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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Armored vehicle periscopes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Armored_vehicle_periscopes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Armored vehicle periscopes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Armored_vehicle_periscopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gundlach_and_Vickers_360-degree_periscopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gundlach_and_Vickers_360-degree_periscopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gundlach_and_Vickers_360-degree_periscopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periscopic_gun-sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periscopic_gun-sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Periscopic gun-sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periscopic_gun-sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_specialised_AFV_periscopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_specialised_AFV_periscopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern specialised AFV periscopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_specialised_AFV_periscopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Naval use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aircraft use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Periscope</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82" title="مئفاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مئفاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscopiu" title="Periscopiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periscopiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="পেরিস্কোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেরিস্কোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Перископ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Перископ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Перископ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перископ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscopi" title="Periscopi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Periscopi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskoop" title="Periskoop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Periskoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Περισκόπιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περισκόπιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscopio" title="Periscopio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periscopio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskopo" title="Periskopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Periskopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskopio" title="Periskopio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Periskopio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیرابین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیرابین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riscope" title="Périscope – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Périscope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peireasc%C3%B3p" title="Peireascóp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peireascóp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscopio" title="Periscopio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Periscopio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EB%A7%9D%EA%B2%BD" title="잠망경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠망경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA" title="Պերիոսկոպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերիոսկոպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="परिदर्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिदर्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskopo" title="Periskopo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Periskopo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Periscope" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscopio" title="Periscopio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periscopio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4" title="פריסקופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריסקופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Перископ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перископ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscopium" title="Periscopium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Periscopium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskopas" title="Periskopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Periskopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periszk%C3%B3p" title="Periszkóp – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Periszkóp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscoop" title="Periscoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Periscoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पेरिस्कोप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेरिस्कोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%9C%9B%E9%8F%A1" title="潜望鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="潜望鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisc%C3%B2pi" title="Periscòpi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Periscòpi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryskop_(przyrz%C4%85d_optyczny)" title="Peryskop (przyrząd optyczny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peryskop (przyrząd optyczny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisc%C3%B3pio" title="Periscópio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Periscópio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscop" title="Periscop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Periscop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Перископ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перископ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskopi" title="Periskopi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Periskopi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Periscope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Перископ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перископ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskooppi" title="Periskooppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Periskooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="மறைபுற நோக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறைபுற நோக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D" title="పెరిస్కోప్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెరిస్కోప్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="กล้องปริทรรศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องปริทรรศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periskop" title="Periskop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Periskop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Перископ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перископ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حول بین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حول بین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_ti%E1%BB%81m_v%E1%BB%8Dng" 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Instrument for observation from a concealed position</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Periscope_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Periscope (disambiguation)">Periscope (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periscope_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Periscope_simple.svg/220px-Periscope_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Periscope_simple.svg/330px-Periscope_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Periscope_simple.svg/440px-Periscope_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Principle of the periscope. The periscope on the left uses mirrors whereas the right uses prisms.