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<span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuilding_of_the_Kaaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuilding_of_the_Kaaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rebuilding of the Kaaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebuilding_of_the_Kaaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_(683)" title="حصار مكة (683) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار مكة (683)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%DB%B6%DB%B8%DB%B3)" title="مکه موحاصیره‌سی (۶۸۳) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکه موحاصیره‌سی (۶۸۳)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7_(%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A9)" title="মক্কা অবরোধ (৬৮৩) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মক্কা অবরোধ (৬৮৩)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_la_Meca_(683)" title="Setge de la Meca (683) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de la Meca (683)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87_(%DB%B6%DB%B8%DB%B3)" title="محاصره مکه (۶۸۳) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره مکه (۶۸۳)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_(683)" title="मक्का की घेराबंदी (683) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मक्का की घेराबंदी (683)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Makkah_(683)" title="Pengepungan Makkah (683) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Makkah (683)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6_(683%E5%B9%B4)" title="メッカ包囲戦 (683年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メッカ包囲戦 (683年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Meca_(683)" title="Cerco de Meca (683) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Meca (683)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8_(683)" title="Осада Мекки (683) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Мекки (683)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekke_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1_(683)" title="Mekke Kuşatması (683) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mekke Kuşatması (683)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%81_(683%D8%A1)" title="محاصرہ مکہ (683ء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محاصرہ مکہ (683ء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3023525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&params=21.4167_N_39.8167_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.4167°N 39.8167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.4167; 39.8167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Second Fitna</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Mecca (disambiguation)">Siege of Mecca</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Mecca</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabaa_(January_2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg/220px-Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg/330px-Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg/440px-Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="580" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> (pictured here in 2003), which was severely damaged by fire during the siege</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 September – 26 November 683 CE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&params=21.4167_N_39.8167_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.4167°N 39.8167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.4167; 39.8167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Victory for the <a href="/wiki/Zubayrid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubayrid Caliphate">Zubayrid Caliphate</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Pro-<a href="/wiki/Zubayrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubayrid">Zubayrid</a> Meccans</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Uqba" title="Muslim ibn Uqba">Muslim ibn Uqba</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Numayr_al-Sakuni" title="Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni">Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style 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.pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siege of Mecca (683) is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Siege of Mecca (683) is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.172%;left:25.765%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siege of Mecca (683)"><img alt="Siege of Mecca (683)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Saudi Arabia relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of Mecca within modern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Fitna" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Fitna" title="Template:Campaignbox Second Fitna"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_Fitna" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second Fitna"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Fitna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second Fitna"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Fitna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Pro-<a href="/wiki/Alid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alid">Alid</a> risings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Warda" title="Battle of Ayn al-Warda">Ayn al-Warda</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar">al-Mukhtar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khazir" title="Battle of Khazir">Khazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Madhar_and_Harura" title="Battles of Madhar and Harura">Madhar & Harura</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zubayr%27s_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt">Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harra" title="Battle of al-Harra">Al-Harra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maskin" title="Battle of Maskin">Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">2nd Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>siege of Mecca</b> in September–November 683 was one of the early battles of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> was a sanctuary for <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, who was among the most prominent challengers to the dynastic succession to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>. After nearby <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the other <a href="/wiki/Holy_city" title="Holy city">holy city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, also rebelled against Yazid, the Umayyad ruler sent an army to subdue Arabia. The Umayyad army defeated the Medinans and took the city, but Mecca held out in a month-long siege, during which the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> was damaged by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege ended when news came of Yazid's sudden death. The Umayyad commander, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Numayr_al-Sakuni" title="Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni">Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni</a>, after vainly trying to induce Ibn al-Zubayr to return with him to <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> and be recognized as Caliph, departed with his forces. Ibn al-Zubayr remained in Mecca throughout the civil war, but he was nevertheless soon acknowledged as Caliph across most of the Muslim world. It was not until 692, that the Umayyads were able to send another army which <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">again besieged and captured</a> Mecca, ending the civil war. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the death of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 661–680</span>), in 680, the Muslim world was thrown into turmoil. Although Mu'awiya had named his son, <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>, as his heir, this choice was not universally recognized, especially by the old <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medinan</a> elites, who challenged the Umayyads' claim to the succession. Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were the <a href="/wiki/Alid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alid">Alid</a> <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> (the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a> (a grandson of the first caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, and nephew of Muhammad's wife <a href="/wiki/A%27isha" class="mw-redirect" title="A'isha">A'isha</a>). To avoid being forced to acknowledge Yazid, on the latter's accession the two men fled from Medina to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200046–47_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200046–47-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196054–55_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196054–55-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husayn made for <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, where his supporters awaited him to rise in revolt against the Umayyads, but his convoy was intercepted and he was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in October 680,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200049–51_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200049–51-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Ibn al-Zubayr as the leading contender and rival for the Umayyads. As long as Yazid lived, Ibn al-Zubayr denounced his rule from the sanctuary of Mecca but did not openly claim the caliphate, instead calling himself "the fugitive at the sanctuary" (<i>al-ʿaʾidh biʾl-bayt</i>) and insisting that the caliph should be chosen in the traditional manner, by a tribal assembly (<i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shūrā</a></i>) from among all the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh tribe">Quraysh</a>, not just the Umayyads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200047_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200047-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first Yazid and his governors in Medina tried to negotiate with Ibn al-Zubayr, as well as the dissatisfied <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> families. The Medinan aristocracy, however, who felt their position threatened by Mu'awiya's large-scale agricultural projects around their city, and regarded Yazid as unfit for the office of caliph due to his reputed dissolute lifestyle, led a public denunciation of their allegiance to Yazid, and expelled the Umayyad family members, some 1,000 in number (including the future caliph <a href="/wiki/Marwan_ibn_al-Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwan ibn al-Hakam">Marwan ibn al-Hakam</a> and his sons), from their city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200047_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200047-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927149–154_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927149–154-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489–90_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489–90-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Yazid sent an army to subdue the province, and chose <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Uqba_al-Murri" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri">Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri</a> to lead it. Muslim's army of 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syrians</a> indeed overcame the Medinans' resistance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Harrah">Battle of al-Harrah</a> on 26 August 683 and proceeded to sack Medina—one of the impious acts for which the Umayyads are denounced in later Muslim tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200047–48_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200047–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200490_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200490-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927154–157_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927154–157-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his sack of Medina, subsequent tradition remembers Muslim ibn Uqba as, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a>, the "heathen incarnate", although in the earlier sources he is represented as devout and reluctant to undertake the task assigned to him by the Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157–160_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157–160-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After taking Medina, Muslim set out for Mecca, but on the way he fell ill and died at Mushallal, and command passed to his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Numayr_al-Sakuni" title="Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni">Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni</a>. According to the account reported by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, this was much against Uqba's will, but in accordance with the wishes of Yazid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1990222_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Medinans had fled to Mecca, including the commander of the Qurayshites at the battle of al-Harra, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muti" title="Abd Allah ibn Muti">Abd Allah ibn Muti</a>, who played a leading role in Mecca's defense along with <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting1989114–115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting1989114–115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Zubayr was also joined by <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> from <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Yamama</a> (central Arabia), under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Najda_ibn_Amir_al-Hanafi" title="Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi">Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husayn's army arrived before Mecca in September. In a first battle, Ibn al-Zubayr proved victorious,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Umayyads persisted, and on 24 September placed the city under siege, employing <a href="/wiki/Catapults" class="mw-redirect" title="Catapults">catapults</a> to bombard it with stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200048-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196055-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn al-Zubayr established his command post on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Grand Mosque</a>. On Sunday, 31 October, the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, over which a wooden structure covered with mattresses had been erected to protect it, caught fire and burned down, while the sacred <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> burst asunder. Many later sources ascribe the fault to the besiegers, with the result that "this siege and bombardment too figure prominently in the lists of Umayyad crimes" (<a href="/wiki/G.R._Hawting" class="mw-redirect" title="G.R. Hawting">G.R. Hawting</a>), but more reliable accounts attribute the event to a torch borne by one of Ibn al-Zubayr's followers, which the wind wafted onto the building.