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href="#Task_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Task performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Task_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Autonomous navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indoor_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Indoor navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Outdoor navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_problems_in_autonomous_robotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_problems_in_autonomous_robotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Open problems in autonomous robotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_problems_in_autonomous_robotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_impact_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_impact_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Societal impact and issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_impact_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Space probes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General-use_autonomous_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General-use_autonomous_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>General-use autonomous robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-use_autonomous_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_autonomous_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_autonomous_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Military autonomous robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_autonomous_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of robots</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_robots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of robots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanoid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanoid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Humanoid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanoid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery_robot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_robot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Delivery robot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery_robot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging_robot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging_robot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Charging robot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging_robot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Construction robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_education_mobile_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_education_mobile_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Research and education mobile robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_education_mobile_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Scientific concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_robots_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_robots_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Types of robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_robots_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_robot_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_robot_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Specific robot models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_robot_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous robot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="روبوتات مستقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبوتات مستقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_aut%C3%B2nom" title="Robot autònom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robot autònom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomn%C3%AD_robot" title="Autonomní robot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autonomní robot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomer_mobiler_Roboter" title="Autonomer mobiler Roboter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autonomer mobiler Roboter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakirobot" title="Pakirobot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pakirobot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_aut%C3%B3nomo" title="Robot autónomo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robot autónomo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ربات خودمختار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ربات خودمختار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_autonome" title="Robot autonome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robot autonome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_otonom" title="Robot otonom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robot otonom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithununu_esizihlelelekayo" title="Isithununu esizihlelelekayo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithununu esizihlelelekayo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="רובוט אוטונומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רובוט אוטונומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B4_aut%C3%B4nomo" title="Robô autônomo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robô autônomo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Автономный робот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автономный робот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auton%C3%B3mny_robot" title="Autonómny robot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autonómny robot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Аутономни роботи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутономни роботи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="หุ่นยนต์อัตโนมัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หุ่นยนต์อัตโนมัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Автономний робот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автономний робот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="خودتحکمی روبالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خودتحکمی روبالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_t%E1%BB%B1_ho%E1%BA%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Robot tự hoạt động – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robot tự hoạt động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="自主机器人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自主机器人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2916098#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Autonomous_robot" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Robot that performs behaviors or tasks with a high degree of autonomy</div> <p>An <b>autonomous robot</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> that acts without recourse to human control. Historic examples include <a href="/wiki/Space_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probes">space probes</a>. Modern examples include self-driving <a href="/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">vacuums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">cars</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot arms</a> that work on assembly lines inside factories may also be considered autonomous robots, though their <a href="/wiki/Agency_(psychology)" title="Agency (psychology)">autonomy</a> is restricted due to a highly structured environment and their inability to <a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">locomote</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_criteria_of_robotic_autonomy">Components and criteria of robotic autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components and criteria of robotic autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autonomous_robot" title="Special:EditPage/Autonomous robot">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-maintenance">Self-maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Self-maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first requirement for complete physical autonomy is the ability for a robot to take care of itself. Many of the battery-powered robots on the market today can find and connect to a charging station, and some toys like Sony's <i><a href="/wiki/Aibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aibo">Aibo</a></i> are capable of self-docking to charge their batteries. </p><p>Self-maintenance is based on "<a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>", or sensing one's own internal status. In the battery charging example, the robot can tell proprioceptively that its batteries are low, and it then seeks the charger. Another common proprioceptive sensor is for heat monitoring. Increased proprioception will be required for robots to work autonomously near people and in harsh environments. Common proprioceptive sensors include thermal, optical, and haptic sensing, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> (electric). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MobileEyesIntel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/MobileEyesIntel.jpg/220px-MobileEyesIntel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/MobileEyesIntel.jpg/330px-MobileEyesIntel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/MobileEyesIntel.jpg/440px-MobileEyesIntel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Robot GUI display showing battery voltage and other proprioceptive data in lower right-hand corner. The display is for user information only. Autonomous robots monitor and respond to <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioceptive</a> sensors without human intervention to keep themselves safe and operating properly.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensing_the_environment">Sensing the environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensing the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exteroception is <a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">sensing</a> things about the environment. Autonomous robots must have a range of environmental sensors to perform their task and stay out of trouble. The autonomous robot can recognize sensor failures and minimize the impact on the performance caused by failures.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Common exteroceptive sensors include the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, sound, touch, chemical (smell, odor), temperature, range to various objects, and altitude.</li></ul> <p>Some robotic lawn mowers will adapt their programming by detecting the speed in which grass grows as needed to maintain a perfectly cut lawn, and some vacuum cleaning robots have dirt detectors that sense how much dirt is being picked up and use this information to tell them to stay in one area longer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Task_performance">Task performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Task performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next step in autonomous behavior is to actually perform a physical task. A new area showing commercial promise is domestic robots, with a flood of small vacuuming robots beginning with <a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">iRobot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a> in 2002. While the level of intelligence is not high in these systems, they navigate over wide areas and pilot in tight situations around homes using contact and non-contact sensors. Both of these robots use proprietary algorithms to increase coverage over simple random bounce. </p><p>The next level of autonomous task performance requires a robot to perform conditional tasks. For instance, security robots can be programmed to detect intruders and respond in a particular way depending upon where the intruder is. For example, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> launched its Astro for home monitoring, security and eldercare in September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_navigation">Autonomous navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Autonomous navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indoor_navigation">Indoor navigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indoor navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a robot to associate behaviors with a place (<a href="/wiki/Robot_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Robot localization">localization</a>) requires it to know where it is and to be able to navigate point-to-point. Such navigation began with wire-guidance in the 1970s and progressed in the early 2000s to beacon-based <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a>. Current commercial robots autonomously navigate based on sensing natural features. The first commercial robots to achieve this were Pyxus' HelpMate hospital robot and the CyberMotion guard robot, both designed by robotics pioneers in the 1980s. These robots originally used manually created <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> floor plans, sonar sensing and wall-following variations to navigate buildings. The next generation, such as MobileRobots' <a href="/wiki/PatrolBot" title="PatrolBot">PatrolBot</a> and autonomous wheelchair,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both introduced in 2004, have the ability to create their own laser-based <a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">maps of a building</a> and to navigate open areas as well as corridors. Their control system changes its path on the fly if something blocks the way. </p><p>At first, autonomous navigation was based on planar sensors, such as laser range-finders, that can only sense at one level. The most advanced systems now fuse information from various sensors for both localization (position) and navigation. Systems such as Motivity can rely on different sensors in different areas, depending upon which provides the most reliable data at the time, and can re-map a building autonomously. </p><p>Rather than climb stairs, which requires highly specialized hardware, most indoor robots navigate handicapped-accessible areas, controlling elevators, and electronic doors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With such electronic access-control interfaces, robots can now freely navigate indoors. Autonomously climbing stairs and opening doors