<br /> <b>a</b> Mirrors<br /> <b>b</b> Prisms<br /> <b>c</b> Observer's eye</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periskop_linsen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Periskop_linsen.svg/220px-Periskop_linsen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Periskop_linsen.svg/330px-Periskop_linsen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Periskop_linsen.svg/440px-Periskop_linsen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Principle of the lens periscope. The two periscopes differ in the way they erect the image. The left one uses an erecting prism whereas the right uses an erecting lens and a second image plane.<br /> <b>a</b> <a href="/wiki/Objective_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective lens">Objective lens</a><br /> <b>b</b> <a href="/wiki/Field_lens" title="Field lens">Field lens</a><br /> <b>c</b> Image erecting lens<br /> <b>d</b> <a href="/wiki/Ocular_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocular lens">Ocular lens</a><br /> <b>e</b> Lens of the observer's eye<br /> <b>f</b> Right-angled prism<br /> <b>g</b> Image-erecting prism</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>periscope</b> is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Military personnel also use periscopes in some <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turrets</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured vehicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More complex periscopes using <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> or advanced <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optics</a> instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_examples">Early examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a> described an early periscope (which he called a "polemoscope") with lenses in 1647 in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Selenographia,_sive_Lunae_descriptio" title="Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio">Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio</a></i> [Selenography, or an account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> invented an "optical tube" which was similar to a periscope. In 1834, it was used in a submarine, designed by Karl Andreevich Schilder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Mari%C3%A9-Davy" title="Hippolyte Marié-Davy">Hippolyte Marié-Davy</a> invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Lake" title="Simon Lake">Simon Lake</a> used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Grubb" title="Howard Grubb">Sir Howard Grubb</a> perfected the device in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Robertson" title="Morgan Robertson">Morgan Robertson</a> (1861–1915) claimed<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. </p><p>Periscopes, in some cases fixed to <a href="/wiki/Periscope_rifle" title="Periscope rifle">rifles</a>, served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a>, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).<sup id="cite_ref-FIRST_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIRST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Periscope_rifle" title="Periscope rifle">periscope rifle</a> also saw use during the war – this was an infantry rifle sighted by means of a periscope, so the shooter could aim and fire the weapon from a safe position below the trench parapet. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">stereoscopic rangefinders</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Early examples</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australian Light Horse troops using a periscope rifle, Gallipoli, 1915. Photograph by Ernest Brooks."><img alt="Australian Light Horse troops using a periscope rifle, Gallipoli, 1915. Photograph by Ernest Brooks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg/180px-Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg/270px-Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg/360px-Periscope_rifle_Gallipoli_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a> troops using a <a href="/wiki/Periscope_rifle" title="Periscope rifle">periscope rifle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>, 1915. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brooks_(photographer)" title="Ernest Brooks (photographer)">Ernest Brooks</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines from The Electrical Experimenter, Vol. IV, No. 38., 1916"><img alt="An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines from The Electrical Experimenter, Vol. IV, No. 38., 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_%28cropped%29.png/137px-An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_%28cropped%29.png/206px-An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_%28cropped%29.png/274px-An_Auxiliary_Periscope_for_Submarines_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Auxiliary Periscope for Submarines from <i>The Electrical Experimenter</i>, Vol. IV, No. 38., 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A,_Russland,_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A team of German artillery observers using periscope binoculars, 1943"><img alt="A team of German artillery observers using periscope binoculars, 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg/115px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg/173px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg/231px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1363-29A%2C_Russland%2C_Artillerie-Beobachtung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A team of German <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">artillery observers</a> using <a href="/wiki/Periscope_binoculars" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope binoculars">periscope binoculars</a>, 1943</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armored_vehicle_periscopes">Armored vehicle periscopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Armored vehicle periscopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through the vehicle roof. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants. </p><p>A protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit. A compact periscope inside the protectoscope allows the vision slit to be blanked off with spaced armoured plate. This prevents a potential ingress point for small arms fire, with only a small difference in vision height, but still requires the armour to be cut. </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, a periscopic vision device may also be referred to as an <b>episcope</b>. In this context a periscope refers to a device that can rotate to provide a wider field of view (or is fixed into an assembly that can), while an episcope is fixed into position. </p><p>Periscopes may also be referred to by slang, e.g. "shufti-scope".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gundlach_and_Vickers_360-degree_periscopes">Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important development, the <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Gundlach" title="Rudolf Gundlach">Gundlach rotary periscope</a>, incorporated a rotating top with a selectable additional prism which reversed the view. This allowed a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat, including rear vision by engaging the extra prism. This design, patented by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Gundlach" title="Rudolf Gundlach">Rudolf Gundlach</a> in 1936, first saw use in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/7-TP" class="mw-redirect" title="7-TP">7-TP</a> light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939). </p><p>As a part of Polish–British pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> military cooperation, the patent was sold to Vickers-Armstrong where it saw further development for use in <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> tanks, including the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell</a></i> models as the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Tank_Periscope_MK.IV" title="Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV">Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV</a>. </p><p>The Gundlach-Vickers technology was shared with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">American Army</a> for use in its tanks including the <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a>, built to meet joint British and US requirements. This saw post-war controversy through legal action: "After the Second World War and a long court battle, in 1947 he, Rudolf Gundlach, received a large payment for his periscope patent from some of its producers."<sup id="cite_ref-r1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">USSR</a> also copied the design and used it extensively in its tanks, including the <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-70" title="T-70">T-70</a>. The copies were based on Lend-Lease British vehicles, and many parts remain interchangeable. <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Germany</a> also made and used copies.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periscopic_gun-sights">Periscopic gun-sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Periscopic gun-sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periscopic <a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">sights</a> were also introduced during the Second World War. In British use, the Vickers periscope was provided with sighting lines, enabling front and rear prisms to be directly aligned to gain an accurate direction. On later tanks such as the Churchill and Cromwell, a similarly marked episcope provided a backup sighting mechanism aligned with a vane sight on the turret roof. </p><p>Later, US-built Sherman tanks and British <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charioteer_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Charioteer tank">Charioteer</a> tanks replaced the main telescopic sight with a true periscopic sight in the primary role. The periscopic sight was linked to the gun itself, allowing elevation to be captured (rotation being fixed as part of rotating turret). The sights formed part of the overall periscope, providing the gunner with greater overall vision than previously possible with the telescopic sight. The <a href="/wiki/Chieftain_(tank)" title="Chieftain (tank)">FV4201 Chieftain</a> used the TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) developed in the early 1980s that was later sold as surplus for use on the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">RAF Phantom</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_specialised_AFV_periscopes">Modern specialised AFV periscopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern specialised AFV periscopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern use, specialised periscopes can also provide night vision. The Embedded Image Periscope (EIP) designed and patented by Kent Periscopes provides standard unity vision periscope functionality for normal daytime viewing of the vehicle surroundings plus the ability to display digital images from a range of on-vehicle sensors and cameras (including thermal and low light) such that the resulting image appears "embedded" internally within the unit and projected at a comfortable viewing positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_use">Naval use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naval use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg/220px-1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg/330px-1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg/440px-1889_Arthur_Krebs_%26_Jean_Rey_periscope_for_the_french_Gymnote_submarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>1889 Arthur Krebs & Jean Rey periscope for the French submarine <i>Gymnote</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Periscopes allow a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a>. A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving away the submarine's position. </p><p>Marie-Davey built a simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors in 1854. Thomas H. Doughty of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> later invented a prismatic version for use in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861–1865. </p><p>Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Krebs">Arthur Krebs</a> adapted two on the experimental French submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Gymnote_(Q1)" title="French submarine Gymnote (Q1)"><i>Gymnote</i></a> in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Peral" title="Isaac Peral">Isaac Peral</a> equipped his submarine <a href="/wiki/Spanish_submarine_Peral" title="Spanish submarine Peral"><i>Peral</i></a> (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> while submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>) </p><p>The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2010)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Lake" title="Simon Lake">Simon Lake</a> in 1902. Lake called his device the "omniscope" or "skalomniscope".