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200048-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165–166_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165–166-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The siege continued for 64 days until 26 November, when news of Yazid's death (11 November) reached the besiegers. Husayn now entered into negotiations with Ibn al-Zubayr. Although the Umayyad court at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> promptly declared Yazid's sickly young son, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a>, as caliph, Umayyad authority practically collapsed in the provinces and proved shaky even in the Umayyads' home province of Syria. Husayn was therefore willing to acknowledge Ibn al-Zubayr as caliph, provided that he would issue a pardon and follow him to Syria. Ibn al-Zubayr refused the last demand, since this would place him under the control of the Syrian elites, and Husayn with his army departed for Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200048-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196055-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927166–170_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927166–170-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The retreat of the Umayyad army left Ibn al-Zubayr in undisputed control of Mecca. With the collapse of Umayyad authority, he was soon acknowledged as the rightful caliph across most of the Muslim world, including northern Syria. His authority, however, remained mostly nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196055-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Umayyads, under the leadership of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, managed to consolidate their position in Syria in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Battle of Marj Rahit</a>, and even reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Egypt">Egypt</a>, but an Umayyad attempt to recover control of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a> was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khazir" title="Battle of Khazir">defeated</a> by pro-Alid forces under <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in August 686. <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a>, who had succeeded his father Marwan after the latter's death in April 685, thereafter restricted himself to securing his own position, while Ibn al-Zubayr's brother <a href="/wiki/Mus%27ab_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr">Mus'ab</a> defeated Mukhtar at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harura" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Harura">Battle of Harura</a> and gained control of all of Iraq in 687. In 691, Abd al-Malik managed to bring <a href="/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi" title="Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi">Zufar al-Kilabi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">Qays</a> back into the Umayyad fold, and advanced into the Iraq. Mus'ab was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maskin" title="Battle of Maskin">defeated and killed</a>, and Umayyad authority re-established across the East. After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">another siege of Mecca</a> which lasted from March–October 692, Ibn al-Zubayr was killed, and the civil war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196055-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048–49,_51–53_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200048–49,_51–53-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200492–98_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200492–98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebuilding_of_the_Kaaba">Rebuilding of the Kaaba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rebuilding of the Kaaba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba-plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kaaba-plan.svg/220px-Kaaba-plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kaaba-plan.svg/330px-Kaaba-plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kaaba-plan.svg/440px-Kaaba-plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ibn al-Zubayr rebuilt the Ka'ba, incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Hajr_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajr Ismail"><i>hatīm</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Umayyads' departure, Ibn al-Zubayr initiated the rebuilding of the Kaaba, but most of the people, led by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, had abandoned the city fearing divine retribution; it was only when Ibn al-Zubayr himself began to demolish the remains of the old building, that they were encouraged to return and aid him. Ibn al-Zubayr's reconstruction changed the original plan, incorporating modifications that Muhammad himself is reported to have intended, but which had not been carried out during Muhammad's lifetime for fear of alienating the recently converted Meccans. The new Kaaba was built entirely of stone—the old one was of alternating layers of stone and wood—and had two doors, an entrance in the east and an exit in the west. In addition, he included the semi-circular <i>hatīm</i> wall into the building proper. The three fragments of the Black Stone were bound in a silver frame, and placed by Ibn al-Zubayr inside the new Kaaba. After the Umayyad reconquest of the city, the <i>hatīm</i> was separated again from the main building, and the western gate was walled up, reverting to the general outlines of the pre-Islamic plan. This is the form in which the Kaaba has survived to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWensinckJomier1978">Wensinck & Jomier 1978</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200046–47-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200046–47_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196054–55-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196054–55_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1960">Gibb 1960</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200049–51-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200049–51_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200047-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200047_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200047_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927149–154-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927149–154_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, pp. 