manually are topics of research at the current time. </p><p>As these indoor techniques continue to develop, vacuuming robots will gain the ability to clean a specific user-specified room or a whole floor. Security robots will be able to cooperatively surround intruders and cut off exits. These advances also bring concomitant protections: robots' internal maps typically permit "forbidden areas" to be defined to prevent robots from autonomously entering certain regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outdoor_navigation">Outdoor navigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outdoor navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outdoor autonomy is most easily achieved in the air, since obstacles are rare. <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">Cruise missiles</a> are rather dangerous highly autonomous robots. Pilotless drone aircraft are increasingly used for reconnaissance. Some of these <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs) are capable of flying their entire mission without any human interaction at all except possibly for the landing where a person intervenes using radio remote control. Some drones are capable of safe, automatic landings, however. <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> operates a number of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">autonomous spaceport drone ships</a>, used to safely land and recover <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rockets at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20141117_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20141117-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outdoor autonomy is the most difficult for ground vehicles, due to: </p> <ul><li>Three-dimensional terrain</li> <li>Great disparities in surface density</li> <li>Weather exigencies</li> <li>Instability of the sensed environment</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_problems_in_autonomous_robotics">Open problems in autonomous robotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Open problems in autonomous robotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several open problems in autonomous robotics which are special to the field rather than being a part of the general pursuit of AI. According to George A. Bekey's <i>Autonomous Robots: From Biological Inspiration to Implementation and Control</i>, problems include things such as making sure the robot is able to function correctly and not run into obstacles autonomously. Reinforcement learning has been used to control and plan the navigation of autonomous robots, specifically when a group of them operate in collaboration with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-MBK_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBK-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Energy autonomy and foraging</dt></dl> <p>Researchers concerned with creating true <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">artificial life</a> are concerned not only with intelligent control, but further with the capacity of the robot to find its own resources through <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> (looking for food, which includes both energy and spare parts). </p><p>This is related to <b>autonomous foraging</b>, a concern within the sciences of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">behavioral ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social anthropology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_behavioral_ecology" title="Human behavioral ecology">human behavioral ecology</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">artificial life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_impact_and_issues">Societal impact and issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Societal impact and issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As autonomous robots have grown in ability and technical levels, there has been increasing societal awareness and news coverage of the latest advances, and also some of the philosophical issues, economic effects, and societal impacts that arise from the roles and activities of autonomous robots. </p><p>Elon Musk, a prominent business executive and billionaire has warned for years of the possible hazards and pitfalls of autonomous robots; however, his own company is one of the most prominent companies that is trying to devise new advanced technologies in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, a United Nations group of government experts, known as the <i>Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons – Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems</i>, held a conference to highlight the ethical concerns which arise from the increasingly advanced technology for autonomous robots to wield weapons and to play a military role.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_development">Technical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_robots">Early robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first autonomous robots were known as <a href="/wiki/Elmer_and_Elsie_(robots)" title="Elmer and Elsie (robots)">Elmer and Elsie</a>, constructed in the late 1940s by <a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">W. Grey Walter</a>. They were the first <a href="/wiki/Robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Robots">robots</a> programmed to "think" the way biological brains do and were meant to have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IngalisArkel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IngalisArkel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elmer and Elsie were often labeled as tortoises because of how they were shaped and the manner in which they moved. They were capable of <a href="/wiki/Phototaxis" title="Phototaxis">phototaxis</a>, the movement that occurs in response to light stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-NormaJeremy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NormaJeremy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_probes">Space probes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Space probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mars rovers <a href="/wiki/MER-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MER-A">MER-A</a> and <a href="/wiki/MER-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MER-B">MER-B</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunity rover"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a>) found the position of the Sun and navigated their own routes to destinations, on the fly, by: </p> <ul><li>Mapping the surface with 3D vision</li> <li>Computing safe and unsafe areas on the surface within that field of vision</li> <li>Computing optimal paths across the safe area towards the desired destination</li> <li>Driving along the calculated route</li> <li>Repeating this cycle until either the destination is reached, or there is no known path to the destination</li></ul> <p>The planned <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> Rover, <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a>, is capable of vision based relative localisation and absolute localisation to autonomously