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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijia-Kultur" title="Qijia-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qijia-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Qijia" title="Cultura Qijia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura Qijia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_Qijia" title="Culture de Qijia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de Qijia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%9E%90_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="치자 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치자 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_di_Qijia" title="Cultura di Qijia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura di Qijia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijiacultuur" title="Qijiacultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qijiacultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="斉家文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="斉家文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijiakulturen" title="Qijiakulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qijiakulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Цицзя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цицзя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijiakulturen" title="Qijiakulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qijiakulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Культура Ціцзя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура Ціцзя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="齊家文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="齊家文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bronze Age culture around the upper Yellow River region</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Qijia culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Qijia_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Qijia_map.svg/220px-Qijia_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Qijia_map.svg/330px-Qijia_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Qijia_map.svg/440px-Qijia_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data">upper <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 2200 – c. 1600 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma culture</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">齊家文化</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">齐家文化</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qíjiā wénhuà</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Qijia culture</b> (2200 BC – 1600 BC) was an early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture distributed around the upper <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> (centered in <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>) and eastern <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It is regarded as one of the earliest bronze cultures in China. </p><p>The Qijia Culture is named after the Qijiaping Site (齐家坪) in Gansu Province. </p><p>Prior to Qijia culture, in the same area there existed <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a> that was also familiar with metalwork. At the end of the third millennium B.C., Qijia culture succeeded Majiayao culture at sites in three main geographic zones: Eastern Gansu, Middle Gansu, and Western Gansu/Eastern Qinghai.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qijia culture benefited from the warm and humid climatic conditions from the Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene, which led to flourishing agricultural production and rapid population growth. These conditions changed with the aridification of the Late Holocene, provoking material and cultural decline.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ultimate origin of metallurgy for the Qijia, Siba and other cultures in Gansu is unknown and requires further investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_(10096558193).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_%2810096558193%29.jpg/220px-Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_%2810096558193%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_%2810096558193%29.jpg/330px-Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_%2810096558193%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_%2810096558193%29.jpg/440px-Qijia_Culture_Pottery_Head_%2810096558193%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2594" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption>Qijia culture pottery head</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe,_the_Arc_(with_its_three_zones)_and_the_Central_Plains,_with_major_sites.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png/220px-Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png/330px-Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png/440px-Arc_of_the_eastern_Steppe%2C_the_Arc_%28with_its_three_zones%29_and_the_Central_Plains%2C_with_major_sites.png 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>The Qijia culture was part of the "Arc of the eastern Steppe", next to the Central Plain of China.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Qijia culture produced some of the earliest bronze and copper <a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">mirrors</a> found in China. Extensive domestication of horses was found at many Qijia sites. </p><p>The archaeological sites at <a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a>, Huangniangniangtai, Qinweijia, and Dahezhuang <sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are associated with the Qijia culture. Qijia sites were also found in <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> Autonomous regions. </p><p>A total of over 350 sites of the Qijia culture have been found superimposed on the Majiayao culture. A large quantity of metal ware, mostly copper objects, including some bronzes, have been excavated from various sites in Gansu province and at Gamatai in Qinghai province. </p><p>25 pieces of metalwork were analyzed for their composition. Those made from copper were the most numerous, accounting for 64 per cent of the total. The rest represented various copper alloys, including tin.<sup id="cite_ref-An_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contacts between the <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a> and the Qijia culture have been considered for the transmission of bronze technology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Central Asian styles of pottery and ornamentation, in addition to bronze techniques, were also introduced to the Qijia Culture and the <a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, bronze knife technology was probably transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a> through the Southern Siberian <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a> to various Chinese cultures, such as the Qijia culture, <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian culture</a>, where very similar knives have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-KL_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the artifacts of the Qijia culture are thought to have derived from the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture">Seima-Turbino culture</a> of the Altai Mountains area.<sup id="cite_ref-LMall_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Mirror,_Qijia_Culture,_GansuNational_Museum,Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze mirror, Gansu. Qijia culture (2400–1900) National Museum of China"><img alt="Bronze mirror, Gansu. Qijia culture (2400–1900) National Museum of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bronze_Mirror%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_GansuNational_Museum%2CBeijing.jpg/200px-Bronze_Mirror%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_GansuNational_Museum%2CBeijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bronze_Mirror%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_GansuNational_Museum%2CBeijing.jpg/300px-Bronze_Mirror%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_GansuNational_Museum%2CBeijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bronze_Mirror%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_GansuNational_Museum%2CBeijing.jpg/400px-Bronze_Mirror%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_GansuNational_Museum%2CBeijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="3374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze mirror, Gansu. Qijia culture (2400–1900) <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife,_Qijia_Culture,_Gansu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze axe and copper knife, Qijia Culture, Gansu. Probably derived from the Seima-Turbino culture.