar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_siege_of_Badajoz,_1169">The siege of Badajoz, 1169</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The siege of Badajoz, 1169">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1169)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1169)">Siege of Badajoz (1169)</a></div> Badajoz was one of the most important Almohad fortresses in the Andaluz and its authorities paid tribute to the Emperor of León.<a href="#cite_note-livermore85-41">[41]</a> Due to the constant civil strife, its surrounding territory was by then depopulated.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> War broke out between Portugal and León in 1167 and two years later Badajoz was attacked by Gerald the Fearless and his men, who scaled the walls and took over the city. Its garrison however withdrew to its high citadel, which the men of Geraldes proved unable to take hence they requested aid from Afonso Henriques. The host of the Portuguese king arrived at Badajoz and settled within the city, however the defenders still in the high citadel were unexpectedly relieved not by the Almohad Caliph but by the Emperor of León and his army. When Afonso attempted to sally out with his men on horseback he broke his leg against the city gates and was then captured by the Leonese in Caia.<a href="#cite_note-livermore85-41">[41]</a> The Emperor of León treated the Portuguese king fairly and courteously, however Afonso Henriques still had to pay a king's ransom and relinquish captured territory in Galicia in exchange for liberty, which was granted after two months captivity.<a href="#cite_note-livermore85-41">[41]</a> Though he spent some time at the São Pedro do Sul springs recovering, he was never able to ride a horse again.<a href="#cite_note-livermore85-41">[41]</a> Geraldo the Fearless was also captured, and was forced to relinquish the castles of Trujillo, Montanchez, Santa Cruz and Monfrague in exchange for his freedom.<a href="#cite_note-martins42-46-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almohad_attacks_1170–1173">Almohad attacks 1170–1173</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Almohad attacks 1170–1173">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1184)" title="Siege of Santarém (1184)">Siege of Santarém (1184)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg/220px-EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg/330px-EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg/440px-EvoraCathedral-CoatOfArms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Geraldo the Fearless represented in the cathedral of Évora.</figcaption></figure> The debacle of Badajoz in 1169 did not demoralize the Portuguese. Just a few months after the siege, Geraldo the Fearless resumed the raids against the region of Badajoz and after luring its garrison out via a feigned attack and retreat he ambushed it and routed it completely.<a href="#cite_note-martins42-46-43">[43]</a> On 15 May 1170 he captured a large Almohad caravan of supplies dispatched to relieve the famine in Badajoz. As king Afonso was now physically unable to ride and therefore lead his host on campaign, prince Sancho was knighted at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Coimbra)" title="Monastery of the Holy Cross (Coimbra)">Church of Santa Cruz</a> in Coimbra on August 15, 1170.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A few weeks later in September the prince led a new siege against the now severely weakened Badajoz but the city was once again relieved on time, not just by Leonese forces but by an Almohad army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_ibn_Yahya_al-Hintati" title="Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati">Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-martins42-46-43">[43]</a> The Portuguese therefore withdrew in good order in October or early November.<a href="#cite_note-martins42-46-43">[43]</a> Alarmed by the attacks on Badajoz, the Almohads mounted an incursion into Portugal in 1170 and attacked Beja. A short combat was struck by the city walls in April and in July the Muslims were forced to lift the siege. The preceptor of the Templars in Portugal <a href="/wiki/Gualdim_Pais" title="Gualdim Pais">Dom Gualdim Pais</a> promoted the renovation of <a href="/wiki/Almourol_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Almourol Castle">Almourol Castle</a> in 1171.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On invitation of King Afonso, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a> established itself in Portugal in 1172 after they were granted the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Monsanto" title="Castle of Monsanto">castle of Monsanto</a> (formerly in the ownership of the Templars) and the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Abrantes" title="Castle of Abrantes">castle of Abrantes</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-jansen151-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truce,_1173–1178">Truce, 1173–1178</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Truce, 1173–1178">edit</a>]</div> Ambassadors were dispatched to Seville and a truce was then agreed-upon between Afonso Henriques and the Almohads a month later in October 1173.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Olipsionis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/220px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/330px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/440px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Lisbon.</figcaption></figure> The relics of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Saint Vicent of Zaragoza</a> were brought to Lisbon during this truce in 1173.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A number of residents of Lisbon sailed to <a href="/wiki/Sagres_(Vila_do_Bispo)" title="Sagres (Vila do Bispo)">Sagres</a> and brought back the remains of the saint buried in a temple on the "<a href="/wiki/Sagres_Point" title="Sagres Point">Sacred Promontory</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> Upon their return, the place where the relics ought to be deposited caused an upheaval between the mozarabic residents of the parish of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Justa,_Lisbon" title="Santa Justa, Lisbon">Santa Justa</a>, the dean of the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Cathedral" title="Lisbon Cathedral">Lisbon Cathedral</a> and the Augustinian monks of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente_de_Fora" title="Monastery of São Vicente de Fora">Monastery of Saint Vicent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> The chief-frontiersman of Estremadura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gon%C3%A7alo_Viegas_de_Lanhoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonçalo Viegas de Lanhoso (page does not exist)">Gonçalo Viegas de Lanhoso</a> marched down from the castle with a corps of soldiers and only by his armed intervention could order be restored and an agreement reached between all parts, whereby the relics where deposited in the cathedral, though a piece was retained by the monks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> A ship bearing the relics of Saint Vicent accompanied by crows henceforth became the charge of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lisbon" title="Coat of arms of Lisbon">coat of arms of Lisbon</a>. After this truce was signed, Geraldo the Fearless left the service of king Afonso with 350 men and sought employment under the Almohads, who stationed him in <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> in north-Africa.<a href="#cite_note-bennison-49">[49]</a> After communications between Geraldes and king Afonso surfaced, he was transferred further inland to Draa and executed by the governor.<a href="#cite_note-bennison-49">[49]</a> In 1176, the Portuguese king donated <a href="/wiki/Coruche" title="Coruche">Coruche</a> to the Order of Calatrava, as its castle guarded the road that linked Santarém to Évora.