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id="toc-By_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercarrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercarrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Supercarrier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercarrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hull_type_identification_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hull_type_identification_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Hull type identification symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hull_type_identification_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Postwar era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_deck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_deck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flight deck </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_deck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staff_and_deck_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff_and_deck_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Staff and deck operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff_and_deck_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deck_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deck_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Deck structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deck_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_fleets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_fleets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 National fleets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_fleets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National fleets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_fleets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_carriers_in_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_carriers_in_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aircraft carriers in preservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aircraft_carriers_in_preservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aircraft carriers in preservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_carriers_in_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_museum_carriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_museum_carriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Current museum carriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_museum_carriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_museum_carriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_museum_carriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Former museum carriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_museum_carriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_but_cancelled_museum_carriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_but_cancelled_museum_carriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Planned but cancelled museum carriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_but_cancelled_museum_carriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_museum_carriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_museum_carriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Future museum carriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_museum_carriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Related lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aircraft carrier</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegdekskip" title="Vliegdekskip – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vliegdekskip" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyftcr%C3%A6ftbora" title="Lyftcræftbora – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lyftcræftbora" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حاملة طائرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاملة طائرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaavions" title="Portaavions – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Portaavions" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaviones" title="Portaviones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Portaviones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygarata_pepo%27at%C3%A3rupa" title="Ygarata pepo'atãrupa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ygarata pepo'atãrupa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviada%C5%9F%C4%B1y%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Aviadaşıyıcı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aviadaşıyıcı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اوچاق داشی‌یان ساواش گمی‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوچاق داشی‌یان ساواش گمی‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="বিমানবাহী রণতরী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমানবাহী রণতরী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2ng-khong-b%C3%BA-l%C4%81m" title="Hâng-khong-bú-lām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hâng-khong-bú-lām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Авианосец – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авианосец" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Авіяносец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авіяносец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Авіяносец – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авіяносец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Самолетоносач – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самолетоносач" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosa%C4%8D_aviona" title="Nosač aviona – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nosač aviona" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douger-nijerezio%C3%B9" title="Douger-nijerezioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douger-nijerezioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaavions" title="Portaavions – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portaavions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letadlov%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F" title="Letadlová loď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letadlová loď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cludydd_awyrennau" title="Cludydd awyrennau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cludydd awyrennau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarskib" title="Hangarskib – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hangarskib" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugzeugtr%C3%A4ger" title="Flugzeugträger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flugzeugträger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_naa%CA%BCee%C5%82_chid%C3%AD_naat%CA%BCa%CA%BC%C3%AD_bee_naag%C3%A9h%C3%A9" title="Tsin naaʼeeł chidí naatʼaʼí bee naagéhé – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin naaʼeeł chidí naatʼaʼí bee naagéhé" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennukikandja" title="Lennukikandja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lennukikandja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Αεροπλανοφόρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεροπλανοφόρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaviones" title="Portaviones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portaviones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviadila_%C5%9Dipo" title="Aviadila ŝipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviadila ŝipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazkin-ontzi" title="Hegazkin-ontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazkin-ontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ناو هواپیمابر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناو هواپیمابر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte-avions" title="Porte-avions – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porte-avions" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleandekskip" title="Fleandekskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fleandekskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iompr%C3%B3ir_aer%C3%A1rtha%C3%AD" title="Iompróir aerárthaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iompróir aerárthaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaavi%C3%B3ns" title="Portaavións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portaavións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C" title="વિમાનવાહક જહાજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિમાનવાહક જહાજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%A8" title="항공모함 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공모함" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ավիակիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավիակիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="विमान वाहक पोत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विमान वाहक पोत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosa%C4%8D_zrakoplova" title="Nosač zrakoplova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nosač zrakoplova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionala_transportonavo" title="Avionala transportonavo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Avionala transportonavo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_induk" title="Kapal induk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal induk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugm%C3%B3%C3%B0urskip" title="Flugmóðurskip – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flugmóðurskip" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaerei" title="Portaerei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portaerei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נושאת מטוסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נושאת מטוסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಮಾನವಾಹಕ ನೌಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಮಾನವಾಹಕ ನೌಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ұшақ тасығыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұшақ тасығыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navis_a%C3%ABroplanigera" title="Navis aëroplanigera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Navis aëroplanigera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C4%81cijas_b%C4%81zesku%C4%A3is" title="Aviācijas bāzeskuģis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aviācijas bāzeskuģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fligerdr%C3%A9ier" title="Fligerdréier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fligerdréier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97ktuvne%C5%A1is" title="Lėktuvnešis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lėktuvnešis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta-avion" title="Porta-avion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Porta-avion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p-hordoz%C3%B3" title="Repülőgép-hordozó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repülőgép-hordozó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="വിമാനവാഹിനിക്കപ്പൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിമാനവാഹിനിക്കപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="विमानवाहू नौका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विमानवाहू नौका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_induk_pesawat_udara" title="Kapal induk pesawat udara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal induk pesawat udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_induak" title="Kapa induak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kapa induak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86" title="Нисэх онгоц тээгч хөлөг онгоц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нисэх онгоц тээгч хөлөг онгоц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="လေယာဉ်တင်သင်္ဘော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေယာဉ်တင်သင်္ဘော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegdekschip" title="Vliegdekschip – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vliegdekschip" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D%E8%89%A6" title="航空母艦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空母艦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Авиахикема – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Авиахикема" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarskip" title="Hangarskip – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hangarskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarskip" title="Hangarskip – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hangarskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2rta-avions" title="Pòrta-avions – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pòrta-avions" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਏਅਰਕ੍ਰਾਫਟ ਕੈਰੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਅਰਕ੍ਰਾਫਟ ਕੈਰੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotniskowiec" title="Lotniskowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lotniskowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta-avi%C3%B5es" title="Porta-aviões – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Porta-aviões" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portavion" title="Portavion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portavion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Авианосец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авианосец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplanmbajt%C3%ABsja" title="Aeroplanmbajtësja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aeroplanmbajtësja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="ගුවන් යානා ගෙන යන නෞකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුවන් යානා ගෙන යන නෞකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aircraft carrier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietadlov%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F" title="Lietadlová loď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lietadlová loď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letalonosilka" title="Letalonosilka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Letalonosilka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="فڕۆکەھەڵگر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەھەڵگر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Носач авиона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Носач авиона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosa%C4%8D_aviona" title="Nosač aviona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nosač aviona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentotukialus" title="Lentotukialus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lentotukialus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarfartyg" title="Hangarfartyg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hangarfartyg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானூர்தி தாங்கிக் கப்பல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானூர்தி தாங்கிக் கப்பல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Авиаташучы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Авиаташучы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%95" title="విమాన వాహకనౌక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విమాన వాహకనౌక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เรือบรรทุกอากาศยาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรือบรรทุกอากาศยาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7ak_gemisi" title="Uçak gemisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uçak gemisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Авіаносець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіаносець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="طیارہ بردار بحری جہاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طیارہ بردار بحری جہاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_s%C3%A2n_bay" title="Tàu sân bay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu sân bay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D%E8%89%A6" title="航空母艦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="航空母艦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Warship that serves as a seagoing airbase</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleet_5_nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fleet_5_nations.jpg/300px-Fleet_5_nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fleet_5_nations.jpg/450px-Fleet_5_nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fleet_5_nations.jpg/600px-Fleet_5_nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Four modern aircraft carriers of various types—<a href="/wiki/USS_John_C._Stennis" title="USS John C. Stennis">USS John C. Stennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle (French Navy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS John F. Kennedy</a>, helicopter carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(L12)" title="HMS Ocean (L12)">HMS Ocean</a>—and escort vessels, 2002</figcaption></figure> An aircraft carrier is a <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a> that serves as a seagoing <a href="/wiki/Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbase">airbase</a>, equipped with a full-length <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">flight deck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangar</a> facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">shipborne aircraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Typically it is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ship</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleet</a> (known as a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_battle_group" title="Carrier battle group">carrier battle group</a>), as it allows a <a href="/wiki/Naval_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval force">naval force</a> to <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">project</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">seaborne</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> far from homeland without depending on local <a href="/wiki/Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Airfield">airfields</a> for <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aircraft operations</a>. Since their inception in the early 20th century, aircraft carriers have evolved from wooden vessels used to deploy individual tethered <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnaissance balloon">reconnaissance balloons</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">supercarriers</a> that carry dozens of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike aircraft">strike aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">military helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">AEW&Cs</a> and other types of aircraft such as <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">UCAVs</a>. While heavier <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Airlifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Airlifter">airlifters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">gunships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> have been launched from aircraft carriers, these aircraft have not landed on a carrier due to flight deck limitations. The aircraft carrier, along with its onboard aircraft and defensive <a href="/wiki/Ancillary_weapon" title="Ancillary weapon">ancillary weapons</a>, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Weapon_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon system">weapon system</a> ever created. By their tactical prowess, mobility, autonomy and the variety of operational means, aircraft carriers are often the centerpiece of modern <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, and have significant <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">diplomatic influence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">command of the sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the aircraft carrier has replaced the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> in the role of <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of a fleet, and largely transformed <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">gun</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">barrages</a> to beyond-visual-range <a href="/wiki/Air_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strike">air strikes</a>. In addition to tactical aptitudes, it has great <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategic</a> advantages in that, by sailing in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>, it does not need to interfere with any <a href="/wiki/Territorial_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial sovereignty">territorial sovereignty</a> and thus does not risk diplomatic complications or <a href="/wiki/Conflict_escalation" title="Conflict escalation">conflict escalation</a> due to trespassing, and obviates the need for <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> authorizations from third-party countries, reduces the times and transit logistics of aircraft and therefore significantly increases the time of availability on the combat zone. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg/300px-World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg/450px-World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg/600px-World_Navy_Aircraft_carries_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>Chart comparing a selection of aircraft carriers (sorted by length)</figcaption></figure> There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and sometimes as distinct types of aviation-capable ships.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Mark_Stanhope" title="Mark Stanhope">Mark Stanhope</a>, RN, former <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord (head)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, has said, "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, also said: "An aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As of November 2024, there are 47 active aircraft carriers in the world operated by fourteen navies. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has 11 large nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a> <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a> — each carrying around 80 fighters — the largest in the world, with the total combined deck space over twice that of all other nations combined.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> has nine <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ships</a> used primarily as <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">helicopter carriers</a>, although these also each carry up to 20 <a href="/wiki/Vertical/short_takeoff_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical/short takeoff and landing">vertical/short takeoff and landing</a> (V/STOL) <a href="/wiki/Jetfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetfighter">jetfighters</a> and are similar in size to medium-sized fleet carriers. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> each currently operate two <a href="/wiki/STOBAR" title="STOBAR">STOBAR</a>/<a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> aircraft carriers with <a href="/wiki/Ski-jump_(aviation)" title="Ski-jump (aviation)">ski-jump</a> flight decks, with China in the process to commission <a href="/wiki/Type_003_aircraft_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 003 aircraft carrier">a third carrier</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">catapult</a> capabilities, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> each operate a single aircraft carrier with a capacity of 30 to 60 fighters. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> operates two light V/STOL carriers and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> operates one V/STOL aircraft-carrying assault ship. Helicopter carriers are also operated by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (4, two of which are being converted to operate V/STOL fighters), France (3), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (2, previously also owned 3 <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light carriers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (2), China (3), <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (1) and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (1). Future aircraft carriers are under construction or in planning by China, France, India, Russia, South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the United States. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_carriers">Types of carriers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of carriers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060427-N-5961C-009_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76),FS_Charles_De_Gaulle_(R-92),FS_Cassard_(D-614),_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vicksburg_(CG_69),_USS_McCampbell_(DDG_85)_conduct_joint_operations_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/US_Navy_060427-N-5961C-009_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29%2CFS_Charles_De_Gaulle_%28R-92%29%2CFS_Cassard_%28D-614%29%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vicksburg_%28CG_69%29%2C_USS_McCampbell_%28DDG_85%29_conduct_joint_operations_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/US_Navy_060427-N-5961C-009_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29%2CFS_Charles_De_Gaulle_%28R-92%29%2CFS_Cassard_%28D-614%29%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vicksburg_%28CG_69%29%2C_USS_McCampbell_%28DDG_85%29_conduct_joint_operations_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/US_Navy_060427-N-5961C-009_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29%2CFS_Charles_De_Gaulle_%28R-92%29%2CFS_Cassard_%28D-614%29%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vicksburg_%28CG_69%29%2C_USS_McCampbell_%28DDG_85%29_conduct_joint_operations_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>French aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (rear), and US Navy carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS Ronald Reagan</a> conducting joint operations in the Persian Gulf; both with the <a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a> configuration.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_features">General features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General features">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Speed is a crucial attribute for aircraft carriers, as they need to be able to be deployed quickly anywhere in the world and have to be fast enough to evade detection and targeting from enemy forces. A high speed also increases the "wind over the deck", boosting the lift available for fixed-wing aircraft to carry fuel and ammunition. To evade nuclear submarines, the carriers should have a speed of more than 30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h).</li> <li>Aircraft carriers are among the largest types of warships due to their need for ample deck space.</li> <li>An aircraft carrier must be able to perform increasingly diverse mission sets. Diplomacy, power projection, quick crisis response force, land attack from the sea, sea base for helicopter and amphibious assault forces, anti-surface warfare (ASUW), defensive counter air (DCA), and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> <a href="/wiki/Disaster_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief">disaster relief</a> (HADR) are some of the missions the aircraft carrier is expected to accomplish. Traditionally an aircraft carrier is supposed to be one ship that can perform at least power projection and sea control missions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>An aircraft carrier must be able to efficiently operate an air combat group. This means it should[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] handle fixed-wing jets as well as helicopters. This includes ships designed to support operations of short-takeoff/vertical-landing (STOVL) jets.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_types">Basic types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic types">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cruiser" title="Aircraft cruiser">Aircraft cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a> and sub-types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">Balloon carrier</a> and balloon tenders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_deck_cruiser" title="Flight deck cruiser">Flight deck cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a> and seaplane carriers</li> <li>Utility carrier: This type was mainly used in the US Navy, in the decade after World War 2 to ferry aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul> Some of the types listed here are not strictly defined as aircraft carriers by some sources.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_role">By role</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By role">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_(190130-N-PW716-1312).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_%28190130-N-PW716-1312%29.JPG/220px-USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_%28190130-N-PW716-1312%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_%28190130-N-PW716-1312%29.JPG/330px-USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_%28190130-N-PW716-1312%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_%28190130-N-PW716-1312%29.JPG/440px-USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_30_January_2019_%28190130-N-PW716-1312%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4582" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)</a> a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> fleet carrier, also often referred to as a supercarrier, seen here underway in 2019 crossing the Atlantic.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carrier</a> is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">merchant aircraft carriers</a>, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carriers</a> were fast enough to operate with the main fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. The Soviet aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Admiral_Kuznetsov" title="Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov">Admiral Kusnetsov</a> was termed a "heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser". This was primarily a legal construct to avoid the limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits#Aircraft_carriers" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> preventing 'aircraft carriers' transiting the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> between the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> bases and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. These ships, while sized in the range of large fleet carriers, were designed to deploy alone or with escorts. In addition to supporting fighter aircraft and helicopters, they provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided-missile cruiser. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_configuration">By configuration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By configuration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_(28386226189).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_%2828386226189%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_%2828386226189%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_%2828386226189%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_%2828386226189%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_%2828386226189%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Gibraltar_-_2018_%2828386226189%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft Carriers in the <a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> configuration are in service with Italy, Spain, Thailand and the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> Aircraft carriers today are usually divided into the following four categories based on the way that aircraft take off and land: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">Catapult-assisted take-off barrier-arrested recovery</a> (CATOBAR): these carriers generally carry the largest, heaviest, and most heavily armed aircraft, although smaller CATOBAR carriers may have other limitations (weight capacity of aircraft elevator, etc.). All CATOBAR carriers in service today are nuclear-powered. Twelve are in service: ten Nimitz and one <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier">Gerald R. Ford-class</a> fleet carriers in the United States; and the <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STOBAR" title="STOBAR">Short take-off barrier-arrested recovery</a> (STOBAR): these carriers are generally limited to carrying lighter fixed-wing aircraft with more limited payloads. STOBAR carrier air wings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-33" title="Sukhoi Su-33">Sukhoi Su-33</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29K" title="Mikoyan MiG-29K">Mikoyan MiG-29K</a> wings of <a href="/wiki/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Admiral_Kuznetsov" title="Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov">Admiral Kuznetsov</a> are often geared primarily towards air superiority and fleet defense roles rather than strike/power projection tasks,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which require heavier payloads (bombs and air-to-ground missiles). Five are in service: two in China, two in India, and one in Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">Short take-off vertical-landing</a> (STOVL): limited to carrying STOVL aircraft. STOVL aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier</a> family and <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">Yakovlev Yak-38</a> generally have limited payloads, lower performance, and high fuel consumption when compared with conventional fixed-wing aircraft; however, a new generation of STOVL aircraft, currently consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II</a>, has much improved performance. Fourteen are in service; nine STOVL amphibious assault ships in the US; two carriers each in Italy and the UK; and one STOVL amphibious assault ship in Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a>: Helicopter carriers have a similar appearance to other aircraft carriers but operate only helicopters – those that mainly operate helicopters but can also operate fixed-wing aircraft are known as STOVL carriers (see above). Seventeen are in service: four in Japan; three in France; two each in Australia, China, Egypt and South Korea; and one each in Brazil and Thailand. In the past, some conventional carriers were converted and these were called "commando carriers" by the Royal Navy. Some helicopter carriers, but not all, are classified as <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault ships">amphibious assault ships</a>, tasked with landing and supporting ground forces on enemy territory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_size">By size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By size">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercarrier">Supercarrier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supercarrier">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Supercarrier" redirects here. For the television series, see <a href="/wiki/Supercarrier_(TV_series)" title="Supercarrier (TV series)">Supercarrier (TV series)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg/220px-HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg/330px-HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg/440px-HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)">HMS Ark Royal</a> in 1939, with <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Swordfish</a> biplane bombers passing overhead. The British aircraft carrier was involved in the crippling of the German battleship <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">Bismarck</a> in May 1941</figcaption></figure> The appellation "supercarrier" is not an official designation with any national navy, but a term used predominantly by the media and typically when reporting on larger and more advanced carrier types. It is also used when comparing carriers of various sizes and capabilities, both current and past. It was first used by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 1938,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in an article about the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)">HMS Ark Royal</a>, that had a length of 800 feet (244 m), a displacement of 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tons</a> and was designed to carry 72 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Since then, aircraft carriers have consistently grown in size, both in length and displacement, as well as improved capabilities; in defense, sensors, electronic warfare, propulsion, range, launch and recovery systems, number and types of aircraft carried and number of sorties flown per day.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> China (<a href="/wiki/Type_004_aircraft_carrier" title="Type 004 aircraft carrier">type 004 aircraft carrier</a>), France (<a href="/wiki/Future_French_aircraft_carrier" title="Future French aircraft carrier">PANG</a>) and the United Kingdom all have carriers in service or under construction with displacements ranging from 65,000<a href="#cite_note-HMSQE-13">[13]</a> to 85,000 tons<a href="#cite_note-China-14">[14]</a> and lengths from 280 to 320 meters (920 to 1,050 ft)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> which have been described as "supercarriers".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-China-14">[14]</a> The largest "supercarriers" in service as of 2022, however, are with the US Navy,<a href="#cite_note-USA-19">[19]</a> with displacements exceeding 100,000 tons,<a href="#cite_note-USA-19">[19]</a> lengths of over 337 meters (1,106 ft),<a href="#cite_note-USA-19">[19]</a> and capabilities that match or exceed those of any other class.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hull_type_identification_symbols">Hull type identification symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hull type identification symbols">edit</a>]</div> Several systems of identification symbol for aircraft carriers and related types of ship have been used. These include the <a href="/wiki/Pennant_number" title="Pennant number">pennant numbers</a> used by the Royal Navy, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, and Europe, along with the <a href="/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol" title="Hull classification symbol">hull classification symbols</a> used by the US and <a href="/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol_(Canada)" title="Hull classification symbol (Canada)">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>US hull classification symbols for aircraft carriers and related ship types[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Designation </th></tr> <tr> <td>CV</td> <td>Generic aircraft carrier </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVA</td> <td>Attack carrier (up to 1975) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVB</td> <td>Large aircraft carrier (retired 1952) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVAN</td> <td>Nuclear-powered attack carrier </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVHA</td> <td>Aircraft carrier, Helicopter Assault (retired) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVHE</td> <td>Aircraft carrier, Helicopter, Escort (retired) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVV</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Carrier_(Medium)" title="Aircraft Carrier (Medium)">Aircraft Carrier (Medium)</a> (proposed) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVN</td> <td>Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVT</td> <td>Training Aircraft Carrier </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVU</td> <td>Utility carrier (retired) </td></tr> <tr> <td>LHA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_assault" title="Landing helicopter assault">Landing helicopter assault</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LHD</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_dock" title="Landing helicopter dock">Landing helicopter dock</a>, a type of amphibious assault ship </td></tr> <tr> <td>LPH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landing_platform_helicopter" title="Landing platform helicopter">Landing platform helicopter</a>, a type of amphibious assault ship </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_aircraft_carrier" title="History of the aircraft carrier">History of the aircraft carrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_aircraft_carrier_service" title="Timeline for aircraft carrier service">Timeline for aircraft carrier service</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakamiya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wakamiya.jpg/220px-Wakamiya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wakamiya.jpg/330px-Wakamiya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wakamiya.jpg/440px-Wakamiya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Wakamiya" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya">Wakamiya</a> conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids in 1914.