149–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489–90-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200489–90_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200047–48-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200047–48_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200490-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200490_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927154–157-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927154–157_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, pp. 154–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLammens1987">Lammens 1987</a>, p. 1162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157–160-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157–160_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, pp. 157–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927157_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990222-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1990222_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1990">Howard 1990</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting1989114–115-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting1989114–115_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting1989">Hawting 1989</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1990223_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1990">Howard 1990</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200048-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb196055-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb196055_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1960">Gibb 1960</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165–166-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927165–166_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927166–170-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927166–170_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, pp. 166–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200048–49,_51–53-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200048–49,_51–53_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, pp. 48–49, 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200492–98-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200492–98_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 92–98.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGibb1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=%CA%BFAbd+All%C4%81h+ibn+al-Zubayr&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd+All%C4%81h+ibn+al-Zubayr&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D%25CA%25BFAbd%2BAll%25C4%2581h%2Bibn%2Bal-Zubayr%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Hawting" title="G. R. Hawting">Hawting, G. R.</a>, ed. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1JNHWby2RQC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H. 64–66</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-855-3"><bdi>978-0-88706-855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XX%3A+The+Collapse+of+Sufy%C4%81nid+Authority+and+the+Coming+of+the+Marw%C4%81nids%3A+The+Caliphates+of+Mu%CA%BF%C4%81wiyah+II+and+Marw%C4%81n+I+and+the+Beginning+of+the+Caliphate+of+%CA%BFAbd+al-Malik%2C+A.D.+683%E2%80%93685%2FA.H.+64%E2%80%9366&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-855-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1JNHWby2RQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Hawting" title="G. R. Hawting">Hawting, Gerald R.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNiAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750</i></a> (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24072-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24072-7"><bdi>0-415-24072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Dynasty+of+Islam%3A+The+Umayyad+Caliphate+AD+661%E2%80%93750&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-24072-7&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNiAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1990" class="citation book cs1">Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KM3zPwi0gmYC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0040-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-0040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XIX%3A+The+Caliphate+of+Yaz%C4%ABd+ibn+Mu%CA%BF%C4%81wiyah%2C+A.D.+680%E2%80%93683%2FA.H.+60%E2%80%9364&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0040-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKM3zPwi0gmYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammens1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lammens" title="Henri Lammens">Lammens, H.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ">"Yazīd b. Mu'āwiya"</a>. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). <i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII: Ṭa'if–Zūrkhāna</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1162–1163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yaz%C4%ABd+b.+Mu%27%C4%81wiya&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936%2C+Volume+VIII%3A+%E1%B9%ACa%27if%E2%80%93Z%C5%ABrkh%C4%81na&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1162-1163&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Lammens&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwpM3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Wellhausen, Julius</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp"><i>The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall</i></a>. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752790641">752790641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Kingdom+and+Its+Fall&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752790641&rft.aulast=Wellhausen&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabkingdomandit029490mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWensinckJomier1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ka%E2%80%98ba&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Ka'ba"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ka%E2%80%98ba&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=317-322&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Wensinck&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Jomier%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DKa%25E2%2580%2598ba%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Mecca+%28683%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&oldid=1260019646">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mecca_(683)&oldid=1260019646</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:683" title="Category:683">683</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:680s_conflicts" title="Category:680s conflicts">680s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Sieges involving the Umayyad Caliphate">Sieges involving the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Fitna" title="Category:Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mecca_under_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Mecca under the Umayyad Caliphate">Mecca under the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_of_Mecca" title="Category:Sieges of Mecca">Sieges of Mecca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:680s_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:680s in the Umayyad Caliphate">680s in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2017">Use dmy dates from June 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 10:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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