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_raids_in_Almohad_territory,_1178-1183">Portuguese raids in Almohad territory, 1178-1183</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Portuguese raids in Almohad territory, 1178-1183">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Triana_Raid" title="Great Triana Raid">Great Triana Raid</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MurallasSevilla_completo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MurallasSevilla_completo.png/129px-MurallasSevilla_completo.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MurallasSevilla_completo.png/194px-MurallasSevilla_completo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MurallasSevilla_completo.png/258px-MurallasSevilla_completo.png 2x" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="4171" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg/95px-Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg/143px-Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg/190px-Torre_del_Oro_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG/228px-S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG" decoding="async" width="228" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG/342px-S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG/456px-S%C3%A9ville_-_Remparts_almohades.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2360" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Plan of the walls of Seville (top-left). Torre del Oro, former Almohad watchtower of Seville (top right). Almohad walls of Seville (below).</div></div></div></div> Once the truce with the Muslims was over, prince <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho</a> led a great raid deep into Muslim territory.<a href="#cite_note-jansen151-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-livermore87-51">[51]</a> Troops gathered in Coimbra in the month of May and they included both infantry and cavalry drawn from the Order of Calatrava, the urban militias of the city as well as various other towns, such as Santarém, Lisbon and Évora, and the hosts of some of the main nobles in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> It numbered about 2300 cavalry and 5000 footmen and was one of the largest forces mobilized by the Portuguese Crown so far.<a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> They plundered the Almohad-controlled regions of Beja.<a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> Making a wide circuit through the modern Spanish Extremadura, the Portuguese crossed <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a> and reached Seville in November, however their host was insufficient to assault the great city.<a href="#cite_note-mcmurdo229-53">[53]</a> They camped a few kilometers west of Seville and routed an Almohad army dispatched to intercept them in a large pitched-battle outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-mcmurdo229-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> While the city lay on the left bank of the river, the Triana suburbs lay on the right bank and were connected by a bridge of barques close to the <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Oro" title="Torre del Oro">Torre del Oro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcmurdo229-53">[53]</a> A tower overlooked the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-mcmurdo229-53">[53]</a> The suburbs were plundered and rich spoils captured.<a href="#cite_note-mcmurdo229-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> While en route back to Coimbra, <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Spain" title="Niebla, Spain">Niebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibrale%C3%B3n" title="Gibraleón">Gibraleón</a> were raided.<a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> A detachment of 1400 light horsemen and the garrison of Alcácer do Sal routed an Almohad contingent from Beja and Serpa commanded by the qaids Ibn Wazir and Ibn Timsalit, both of whom were killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> The great Triana Raid was one of the most daring military operations conducted in the history of Portugal and allowed the prince Sancho to affirm himself as a worthy commander and heir to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-martins105-124-52">[52]</a> A few years later, in 1182/83 a new Portuguese expedition formed by local militias from Lisbon and Santarém sacked the Ajarafe, the land of villages and olive orchards to the west of Seville. They would take numerous captives.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almohad_attacks_1179–1184">Almohad attacks 1179–1184</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Almohad attacks 1179–1184">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Moors_(1212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Banner_of_the_Moors_%281212%29.jpg/220px-Banner_of_the_Moors_%281212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Banner_of_the_Moors_%281212%29.jpg/330px-Banner_of_the_Moors_%281212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Banner_of_the_Moors_%281212%29.jpg/440px-Banner_of_the_Moors_%281212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>Almohad standard captured in 1212.</figcaption></figure> The reprisals for Sanchos daring "Triana Raid" as it came to be known were quick to follow. In 1179 the Almohads invaded Portugal for the second time. They attacked <a href="/wiki/Abrantes" title="Abrantes">Abrantes</a>, whose castle they were unable to take.<a href="#cite_note-Livermore,_1947,_p._88-55">[55]</a> A Muslim fleet also raided the suburbs of Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-livermore87-51">[51]</a> A major landmark in Portuguese history was achieved in 1179 as by the Papal decree <a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a>, Portugal was acknowledged as an independent kingdom by the Vatican, largely as a result of the efforts by king Afonso against the Muslims. In 1180 the Almohads attacked Portugal a third time. A fleet of <a href="/wiki/Galleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a> departed from Seville to raid the Portuguese coast on this year and under these circumstances the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Espichel_(1180)" title="Battle of Cape Espichel (1180)">Battle of Cape Espichel</a> was fought on 15 July, in which the first admiral of Portugal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuas_Roupinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuas Roupinho (page does not exist)">Dom Fuas Roupinho</a> defeated the Muslim fleet.<a href="#cite_note-livermore66-56">[56]</a> He then left for <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and captured the ships on its harbour.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem57-57">[57]</a> In late 1180 an Almohad army departed from Seville under the leadership of Mohammed Ibn Yusuf Ibn Wammudin, who besieged <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, while a detachment destroyed <a href="/wiki/Coruche" title="Coruche">Coruche</a> e carried its residents and defenders to captivity.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem57-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Livermore,_1947,_p._88-55">[55]</a> While the siege of Évora was ongoing, a Portuguese fleet of 21 galleys commanded by Fuas Roupinho was defeated by a fleet of 51 Muslim galleys.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem57-57">[57]</a> At Évora however, the Almohads were forced to lift the siege and return to Seville. The Almohad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> at the head of a large army in 1184 and moving through Seville and Badajoz invaded Portugal for the fourth time. He <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1184)" title="Siege of Santarém (1184)">besieged Santarém</a>, then defended by Afonso Henriques and his heir prince Sancho. Once the news of the siege of Badajoz spread, king <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand II of Leon">Ferdinand II of Leon</a> gathered an army and marched out to aid the Portuguese. The Caliph ordered a detachment to attack Lisbon but the orders were poorly transmitted and once part of the army withdrew, the rest of his forces began leaving as well. As he attempted to restore order he was struck and died on the road shortly afterwards, on July 29, 1184. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truce,_1184–1189">Truce, 1184–1189</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Truce, 1184–1189">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseFlag1185.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PortugueseFlag1185.svg/220px-PortugueseFlag1185.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PortugueseFlag1185.svg/330px-PortugueseFlag1185.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PortugueseFlag1185.svg/440px-PortugueseFlag1185.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Flag during the reign of Sancho I.</figcaption></figure> After the death of the Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf, prince Sancho negotiated a truce with his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub</a>. On December 6, 1185, king Afonso Henriques passed away and his heir succeeded him on the throne as Sancho I.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> His first four years were peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-livermore92-59">[59]</a> Sancho was faced with the problem of large stretches of half-abandoned territory, ruined settlements and untilled fields due to war.<a href="#cite_note-livermore92-59">[59]</a> He began by taking the opportunity to focus on organizing the administration of his kingdom, and granted charters regulating the laws and privileges of several Portuguese towns such as <a href="/wiki/Gouveia,_Portugal" title="Gouveia, Portugal">Gouveia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Covilh%C3%A3" title="Covilhã">Covilhã</a> in 1186, <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bragan%C3%A7a,_Portugal" title="Bragança, Portugal">Brangança</a> in 1187 and Folgosinho and <a href="/wiki/Valhelhas" title="Valhelhas">Valhelhas</a> in 1188.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A new castle was built on the Galician border at Contrasta, nowadays known as <a href="/wiki/Valen%C3%A7a,_Portugal" title="Valença, Portugal">Valença</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livermore92-59">[59]</a> He donated Alcanede Castle to the Order of Calatrava in 1187.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.pt-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Silves,_1189">Siege of Silves, 1189</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Siege of Silves, 1189">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_(51848995450).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_%2851848995450%29.jpg/220px-Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_%2851848995450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_%2851848995450%29.jpg/330px-Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_%2851848995450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_%2851848995450%29.jpg/440px-Castelo_de_Silves_-_Portugal_%2851848995450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Walls and detached towers of the citadel of Silves.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1189)" title="Siege of Silves (1189)">Siege of Silves (1189)</a></div> When Jerusalem was conquered by Saladin in October 1187, Pope Gregory VIII called for the <a href="/wiki/Third_crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Third crusade">third crusade</a>. Sancho realized that a new wave of crusader fleets would soon pass by the Portuguese coasts on their way to Palestine. In 1189 ships from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> called at Lisbon, and in June they attacked the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Alvor" title="Castle of Alvor">castle of Alvor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> They were accompanied by Portuguese galleys as far as Gibraltar. A new crusader fleet called at Lisbon in 3 or 4 July and on this occasion king Sancho obtained their support for a planned attack against the major city of <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves</a>, the most important one in the <a href="/wiki/Gharb_al-Andalus" title="Gharb al-Andalus">Gharb al-Andalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On July 20, 1189, the Portuguese host set up camp close to Silves just as the crusader fleet arrived by sea and sailed up the <a href="/wiki/River_Arade" class="mw-redirect" title="River Arade">River Arade</a>. The city was first attacked the following day for about a month and a half it was subjected to a violent siege, in which siege engines were used. The inhabitants surrendered, together with the surrounding castles at <a href="/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal" title="Lagos, Portugal">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvor_(Portim%C3%A3o)" title="Alvor (Portimão)">Alvor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portimão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monchique" title="Monchique">Monchique</a>, Santo Estêvão, <a href="/wiki/Carvoeiro_(Lagoa)" title="Carvoeiro (Lagoa)">Carvoeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bartolomeu_de_Messines" title="São Bartolomeu de Messines">São Bartolomeu de Messines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paderne_(Albufeira)" title="Paderne (Albufeira)">Paderne</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sagres_(Vila_do_Bispo)" title="Sagres (Vila do Bispo)">Sagres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_great_Almohad_campaigns,_1190–1191">The great Almohad campaigns, 1190–1191</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The great Almohad campaigns, 1190–1191">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantigas_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantigas_battle.jpg/220px-Cantigas_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantigas_battle.jpg/330px-Cantigas_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantigas_battle.jpg/440px-Cantigas_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Reconquista represented in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almohad_campaign_against_Portugal_(1190%E2%80%931191)" title="Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)">Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)</a></div> The Almohad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yacub al-Mansur</a> had been planning a great campaign against Portugal at least since 1188, even before the conquest of Silves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakki199473–74-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELay2009157–159-69">[69]</a> The taking of this prestigious city by the Portuguese however caused outrage in the Maghreb and the Caliph ordered holy war to be preached. In April 1190 he crossed the Strait of Gibraltar at the head of a large army in besiged Silves in June. The Caliph however left his cousin Sayyid Yahya Ibn Umar at the command of operations and then left for Cordoba, where he met with ambassadors of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a>, who accepted a truce, leaving the Almohads free to focus on the planned attack against Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakki199473–74-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-lay157-159-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1190_campaign">1190 campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1190 campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tomar" title="Siege of Tomar">Siege of Tomar</a></div> From Cordoba, the Almohad Caliph proceeded to invade Portuguese territory, entering through the Alentejo.<a href="#cite_note-lay157-159-70">[70]</a> While Silves was under siege, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Novas" title="Torres Novas">Torres Novas</a> was attacked and taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakki199473–74-68">[68]</a> Its defenders were granted freedom. The Caliph then personally besieged Tomar, a powerful Templar castle defended by Gualdim Pais, preceptor of the Templars in Portugal. The Caliphs objective however was the important city and stronghold of Santarém.