</figcaption></figure> The 1903 advent of the heavier-than-air fixed-wing airplane with the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' first flight at <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a>, was closely followed on 14 November 1910, by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Burton_Ely" title="Eugene Burton Ely">Eugene Burton Ely</a>'s first experimental take-off of a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Pusher" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss Pusher">Curtiss Pusher</a> airplane from the deck of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> ship, the cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-2)" title="USS Birmingham (CL-2)">USS Birmingham</a> anchored off <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Navy_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Navy Base">Norfolk Navy Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss Pusher airplane on a platform on the <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(ACR-4)" title="USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4)">USS Pennsylvania</a> anchored in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>. On 9 May 1912, the first take off of an airplane from a ship while underway was made by Commander <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rumney_Samson" title="Charles Rumney Samson">Charles Samson</a> flying a <a href="/wiki/Short_S.27" title="Short S.27">Short Improved S.27</a> biplane "S.38" of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS) from the deck of the Royal Navy's pre-dreadnought battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hibernia_(1905)" title="HMS Hibernia (1905)">HMS Hibernia</a>, thus providing the first practical demonstration of the aircraft carrier for naval operations at sea.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a> support ships came next, with the French <a href="/wiki/French_seaplane_carrier_Foudre" title="French seaplane carrier Foudre">Foudre</a> of 1911. Early in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> ship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Wakamiya" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya">Wakamiya</a> conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolak200592-29">[29]</a> on 6 September 1914, a <a href="/wiki/Farman_Aviation_Works" title="Farman Aviation Works">Farman</a> aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian</a> cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiserin_Elisabeth" title="SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth">SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German</a> gunboat Jaguar in <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Jiaozhou Bay</a> off <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>; neither was hit.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The first attack using an air-launched <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> occurred on 2 August, when a torpedo was fired by Flight Commander <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edmonds" title="Charles Edmonds">Charles Edmonds</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Short_Type_184" title="Short Type 184">Short Type 184</a> seaplane, launched from the seaplane carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ben-my-Chree" title="HMS Ben-my-Chree">HMS Ben-my-Chree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivant1990215-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-269hist-32">[32]</a> The first carrier-launched airstrike was the <a href="/wiki/Tondern_raid" title="Tondern raid">Tondern raid</a> in July 1918. Seven <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopwith Camels">Sopwith Camels</a> were launched from the battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)" title="HMS Furious (47)">HMS Furious</a> which had been completed as a carrier by replacing her planned forward turret with a flight deck and hangar prior to commissioning. The Camels attacked and damaged the German airbase at Tondern, Germany (modern day <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nder" title="Tønder">Tønder</a>, Denmark), and destroyed two <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelin airships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The first landing of an airplane on a moving ship was by Squadron Commander <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Dunning" title="Edwin Harris Dunning">Edwin Harris Dunning</a>, when he landed his <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">Sopwith Pup</a> on HMS Furious in <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, Orkney on 2 August 1917. Landing on the forward flight deck required the pilot to approach round the ship's superstructure, a difficult and dangerous manoeuver and Dunning was later killed when his airplane was thrown overboard while attempting another landing on Furious.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> HMS Furious was modified again when her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added over a second hangar for landing aircraft over the stern.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Her funnel and superstructure remained intact however and <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> from the funnel and superstructure was severe enough that only three landing attempts were successful before further attempts were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This experience prompted the development of vessels with a flush deck and produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Argus_(I49)" title="HMS Argus (I49)">HMS Argus</a> became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETill1996191-37">[37]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS Langley</a> in 1922, the US <a href="/wiki/Lexington-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Lexington-class aircraft carrier">Lexington-class</a> aircraft carriers (1927), Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a>, and British <a href="/wiki/Courageous-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Courageous-class aircraft carrier">Courageous class</a> (of which Furious was one). Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s. This resulted in the commissioning of ships such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō">Hōshō</a> (1922),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS Hermes</a> (1924, although laid down in 1918 before Hōshō), and <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_B%C3%A9arn" title="French aircraft carrier Béarn">Béarn</a> (1927). During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, these ships would become known as <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft carriers of World War II">List of aircraft carriers of World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)_in_Puget_Sound,_September_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_in_Puget_Sound%2C_September_1945.jpg/220px-USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_in_Puget_Sound%2C_September_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_in_Puget_Sound%2C_September_1945.jpg/330px-USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_in_Puget_Sound%2C_September_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_in_Puget_Sound%2C_September_1945.jpg/440px-USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_in_Puget_Sound%2C_September_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Most_decorated_US_ships_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Most decorated US ships of World War II">most decorated US warship of World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3839" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano">Shinano</a> was built on a battleship hull to carry spare aircraft and ordnance in support of other carriers. En route to complete fitting out it was sunk by an American submarine.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> The aircraft carrier dramatically changed <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a> in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had greater range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940, when <a href="/wiki/HMS_Illustrious_(87)" title="HMS Illustrious (87)">HMS Illustrious</a> launched a long-range <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">strike on the Italian fleet</a> at their base in <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation in the shallow water harbor incapacitated three of the six anchored battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">World War II in the Pacific Ocean</a> involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The Japanese surprise attack on the American Pacific fleet at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> naval and air bases on Sunday, 7 December 1941, was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. In the "<a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a>", on 18 April 1942, the US Navy carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> sailed to within 650 nautical miles (1,200 km) of Japan and launched 16 <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchell</a> medium bombers from her deck in a demonstrative retaliatory strike on the mainland, including the capital, Tokyo. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional capital ships was illustrated by the sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glorious" title="HMS Glorious">HMS Glorious</a> by German battleships during the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian campaign in 1940</a>. This new-found importance of <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a> forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage led to the development and construction of 'light' carriers. <a href="/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Escort aircraft carrier">Escort aircraft carriers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/USS_Bogue" title="USS Bogue">USS Bogue</a>, were sometimes purpose-built but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light aircraft carriers</a> built by the US, such as <a href="/wiki/USS_Independence_(CVL-22)" title="USS Independence (CVL-22)">USS Independence</a> (commissioned in 1943), represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK <a href="/wiki/1942_Design_Light_Fleet_Carrier" title="1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier">1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier</a> was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> They served the Royal Navy during the war, and the hull design was chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war, until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. <a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ships</a> were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range land-based German aircraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_era">Postwar era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Postwar era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arromanches_(R95)_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arromanches_%28R95%29_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg/220px-Arromanches_%28R95%29_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arromanches_%28R95%29_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg/330px-Arromanches_%28R95%29_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arromanches_%28R95%29_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg/440px-Arromanches_%28R95%29_with_Hellcat_landing_c1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5645" data-file-height="4178" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">F6F-5</a> landing on the French <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Arromanches_(R95)" class="mw-redirect" title="French aircraft carrier Arromanches (R95)">Arromanches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Gulf">Tonkin Gulf</a>, 1953.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg/220px-USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg/330px-USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg/440px-USS_Tripoli_LPH10_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>USS Tripoli, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> Iwo Jima-class helicopter carrier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_(040614-N-0119G-020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_%28040614-N-0119G-020%29.jpg/220px-USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_%28040614-N-0119G-020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_%28040614-N-0119G-020%29.jpg/330px-USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_%28040614-N-0119G-020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_%28040614-N-0119G-020%29.jpg/440px-USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_on_14_June_2004_%28040614-N-0119G-020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS Enterprise (CVN-65)</a>, the world's first nuclear-powered carrier, commissioned in 1961</figcaption></figure> Before World War II, international naval treaties of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">1930</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">1936</a> limited the size of capital ships including carriers. Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier">Nimitz class</a> of US Navy carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a>, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of individual military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that some nations which operate them risk significant economic and military impact if a carrier is lost.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg/220px-USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg/330px-USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg/440px-USS_Forrestal_explosion_29_July_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>Fighting the fire on board <a href="/wiki/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire" title="1967 USS Forrestal fire">USS Forrestal</a>, 1967.</figcaption></figure> Some changes were made after 1945 in carriers: <ul><li>The angled flight deck was invented by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> Captain (later Rear Admiral) <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Cambell" title="Dennis Cambell">Dennis Cambell</a>, as naval aviation jets' higher speeds required carriers be modified to fit their needs.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Additionally, the angled flight deck allows for simultaneous launch and recovery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_blast_deflector" title="Jet blast deflector">Jet blast deflectors</a> became necessary to protect aircraft and handlers from <a href="/wiki/Jet_blast" title="Jet blast">jet blast</a>. The first US Navy carriers to be fitted with them were the wooden-decked <a href="/wiki/Essex-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Essex-class aircraft carrier">Essex-class aircraft carriers</a> which were adapted to operate jets in the late 1940s. Later versions had to be water-cooled because of increasing engine power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobbs2009Chapter_14-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_landing_system" title="Optical landing system">Optical landing systems</a> were developed to facilitate the very precise landing angles required by jet aircraft, which have a faster landing speed giving the pilot little time to correct misalignments, or mistakes. The first system was fitted to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Illustrious_(87)" title="HMS Illustrious (87)">HMS Illustrious</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobbs2009Chapter_14-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate continuous increase in aircraft size. The 1950s saw US Navy's commission of "supercarriers", designed to operate naval jets, which offered better performance at the expense of bigger size and demanded more ordnance to be carried on-board (fuel, spare parts, electronics, etc.).</li> <li>The combination of increased carrier size, speed requirements above 30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h), and a requirement to operate at sea for long periods mean that modern large aircraft carriers often use nuclear reactors to create power for propulsion, electricity, catapulting airplanes from aircraft carriers, and a few more minor uses.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li></ul> Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> of fleets, a role previously held by the galleons, ships-of-the-line and <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance, and along with, carrier designs also increased in size and ability. Some of these larger carriers, dubbed by the media as "supercarriers", displacing 75,000 tons or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship" title="Wasp-class amphibious assault ship">Wasp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mistral-class_amphibious_assault_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistral-class amphibious assault ship">Mistral</a> classes, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers"<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate <a href="/wiki/VSTOL" class="mw-redirect" title="VSTOL">VSTOL</a> aircraft. The threatening role of aircraft carriers has a place in modern <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> of the past.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Carriers also facilitate quick and precise projections of overwhelming military power into such local and regional conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Lacking the firepower of other warships, carriers by themselves are considered vulnerable to attack by other ships, aircraft, submarines, or missiles. Therefore, an aircraft carrier is generally accompanied by a number of other ships to provide protection for the relatively unwieldy carrier, to carry supplies, re-supply (Many carriers are self-sufficient and will supply their escorts) and perform other support services, and to provide additional offensive capabilities. The resulting group of ships is often termed a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">carrier strike group</a>, battle group, carrier group, or <a href="/wiki/Carrier_battle_group" title="Carrier battle group">carrier battle group</a>. There is a view among some military pundits [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] that modern anti-ship weapons systems, such as torpedoes and missiles, or even ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads have made aircraft carriers and carrier groups too vulnerable for modern combat.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Carriers can also be vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric submarine">diesel-electric submarines</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] like the German U24 of the conventional <a href="/wiki/Type_206_submarine" title="Type 206 submarine">206 class</a> which in 2001 "fired" at the <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">Enterprise</a> during the exercise JTFEX 01-2 in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> by firing <a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">flares</a> and taking a photograph through its <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> or the Swedish <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Gotland_(Gtd)" title="HSwMS Gotland (Gtd)">Gotland</a> which managed the same feat in 2006 during JTFEX 06-2 by penetrating the defensive measures of <a href="/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_7" title="Carrier Strike Group 7">Carrier Strike Group 7</a> which was protecting <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> Carriers are large and long ships, although there is a high degree of variation depending on their intended role and <a href="/wiki/Air_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Air wing">aircraft complement</a>. The size of the carrier has varied over history and among <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a>, to cater to the various roles that global climates have demanded from <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a>. Regardless of size, the ship itself must house their complement of aircraft, with space for launching, storing, and maintaining them. Space is also required for the large crew, supplies (food, munitions, fuel, engineering parts), and propulsion. US aircraft carriers are notable for having <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> powering their systems and propulsion. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg/220px-DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg/330px-DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg/440px-DeHavilland_Vampire_HMS_Ocean_Dec1945_NAN1_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>The first carrier landing and take-off of a jet aircraft: <a href="/wiki/Eric_%22Winkle%22_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric "Winkle" Brown">Eric "Winkle" Brown</a> landing on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(R68)" title="HMS Ocean (R68)">HMS Ocean</a> in 1945.</figcaption></figure> The top of the carrier is the flight deck, where aircraft are launched and recovered. On the starboard side of this is the island, where the <a href="/wiki/Funnel_(ship)" title="Funnel (ship)">funnel</a>, air-traffic control and the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" title="Bridge (nautical)">bridge</a> are located. The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on US Navy fleet carriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full load-outs, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>. Due to the busy nature of the flight deck, only 20 or so aircraft may be on it at any one time. A hangar storage several decks below the flight deck is where most aircraft are kept, and aircraft are taken from the lower storage decks to the flight deck through the use of an elevator. The hangar is usually quite large and can take up several decks of vertical space.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Munitions are commonly stored on the lower decks because they are highly explosive. Usually this is below the waterline so that the area can be flooded in case of emergency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_deck">Flight deck</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flight deck">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">Flight deck</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg/330px-US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg/440px-US_Navy_081124-N-3659B-305_F-A-18C_Hornets_launch_from_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">Catapult</a> launches aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS Ronald Reagan</a></figcaption></figure> As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">flight deck</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">launches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">recovers</a> aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier. For example, the size of the vessel is a fundamental limitation on runway length. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">accelerate</a> more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. There are two main philosophies to keep the deck short: add thrust to the aircraft, such as using a Catapult Assisted Take-Off (CATO-); and changing the direction of the airplanes' thrust, as in Vertical and/or Short Take-Off (V/STO-). Each method has advantages and disadvantages of its own: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">Catapult Assisted Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery</a> (CATOBAR): A steam- or electric-powered <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">catapult</a> is connected to the aircraft, and is used to accelerate conventional aircraft to a safe flying speed. By the end of the catapult stroke, the aircraft is airborne and further propulsion is provided by its own engines. This is the most expensive method as it requires complex machinery to be installed under the flight deck, but allows for even heavily loaded aircraft to take off.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STOBAR" title="STOBAR">Short Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery</a> (STOBAR) depends on increasing the net lift on the aircraft. Aircraft do not require catapult assistance for take off; instead on nearly all ships of this type an upwards vector is provided by a ski-jump at the forward end of the flight deck, often combined with thrust vectoring by the aircraft. Alternatively, by reducing the fuel and weapon load, an aircraft is able to reach faster speeds and generate more upwards lift and launch without a ski-jump or catapult.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">Short Take-Off Vertical-Landing</a> (STOVL): On aircraft carriers, non-catapult-assisted, fixed-wing short takeoffs are accomplished with the use of <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">thrust vectoring</a>, which may also be used in conjunction with a runway "<a href="/wiki/Ski-jump_(aviation)" title="Ski-jump (aviation)">ski-jump</a>". Use of STOVL tends to allow aircraft to carry a larger payload as compared to during VTOL use, while still only requiring a short runway. The most famous examples are the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BAe_Sea_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="BAe Sea Harrier">BAe Sea Harrier</a>. Although technically VTOL aircraft, they are operationally STOVL aircraft due to the extra weight carried at take-off for fuel and armaments. The same is true of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed F-35B Lightning II</a>, which demonstrated VTOL capability in test flights but is operationally STOVL or in the case of UK uses "<a href="/wiki/Shipborne_rolling_vertical_landing" title="Shipborne rolling vertical landing">shipborne rolling vertical landing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">Vertical Take-Off and Landing</a> (VTOL): Certain aircraft are specifically designed for the purpose of using very high degrees of thrust vectoring (e.g. if the thrust to weight-force ratio is greater than 1, it can take off vertically), but are usually slower than conventionally propelled aircraft due to the additional weight from associated systems.</li></ul> On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft load-out is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a <a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">tailhook</a> that catches on <a href="/wiki/Arrestor_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrestor wires">arrestor wires</a> stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-World War II Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to "bolt" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a> and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (<a href="/wiki/V/STOL" title="V/STOL">V/STOL</a>) usually recover by coming abreast of the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Staff_and_deck_operations">Staff and deck operations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Staff and deck operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/220px--F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv/F-18_-_A_3-wire_landing.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>F/A-18 Hornet aircraft landing video</figcaption></figure> Carriers steam at speed, up to 35 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (65 km/h; 40 mph) into the wind during flight deck operations to increase wind speed over the deck to a safe minimum. This increase in effective wind speed provides a higher launch airspeed for aircraft at the end of the catapult stroke or ski-jump, as well as making recovery safer by reducing the difference between the relative speeds of the aircraft and ship. Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Bolter_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolter (aviation)">bolter</a>, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves <a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_cycle" title="Launch and recovery cycle">launch and recovery cycle</a> flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a <a href="/wiki/Landing_signal_officer" title="Landing signal officer">landing signal officer</a> (LSO, radio call sign 'paddles') to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as the <a href="/wiki/Optical_landing_system" title="Optical landing system">optical landing system</a> have provided information on proper <a href="/wiki/Glide_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide slope">glide slope</a>, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio. Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval aviator">naval aviators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naval_flight_officer" title="Naval flight officer">naval flight officers</a> and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commander</a>) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff. To facilitate working on the flight deck of a US aircraft carrier, the sailors wear colored shirts that designate their responsibilities. There are at least seven different colors worn by flight deck personnel for <a href="/wiki/Modern_United_States_Navy_carrier_air_operations" title="Modern United States Navy carrier air operations">modern United States Navy carrier air operations</a>. Carrier operations of other nations use similar color schemes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deck_structures">Deck structures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deck structures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100512-N-8446A-004_An_F-A-18F_Super_Hornet_assigned_to_the_Fighting_Checkmates_of_Strike_Fighter_Squadron_(VFA)_211_lands_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Enterprise_(CVN_65).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/US_Navy_100512-N-8446A-004_An_F-A-18F_Super_Hornet_assigned_to_the_Fighting_Checkmates_of_Strike_Fighter_Squadron_%28VFA%29_211_lands_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Enterprise_%28CVN_65%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/US_Navy_100512-N-8446A-004_An_F-A-18F_Super_Hornet_assigned_to_the_Fighting_Checkmates_of_Strike_Fighter_Squadron_%28VFA%29_211_lands_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Enterprise_%28CVN_65%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/US_Navy_100512-N-8446A-004_An_F-A-18F_Super_Hornet_assigned_to_the_Fighting_Checkmates_of_Strike_Fighter_Squadron_%28VFA%29_211_lands_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Enterprise_%28CVN_65%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Island control structure of <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS Enterprise</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg/220px-FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg/330px-FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg/440px-FS_CDG_bridge3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The command bridge of the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></figcaption></figure> The superstructure of a carrier (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge (ship)">bridge</a>, flight <a href="/wiki/Control_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Control tower">control tower</a>) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS Hermes</a> in 1923. While the island is usually built on the <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a> side of the flight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a> had their islands built on the <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">port</a> side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in <a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS Langley</a>. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1983241–243-55">[55]</a> Another deck structure that can be seen is a <a href="/wiki/Ski-jump_ramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski-jump ramp">ski-jump ramp</a> at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch <a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">short take off vertical landing</a> (STOVL) aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downward. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump, launching fully-loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stalling out</a> or crashing directly into the sea. Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment. Vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft. The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft cannot launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or <a href="/wiki/JATO" title="JATO">JATO</a> rocket. For example, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-33" title="Sukhoi Su-33">Sukhoi Su-33</a> is only able to launch from the carrier <a href="/wiki/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Admiral_Kuznetsov" title="Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov">Admiral Kuznetsov</a> with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present, such as on a US <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_dock" title="Landing helicopter dock">landing helicopter dock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_assault" title="Landing helicopter assault">landing helicopter assault</a> amphibious assault ship. A ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas; this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_fleets">National fleets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National fleets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers#Numbers_of_aircraft_carriers_by_country" title="List of aircraft carriers">List of aircraft carriers by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_in_service" title="List of aircraft carriers in service">List of aircraft carriers in service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_who_are_currently,_or_have_in_the_past,_operated_aircraft_carriers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Countries_who_are_currently%2C_or_have_in_the_past%2C_operated_aircraft_carriers.png/330px-Countries_who_are_currently%2C_or_have_in_the_past%2C_operated_aircraft_carriers.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Countries_who_are_currently%2C_or_have_in_the_past%2C_operated_aircraft_carriers.png/495px-Countries_who_are_currently%2C_or_have_in_the_past%2C_operated_aircraft_carriers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Countries_who_are_currently%2C_or_have_in_the_past%2C_operated_aircraft_carriers.png/660px-Countries_who_are_currently%2C_or_have_in_the_past%2C_operated_aircraft_carriers.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Countries currently operating fixed-wing aircraft carriers (10)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries currently solely operating helicopter carriers (6)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries that have operated carriers in the past but no longer do so (3)</div></figcaption></figure> The US Navy has the largest fleet of carriers in the world, with eleven supercarriers currently in service. China and India each have two STOBAR carriers in service. The UK has two STOVL carriers in service. The navies of France and Russia each operate a single medium-sized carrier.<a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a> The US also has nine similarly sized Amphibious Warfare Ships. There are five small light carriers in use capable of operating both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters; Japan and Italy each operate two, and Spain one. Additionally there are eighteen small carriers which only operate helicopters serving the navies of Australia (2), Brazil (1), China (2), Egypt (2), France (3), Japan (4), South Korea (2), Thailand (1) and Turkey (1). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_amphibious_transport_dock_Kalaat_B%C3%A9ni_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Algerian amphibious transport dock Kalaat Béni Abbès">Kalaat Béni Abbès</a> (L-474) is an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock" title="Amphibious transport dock">amphibious transport dock</a><a href="#cite_note-San_Giusto_Class-57">[56]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_National_Navy" title="Algerian National Navy">Algerian National Navy</a> with two deck-landing spots for helicopters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Canberra_(LHD_02)_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HMAS_Canberra_%28LHD_02%29_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg/220px-HMAS_Canberra_%28LHD_02%29_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HMAS_Canberra_%28LHD_02%29_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg/330px-HMAS_Canberra_%28LHD_02%29_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HMAS_Canberra_%28LHD_02%29_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg/440px-HMAS_Canberra_%28LHD_02%29_at_berth_prior_to_commissioning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Canberra_(L02)" title="HMAS Canberra (L02)">HMAS Canberra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canberra-class_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Canberra-class landing helicopter dock">Canberra-class landing helicopter dock</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> operates two <a href="/wiki/Canberra-class_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Canberra-class landing helicopter dock">Canberra-class landing helicopter docks</a>. The two-ship class, based on the Spanish vessel <a href="/wiki/Spanish_landing_helicopter_dock_Juan_Carlos_I" title="Spanish landing helicopter dock Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> and built by <a href="/wiki/Navantia" title="Navantia">Navantia</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Australia" title="BAE Systems Australia">BAE Systems Australia</a>, represents the largest ships ever built for the Royal Australian Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Naval-technology.com-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Canberra_(L02)" title="HMAS Canberra (L02)">HMAS Canberra</a> underwent <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">sea trials</a> in late 2013 and was commissioned in 2014. Her <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(L01)" title="HMAS Adelaide (L01)">HMAS Adelaide</a>, was commissioned in December 2015. The Australian ships retain the ski-ramp from the Juan Carlos I design, although the RAN has not acquired carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> In December 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a> confirmed the purchase of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(L12)" title="HMS Ocean (L12)">HMS Ocean</a> for (GBP) £84.6 million (equivalent to R$359.5M and US$113.2M) and renamed her <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_helicopter_carrier_Atl%C3%A2ntico" title="Brazilian helicopter carrier Atlântico">Atlântico</a>. The ship was decommissioned from Royal Navy service in March 2018. The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a> commissioned the carrier on 29 June 2018 in the United Kingdom. After undertaking a period of maintenance in the UK, the ship travelled to its new home port, <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_de_Marinha_do_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro">Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro</a> (AMRJ) to be fully operational by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The ship displaces 21,578 tonnes, is 203.43 meters (667.4 ft) long and has a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km; 9,200 mi).<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Before leaving <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a> for her new homeport in Rio's AMRJ, Atlântico underwent operational sea training under the Royal Navy's Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) program.