navigate safe and efficient trajectories to targets by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">Reconstructing 3D models</a> of the terrain surrounding the Rover using a pair of stereo cameras</li> <li>Determining safe and unsafe areas of the terrain and the general "difficulty" for the Rover to navigate the terrain</li> <li>Computing efficient paths across the safe area towards the desired destination</li> <li>Driving the Rover along the planned path</li> <li>Building up a navigation map of all previous navigation data</li></ul> <p>During the final NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge in 2016, a rover, named Cataglyphis, successfully demonstrated fully autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rover relied on a fusion of measurements from <a href="/wiki/Inertial_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial sensor">inertial sensors</a>, wheel encoders, Lidar, and camera for navigation and mapping, instead of using GPS or magnetometers. During the 2-hour challenge, Cataglyphis traversed over 2.6 km and returned five different samples to its starting position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General-use_autonomous_robots">General-use autonomous robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General-use autonomous robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SmSeekurMDARS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/SmSeekurMDARS.jpg/220px-SmSeekurMDARS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/SmSeekurMDARS.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>The Seekur and MDARS robots demonstrate their autonomous navigation and security capabilities at an airbase.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_(27254369347)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_%2827254369347%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_%2827254369347%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_%2827254369347%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_%2827254369347%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_%2827254369347%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sophia_at_the_AI_for_Good_Global_Summit_2018_%2827254369347%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2635" data-file-height="3345" /></a><figcaption>Sophia, a robot known for human-like appearance and interactions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seyiton-AMR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seyiton-AMR.jpg/220px-Seyiton-AMR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seyiton-AMR.jpg/330px-Seyiton-AMR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seyiton-AMR.jpg/440px-Seyiton-AMR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption> AMR transfer cart for in-factory transfer needs</figcaption></figure> <p>The Seekur robot was the first commercially available robot to demonstrate MDARS-like capabilities for general use by airports, utility plants, corrections facilities and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">DARPA Grand Challenge</a> and <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Urban_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="DARPA Urban Challenge">DARPA Urban Challenge</a> have encouraged development of even more autonomous capabilities for ground vehicles, while this has been the demonstrated goal for aerial robots since 1990 as part of the AUVSI <a href="/wiki/International_Aerial_Robotics_Competition" title="International Aerial Robotics Competition">International Aerial Robotics Competition</a>. </p><p>AMR transfer carts developed by Seyiton are used to transfer loads of up to 1500 kilograms inside factories. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2013 and 2017, <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> has held the <a href="/wiki/ARGOS_Challenge" title="ARGOS Challenge">ARGOS Challenge</a> to develop the first autonomous robot for oil and gas production sites. The robots had to face adverse outdoor conditions such as rain, wind and extreme temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some significant current robots include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(robot)" title="Sophia (robot)">Sophia</a> is an autonomous robot<sup id="cite_ref-wired_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is known for its human-like appearance and behavior compared to previous robotic variants. As of 2018, Sophia's architecture includes scripting software, a chat system, and <a href="/wiki/OpenCog" title="OpenCog">OpenCog</a>, an AI system designed for general reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophia imitates human gestures and facial expressions and is able to answer certain questions and to make simple conversations on predefined topics (e.g. on the weather).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AI program analyses conversations and extracts data that allows it to improve responses in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nine other robot humanoid "siblings" who were also created by <a href="/wiki/Hanson_Robotics" title="Hanson Robotics">Hanson Robotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fellow Hanson robots are Alice, <a href="/wiki/Albert_HUBO" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert HUBO">Albert Einstein Hubo</a>, <a href="/wiki/BINA48" title="BINA48">BINA48</a>, Han, Jules, Professor Einstein, Philip K. Dick Android, Zeno,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Joey Chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 2019–20, Hanson released "Little Sophia" as a companion that could teach children how to code, including support for Python, Blockly, and Raspberry Pi.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_autonomous_robots">Military autonomous robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military autonomous robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">Lethal autonomous weapons</a> (LAWs) are a type of autonomous robot <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">military system</a> that can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LAWs are also known as lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), autonomous weapon systems (AWS), robotic weapons, killer robots or slaughterbots.