<a href="#cite_note-lay157-159-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg/220px-Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg/330px-Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg/440px-Castelo_de_Tomar_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Citadel of Tomar.</figcaption></figure> By chance, at this time a number of crusader ships from northern Europe on their way to the Holy Land called at Silves and Lisbon due to bad weather. King Sancho of Portugal was at Lisbon at the time and he managed to obtain the support of 500 crusaders to relieve Santarém, hence he turned down the Caliphs peace proposals, which involved relinquishing Silves.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The king then departed to Santarém and settled in the city with his troops.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Santarém was besiged but, having met heavier resistance than anticipated, the Caliph ordered the sieges on Santarém and Tomar to be lifted, and withdrew south.<a href="#cite_note-lay157-159-70">[70]</a> Ill by that point, he lifted the siege of Silves also and left for Seville to spend the winter with his army. Serious riots between the crusaders and the Jewish and Muslim population of Lisbon then took place, which resulted in the imprisonment of about 700 crusaders. On July 24, the crusader fleet left Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-lay157-159-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1191_campaign">1191 campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1191 campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1195.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian Peninsula in 1195.</figcaption></figure> A new, larger and better prepared campaign against Portugal was launched by the Almohad Caliph in April 1191.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakki199473–74-68">[68]</a> Alcácer do Sal was sieged and captured after its defenders surrendered in exchange for their lives. A Muslim garrison was then installed in the city, which was left under the command of Mohammed Ibn Sidray Ibn Wazir. Certain taxes from Ceuta and Seville were set aside to cover the upkeep of this castle.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> After Alcácer do Sal, <a href="/wiki/Palmela" title="Palmela">Palmela</a>, Coina and <a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> were then taken. The Castle of Leiria was razed and the district of Coimbra was invaded. In the Algarve, the castle of Alvor was taken by the Almohads.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A new siege was set upon Silves and this time the Caliph possessed four times more siege weapons than the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The walled city was breached and the defenders withdrew to the high citadel.<a href="#cite_note-Lay_2009,_pp._159–160-76">[76]</a> Following the authorization of the king, the Portuguese surrendered on July 25, being allowed to leave with their lives only. A truce was signed between the Almohads and Portugal and the Caliph withdrew to Morocco. All Portuguese conquest south of the Tagus were thus lost, with the exception of the city of Évora, which resisted as an isolated enclave in Christian hands, surrounded by Muslim territory.<a href="#cite_note-Lay_2009,_pp._159–160-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation,_1191–1217">Consolidation, 1191–1217</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Consolidation, 1191–1217">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/220px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/330px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/440px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Hospitaller cross.</figcaption></figure> In order to secure the territory still in Portuguese control against future Muslim incursions, king Sancho followed a policy of consolidation and fortification of the frontier now set at the Tagus once more, largely supported by the military Orders, mainly the Templars, but also the knights of Santiago, Calatrava and the Hospitallers, which not only defended the territory but developed agriculture as well.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem67-78">[78]</a> The string of castles and fortifications along the northern bank of the Tagus became known as the "Tagus Line" (Linha do Tejo in Portuguese). The "Tagus Line" included the Templar castles of <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Almourol" title="Castle of Almourol">Almourol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Castelo_Branco" title="Castle of Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Pombal" title="Castle of Pombal">Pombal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomar_Castle" title="Tomar Castle">Tomar</a>, Zêzere, <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Idanha-a-Nova" title="Castle of Idanha-a-Nova">Idanha-a-Nova</a>, the Santiago castles of <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Monsanto" title="Castle of Monsanto">Monsanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Abrantes" title="Castle of Abrantes">Abrantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Santar%C3%A9m" title="Castle of Santarém">Santarém</a>, the Hospitaller castle of <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Belver" title="Castle of Belver">Belver</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Torres_Novas" title="Castle of Torres Novas">castle of Torres Novas</a>, the Castle of Alverca, the Castle of Povos, and Lisbon. The Templars were given lands in Santarém and Idanha.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem67-78">[78]</a> The knights of Santiago were given the castle of Santarém.<a href="#cite_note-selvagem67-78">[78]</a> In 1193, the castle and territory of <a href="/wiki/Mafra,_Portugal" title="Mafra, Portugal">Mafra</a> was granted to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.pt-61">[61]</a> In 1194 the king donated the lands of Guidintesta to the Hospitallers, who had been in Portugal for a few decades already, and in exchange the Order erected on it the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Belver" title="Castle of Belver">Castle of Belver</a>, its first castle in Portugal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Alarcos,_1195">The Battle of Alarcos, 1195</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: The Battle of Alarcos, 1195">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Battle of Alarcos</a></div> At this time, king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> invaded the Andalus and advanced far as <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>. To face the Castilian threat, the Almohad caliph ordered the preaching of holy war and once again crossed the Strait of Gibraltar at the head of a large army. Afonso VIII appealed to neighboring kings for a great Iberian coalition, but the monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> abstained. Only king Sancho sent a body of troops to aid Castile, led by the former alcaide of Silves Rodrigo Sanches and master of Calatrava in Portugal Gonçalo Viegas de Lanhoso. The Luso-Castilian army was severely routed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Battle of Alarcos</a> and king Alfonso VIII was nearly captured, while Gonçalo Viegas perished in battle. The king of Castile then signed a truce with the Almohads and the Muslims withdrew to Seville carrying valuable spoils. In Portugal, the city of <a href="/wiki/Guarda,_Portugal" title="Guarda, Portugal">Guarda</a> was founded in 1199, in a location that was both difficult to reach and allowed as many as twenty leagues of the surrounding territory to be watched.