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> On 12 November 2020, Atlântico was redesignated "NAM", for "multipurpose aircraft carrier" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Navio Aeródromo Multipropósito), from "PHM", for "multipurpose helicopter carrier" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Porta-Helicópteros Multipropósito), to reflect the ship's capability to operate with fixed-wing <a href="/wiki/Medium-altitude_long-endurance_unmanned_aerial_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle">medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles</a> as well as crewed <a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">tiltrotor</a> <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Poder_Naval-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Type_002_aircraft_carrier_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Shandong" title="Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong">Shandong</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier">Type 002 aircraft carrier</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_programme" title="Chinese aircraft carrier programme">Chinese aircraft carrier programme</a></div> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> 2 <a href="/wiki/STOBAR" title="STOBAR">STOBAR</a> carriers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Liaoning" title="Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning">Liaoning</a> (60,900 tons) was originally built as the uncompleted Soviet <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier">Kuznetsov-class</a> carrier Varyag<a href="#cite_note-bbc20110608-67">[66]</a> and was later purchased as an <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 1998 on the pretext of commercial use as a floating <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a>, then towed to China for rebuild and completion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012 and began service for testing and training.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In November 2012, Liaoning launched and recovered <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-15" title="Shenyang J-15">Shenyang J-15</a> naval fighter aircraft for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> After a refit in January 2019, she was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Fleet" title="North Sea Fleet">North Sea Fleet</a>, a change from her previous role as a <a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">training ship</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Shandong" title="Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong">Shandong</a> (60,000–70,000 tons) was launched on 26 April 2017, the first to be built domestically based on an improved Kuznetsov-class design. Shandong started <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">sea trials</a> on 23 April 2018,<a href="#cite_note-scmp_4/18-72">[71]</a> and entered service in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li></ul> 1 CATOBAR carrier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Fujian" title="Chinese aircraft carrier Fujian">Fujian</a> (80,000 tons) is a conventionally powered <a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a> carrier that was under construction between 2015 and 2016 before being completed in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-scmp-74">[73]</a> She is being <a href="/wiki/Fitting_out" title="Fitting out">fitted out</a> as of 2022 and will commence service in 2023–2024.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li></ul> 3 <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_dock" title="Landing helicopter dock">LHD</a> amphibious assault ships <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Type_075_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Type 075 landing helicopter dock">Type 075 LHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_landing_helicopter_dock_Hainan" title="Chinese landing helicopter dock Hainan">Hainan</a> was commissioned on 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Fleet" title="South Sea Fleet">South Sea Fleet</a> naval base in <a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-78">[77]</a> A second ship, Guangxi, was commissioned on 26 December 2021<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> and a third ship, Anhui, was commissioned in October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> China has had a long-term plan to operate six large aircraft carriers with two carriers per fleet.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> China is planning a class of eight LHD vessels, the Type 075 (<a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a> Yushen-class <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_assault" title="Landing helicopter assault">landing helicopter assault</a>). This is a class of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a> under construction by the <a href="/wiki/Hudong%E2%80%93Zhonghua_Shipbuilding" title="Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding">Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The first ship was commissioned in April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-78">[77]</a> China is also planning a modified class of the same concept, the <a href="/wiki/Type_076_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Type 076 landing helicopter dock">Type 076 landing helicopter dock</a>, that will be equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_catapult" title="Electromagnetic catapult">electromagnetic catapult</a> system<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and will likely support launching <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">unmanned combat aerial vehicles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> Egypt signed a contract with French shipbuilder <a href="/wiki/DCNS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DCNS (company)">DCNS</a> to buy two <a href="/wiki/Mistral-class_amphibious_assault_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistral-class amphibious assault ship">Mistral-class</a> helicopter carriers for approximately 950 million euros. The two ships were originally to be sold to Russia, but the deal was cancelled by France due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> On 2 June 2016, Egypt received the first of two helicopter carriers acquired in October 2015, the landing helicopter dock <a href="/wiki/ENS_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="ENS Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. The flag transfer ceremony took place in the presence of Egyptian and French Navies' chiefs of staff, chairman and chief executive officers of both DCNS and STX France, and senior Egyptian and French officials.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> On 16 September 2016, DCNS delivered the second of two helicopter carriers, the landing helicopter dock <a href="/wiki/ENS_Anwar_El_Sadat" title="ENS Anwar El Sadat">Anwar El Sadat</a> which also participated in a joint <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> with the French Navy before arriving at her home port of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_(R91)_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_(190415-N-IL409-0017).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_%28190415-N-IL409-0017%29.JPG/220px-French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_%28190415-N-IL409-0017%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_%28190415-N-IL409-0017%29.JPG/330px-French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_%28190415-N-IL409-0017%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_%28190415-N-IL409-0017%29.JPG/440px-French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle_%28R91%29_underway_in_the_Red_Sea_on_15_April_2019_%28190415-N-IL409-0017%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4739" data-file-height="3159" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> operates the 42,000-tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. Commissioned in 2001, she is the flagship of the French Navy. The ship carries a complement of <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> M and <a href="/wiki/Grumman_E-2_Hawkeye" title="Grumman E-2 Hawkeye">E-2C Hawkeye</a> aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC725" title="Eurocopter EC725">EC725 Caracal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS532_Cougar" title="Eurocopter AS532 Cougar">AS532 Cougar</a> helicopters for <a href="/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue" title="Combat search and rescue">combat search and rescue</a>, as well as modern electronics and <a href="/wiki/MBDA_Aster" class="mw-redirect" title="MBDA Aster">Aster</a> missiles. She is a <a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a>-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13-3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the US <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier">Nimitz-class</a> carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, the French Navy operates three <a href="/wiki/Mistral-class_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Mistral-class landing helicopter dock">Mistral-class landing helicopter docks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mistral_Class_–_Amphibious_Assault_Ships-87">[86]</a> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> In October 2018, the French Ministry of Defence began an 18-month study for €40 million for the eventual future replacement of the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle beyond 2030. In December 2020, President Macron announced that construction of the <a href="/wiki/Future_French_aircraft_carrier" title="Future French aircraft carrier">next generation carrier</a> would begin in around 2025 with sea trials to start in about 2036. The carrier is planned to have a displacement of around 75,000 tons and to carry about 32 next-generation fighters, two to three E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes and a yet-to-be-determined number of unmanned carrier air vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_%28cropped%29.png/220px-IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_%28cropped%29.png/330px-IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_%28cropped%29.png/440px-IAC1_Vikrant_during_sea_trials_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/INS_Vikrant_(2013)" title="INS Vikrant (2013)">INS Vikrant</a> (IAC-1) at sea during her maiden <a href="/wiki/Sea_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea trials">sea trials</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> 2 <a href="/wiki/STOBAR" title="STOBAR">STOBAR</a> carriers: <a href="/wiki/INS_Vikramaditya" title="INS Vikramaditya">INS Vikramaditya</a>, 45,400 tonnes, <a href="/wiki/Kiev-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Kiev-class aircraft carrier">modified Kiev class</a>. The carrier was purchased by India on 20 January 2004 after years of negotiations at a final price of $2.35 billion (equivalent to $3,147,000,000 in 2023). The ship successfully completed her sea trials in July 2013 and aviation trials in September 2013. She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-ibnlive-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/INS_Vikrant_(2013)" title="INS Vikrant (2013)">INS Vikrant</a>, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1) a 45,000-tonne, 262-metre-long (860 ft)<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> aircraft carrier whose keel was laid in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-iac-91">[90]</a> The new carrier will operate <a href="/wiki/MiG-29K" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29K">MiG-29K</a> and naval <a href="/wiki/HAL_Tejas" title="HAL Tejas">HAL Tejas</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-iac-91">[90]</a> The ship is powered by gas-turbines and has a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres) and deploys 10 helicopters and 30 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The ship was launched in 2013, sea-trials began in August 2021 and was commissioned on 2 September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> India has plans for a third carrier, <a href="/wiki/INS_Vishal" title="INS Vishal">INS Vishal</a>, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 2 (IAC-2) with a displacement of over 65,000 tonnes and is planned with a <a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a> system to launch and recover heavier aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> India has also issued a request for information (RFI) to procure four <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_dock" title="Landing helicopter dock">Landing helicopter dock</a> displacing 30,000–40,000 tons with a capacity to operate 12 medium lift special ops and two heavy lift helicopters and troops for amphibious operations.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg/220px-Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg/330px-Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg/440px-Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3617" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> 2 STOVL carriers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>: 14,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Cavour" title="Italian aircraft carrier Cavour">Cavour</a>: 30,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier designed and built with secondary amphibious assault facilities, commissioned in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> Italy plans to replace ageing aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi, as well as one of the <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio-class_amphibious_transport_dock" title="San Giorgio-class amphibious transport dock">San Giorgio-class</a> landing helicopter docks, with a new amphibious assault ship, to be named <a href="/wiki/Italian_landing_helicopter_dock_Trieste" title="Italian landing helicopter dock Trieste">Trieste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The ship will be significantly larger than her predecessors with a displacement of 38,000 tonnes at full load. Trieste is to carry the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Meanwhile, Giuseppe Garibaldi will be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italian Space Operation Command</a> for use as a satellite launch platform.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDH-183_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DDH-183_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-DDH-183_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DDH-183_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-DDH-183_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DDH-183_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-DDH-183_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="2566" /></a><figcaption>Helicopter carrier <a href="/wiki/JS_Izumo" title="JS Izumo">Izumo (DDH-183)</a> at sea</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> <ul><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Izumo-class_multi-purpose_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Izumo-class multi-purpose destroyer">Izumo-class multi-purpose destroyers</a> – 250-metre-long (820 ft), 19,500-tonne (27,000 tonnes full load) STOVL carrier Izumo was launched August 2013 and commissioned March 2015. Izumo's sister ship, Kaga, was commissioned in 2017.</li></ul> In December 2018, the Japanese Cabinet gave approval to convert both Izumo-class destroyers into aircraft carriers for F-35B <a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-CNNDec1818-103">[102]</a> The conversion of Izumo was underway as of mid-2020.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The modification of maritime escort vessels is to "increase operational flexibility" and enhance Pacific air defense,<a href="#cite_note-navalnews.com-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> the Japanese defense ministry's position is "We are not creating carrier air wings or carrier air squadrons" similar to the US Navy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Japanese STOVL F-35s, when delivered, will be operated by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan Air Self Defense Force</a> from land bases; according to the 2020 Japanese Defense Ministry white paper the STOVL model was chosen for the JASDF due the lack of appropriately long runways to support air superiority capability across all of Japanese airspace.<a href="#cite_note-airforce-technology.com-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Japan has requested that the USMC deploy STOVL F-35s and crews aboard the Izumo-class ships "for cooperation and advice on how to operate the fighter on the deck of the modified ships".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-navalnews.com-105">[104]</a> On 3 October 2021, two USMC F-35Bs performed the first vertical landings and horizontal take-offs from JS Izumo, marking 75 years since fixed-wing aircraft operated from a Japanese carrier.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <ul><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%ABga-class_helicopter_destroyer" title="Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer">Hyūga-class helicopter destroyers</a> – 19,000-tonne (full load) <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">anti-submarine warfare carriers</a> with enhanced command-and-control capabilities allowing them to serve as fleet flagships.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg/220px-Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg/330px-Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg/440px-Russian_aircraft_carrier_Kuznetsov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Admiral_Kuznetsov" title="Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov">Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> 1 STOBAR carrier: <a href="/wiki/Russian_aircraft_carrier_Admiral_Kuznetsov" title="Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov">Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov</a>: 55,000-tonne <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsov-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier">Kuznetsov-class</a> <a href="/wiki/STOBAR" title="STOBAR">STOBAR</a> aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large <a href="/wiki/P-700_Granit" title="P-700 Granit">P-700 Granit</a> offensive missiles. The P-700<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The ship has been out of service and in repairs since 2018. The current projection is that repairs will be completed and the ship will be transferred back to the Russian Navy sometime in 2024, however this may be pushed back to 2025 if issues arise during overhaul and testing.<a href="#cite_note-UPravda20230109-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> The Russian Government has been considering the potential replacement of Admiral Kuznetsov for some time and has considered the <a href="/wiki/Project_23000_aircraft_carrier" title="Project 23000 aircraft carrier">Shtorm-class aircraft carrier</a> as a possible option. This carrier will be a hybrid of CATOBAR and STOBAR, given the fact that she uses both systems of launching aircraft. The carrier is expected to cost between $1.8 billion and $5.63 billion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> As of 2020, the project had not yet been approved and, given the financial costs, it was unclear whether it would be made a priority over other elements of Russian naval modernization. A class of 2 LHD, <a href="/wiki/Project_23900_amphibious_assault_ship" title="Project 23900 amphibious assault ship">Project 23900</a> is planned and an official keel laying ceremony for the project happened on 20 July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg/220px-Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg/330px-Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg/440px-Model_of_HHI_proposal_for_CVX_project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Conceptual model of <a href="/wiki/CVX-class_aircraft_carrier" title="CVX-class aircraft carrier">CVX-class aircraft carrier</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> Two <a href="/wiki/Dokdo-class_amphibious_assault_ship" title="Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship">Dokdo-class</a> 18,860-tonne full deck amphibious assault ships with hospital and well deck and facilities to serve as fleet flagships. <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> South Korea has set tentative plans for procuring two light aircraft carriers by 2033, which would help make the ROKN a blue water navy.