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> modern submarine periscopes incorporate lenses for magnification and function as <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>. They typically employ <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as <a href="/wiki/Range_finding" class="mw-redirect" title="Range finding">range-finding</a> and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulics</a> and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna. </p><p>Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the <a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a>, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an acoustic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided. </p><p>Twenty-first-century submarines do not necessarily have periscopes. The United States Navy's <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine" title="Virginia-class submarine"><i>Virginia</i>-class submarines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astute-class_submarine" title="Astute-class submarine"><i>Astute</i>-class submarines</a> instead use <a href="/wiki/Photonics_mast" title="Photonics mast">photonics masts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Publishing2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pioneered by the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/HMS_Trenchant_(S91)" title="HMS Trenchant (S91)">HMS <i>Trenchant</i></a>, which lift an electronic imaging sensor-set above the water. Signals from the sensor-set travel electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, they use a much smaller and more easily sealed—and therefore less expensive and safer—hull opening than those required by periscopes. Eliminating the telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and in placing internal equipment. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Naval use</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_periscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer at periscope in control room of a U.S. Navy submarine in World War II"><img alt="Officer at periscope in control room of a U.S. Navy submarine in World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Submarine_periscope.jpg/144px-Submarine_periscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Submarine_periscope.jpg/215px-Submarine_periscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Submarine_periscope.jpg/287px-Submarine_periscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officer at periscope in control room of a U.S. Navy submarine in World War II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_periscope.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Submarine monocular attack periscope"><img alt="Submarine monocular attack periscope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Attack_periscope.png/107px-Attack_periscope.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Attack_periscope.png/161px-Attack_periscope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Attack_periscope.png/214px-Attack_periscope.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Submarine monocular attack periscope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torpedoed Japanese destroyer Yamakaze photographed through periscope of USS Nautilus, 25 June 1942."><img alt="Torpedoed Japanese destroyer Yamakaze photographed through periscope of USS Nautilus, 25 June 1942." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg/180px-Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg/270px-Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg/360px-Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="2319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Torpedoed Japanese destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_(1936)" title="Japanese destroyer Yamakaze (1936)"><i>Yamakaze</i></a> photographed through periscope of <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)" title="USS Nautilus (SS-168)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a>, 25 June 1942.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_use">Aircraft use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aircraft use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periscopes have also been used on aircraft for sections with limited view. The first known use of aircraft periscope was on the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">Spirit of St. Louis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a> had a periscope that could be used on four locations of the aircraft fuselage,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V-Bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Bomber">V-Bombers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Nimrod MR1</a> as the "on top sight".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various US bomber aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> used sextant periscopes for <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a> before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also allowed the aircrew to navigate without the use of an <a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">astrodome</a> in the fuselage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An emergency periscope was used on all Boeing 737 models manufactured before 1997 found under "Seat D" behind the over wing exit row to regulate the landing gear. High speed and <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic aircraft">hypersonic aircraft</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> used a periscope. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Aircraft use</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XV426_(32195090654).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) panel mounted periscope between front and rear cockpit on a Royal Air Force F-4 Phantom II"><img alt="TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) panel mounted periscope between front and rear cockpit on a Royal Air Force F-4 Phantom II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/XV426_%2832195090654%29.jpg/180px-XV426_%2832195090654%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/XV426_%2832195090654%29.jpg/270px-XV426_%2832195090654%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/XV426_%2832195090654%29.jpg/360px-XV426_%2832195090654%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) panel mounted periscope between front and rear cockpit on a Royal Air Force <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquascope" title="Aquascope">Aquascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_rangefinder" title="Coincidence rangefinder">Coincidence rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_lens" title="Relay lens">Relay lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Tank_Periscope_MK.IV" title="Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV">Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walker2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Bruce_H.2000" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Bruce H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yprWx6DfqFUC&pg=PA117"><i>Optical Design for Visual Systems</i></a>. SPIE Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8194-3886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8194-3886-7"><bdi>978-0-8194-3886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Design+for+Visual+Systems&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=SPIE+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8194-3886-7&rft.au=Walker%2C+Bruce+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyprWx6DfqFUC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkOUoAEACAAJ"><i>The Submarine Periscope: An Explanation of the Principles Involved in Its Construction, Together with a Description of the Main Features of the Barr and Stroud Periscopes</i></a>. Barr and Stroud Limited. 