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LAWs may operate in the air, on land, on water, under water, or in space. The autonomy of current systems as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was restricted in the sense that a human gives the final command to attack – though there are exceptions with certain "defensive" systems. </p> <ul><li>UGV Interoperability Profile (UGV IOP), Robotics and Autonomous Systems – Ground IOP (RAS-G IOP), was originally a research program started by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense (DoD)</a> to organize and maintain <a href="/wiki/Open_architecture" title="Open architecture">open architecture</a> <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> standards for <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_Ground_Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned Ground Vehicles">Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IOPv2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOPv2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aviation2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aviation2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fnr2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnr2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robolliance_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robolliance-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOP was initially created by U.S. Army Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO):<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iop2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iop2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rbr2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbr2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2019, Textron and Howe & Howe unveiled their <a href="/wiki/Ripsaw_(vehicle)" title="Ripsaw (vehicle)">Ripsaw</a> M5 vehicle,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 9 January 2020, the U.S. Army awarded them a contract for the Robotic Combat Vehicle-Medium (RCV-M) program. Four Ripsaw M5 prototypes are to be delivered and used in a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a>-level to determine the feasibility of integrating unmanned vehicles into ground combat operations in late 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can reach speeds of more than 40 mph (64 km/h), has a combat weight of 10.5 tons and a payload capacity of 8,000 lb (3,600 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RCV-M is armed with a <a href="/wiki/Mk44_Bushmaster_II" title="Mk44 Bushmaster II">30 mm autocannon</a> and a pair of <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank missiles</a>. The standard armor package can withstand <a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×108mm">12.7×108mm</a> rounds, with optional add-on armor increasing weight to up to 20 tons. If disabled, it will retain the ability to shoot, with its sensors and radio uplink prioritized to continue transmitting as its primary function.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crusher is a 13,200-pound (6,000 kg)<sup id="cite_ref-brochure_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brochure-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomous" class="extiw" title="wikt:autonomous">autonomous</a> off-road <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_Ground_Combat_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle">Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle</a> developed by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Robotics_Engineering_Center" title="National Robotics Engineering Center">National Robotics Engineering Center</a> for <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cmu_nrec_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmu_nrec-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a follow-up on the previous Spinner vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-DARPA-press_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DARPA-press-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DARPA's technical name for the Crusher is <i>Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle and Perceptor Integration System</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-sharkey_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkey-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the whole project is known by the acronym UPI, which stands for <i>Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle PerceptOR Integration</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cmu_nrec_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmu_nrec-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CATS_Warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="CATS Warrior">CATS Warrior</a> will be an autonomous wingman drone capable of take-off & landing from land & in sea from an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, it will team up with the existing fighter platforms of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">IAF</a> like <a href="/wiki/HAL_Tejas" title="HAL Tejas">Tejas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKI" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKI">Su-30 MKI</a> and <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">Jaguar</a> which will act like its mothership.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Warrior is primarily envisioned for the Indian Air Force use and a similar, smaller version will be designed for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>. It would be controlled by the mothership and accomplish tasks such as scouting, absorbing enemy fire, attacking the targets if necessary with its internal & external pylons weapons or sacrifice itself by crashing into the target.</li> <li>The SGR-A1 is a type of autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">sentry gun</a> that was jointly developed by <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Techwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Techwin">Samsung Techwin</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Hanwha_Aerospace" title="Hanwha Aerospace">Hanwha Aerospace</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Korea_University" title="Korea University">Korea University</a> to assist South Korean troops in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a>. It is widely considered as the first unit of its kind to have an integrated system that includes surveillance, tracking, firing, and voice recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1e_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1e-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While units of the SGR-A1 have been reportedly deployed, their number is unknown due to the project being "highly classified".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_robots">Types of robots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Types of robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanoid">Humanoid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Humanoid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Robot">Tesla Robot</a> and <a href="/wiki/NVIDIA_GR00T" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA GR00T">NVIDIA GR00T</a> are humanoid robots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delivery_robot">Delivery robot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Delivery robot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Delivery_robot" title="Delivery robot">Delivery robot</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">Delivery drone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_(20200111163318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_%2820200111163318%29.jpg/220px-Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_%2820200111163318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_%2820200111163318%29.jpg/330px-Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_%2820200111163318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_%2820200111163318%29.jpg/440px-Food_delivery_bot_at_Yangfang_Shengli_Original_Restaurant_%2820200111163318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A food delivery robot</figcaption></figure> <p>A delivery robot is an autonomous robot used for delivering goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charging_robot">Charging robot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Charging robot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An automatic charging robot, unveiled on July 27, 2022, is an arm-shaped robot to charge an electric vehicle. It has been running a pilot operation at Hyundai Motor Group's headquarters since 2021. VISION AI System based on deep learning technology has been applied. When an electric vehicle is parked in front of the charger, the robot arm recognizes the charger of the electric vehicle and derives coordinates. And automatically insert a connector into the electric car and operate fast charging. The robot arm is configured in a vertical multi-joint structure so that it can be applied to chargers at different locations for each vehicle. In addition, waterproof and dustproof functions are applied.