<a href="#cite_note-yna1-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-defensenews.com-118">[117]</a> In December 2020, details of South Korea's planned carrier program (<a href="/wiki/CVX-class_aircraft_carrier" title="CVX-class aircraft carrier">CVX</a>) were finalized. A vessel of about 40,000 tons is envisaged carrying about 20 F-35B fighters as well as future maritime attack helicopters. Service entry had been anticipated in the early 2030s.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The program has encountered opposition in the National Assembly. In November 2021, the National Defense Committee of the National Assembly reduced the program's requested budget of 7.2 billion KRW and to just 500 million KRW (about $400K USD), effectively putting the project on hold, at least temporarily.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> However, on 3 December 2021 the full budget of 7.2 billion won was passed by the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-yna1-117">[116]</a> Basic design work is to begin in earnest starting 2022.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_(34939349652).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_%2834939349652%29.jpg/220px-El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_%2834939349652%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_%2834939349652%29.jpg/330px-El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_%2834939349652%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_%2834939349652%29.jpg/440px-El_L-61_virando_a_babor_en_su_partida_de_Vigo_%2834939349652%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Spanish Juan Carlos I with <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">Harrier II</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_landing_helicopter_dock_Juan_Carlos_I" title="Spanish landing helicopter dock Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>: 27,000-tonne, specially designed multipurpose strategic projection ship which can operate as an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a> and aircraft carrier. Juan Carlos I has full facilities for both functions including a <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ski-jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft ski-jump">ski jump</a> for <a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> operations, is equipped with the <a href="/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier_II" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B Harrier II</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>. Also, <a href="/wiki/Well_deck" title="Well deck">well deck</a>, and vehicle storage area which can be used as additional hangar space, launched in 2008, commissioned 30 September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG/220px-DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG/330px-DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG/440px-DN-SD-03-08801-1-.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HTMS_Chakri_Naruebet" title="HTMS Chakri Naruebet">HTMS Chakri Naruebet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Royal Thai Navy</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> 1 offshore helicopter support ship: <a href="/wiki/HTMS_Chakri_Naruebet" title="HTMS Chakri Naruebet">HTMS Chakri Naruebet</a> helicopter carrier: 11,400-tonne STOVL carrier based on Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_aircraft_carrier_Pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias" title="Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias">Príncipe de Asturias</a> design. Commissioned in 1997. The AV-8S Matador/Harrier STOVL fighter wing, mostly inoperable by 1999,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> was retired from service without replacement in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> As of 2010, the ship is used for helicopter operations and for disaster relief.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TCG_Anadolu_(L-400)_on_the_Bosphorus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TCG_Anadolu_%28L-400%29_on_the_Bosphorus_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-TCG_Anadolu_%28L-400%29_on_the_Bosphorus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TCG_Anadolu_%28L-400%29_on_the_Bosphorus_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-TCG_Anadolu_%28L-400%29_on_the_Bosphorus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TCG_Anadolu_%28L-400%29_on_the_Bosphorus_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-TCG_Anadolu_%28L-400%29_on_the_Bosphorus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TCG_Anadolu" title="TCG Anadolu">TCG Anadolu (L-400)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> during the naval parade for celebrating the centenary of the Turkish Republic on 29 October 2023.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/TCG_Anadolu" title="TCG Anadolu">TCG Anadolu</a> is a 27,079-tonne <a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">drone-carrying</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a> (LHD) of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Turkish Navy</a> that can be configured as a 24,660-tonne V/STOL aircraft carrier.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Construction began on 30 April 2016 by Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. at their <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> shipyard.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> TCG Anadolu was commissioned with a ceremony on 10 April 2023.<a href="#cite_note-commission-CNN_Turk-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-TRT_World-11.04.2023-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helfrich-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-DT-10.04.2023-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The construction of a sister ship, to be named TCG Trakya, is currently being planned by the Turkish Navy.<a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST-2-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-DenizHaber1-139">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk#Export_versions" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">Sikorsky S-70B Seahawk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bell_AH-1_SuperCobra" title="Bell AH-1 SuperCobra">Bell AH-1 SuperCobra</a> are the two main types of helicopters used on TCG Anadolu, with the occasional use of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">CH-47F Chinook</a> helicopters of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Army</a> during military exercises and operations.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The AH-1W Super Cobras will eventually be complemented and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/TAI_T929_ATAK_2" title="TAI T929 ATAK 2">TAI T929 ATAK 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iddon-Forbes-24.11.2022-141">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet</a>-powered, <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">low-observable</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma" title="Bayraktar Kızılelma">Bayraktar MIUS Kızılelma</a><a href="#cite_note-Helfrich-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medium-altitude_long-endurance_UAV" title="Medium-altitude long-endurance UAV">MALE</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB3" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayraktar TB3">Bayraktar TB3</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> are two <a href="/wiki/UCAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UCAV">UCAVs</a> that are specifically designed and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Baykar" title="Baykar">Baykar Technologies</a> to be used on TCG Anadolu.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The maiden flight of <a href="/wiki/TAI_Anka-3" title="TAI Anka-3">TAI Anka-3</a> (also part of Project MIUS), a jet-powered, <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> type UCAV with stealth technology, was successfully completed on 28 December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> On 19 November 2024, <a href="/wiki/Baykar_Bayraktar_TB3" title="Baykar Bayraktar TB3">Baykar Bayraktar TB3</a> UAV successfully landed and took-off from TCG Anadolu.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> It was the first time a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft of this size and class had successfully landed on a short-runway <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_dock" title="Landing helicopter dock">landing helicopter dock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MUGEM-class_aircraft_carrier" title="MUGEM-class aircraft carrier">MUGEM-class aircraft carrier</a></div> On 3 January 2024, the Turkish government approved the plan for the design and construction of a larger aircraft carrier.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> On 15 February 2024, the Design and Projects Office of the Turkish Navy announced that it will be a STOBAR aircraft carrier with an overall length of 285 metres (935 ft), beam of 68 metres (223 ft), draught of 10.1 metres (33 ft), and displacement of 60,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST_16.02.2024_1-154">[153]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST_16.02.2024_2-155">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST_16.02.2024_3-156">[155]</a> It will have a COGAG propulsion system and a maximum speed of 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST_16.02.2024_1-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST_16.02.2024_2-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST_16.02.2024_3-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg/220px-Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg/330px-Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg/440px-Merlin_Mk2s_arriving_on_HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_ahead_of_CSG21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">Merlin HM2</a> <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">AEW</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">flight deck</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> Two 65,000-tonne<a href="#cite_note-HMSQE-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class</a> STOVL carriers which operate the F-35 Lightning II. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a> was commissioned in December 2017<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(R09)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (R09)">HMS Prince of Wales</a> in December 2019. Queen Elizabeth undertook her first operational deployment in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Each Queen Elizabeth-class ship is able to operate around 40 aircraft during peacetime operations and is thought to be able to carry up to 72 at maximum capacity.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> As of the end of April 2020, 18 F-35B aircraft had been delivered to the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. "Full operating capability" for the UK's carrier strike capability had been planned for 2023 (two squadrons or 24 jets operating from one carrier).<a href="#cite_note-NAO20-160">[159]</a> The longer-term aim remains for the ability to conduct a wide range of air operations and support amphibious operations worldwide from both carriers by 2026.<a href="#cite_note-NAO20-160">[159]</a> They form the central part of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Carrier_Strike_Group" title="UK Carrier Strike Group">UK Carrier Strike Group</a>. <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> The Queen Elizabeth-class ships are expected to have service lives of 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Enterprise_(CVN-80)_artist_depiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-80%29_artist_depiction.jpg/220px-USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-80%29_artist_depiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-80%29_artist_depiction.jpg/330px-USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-80%29_artist_depiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-80%29_artist_depiction.jpg/440px-USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-80%29_artist_depiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-80)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-80)">USS Enterprise (CVN-80)</a>, the third US Navy carrier to bear the name, is a Gerald R. Ford-class carrier currently under construction and expected to enter service in 2028. (artist's impression)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Current</dt></dl> 11 CATOBAR carriers, all nuclear-powered: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier">Nimitz class</a>: ten 101,000-tonne, 333-meter-long (1,092 ft) fleet carriers, the first of which was commissioned in 1975. A Nimitz-class carrier is powered by two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> providing steam to four <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier">Gerald R. Ford class</a>, one 100,000-tonne, 337-meter-long (1,106 ft) fleet carrier. The lead of the class <a href="/wiki/USS_Gerald_R._Ford" title="USS Gerald R. Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a> came into service in 2017, with another nine planned to replace the aging Nimitz-class ships.</li></ul> Nine amphibious assault ships carrying vehicles, Marine fighters, attack and transport helicopters, and landing craft with STOVL fighters for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close Air Support (CAS)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combat_Air_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Air Patrol">Combat Air Patrol (CAP)</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America-class_amphibious_assault_ship" title="America-class amphibious assault ship">America class</a>: a class of 45,000-tonne amphibious assault ships, although the first two ships in this class, (Flight 0) do not have well decks, all subsequent ships (Flight I) will have well decks. Two ships are currently in service out of a planned 11 ships. Ships of this class can have a secondary mission as a light aircraft carrier with 20 <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B Harrier II</a>, and in the future the <a href="/wiki/F-35B_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35B Lightning II">F-35B Lightning II</a> aircraft after unloading their Marine expeditionary unit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship" title="Wasp-class amphibious assault ship">Wasp class</a>: a class of 41,000-tonne amphibious assault ships, members of this class have been used in wartime in their secondary mission as light carriers with 20 to 25 AV-8Bs after unloading their Marine expeditionary unit. Seven ship currently in service of an original eight, with <a href="/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(LHD-6)#July_2020_fire" title="USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)">one lost to fire</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier">Gerald R. Ford class</a>. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to maintain and operate the vessels. The main new features are implementation of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_Aircraft_Launch_System" title="Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System">Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System</a> (EMALS) (which replaces the old steam catapults) and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Carriers_–_CVN-162">[161]</a> In terms of future carrier developments, Congress has discussed the possibility of accelerating the phasing-out of one or more Nimitz-class carriers, postponing or canceling the procurement of CVN-81 and CVN-82, or modifying the purchase contract.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Following the deactivation of <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS Enterprise</a> in December 2012, the US fleet comprised 10 fleet carriers, but that number increased back to 11 with the commissioning of Gerald R. Ford in July 2017. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower_and_Expeditionary_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces">House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee</a> on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000-tonne Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2017) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000-tonne <a href="/wiki/America-class_amphibious_assault_ship" title="America-class amphibious assault ship">America-class amphibious assault ships</a>, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, <a href="/wiki/USS_America_(LHA-6)" title="USS America (LHA-6)">USS America</a>, is now in active service with another, <a href="/wiki/USS_Tripoli_(LHA-7)" title="USS Tripoli (LHA-7)">USS Tripoli</a>, and 9 more are planned.<a href="#cite_note-AFAmag-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In a report to Congress in February 2018, the Navy stated it intends to maintain a "12 <a href="/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol#Aircraft_carrier_type" title="Hull classification symbol">CVN</a> force" as part of its 30-year acquisition plan.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_carriers_in_preservation">Aircraft carriers in preservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Aircraft carriers in preservation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_museum_carriers">Current museum carriers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Current museum carriers">edit</a>]</div> A few aircraft carriers have been preserved as museum ships. They are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-10)">USS Yorktown (CV-10)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant</a>, South Carolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)" title="USS Intrepid (CV-11)">USS Intrepid (CV-11)</a> in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS Hornet (CV-12)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alameda,_California" title="Alameda, California">Alameda</a>, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)" title="USS Lexington (CV-16)">USS Lexington (CV-16)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a>, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Midway_(CV-41)" title="USS Midway (CV-41)">USS Midway (CV-41)</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_aircraft_carrier_Kiev" title="Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev">Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_aircraft_carrier_Minsk" title="Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk">Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a>, China</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_museum_carriers">Former museum carriers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Former museum carriers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INS_Vikrant_(1961)" title="INS Vikrant (1961)">INS Vikrant (1961)</a> was moored as a museum in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> from 2001 to 2012, but was never able to find an industrial partner and was closed that year. She was scrapped in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cabot_(CVL-28)" title="USS Cabot (CVL-28)">USS Cabot (CVL-28)</a> was acquired for preservation and moored in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> from 1990 to 2002, but due to an embezzlement scandal, funding for the museum never materialized and the ship was scrapped in 2002.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_but_cancelled_museum_carriers">Planned but cancelled museum carriers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Planned but cancelled museum carriers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(LHA-1)" title="USS Tarawa (LHA-1)">USS Tarawa (LHA-1)</a> had a preservation campaign to bring her to the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a> as the world's first amphibious assault ship museum.