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> That same year, king Sancho donated to the Templars the lands of Açafa where the city of <a href="/wiki/Castelo_Branco,_Portugal" title="Castelo Branco, Portugal">Castelo Branco</a> would be established. In 1200 the Order of Calatrava established <a href="/wiki/Benavente,_Portugal" title="Benavente, Portugal">Benavente</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Hunger swept across all of western Europe in 1202, Portugal included and all military efforts were momentarily halted in order to focus on agriculture and relief efforts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idanha-a-Nova" title="Idanha-a-Nova">Idanha-a-Nova</a> was founded in 1205 or 1206 and delivered to the Templars.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The king granted <a href="/wiki/Avis,_Portugal" title="Avis, Portugal">Avis</a> to the Order of Calatrava in 1211 in exchange for the Order erecting a castle on this location, which would be done before 1214.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.pt-61">[61]</a> Avis became the headquarters of Calatrava in Portugal and later the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Avis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Avis">Order of Avis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Navas_de_Tolosa,_1212">The Battle of Navas de Tolosa, 1212</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Battle of Navas de Tolosa, 1212">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa,_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa%2C_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa%2C_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa%2C_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa%2C_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa%2C_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_las_Navas_de_Tolosa%2C_por_Francisco_van_Halen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Navas de Tolosa</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navas_de_Tolosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Navas de Tolosa</a></div> On March 26, 1211, king Sancho I passed king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a> succeeded him on the throne. That same year, civil-war broke out in Portugal between the king and his sisters Dona Mafalda, Dona Teresa and Dona Sancha. The king of León got involved in this conflict, taking the side of the infantas. Meanwhile, King Alfonso VIII of Castile launched a new war against the Almohads, after the truce signed with them had expired and Caliph Muhammad Nasser once again gathered a large army and crossed into Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This time, however, the king of Castile was supported by the hosts of the kings of Navarre and Aragon, as well as the various religious orders and volunteers throughout Europe. Afonso II was unable to personally assist the allied kings, but despite being involved in war with his sisters and León, the Portuguese king still dispatched a body of troops to fight the Almohads.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Portuguese host was composed mainly of town militias but also included Templar squadrons as well as other volunteers who joined the expedition, led by the preceptor of the Templars in Portugal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gomes_Ramires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomes Ramires (page does not exist)">Gomes Ramires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Portuguese distinguished themselves in the battle of Navas de Tolosa, with the Castilian Rodrigo de Toledo commenting that "a certain number of warriors from the parts of Portugal, a multitude of footmen of marvelous agility, easily withstood the rigors of the campaign and attacked with audacity", while Lucas of Tuy also wrote that "they rushed into combat as if for a feast."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_definitive_conquest_of_Alentejo,_1217–1238">The definitive conquest of Alentejo, 1217–1238</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The definitive conquest of Alentejo, 1217–1238">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png/220px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png/330px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png/440px-P%C3%A9ninsule_ib%C3%A9rique_en_1240.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian peninsula in 1240.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal">Siege of Alcácer do Sal</a></div> Alcácer do Sal was the main Muslim naval base on the western coast of the peninsula and the main threat to Lisbon ever since the Almohad reconquest in 1191.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> The initiative to conquer this city came from the Bishop of Lisbon <a href="/wiki/Soeiro_Viegas" title="Soeiro Viegas">D. Soeiro Viegas</a>, who called for a crusade throughout the kingdom, invested his own financial resources in it and obtained the collaboration of both the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Évora">bishop of Évora</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Monastery" title="Alcobaça Monastery">abbot of Alcobaça</a>, the military Orders and Flemish, Saxon, and Frisian crusaders whose fleet had arrived at Lisbon, on the way to Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> The bulk of the army was made up of infantry from the town militias, but would also included around 300 knights, as well as Templar squadrons, led by Master Dom Pedro Alvites, knights of Santiago led by Martim Pais Barregão and hospitallers led by Prior Dom Gonçalves de Cerveira.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> The Christian host and fleet departed from Lisbon to Alcácer do Sal in the last days of June 1217. Alcácer do Sal was surrounded and attacked using mines, <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering rams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege towers">siege towers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> As the Christian forces approached, the <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">qaid</a> of Alcácer do Sail, Abdallah Ibn Wazir, requested military aid from the Muslim garrisons in the region and on the morning of September 11 the Portuguese defeated an Almohad relief army from Jaen, Córdoba, Seville and Badajoz, at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Ribeira_de_S%C3%ADtimos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Ribeira de Sítimos (page does not exist)">Battle of Ribeira de Sítimos</a>, while the crusaders remained behind to blockade Alcácer and guard their ships.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> Already very weakened by that point, the defenders of Alcácer do Sal surrendered in mid-October and were allowed to leave with their lives.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG/220px-Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG/330px-Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG/440px-Cavaleiro_medieval_Museu_Machado_de_Castro_IMG_6080.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>13th century sculpture of a horseman, by Mestre Pero.</figcaption></figure> In 1219, the knights of Santiago took <a href="/wiki/Santiago_do_Cac%C3%A9m" title="Santiago do Cacém">Santiago do Cacém</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martins127-145-88">[88]</a> In the same year, king Afonso II signed a truce with the Muslims. In the spring of 1226, king <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II</a> sieged <a href="/wiki/Elvas" title="Elvas">Elvas</a> at the same time as the Leonese attacked Badajoz. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Braga" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Braga">archbishop of Braga</a> and the royal ensign Martim Anes commanded the royal host. The surrounding fields were pillaged and the city was captured, with the king risking his life in the action. When the Portuguese saw that the Leonese failed to conquer the powerful city of Badajoz and Autumn was approaching however, Elvas was razed and abandoned. In the second campaign that king Sancho II undertook in Alentejo, he took Elvas and <a href="/wiki/Juromenha" title="Juromenha">Juromenha</a>, in 1229 or 1230. In 1232, the Hospitallers captured the villages of <a href="/wiki/Moura,_Portugal" title="Moura, Portugal">Moura</a>, which surrendered after a brief attack, and then <a href="/wiki/Serpa" title="Serpa">Serpa</a>. That same year, the Hospitallers founded <a href="/wiki/Crato,_Portugal" title="Crato, Portugal">Crato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castelo_de_Vide" title="Castelo de Vide">Castelo de Vide</a>, whose territory the king had donated to the Order. It is possible that Beja was captured this year. In 1234, the knights of Santiago captured <a href="/wiki/Aljustrel" title="Aljustrel">Aljustrel</a>. The conquest of inner Alentejo followed with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Arronches" title="Arronches">Arronches</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rtola" title="Mértola">Mértola</a> and Alfajar da Pena being taken in 1238. This same year, Portuguese forces would proceed south along the Guadiana into the modern-day district of Algarve and attack both <a href="/wiki/Alcoutim" title="Alcoutim">Alcoutim</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ayamonte" title="Ayamonte">Ayamonte</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_definitive_conquest_of_Algarve,_1238–1249">The definitive conquest of Algarve, 1238–1249</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The definitive conquest of Algarve, 1238–1249">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Algarve" title="Portuguese conquest of the Algarve">Portuguese conquest of the Algarve</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Santiago.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cross_Santiago.svg/150px-Cross_Santiago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cross_Santiago.svg/225px-Cross_Santiago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cross_Santiago.svg/300px-Cross_Santiago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>The cross of the Order of Santiago</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alcoutim" title="Alcoutim">Alcoutim</a> in the modern-day district of Algarve was captured in 1238, as was <a href="/wiki/Ayamonte" title="Ayamonte">Ayamonte</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana river</a>, by king <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">D. Sancho II</a> with a fleet. The mountain ranges of Algarve constituted a serious obstacle to the march of the Portuguese hosts to the south and southwest.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> The commander of the knights of Santiago in Portugal <a href="/wiki/Paio_Peres_Correia" title="Paio Peres Correia">Paio Peres Correia</a> managed to cross them in 1238 still with the support of Garcia Rodrigues, a knight who knew their pathways well due to his previous occupation as a merchant, which allowed the knights of Santiago to bypass the main Muslim castles that they guarded the mountain paths, marching by night and camping by day, hidden in the valleys.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> The first castles to be taken were those of <a href="/wiki/Alvor_(Portim%C3%A3o)" title="Alvor (Portimão)">Alvor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B4mbar" title="Estômbar">Estômbar</a>, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves</a>. From there, raids was launched into the rich fields around this important city.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> By agreement with the emir of the Algarve Musa ibn Mahommed ibn Nasser ibn Mahfuz ("Aben Mafom" in Portuguese) Paio Peres Correia exchanged them for the castle of <a href="/wiki/Cacela_Velha" title="Cacela Velha">Cacela Velha</a>, much further east, close to Ayamonte<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> After a failed surprise attack on the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Paderne" title="Castle of Paderne">castle of Paderne</a>, the important town of <a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a> was taken by the knights of Santiago.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> Located on one of the few roads that crossed the Algarve lengthwise and gave access to the Alentejo, the castle of <a href="/wiki/Salir_(Loul%C3%A9)" title="Salir (Loulé)">Salir</a> was then taken.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> Silves was taken by deception: a small detachment of knights was sent to attack the castle of Estômbar and false information was spread that Paio Peres Correia lead at head of this force. Once the emir had left with his troops in direction of Estômbar the walls were scaled and the city taken.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paderne_(Albufeira)" title="Paderne (Albufeira)">Paderne</a> was captured shortly afterwards, with its entire garrison being slaughtered. The minor mountain castles of <a href="/wiki/Monchique" title="Monchique">Monchique</a>, Montagudo, Marachique, <a href="/wiki/Ourique" title="Ourique">Ourique</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bartolomeu_de_Messines" title="São Bartolomeu de Messines">Messines</a> are likely to have subsequently surrendered after Silves was taken.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aljezur_-_castle_(13424578775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aljezur_-_castle_%2813424578775%29.jpg/220px-Aljezur_-_castle_%2813424578775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aljezur_-_castle_%2813424578775%29.jpg/330px-Aljezur_-_castle_%2813424578775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aljezur_-_castle_%2813424578775%29.jpg/440px-Aljezur_-_castle_%2813424578775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>The Castle of <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Aljezur" title="Castle of Aljezur">Aljezur</a>.</figcaption></figure> By1249, only the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Aljezur" title="Aljezur">Aljezur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loul%C3%A9" title="Loulé">Loulé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albufeira" title="Albufeira">Albufeira</a> still remained in Muslim hands. Their lords had submitted to the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Merínids</a> of Morocco and were difficult to take without the support of a fleet.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> Once king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a> had emerged victorious from the civil war that pitted him against his brother, he crossed the mountains of Algarve in the first weeks of March through <a href="/wiki/Almod%C3%B4var" title="Almodôvar">Almodôvar</a>, at the head of his royal host.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> He was accompanied by his main supporters during the civil war, first among them Dom João de Aboim, but also the heads of the military Orders, such as the master of the Order of Calatrava in Portugal, Dom Lourenço Afonso, and grandmaster Paio Peres Correia at the head of the knights of Santiago, accompanied by Gonçalo Peres Magro, commander of Mértola.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> The important port city of Faro was sieged first. Expecting reinforcements from North Africa, the qaid of Faro Alboambre mounted some resistance but once the Portuguese fleet sailed up the river and blocked the port, the city surrendered, thus avoiding pointless bloodshed and ensuring its inhabitants a favorable status under Portuguese authority.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseFlag1248.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PortugueseFlag1248.svg/220px-PortugueseFlag1248.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PortugueseFlag1248.svg/330px-PortugueseFlag1248.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PortugueseFlag1248.svg/440px-PortugueseFlag1248.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Portugal during the reign of king Afonso III.</figcaption></figure> Once Faro was captured, <a href="/wiki/Loul%C3%A9" title="Loulé">Loulé</a> surrendered after little resistance.