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_robots">Construction robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Construction robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction robots are used directly on job sites and perform work such as building, material handling, earthmoving, and surveillance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_education_mobile_robots">Research and education mobile robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Research and education mobile robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research and education mobile robots are mainly used during a prototyping phase in the process of building full scale robots. They are a scaled down version of bigger robots with the same types of sensors, <a href="/wiki/Robot_kinematics" title="Robot kinematics">kinematics</a> and software stack (e.g. ROS). They are often extendable and provide comfortable programming interface and development tools. Next to full scale robot prototyping they are also used for education, especially at university level, where more and more labs about programming autonomous vehicles are being introduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2016, a bill was introduced in Washington, D.C., allowing pilot ground robotic deliveries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was to take place from September 15 through the end of December 2017. The robots were limited to a weight of 50 pounds unloaded and a maximum speed of 10 miles per hour. In case the robot stopped moving because of malfunction the company was required to remove it from the streets within 24 hours. There were allowed only 5 robots to be tested per company at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 version of the Personal Delivery Device Act bill was under review as of March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017, a bill was passed in the US state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> via the House bill, HB2016,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Senate bill, SB1207,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that will allow autonomous delivery robots to travel on sidewalks and use crosswalks statewide beginning on July 1, 2017. The robots will be limited to a maximum speed of 10 mph and a maximum weight of 50 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the states of Idaho and Florida there are also talks about passing the similar legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been discussed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that robots with similar characteristics to invalid carriages (e.g. 10 mph maximum, limited battery life) might be a workaround for certain classes of applications. If the robot was sufficiently intelligent and able to recharge itself using the existing electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure it would only need minimal supervision and a single arm with low dexterity might be enough to enable this function if its visual systems had enough resolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2017, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors announced that companies would need to get a city permit in order to test these robots.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Board banned sidewalk delivery robots from making non-research deliveries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_concepts">Scientific concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scientific concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_robotics" title="Cognitive robotics">Cognitive robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">Teleoperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-up_robot_problem" title="Wake-up robot problem">Wake-up robot problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_robots_2">Types of robots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types of robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">Autonomous car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_research_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous research robot">Autonomous research robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid robot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_robot_models">Specific robot models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Specific robot models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Scout" title="Amazon Scout">Amazon Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PatrolBot" title="PatrolBot">PatrolBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBee" title="RoboBee">RoboBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robomow" title="Robomow">Robomow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote-control_vehicle" title="Remote-control vehicle">Remote-control vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_robot&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrell, Cynthia (March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105971239400200403">"Failure Recognition and Fault Tolerance of an Autonomous Robot"</a>. <i>Adaptive Behavior</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105971239400200403">10.1177/105971239400200403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-7123">1059-7123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" 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robot">Walking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hexapod_robots" title="List of hexapod robots">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle (AGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation (ATO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automated_train_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of automated train systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Underwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle" title="Unmanned underwater vehicle">Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervention_AUV" title="Intervention AUV">Intervention AUV (I-AUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated 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