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> However, in <a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a> 2024, on 9 July 2024, the Tarawa was sunk alongside <a href="/wiki/USS_Dubuque_(LPD-8)" title="USS Dubuque (LPD-8)">USS Dubuque (LPD-8)</a> as <a href="/wiki/SINKEX" class="mw-redirect" title="SINKEX">SINKEXs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_museum_carriers">Future museum carriers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Future museum carriers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_aircraft_carrier" title="Airborne aircraft carrier">Airborne aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation-capable_naval_vessel" title="Aviation-capable naval vessel">Aviation-capable naval vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">Drone carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_and_Clover" title="Lily and Clover">Lily and Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_offshore_base" title="Mobile offshore base">Mobile offshore base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Habakkuk" title="Project Habakkuk">Project Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seadrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Seadrome">Seadrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carrier" title="Submarine aircraft carrier">Submarine aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsinkable_aircraft_carrier" title="Unsinkable aircraft carrier">Unsinkable aircraft carrier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_lists">Related lists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Related lists">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_French_Navy_ships" title="List of active French Navy ships">List of active French Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Italian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Italian Navy ships">List of active Italian Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Spanish_Navy_ships#Aircraft_carrier_and_amphibious_warfare" title="List of active Spanish Navy ships">List of active Spanish aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carrier_classes_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy">List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers" title="List of aircraft carriers">List of aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_by_configuration" title="List of aircraft carriers by configuration">List of aircraft carriers by configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_in_service" title="List of aircraft carriers in service">List of aircraft carriers in service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_Germany" title="List of aircraft carriers of Germany">List of aircraft carriers of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of aircraft carriers of Russia and the Soviet Union">List of aircraft carriers of Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships#Aircraft_carriers" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">List of aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy#Aircraft_carriers" title="List of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy">List of aircraft carriers of the Japanese Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Surface_Force#Aircraft_carriers" title="People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force">List of aircraft carriers of the People's Liberation Army Navy (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy">List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy">List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft carriers of World War II">List of aircraft carriers of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibious_warfare_ships" title="List of amphibious warfare ships">List of amphibious warfare ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carrier-based_aircraft" title="List of carrier-based aircraft">List of carrier-based aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="List of current ships of the Royal Canadian Navy">List of current ships of the Royal Canadian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the Royal Navy">List of escort carriers of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the United States Navy">List of escort carriers of the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seaplane_carriers_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy">List of seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sunken_aircraft_carriers" title="List of sunken aircraft carriers">List of sunken aircraft carriers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Russian carrier has not been operational since 2018; it is expected to be launched again in 2024. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft%20carrier">"Aircraft carrier"</a>, Dictionary, Reference, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219023059/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft%20carrier">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014, retrieved 3 October 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aircraft+carrier&rft.btitle=Dictionary&rft.pub=Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Faircraft%2520carrier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10957/aircraft-carrier">"Encyclopaedia"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005020914/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10957/aircraft-carrier">archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013, retrieved 3 October 2013, <q>Subsequent design modifications produced such variations as the light carrier, equipped with large amounts of electronic gear for 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Retrieved 30 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Ocean+%C3%A9+do+Brasil%21+MB+conclui+a+compra+do+porta-helic%C3%B3pteros+por+84+milh%C3%B5es+de+libras+e+d%C3%A1+%C3%A0+For%C3%A7a+um+novo+capit%C3%A2nia+%E2%80%93+Poder+Naval+%E2%80%93+A+informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+naval+comentada+e+discutida&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval.com.br%2Fblog%2F2017%2F12%2F21%2Fo-ocean-e-do-brasil-mb-conclui-compra-do-porta-helicopteros-por-84-milhoes-de-libras-e-da-forca-um-novo-capitania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefensa.com2017" class="citation web cs1">Defensa.com (22 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensa.com/brasil/marina-brasil-compra-portaviones-hms-ocean-royal-navy-britanica">"La Marina de Brasil compra el portaviones HMS Ocean a la Royal Navy británica-noticia defensa.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021535/https://www.defensa.com/brasil/marina-brasil-compra-portaviones-hms-ocean-royal-navy-britanica">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. 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Retrieved 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval&rft.atitle=Mostra+de+Armamento+do+Porta-Helic%C3%B3pteros+Multiprop%C3%B3sito+Atl%C3%A2ntico&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval.com.br%2Fblog%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2Fmostra-de-armamento-do-porta-helicopteros-multiproposito-atlantico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poder_Naval-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Poder_Naval_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/">"Porta-Helicópteros Atlântico agora é Navio-Aeródromo Multipropósito"</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 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Retrieved 7 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Images+show+construction+of+China%27s+third+aircraft+carrier%2C+thinktank+says&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmay%2F07%2Fchina-third-aircraft-carrier-construction-satellite-images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVavasseur2021" class="citation web cs1">Vavasseur, Xavier (24 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/04/china-commissions-a-type-055-ddg-a-type-075-lhd-and-a-type-094-ssbn-in-a-single-day/">"China Commissions a Type 055 DDG, a Type 075 LHD and a Type 094 SSBN in a Single Day"</a>. Naval News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425051356/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/04/china-commissions-a-type-055-ddg-a-type-075-lhd-and-a-type-094-ssbn-in-a-single-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021. 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Naval News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226215025/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/12/chinas-2nd-type-075-lhd-guangxi-%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF-commissioned-with-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+2nd+Type+075+LHD+Guangxi+%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF+Commissioned+With+PLAN&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.aulast=Vavasseur&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalnews.com%2Fnaval-news%2F2021%2F12%2Fchinas-2nd-type-075-lhd-guangxi-%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF-commissioned-with-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVavasseur2022" class="citation web cs1">Vavasseur, Xavier (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/10/chinas-3rd-type-075-lhd-anhui-安徽-commissioned-with-plan/">"China's 3rd Type 075 LHD Anhui 安徽 Commissioned With PLAN"</a>. Naval News. 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Retrieved 12 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Plan+for+6+Aircraft+Carriers+Just+%27Sank%27&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Fbuzz%2Fchinas-plan-6-aircraft-carriers-just-sank-103207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/august/8814-sea-trials-for-chinese-navy-type-075-lhd-landing-helicopter-dock-amphibious-assault-ship.html">"Sea trials for Chinese Navy Type 075 LHD Landing Helicopter Dock amphibious assault ship"</a>. navyrecognition.com. 5 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809230828/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/august/8814-sea-trials-for-chinese-navy-type-075-lhd-landing-helicopter-dock-amphibious-assault-ship.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. 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Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+planning+advanced+amphibious+assault+ship&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fmilitary%2Farticle%2F3094912%2Fchinese-shipbuilder-planning-advanced-amphibious-assault-ship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41009:egypt-signs-mistral-contract-with-france&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106">"Egypt signs Mistral contract with France"</a>. defenceweb.co.za. 12 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014212/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41009:egypt-signs-mistral-contract-with-france&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=defenceweb.co.za&rft.atitle=Egypt+signs+Mistral+contract+with+France&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D41009%3Aegypt-signs-mistral-contract-with-france%26catid%3D51%3ASea%26Itemid%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-first-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-gamal-abdel-nasser/">"DCNS DELIVERS THE FIRST MISTRAL-CLASS HELICOPTER CARRIER TO THE EGYPTIAN NAVY, THE LHD GAMAL ABDEL NASSER"</a>. 2 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709102947/http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-first-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-gamal-abdel-nasser/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DCNS+DELIVERS+THE+FIRST+MISTRAL-CLASS+HELICOPTER+CARRIER+TO+THE+EGYPTIAN+NAVY%2C+THE+LHD+GAMAL+ABDEL+NASSER&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.dcnsgroup.com%2Fnews%2Fdcns-delivers-the-first-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-gamal-abdel-nasser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922152801/http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-second-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-anwar-el-sadat/">"DCNS DELIVERS THE SECOND MISTRAL-CLASS HELICOPTER CARRIER TO THE EGYPTIAN NAVY, THE LHD ANWAR EL SADAT"</a>. 16 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-second-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-anwar-el-sadat/">the original</a> on 22 September 2016. 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CNN. 18 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145649/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/18/asia/japan-aircraft-carriers-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+to+have+first+aircraft+carriers+since+World+War+II&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2Fasia%2Fjapan-aircraft-carriers-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/maritime-antisub/6365-japanese-izumo-carrier-modification-progresses-well">"Japanese Izumo carrier modification progresses well"</a>. 29 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630131734/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/maritime-antisub/6365-japanese-izumo-carrier-modification-progresses-well">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Izumo+carrier+modification+progresses+well&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceconnect.com.au%2Fmaritime-antisub%2F6365-japanese-izumo-carrier-modification-progresses-well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navalnews.com-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navalnews.com_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navalnews.com_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2019/08/usmc-to-first-fly-f-35b-from-japans-izumo-class-aircraft-carriers/">"USMC to Fly First F-35B from Japan's Izumo-class Aircraft Carriers"</a>. 21 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007023345/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2019/08/usmc-to-first-fly-f-35b-from-japans-izumo-class-aircraft-carriers/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USMC+to+Fly+First+F-35B+from+Japan%27s+Izumo-class+Aircraft+Carriers&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalnews.com%2Fnaval-news%2F2019%2F08%2Fusmc-to-first-fly-f-35b-from-japans-izumo-class-aircraft-carriers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Lendon_and_Yoko_Wakatsuki2018" class="citation news cs1">Brad Lendon and Yoko Wakatsuki (18 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/18/asia/japan-aircraft-carriers-intl/index.html">"Japan to have first aircraft carriers since World War II"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+to+have+first+aircraft+carriers+since+World+War+II&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft.au=Brad+Lendon+and+Yoko+Wakatsuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2Fasia%2Fjapan-aircraft-carriers-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-airforce-technology.com-107"><a href="#cite_ref-airforce-technology.com_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/uncategorised/lack-of-runways-spurred-japans-f-35b-purchase/">"Lack of runways spurred Japan's F-35B purchase"</a>. airforce-technology.com. 21 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923064448/https://www.airforce-technology.com/uncategorised/lack-of-runways-spurred-japans-f-35b-purchase/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haberturk.com&rft.atitle=TCG+Anadolu+at+the+Bosporus+strait+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fim.haberturk.com%2F2023%2F04%2F23%2F3585462_ffc24085525d528a314edcf1027f2122_1366x1366.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://im.haberturk.com/2023/04/23/3585462_d0db5aa44d8f6c8969b89f2b33a75cbf_1366x1366.jpg">"TCG Anadolu at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul"</a>. haberturk.com. <a href="/wiki/Habert%C3%BCrk" title="Habertürk">Habertürk</a>. 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haberturk.com&rft.atitle=TCG+Anadolu+at+the+Bosporus+strait+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fim.haberturk.com%2F2023%2F04%2F23%2F3585462_d0db5aa44d8f6c8969b89f2b33a75cbf_1366x1366.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.daktilo.com/sites/1363/uploads/2023/05/02/canakkalekopru1.jpg">"TCG Anadolu (L-400) passing under the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge at the Dardanelles strait, with the Gallipoli peninsula in the background"</a>. kaleninsesi.com. 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaleninsesi.com&rft.atitle=TCG+Anadolu+%28L-400%29+passing+under+the+1915+%C3%87anakkale+Bridge+at+the+Dardanelles+strait%2C+with+the+Gallipoli+peninsula+in+the+background&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.daktilo.com%2Fsites%2F1363%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F05%2F02%2Fcanakkalekopru1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SavunmaSanayiST-2-138"><a href="#cite_ref-SavunmaSanayiST-2_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnıl_Şahin2019" class="citation web cs1">Anıl Şahin (14 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savunmasanayist.com/deniz-kuvvetlerinden-tcg-trakya-aciklamasi/">"Deniz Kuvvetlerinden TCG Trakya açıklaması"</a>. SavunmaSanayiST.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204851/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/deniz-kuvvetlerinden-tcg-trakya-aciklamasi/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SavunmaSanayiST.com&rft.atitle=Deniz+Kuvvetlerinden+TCG+Trakya+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klamas%C4%B1&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.au=An%C4%B1l+%C5%9Eahin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savunmasanayist.com%2Fdeniz-kuvvetlerinden-tcg-trakya-aciklamasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenizHaber1-139"><a href="#cite_ref-DenizHaber1_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmet_Doğan2019" class="citation web cs1">Ahmet Doğan (9 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denizhaber.com/guncel/tcg-trakya-ne-zaman-bitecek-h81915.html">"TCG Trakya ne zaman bitecek?"</a>. DenizHaber.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204853/https://www.denizhaber.com/guncel/tcg-trakya-ne-zaman-bitecek-h81915.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCG+Trakya+ne+zaman+bitecek%3F&rft.pub=DenizHaber.com&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft.au=Ahmet+Do%C4%9Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denizhaber.com%2Fguncel%2Ftcg-trakya-ne-zaman-bitecek-h81915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfLyjvOoSmE">"TCG Anadolu eğitim gerçekleştirdi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TRT_Haber" title="TRT Haber">TRT Haber</a>. 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCG+Anadolu+e%C4%9Fitim+ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftirdi&rft.pub=TRT+Haber&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQfLyjvOoSmE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iddon-Forbes-24.11.2022-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Iddon-Forbes-24.11.2022_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Iddon2022" class="citation web cs1">Paul Iddon (24 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2022/11/24/tcg-anadolu-turkeys-new-flagship-will-carry-unique-aircraft/?sh=14028ead6ccf">"TCG Anadolu: Turkey's New Flagship Will Carry Unique Aircraft"</a>. Forbes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=TCG+Anadolu%3A+Turkey%27s+New+Flagship+Will+Carry+Unique+Aircraft&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.au=Paul+Iddon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fpauliddon%2F2022%2F11%2F24%2Ftcg-anadolu-turkeys-new-flagship-will-carry-unique-aircraft%2F%3Fsh%3D14028ead6ccf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight/">"Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight"</a>. baykartech.com. Baykar Technologies. 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baykartech.com&rft.atitle=Baykar%27s+unmanned+fighter+aircraft+completes+first+flight&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaykartech.com%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fbaykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxVpXGf8e8I">"Bayraktar Kızılelma's Formation Flights – A First in Aviation History"</a>. 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Baykar Technologies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baykartech.com&rft.atitle=Bayraktar+TB3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaykartech.com%2Fen%2Fbayraktar-tb3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-tb3/">"Bayraktar TB3 UCAV: General Information"</a>. baykartech.com. 