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> Porches and Albufeira surrendered to the Dom Lourenço Afonso.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> Aljezur, the last town in the Algarve still in Muslim hands, was finally taken on one morning by grandmaster Paio Peres Correia.<a href="#cite_note-henriques-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> Upon completing the conquest of Algarve, king Afonso III adopted the title "King of Portugal and Algarve", created by king Sancho when he first conquered Silves, 60 years earlier. As Ibn Mahfuz had declared himself a vassal of Castile, king <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> considered the Algarve to belong to him.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This caused a diplomatic crisis and even war between Afonso and Ferdinand, who invaded the Algarve. Only when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Badajoz_(1267)" title="Treaty of Badajoz (1267)">Treaty of Badajoz</a> was signed in 1267 did Ferdinand acknowledge the rights of Afonso over the territory and the border was established at the <a href="/wiki/Guadiana_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadiana River">Guadiana River</a>. Official Portuguese participation in the Reconquista came to an end and so did the opportunity to gain territory and spoils, hence many knights and warriors crossed the border to find service under the kings of Leon and Castile as adventurers or mercenaries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg/220px-Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg/330px-Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg/440px-Orders_of_knighthood_Iberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Land ownership by the military Orders in Portugal (and Spain).</figcaption></figure> The vast swaths of land captured in the south by the Knights of Santiago, the Templars, Hospitallers and Knights of Calatrava collectively made the military Orders easily the greatest territorial beneficiaries of the Portuguese Reconquest.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The end of the Reconquista in Iberia did not mean the end of hostilities with foreign Muslim powers. <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Berber pirates</a> and Muslim privateers from north-Africa remained active and often attacked Portuguese shores and shipping for centuries after 1249. In 1340 the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> sultan of Morocco Abu Hasan Ali invaded mainland Iberia with a large army in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I_of_Granada" title="Yusuf I of Granada">emir of Granada Yusuf I</a>, however they were repulsed by a joint Portuguese and Castillian force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Salado" title="Battle of Río Salado">Battle of River Salado</a>. Despite the conquest by Christian forces, many Muslims, as well as Jews, were tolerated and continued to reside in Portuguese territory, in Muslim or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarters</a> respectively, paying increased taxes in exchange for the privilege, under conditions similar to those that had applied to Christians in Muslim Andalus. Jews were generally protected by medieval Portuguese kings who valued their professional skills and financial know-how.<a href="#cite_note-disney82-83-92">[92]</a> The Jewish community adjusted to the new conditions, retained their identity and grew in numbers as well as prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-disney82-83-92">[92]</a> Muslims in Portugal became known as <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">mudéjares</a> and they included some landowners and skilled artisans, but the majority were poor rural and urban labourers or slaves unable to emigrate, who provided limited unskilled labour force, had little economic significance, presented no threat to the Christian majority and were largely left unmolested in Muslim quarters which were allowed considerable internal autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-disney82-83-92">[92]</a> It was only in the 16th century that they would be forced to convert or be expelled but there was never a systematic campaign to force Muslims or Jews to convert until then and when the final order for expulsion came few mudejáres remained.<a href="#cite_note-disney82-83-92">[92]</a> Among other things, <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudejar art</a> remained as a testimony of Muslim presence in Portuguese territory. A large number of words of Arabic origin came into current use in Portuguese as well. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg/220px-Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg/330px-Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg/440px-Mertola-MatrizFacade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Former mosque of Mértola rechristened as a church.</figcaption></figure> Memory of the reconquista and the violent or peaceful coexistence between Christians and Muslims persisted for centuries in popular Portuguese imagination and folk tales involving <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Mouras</a>, analogous to the tales of Christian princesses that circulated among Muslims. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Portugal in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military history of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Portugal" title="Castles in Portugal">Castles in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-villein" title="Knight-villein">Knight-villein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_expugnatione_Scalabis" title="De expugnatione Scalabis">De expugnatione Scalabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_expugnatione_Lyxbonensi" title="De expugnatione Lyxbonensi">De expugnatione Lyxbonensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Lusitanum" title="Chronicon Lusitanum">Chronicon Lusitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history_(First_Dynasty)" title="Timeline of Portuguese history (First Dynasty)">Timeline of Portuguese history (First Dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_March" title="Lower March">Lower March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_in_Portugal" title="Knights Templar in Portugal">Knights Templar in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Romanesque_architecture" title="Portuguese Romanesque architecture">Portuguese Romanesque architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Disney, volume I, 2009, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-disney85-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disney85_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disney85_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disney85_2-2">c</a> Disney, 2009, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-disney86-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disney86_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disney86_3-1">b</a> Anthony Disney: A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, volume I, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> António Henriques: "The Reconquista and Its Legacy, 1000-1348" in Dulce Freire, Pedro Lains: An Agrarian History of Portugal, 1000-2000: Economic Development on the European Frontier, Brill, 2016, pp. 34-35. "In 1194, a Portuguese ship loaded with wine, honey and wood sank off Nieuwpoor, in Flanders. A Flemish text from the same period informs us that "the realm of Portugal provides honey, leather, wax, rawhides, grain, grease, oil, figs, raisings, and whale products. In the 13th and 14th centuries, England, Flanders and Normandy imported wine, olive oil, honey, salt, figs, raisings, wax and fruit from Portugal." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Rosamond McKitterick, David Abulafia, C. T. Allmand: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUl53tLtFukC&q=manifestis%20probatum&pg=PA499">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, C.1024-c.1198, Part 2</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-barroca182-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barroca182_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barroca182_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barroca182_6-2">c</a> Mário Jorge Barroca: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/24241/1/Barroca2004.pdf">Fortifications and Settlement in the North of Portugal (9th to 11th centuries)</a>, 2004, article in Portugália, National Scientific Magazine, University of Porto, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> José Alexandre Ribeiro de Sousa: In finibus Gallecie: A Reconquista no actual território português. O contexto de um processo dinâmico, 868-1064, 2016, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Barroca, 2004, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Barroca, 2004, p.184. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> H. V. Livermore: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA38">A New History of Portugal</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1966, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-livermore39-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livermore39_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livermore39_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livermore39_11-2">c</a> H. V. Livermore: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39">A New History of Portugal</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1966, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> João Paulo Martins Ferreira, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/e-spania/42323">De Rodrigo a Rodrigo: Os testemunhos da conquista das Beiras por Fernando Magno na obra do Conde D. 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JSTOR <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578126">48578126</a> p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lay_2009,_pp._159–160-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lay_2009,_pp._159–160_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lay_2009,_pp._159–160_76-1">b</a> Lay 2009, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Barroca 2006, p. 980. </li> <li id="cite_note-selvagem67-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selvagem67_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-selvagem67_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-selvagem67_78-2">c</a> Selvagem, 1931, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxF8AgAAQBAJ&dq=d.%20sancho%20i%20conquista&pg=PA48">Herculano, 2014, p. 48.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxF8AgAAQBAJ&dq=d.%20sancho%20i%20conquista&pg=PA49">Herculano, 2014, p. 49.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Alexandre Herculano: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxF8AgAAQBAJ&dq=d.%20sancho%20i%20conquista&pg=PA50">História de Portugal</a>, Ediçoes Vercial, 2014 II, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Alexandre Herculano: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxF8AgAAQBAJ&dq=d.%20sancho%20i%20conquista&pg=PA49">História de Portugal</a>, Ediçoes Vercial, 2014 II, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Selvagem, 1931, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Selvagem, 1931, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Selvagem, 1931, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Eugene K. Keefe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7gE5JsMKngC&dq=portugueses%20navas%20de%20tolosa&pg=PA22">Area Handbook for Portugal</a>, Department of Defense, Department of the Army, 1977, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152869/page/n131/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.152869/page/n131/mode/1up">Livermore, 1947, p. 112.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-martins127-145-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martins127-145_88-6">g</a> Miguel Gomes Martins: De Ourique a Aljubarrota - A Guerra Na Idade Média, A Esfera dos Livros, 2011, pp. 127-145. </li> <li id="cite_note-henriques-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-henriques_89-14">o</a> António Castro Henriques: Conquista do Algarve - 1189-1249 - O Segundo Reino, Tribuna da História, 2003, pp. 57-83. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> H. V. Livermore: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voE6AAAAIAAJ">A New History of Portugal</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1966, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Disney, 2009, volume 1, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-disney82-83-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disney82-83_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disney82-83_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disney82-83_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disney82-83_92-3">d</a> Disney, 2009, pp. 82-83. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Disney, Anthony (2009). A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807, volume 1, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Henriques, António Castro (2003). Conquista do Algarve - 1189-1249 - O Segundo Reino Tribuna da História.</li> <li>Herculano, Alexandre, (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JOQvBrr_1wC&pg=PR3">História de Portugal</a>, volume I, Bertrand.</li> <li>Heculano, Alexandre, (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">História de Portugal</a>, volume II, Edições Vercial.</li> <li>Jensen, Kurt Villads, (2016). Crusading on the Edges of Europe: Denmark and Portugal c.1000 – c.1250, Taylor & Francis.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLay2009" class="citation book cs1">Lay, Stephen (2009). The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconquest+Kings+of+Portugal%3A+Political+and+Cultural+Reorientation+on+the+Medieval+Frontier&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortugal+in+the+Reconquista" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Livermore, H. V., (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152869/page/n4/mode/1up">A History Of Portugal</a>, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Livermore, H. V., (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1">A New History of Portugal</a> Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakki1994" class="citation book cs1">Makki, Mahmoud (1994). "The Political History of al-Andalus (92/711–897/1492)". In Salma Khadra Jayyusi (ed.). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+History+of+al-Andalus+%2892%2F711%E2%80%93897%2F1492%29&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Muslim+Spain&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Makki&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortugal+in+the+Reconquista" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Martins, iguel Gomes, (2011). De Ourique a Aljubarrota - A Guerra Na Idade Média, A Esfera dos Livros.</li> <li>McMurdo, Edward, (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4wDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5">The History of Portugal: From the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III</a>, S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.</li> <li>Selvagem, Carlos (1931). Portugal militar: Compêndio de história militar e naval de Portugal : desde as origens do estado portucalense até o fim da Dinastia de Bragança, Imprensa Nacional de Lisboa.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&oldid=1259938208">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal_in_the_Reconquista&oldid=1259938208</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Medieval history of Portugal">Medieval history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconquista" title="Category:Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Military history of Portugal">Military history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gharb_Al-Andalus" title="Category:Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 22:30 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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