[10]"><img alt="Bronze axe and copper knife, Qijia Culture, Gansu. Probably derived from the Seima-Turbino culture.[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg/200px-Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg/300px-Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg/400px-Bronze_axe_%26_copper_knife%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze axe and copper knife, Qijia Culture, Gansu. Probably derived from the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture">Seima-Turbino culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMall_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_earrings,_Qijia_Culture,_Gansu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold earrings, Qijia Culture, Gansu."><img alt="Gold earrings, Qijia Culture, Gansu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_earrings%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg/200px-Gold_earrings%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_earrings%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg/300px-Gold_earrings%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gold_earrings%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg/400px-Gold_earrings%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_Gansu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold earrings, Qijia Culture, Gansu.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Techniques of pottery-making are marked by a fine red ware and a coarse reddish-brown ware. There are also a few pieces of grey ware. They are handmade, there being no evidence of wheel-made ware.<sup id="cite_ref-An_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Qijia culture pottery has its own stylistic characteristics, it also shares many traits in common with the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a> in Shaanxi. Some elements of the Majiayao culture are also present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machang_culture">Machang culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Machang culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lajia_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lajia_ruins.jpg/220px-Lajia_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lajia_ruins.jpg/330px-Lajia_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lajia_ruins.jpg/440px-Lajia_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Machang_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Machang culture">Machang culture</a> (马厂) also flourished in 2500–2000 BC along the Yellow River; it was an outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a> culture. Machang culture was partly contemporary with the Qijia; although they were quite different, there was cultural exchange between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider Machang culture as only a phase of the larger Majiayao culture, with the Qijia being derived from the Machang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mogou_site">Mogou site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mogou site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_cong,_Qijia_Culture,_2100-1700_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jade_cong%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_2100-1700_BC.jpg/220px-Jade_cong%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_2100-1700_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jade_cong%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_2100-1700_BC.jpg/330px-Jade_cong%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_2100-1700_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jade_cong%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_2100-1700_BC.jpg/440px-Jade_cong%2C_Qijia_Culture%2C_2100-1700_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Jade <a href="/wiki/Cong_(vessel)" title="Cong (vessel)">cong</a>, Qijia Culture, 2100-1700 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qijia Culture Cemetery at Mogou in <a href="/wiki/Lintan_County" title="Lintan County">Lintan County</a>, Gansu was excavated beginning from 2008. More than one thousand graves have been found there. The area was inhabited during the first half of the second millennium BCE. Thousands of funerary goods have been found, such as pottery vessels, bone ornaments and implements, shells, and metal objects. </p><p>To date, this represents by far the biggest find of copper and bronze objects ascribed to the Qijia culture, as more than three hundred items were found here. The finds are mostly implements, such as knives, and ornaments, such as buttons, earrings and beads. Some types of objects, such as torques and armbands, were not found before. </p><p>Examination reveals that tin bronze (Cu-Sn) was the most important alloy used at the Mogou site. Other alloys, such as Cu-Sn-Pb (lead) and Cu-Sn-As (arsenic), were also in use. Some items were manufactured by casting and hot-forging.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two iron fragments were recently excavated at the Mogou cemetery. They have been dated to the 14th century BC. One of the fragments was made of <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomery</a> iron rather than <a href="/wiki/Meteoritic_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoritic iron">meteoritic iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_stages">Late stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late stages of the culture, the Qijia culture retreated from the west and suffered a reduction in population size. Some scholars hold that <a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa culture</a> was a descendant of the Qijia culture. Also, <a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue culture</a> is believed by some to have developed from the western part of the Qijia culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic analyses of ancient remains associated with the Qijia and Mogou sites were found to display high genetic affinity with modern <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan peoples">Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples</a>, particularly modern <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a>. Mogou remains belonged exclusively to paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">haplogroup O-M175</a> (O3a).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qijia culture people were 80% Yellow river neolithic farmer and 20% Amur hunter gatherer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mix of 34-36% Ancient Northeast Asian and 64-66% Yellow River neolithic farmer were the results of the Di-Qiang people in eastern Hexi Corridor (Gansu) who were related to the Qijia culture during the Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MARI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x82" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:82px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ASSYRIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x75" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Jeul-<br />mun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x52" style="position:absolute; 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href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>BMAC</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x83" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:83px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Vakhsh</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x40" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Ancient<br />Northeast Asians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x68" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:68px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tarim<br />mummies</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_178x28" style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:28px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Okunev</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x27" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Elunino_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Elunino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Elunino</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x32" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:32px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Glazkov</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_164x38" style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:38px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karakol_culture" title="Karakol culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Karakol</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_129x15" style="position:absolute; left:129px; top:15px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; 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style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Chemurchek</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_112x33" style="position:absolute; left:112px; top:33px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Seima-Turbino<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x95" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x98" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:98px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span 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style="position:absolute; left:06px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kerma<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_233x84" style="position:absolute; left:233px; top:84px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Longshan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x80" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:80px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Qijia</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_188x70" style="position:absolute; left:188px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Xichengyi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x62" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:62px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tianshanbeilu_culture" title="Tianshanbeilu culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Linya</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x65" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Zhukaigou</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x73" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:73px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shimao</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_213x97" style="position:absolute; left:213px; top:97px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Baodun</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x100" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:100px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shijiahe</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x20" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Abashevo<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x40" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Catacomb<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Qijia culture and contemporary cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qijia_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China" title="History of metallurgy in China">History of metallurgy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/asianart/timeperiod_china.jsp?ctry=China&pd=Neolithic">Neolithic period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817063139/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/asianart/timeperiod_china.jsp?ctry=China&pd=Neolithic">Archived</a> 2013-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiZhangZhouGao2023" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Yu; Zhang, Zhansen; Zhou, Xueru; Gao, Mingjun; Li, Haiye; Xue, Yaxin; Duan, Junjie (1 May 2023). "Paleo-environmental changes and human activities in Shiyang River Basin since the Late Glacial". <i>Chinese Science Bulletin</i>: 3884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1360%2FTB-2022-0965">10.1360/TB-2022-0965</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257736583">257736583</a>. <q>The long period of warm and humid climatic conditions from the Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene favoured the development and expansion of the Majiayao and Qijia cultures. This stable and agriculturally suitable climate was conducive to increased food production, which contributed to rapid population growth. However, the continuous aridification that began in the Late Holocene led to a decline in agricultural production and insufficient food and water supply, which hampered population growth and cultural development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Paleo-environmental+changes+and+human+activities+in+Shiyang+River+Basin+since+the+Late+Glacial&rft.pages=3884&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1360%2FTB-2022-0965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257736583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhansen&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xueru&rft.au=Gao%2C+Mingjun&rft.au=Li%2C+Haiye&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yaxin&rft.au=Duan%2C+Junjie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonLiJiZhao2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dodson, John; Li, Xiaoqiang; Ji, Ming; Zhao, Keliang; Zhou, Xinying; Levchenko, Vladimir (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589409000829">"Early bronze in two Holocene archaeological sites in Gansu, NW China"</a>. <i>Quaternary Research</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 309–314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009QuRes..72..309D">2009QuRes..72..309D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2009.07.004">10.1016/j.yqres.2009.07.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Early+bronze+in+two+Holocene+archaeological+sites+in+Gansu%2C+NW+China&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-314&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2009.07.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009QuRes..72..309D&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiaoqiang&rft.au=Ji%2C+Ming&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Keliang&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xinying&rft.au=Levchenko%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0033589409000829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson, Jessica (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Characteristic-ceramics-of-the-Shimao-Zhukaigou-tradition-that-were-also-found-in-Western_fig9_342651041#:~:text=Chariotry%20and%20Prone%20Burials%3A%20Reassessing%20Late%20Shang%20China%E2%80%99s%20Relationship%20with%20Its%20Northern%20Neighbours">"Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China's Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours"</a>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 138–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-020-09142-4">10.1007/s10963-020-09142-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254751158">254751158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Chariotry+and+Prone+Burials%3A+Reassessing+Late+Shang+China%27s+Relationship+with+Its+Northern+Neighbours&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-168&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-020-09142-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254751158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FCharacteristic-ceramics-of-the-Shimao-Zhukaigou-tradition-that-were-also-found-in-Western_fig9_342651041%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChariotry%2520and%2520Prone%2520Burials%253A%2520Reassessing%2520Late%2520Shang%2520China%25E2%2580%2599s%2520Relationship%2520with%2520Its%2520Northern%2520Neighbours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmo2008" class="citation book cs1">Cosmo, Nicola Di (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5191670"><i>Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Frontier+in+Pre-Imperial+China+%28Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%29&rft.pages=901&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5191670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-An-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-An_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-An_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn1992" class="citation book cs1">An, Zhimin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20bronze%20age%20in%20eastern%20parts%20of%20central%20asia.pdf">"The Bronze Age in eastern parts of Central Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Dani, A.H.; Masson, V.M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000944/094466eo.pdf"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume 1: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B.C.