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Naval News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navalnews.com&rft.atitle=Here+Is+How+UAVs+Will+Be+Recovered+Aboard+TCG+Anadolu&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft.au=Tayfun+%C3%96zberk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalnews.com%2Fnaval-news%2F2022%2F05%2Fhere-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Newdick2023" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Newdick (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies">"Turkey's ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies"</a>. thedrive.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedrive.com&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+ANKA-3+Flying+Wing+Unmanned+Combat+Air+Vehicle+Flies&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.au=Thomas+Newdick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2Fturkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/turkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine">"Turkish Stealth Drone Makes Debut Flight After Years of Secrecy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Stealth+Drone+Makes+Debut+Flight+After+Years+of+Secrecy&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-12-29%2Fturkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAnxwJk0h10">"Turkey's ANKA III Fighter Drone Makes Debut Flight"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Aircraft+Carriers%3A+An+Illustrated+Design+History&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780870217395&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvtTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2009" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209">A Century of Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of Ships and Shipborne Aircraft</a>. Barnsley, S Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783466986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783466986"><bdi>978-1783466986</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106081814/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Carrier+Aviation%3A+The+Evolution+of+Ships+and+Shipborne+Aircraft&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+S+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1783466986&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bXNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolak2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polak, Christian (2005). Sabre et Pinceau: Par d'autres Français au Japon. 1872–1960 (in French and Japanese). Hiroshi Ueki (植木浩), Philippe Pons, foreword; 筆と刀・日本の中のもうひとつのフランス (1872–1960). éd. L'Harmattan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabre+et+Pinceau%3A+Par+d%27autres+Fran%C3%A7ais+au+Japon.+1872%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=%C3%A9d.+L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Polak&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtivant1990" class="citation book cs1">Sturtivant, Ray (1990). British Naval Aviation, The Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990. London: Arm & Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-938-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-938-5"><bdi>0-85368-938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Naval+Aviation%2C+The+Fleet+Air+Arm%2C+1917%E2%80%931990&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arm+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85368-938-5&rft.aulast=Sturtivant&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTill1996" class="citation book cs1">Till, Geoffrey (1996). "Adopting the Aircraft Carrier: The British, Japanese, and American Case Studies". In Murray, Williamson; Millet, Allan R (eds.). Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adopting+the+Aircraft+Carrier%3A+The+British%2C+Japanese%2C+and+American+Case+Studies&rft.btitle=Military+Innovation+in+the+Interwar+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ader, Clement. Military Aviation, 1909, Edited and translated by Lee Kennett, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-118-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-118-3">978-1-58566-118-3</a>.</li> <li>Chesneau, Roger. Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Naval Institute Press, 1984.</li> <li>Francillon, René J, Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club US Carrier Operations off Vietnam, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-696-1">978-0-87021-696-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71svAAAAMAAJ">British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft</a>. Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870210549" title="Special:BookSources/9780870210549"><bdi>9780870210549</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013416/https://books.google.com/books?id=71svAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Carrier+Aviation%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Ships+and+Their+Aircraft&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780870210549&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71svAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoneFriedmanMandeles2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hone, Thomas C.; Friedman, Norman; Mandeles, Mark D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/newport-papers/17/">"Innovation in Carrier Aviation"</a>. Naval War College Newport Papers (37): 1–171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323191721/https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/newport-papers/17/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Newport+Papers&rft.atitle=Innovation+in+Carrier+Aviation&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=1-171&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hone&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Norman&rft.au=Mandeles%2C+Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%2Fnewport-papers%2F17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Melhorn, Charles M. Two-Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier, 1911–1929. Naval Institute Press, 1974.</li> <li>Nordeen, Lon, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-083-2">978-1-58834-083-2</a>.</li> <li>Polmar, Norman. Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and its Influence on World Events, 1901–2006. (two vols.) Potomac Books, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Trimble, William F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5uOBAAAQBAJ">Admiral William A. Moffett: Architect of Naval Aviation</a>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612514284" title="Special:BookSources/9781612514284"><bdi>9781612514284</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013326/https://books.google.com/books?id=k5uOBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+William+A.+Moffett%3A+Architect+of+Naval+Aviation&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781612514284&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5uOBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+carrier" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wadle, Ryan David. United States navy fleet problems and the development of carrier aviation, 1929–1933. PhD dissertation Texas A&M University, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526133111/http://repository.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/2658/etd-tamu-2005B-HIST-Wadle.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aircraft_carriers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aircraft carriers">Aircraft carriers</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsE9oCdSEEI">"Launch & Recover (1960)"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – technical training film from the Royal Navy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em">Types of ships and boats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing vessels and rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_clipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch clipper">Dutch clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coble" title="Coble">Coble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore & Aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite_brig" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphrodite brig">Hermaphrodite brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Flat">Mersey Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Yacht">Royal Yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey ship">Survey ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Trawler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">Merchant vessels</a>: Steamships and motor vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airboat" title="Airboat">Airboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)" title="Lifeboat (rescue)">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">Lightvessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">Paddle steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid-hulled_inflatable_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid-hulled inflatable boat">Rigid-hulled inflatable boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/Roll-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll-on/Roll-off">Roll-on/Roll-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Supertanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_effect_ship" title="Surface effect ship">Surface effect ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Towboat">Towboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">Trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unpowered vessels and smaller <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Boat">Bull Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">Currach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dory_(boat)" title="Dory (boat)">Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_(barge)" title="Lighter (barge)">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_coracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian coracles">Parisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Oared_racing_boats" title="Template:Oared racing boats">Racing boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_ferry" title="Reaction ferry">Reaction ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowboat">Rowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">Whaleboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template talk:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> in 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of naval ship classes in service">Naval ship classes in service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service" title="List of submarine classes in service">submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliary_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of auxiliary ship classes in service">auxiliary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_geography" title="Maritime geography">Operational zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gun placement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">Broadside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">Central battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">Balloon carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecarrier" title="Battlecarrier">Battlecarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_catapult_ship" title="Fighter catapult ship">Fighter catapult ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_deck_cruiser" title="Flight deck cruiser">Flight deck cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiction_Assault_Ship" title="Interdiction Assault Ship">Interdiction Assault Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">Supercarrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">Coastal defence ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought#Super-dreadnoughts" title="Dreadnought">Super-dreadnought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard-type_battleship" title="Standard-type battleship">Standard-type battleship</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">Treaty battleship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cruiser" title="Aircraft cruiser">Aircraft cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armored cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile cruiser">Guided missile cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruiser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser" title="Deutschland-class cruiser">Pocket battleship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">Merchant raider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_cruiser" title="Scout cruiser">Scout cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_cruiser" title="Strike cruiser">Strike cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser" title="Torpedo cruiser">Torpedo cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser" title="Unprotected cruiser">Unprotected cruiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">Aviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_rescue_ship" title="Convoy rescue ship">Convoy rescue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">Destroyer escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_leader" title="Destroyer leader">Destroyer leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_destroyer" title="Escort destroyer">Escort destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorteur" title="Escorteur">Escorteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">Guided-missile destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Kaibōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_picket" title="Radar picket">Radar picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock" title="Amphibious transport dock">Amphibious transport dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">Amphibious warfare ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_transport" title="Attack transport">Attack transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_landing_ship" title="Dock landing ship">Dock landing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft_carrier" title="Landing craft carrier">Landing craft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Support" title="Landing Craft Support">Landing Craft Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Heavy">Landing Ship Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_ship,_infantry" title="Landing ship, infantry">Landing ship, infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Logistics">Landing Ship Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Medium" title="Landing Ship Medium">Landing Ship Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Vehicle">Landing Ship Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">Troopship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_boarding_steamer" title="Armed boarding steamer">Armed boarding steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_yacht" title="Armed yacht">Armed yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_motor_boat" title="Coastal motor boat">Coastal motor boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_defence_motor_launch" title="Harbour defence motor launch">Harbour defence motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_launch_(naval)" title="Motor launch (naval)">Motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_drifter" title="Naval drifter">Naval drifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Naval trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_boarding_vessel" title="Ocean boarding vessel">Ocean boarding vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_gun_boat" title="Steam gun boat">Steam gun boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">Fast attack craft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">E-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS_(motorboat)" title="MAS (motorboat)">MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_gunboat" title="Motor gunboat">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">MTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_explosive_motorboat" title="MT explosive motorboat">MTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSM_motor_torpedo_boat" title="MTSM motor torpedo boat">MTSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mine warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danlayer" title="Danlayer">Danlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_minesweeper" title="Destroyer minesweeper">Destroyer minesweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_planter" title="Mine planter">Mine planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minehunter" title="Minehunter">Minehunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command and support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenities_ship" title="Amenities ship">Amenities ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">Ammunition ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock" title="Auxiliary repair dock">Auxiliary repair dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">Combat stores ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_ship" title="Command ship">Command ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">Depot ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_tender" title="Destroyer tender">Destroyer tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_boat" title="Dispatch boat">Dispatch boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_combat_support_ship" title="Fast combat support ship">Fast combat support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_stores_issue_ship" title="General stores issue ship">General stores issue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_support_ship" title="Joint support ship">Joint support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Naval tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_laying_ship" title="Net laying ship">Net laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">Repair ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">Replenishment oiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Attack submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">Coastal submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_submarine" title="Cruiser submarine">Cruiser submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">DSRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">Fleet submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carrier" title="Submarine aircraft carrier">Submarine aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_ship" title="Arsenal ship">Arsenal ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">Barracks ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_monitor" title="Breastwork monitor">Breastwork monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">Drone carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">Flagship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">Floating battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_ship" title="Guard ship">Guard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">Mother ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_monitor" title="River monitor">River monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">Training ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_types" title="Template:Ship types">Ship types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs">Sailing vessels</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17205#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17205#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17205#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128512-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002736">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119593613">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119593613">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566319">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122259&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294599005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/64367931-3d80-4aef-bceb-647873194450">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638244">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&oldid=1259641592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_carrier&oldid=1259641592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_carriers" 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