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. pp. 308–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102719-2"><bdi>978-92-3-102719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bronze+Age+in+eastern+parts+of+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+volume+1%3A+The+Dawn+of+Civilization%3A+Earliest+Times+to+700+B.C.&rft.pages=308-325&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102719-2&rft.aulast=An&rft.aufirst=Zhimin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsites%2Fsilkroad%2Ffiles%2Fknowledge-bank-article%2Fvol_I%2520silk%2520road_the%2520bronze%2520age%2520in%2520eastern%2520parts%2520of%2520central%2520asia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJIANJUN2003" class="citation journal cs1">JIANJUN, MEI (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/3098/Mei-China-central-asia-bronze-age.pdf">"Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>. <b>121</b>: 1–39. <q>the argument for possible Afanasievo-Xinjiang contact based on the finds at the Gumugou cemetery in the north-eastern rim of the Tarim basin would seem reasonable and needs to be kept open for the future archaeological finds. In other words, the possibility for the dispersal of early copperbased metallurgy from the Eurasian steppe into Xinjiang and further east to Gansu cannot be excluded at present and will have to be considered when further archaeological evidence becomes available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Cultural+Interaction+between+China+and+Central+Asia+during+the+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=JIANJUN&rft.aufirst=MEI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2F3098%2FMei-China-central-asia-bronze-age.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Kai (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"</a>. <i>Region - Educational Research and Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234007445">234007445</a>. <q>In the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including Qijia Culture (2500-1500 BC), Siba culture (about 2000-1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800-100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 bc-100 BC) and other cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Region+-+Educational+Research+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Spread+and+Integration+of+Painted+pottery+Art+along+the+Silk+Road&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234007445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32629%252FRERR.V3I1.242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KL-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KL_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinduffSunCaoLiu2018" class="citation book cs1">Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors: Artifacts, Identity and Death on the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4"><bdi>978-1-108-41861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+its+Eurasian+Neighbors%3A+Artifacts%2C+Identity+and+Death+on+the+Frontier%2C+3000%E2%80%93700+BCE&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41861-4&rft.aulast=Linduff&rft.aufirst=Katheryn+M.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yan&rft.au=Cao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yuanqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeo4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LMall-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LMall_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMall_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Meicun (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45055541">"Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road"</a>. <i>Chinese Cultural Relics</i>. <b>3</b> (1–002): 251, Figure 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-5169">2330-5169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Cultural+Relics&rft.atitle=Seima-Turbino+Culture+and+the+Proto-Silk+Road&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1%E2%80%93002&rft.pages=251%2C+Figure+11&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2330-5169&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Meicun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45055541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chen_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Honghai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT136">"The Qijia culture in the upper Yellow River valley"</a>. In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.). <i>A Companion to Chinese Archaeology</i>. 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Washington: Freer Gallery of Arts, 2012, pp. 37–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, Jianli, Mao, Ruilin, Wang, Hui, Chen, Honghai, Xie, Yan, Qian, Yaopeng, 2012. <i>The iron objects unearthed from tombs of the Siwa culture in Mogou, Gansu, and the origin of iron-making technology in China.</i> Wenwu (Cult. Relics) 8,45–53 (in Chinese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiWangChenWang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mei, J.; Wang, P.; Chen, K.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y. (2015). 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Wang, Zefei; Lyu, Qiang; Ying, Jun; Wu, Qian; Jiang, Lanrui; Wang, Fei; Zhou, Yuxiang; Song, Feng; Luo, Haibo; Hou, Yiping; Song, Xingbo; Ying, Binwu (2022-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497322001156">"Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs"</a>. <i>Forensic Science International: Genetics</i>. <b>61</b>: 102774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2022.102774">10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-4973">1872-4973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156385">36156385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252254620">252254620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&rft.atitle=Paternal+genetic+structure+of+the+Qiang+ethnic+group+in+China+revealed+by+high-resolution+Y-chromosome+STRs+and+SNPs&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=102774&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft.issn=1872-4973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252254620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36156385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2022.102774&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Mengyuan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zefei&rft.au=Lyu%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Ying%2C+Jun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Qian&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Lanrui&rft.au=Wang%2C+Fei&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Yuxiang&rft.au=Song%2C+Feng&rft.au=Luo%2C+Haibo&rft.au=Hou%2C+Yiping&rft.au=Song%2C+Xingbo&rft.au=Ying%2C+Binwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1872497322001156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZengZhangKo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jiawei; Zeng, Wen; Zhang, Ye; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Li, Chunxiang; Zhu, Hong; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhou, Hui (2017-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716020">"Ancient DNA reveals genetic connections between early Di-Qiang and Han Chinese"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 239. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BMCEE..17..239L">2017BMCEE..17..239L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-1082-0">10.1186/s12862-017-1082-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2148">1471-2148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716020">5716020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29202706">29202706</a>. <q>We identified Mogou to be the earliest ~4000 yr. BP Di-Qiang population, and genetically related to Taojiazhai in sharing up to 100% paternal (O3a) and ~60% maternal (D4, M10, F, Z) haplogroups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+reveals+genetic+connections+between+early+Di-Qiang+and+Han+Chinese&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=239&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5716020%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BMCEE..17..239L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29202706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-017-1082-0&rft.issn=1471-2148&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jiawei&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Wen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ye&rft.au=Ko%2C+Albert+Min-Shan&rft.au=Li%2C+Chunxiang&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5716020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNingLi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ning, C; Li, T (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264253">"Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration"</a>. <i>Nat Commun</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 2700. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.2700N">2020NatCo..11.2700N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16557-2">10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-30F2-1">21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264253">7264253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32483115">32483115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Commun&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+from+northern+China+suggest+links+between+subsistence+changes+and+human+migration&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2700&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7264253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.2700N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32483115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16557-2&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-30F2-1&rft.aulast=Ning&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Li%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7264253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiongWang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Xiong, Jianxue; Wang, Rui (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376558253">"Inferring the demographic history of Hexi Corridor over the past two millennia from ancient genomes"</a>. <i>Science Bulletin</i>. <b>69</b> (5): 606–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scib.2023.12.031">10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38184385">38184385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Inferring+the+demographic+history+of+Hexi+Corridor+over+the+past+two+millennia+from+ancient+genomes&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=606-611&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scib.2023.12.031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38184385&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Jianxue&rft.au=Wang%2C+Rui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F376558253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China : From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i>, Edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47030-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47030-7">0-521-47030-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwang-chih_Chang" title="Kwang-chih Chang">Chang, Kwang-chih</a>. <i>The Archaeology of Ancient China</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03784-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03784-8">0-300-03784-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Li_(archaeologist)" title="Liu Li (archaeologist)">Liu, Li</a> (2004). <i>The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81184-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81184-8"><bdi>0-521-81184-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Neolithic%3A+Trajectories+to+Early+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-81184-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQijia+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qijia_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231821/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/52History13052.html">Qijiaping Site</a>—history.cultural-china.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template talk:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric cultures of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Northeastern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuheliang" title="Niuheliang">Niuheliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan_culture" title="Xiaoheyan culture">Xiaoheyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohushan_culture" title="Laohushan culture">Laohushan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xituanshan" title="Xituanshan">Xituanshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijinbao_culture" title="Baijinbao culture">Baijinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi_culture" title="Jinggouzi culture">Jinggouzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaodaogou_culture" title="Chaodaogou culture">Chaodaogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Upper Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qijia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicha_culture" title="Xicha culture">Xicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou_culture" title="Maoqinggou culture">Maoqinggou</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Majiayuan_site" title="Majiayuan site">Majiayuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijia_culture" title="Baijia culture">Baijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguanzhai" title="Yangguanzhai">Yangguanzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao">Shimao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengziya" title="Chengziya">Chengziya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle and Upper Yangtze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashidang" title="Bashidang">Bashidang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengbeixi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengbeixi culture (page does not exist)">Chengbeixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangjiagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangjiagang (page does not exist)">Tangjiagang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_site" title="Jinsha site">Jinsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijiahe_culture" title="Feijiahe culture">Feijiahe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yangtze and Huai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjiatan_culture" title="Lingjiatan culture">Lingjiatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfulin" title="Guangfulin">Guangfulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqiao_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqiao culture (page does not exist)">Maqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Southern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zengpiyan" title="Zengpiyan">Zengpiyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shixia_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shixia culture (page does not exist)">Shixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayangzhou_site" title="Dayangzhou site">Dayangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui_culture" title="Fanchengdui culture">Fanchengdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui" title="Fanchengdui">Fanchengdui</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karuo_culture" title="Karuo culture">Karuo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qugong_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qugong culture (page does not exist)">Qugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabenkeng_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabenkeng culture">Dabenkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinan culture">Beinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yumin culture (page does not exist)">Yumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture">Xichengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology" title="Category:Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a 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navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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