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Submarine+Periscope%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Principles+Involved+in+Its+Construction%2C+Together+with+a+Description+of+the+Main+Features+of+the+Barr+and+Stroud+Periscopes&rft.pub=Barr+and+Stroud+Limited&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkOUoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hisutton.com/Schilder-1838-Rocket-Armed-Submarine.html">"H I Sutton - Covert Shores"</a>. <i>www.hisutton.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hisutton.com&rft.atitle=H+I+Sutton+-+Covert+Shores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hisutton.com%2FSchilder-1838-Rocket-Armed-Submarine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710154316/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blperiscope.htm">The History of the Periscope – Inventors</a>. About.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Morgan (March 26, 1913) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Gazette" title="The Daily Gazette">The Schenectady Gazette</a></i>, Friday morning, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIRST-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIRST_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willmott, H.P. (2003) <i>First World War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 111. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405300299" title="Special:BookSources/1405300299">1405300299</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAjyQdFwh4UC&pg=PA1065"><i>A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 1065–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96365-2"><bdi>978-1-134-96365-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Slang+and+Unconventional+English&rft.pages=1065-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-96365-2&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAjyQdFwh4UC%26pg%3DPA1065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Łukomski, Grzegorz and Stolarski, Rafał E. (1999) <i>Nie tylko Enigma... Mjr Rudolf Gundlach (1892–1957) i jego wynalazek</i> (Not Only Enigma... Major Rudolf Gundlach (1892–1957) and His Invention), Warsaw-London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.david-gledhill.co.uk/the-phantom/tess/">"TESS :: David Gledhill"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TESS+%3A%3A+David+Gledhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.david-gledhill.co.uk%2Fthe-phantom%2Ftess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpag.co.uk/the-day-of-the-j/">"The Way of the J. – British Phantom Aviation Group"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+the+J.+%E2%80%93+British+Phantom+Aviation+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpag.co.uk%2Fthe-day-of-the-j%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetty" class="citation web cs1">Petty, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061316/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1300&ct=2">"The US Navy – Fact File: AN/SPS-74(V) Radar Set"</a>. <i>www.navy.mil</i>. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225115034/https://newsassets.cirium.com/Assets/GetAsset.aspx?ItemID=33320">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Hawker+Siddeley+Nimrod+MR.1&rft.pages=892&rft.date=1968-06-13&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsassets.cirium.com%2FAssets%2FGetAsset.aspx%3FItemID%3D33320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/museum/past-exhibits/citizen-soldier/periscopic-aircraft-sextant">"Periscope Aircraft Sextant | Pritzker Military Museum & Library | Chicago"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Periscope+Aircraft+Sextant+%26%23124%3B+Pritzker+Military+Museum+%26+Library+%26%23124%3B+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pritzkermilitary.org%2Fexplore%2Fmuseum%2Fpast-exhibits%2Fcitizen-soldier%2Fperiscopic-aircraft-sextant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichel" class="citation web cs1">Reichel, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=1&scid=1&iid=1">"Perscopic Sextant"</a>. <i>ION Navigation Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705035757/https://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=1&scid=1&iid=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ION+Navigation+Museum&rft.atitle=Perscopic+Sextant&rft.aulast=Reichel&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ion.org%2Fmuseum%2Fitem_view.cfm%3Fcid%3D1%26scid%3D1%26iid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMcEachernMarg1956" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Charles J.; McEachern, Lawrence J.; Marg, Elwin (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opg.optica.org/josa/abstract.cfm?uri=josa-46-11-944">"Aircraft Flight by an Optical Periscope"</a>. <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i>. <b>46</b> (11): 944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.46.000944">10.1364/JOSA.46.000944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Flight+by+an+Optical+Periscope&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=944&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.46.000944&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft.au=McEachern%2C+Lawrence+J.&rft.au=Marg%2C+Elwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopg.optica.org%2Fjosa%2Fabstract.cfm%3Furi%3Djosa-46-11-944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriscope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periscope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_Science" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:School Science">School Science</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_Science/Demo_periscope" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:School Science/Demo periscope">Demo periscope</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Periscope" class="extiw" title="commons:Periscope"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Periscope</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015135054/http://maritime.org/fleetsub/pscope/index.htm"><i>The Fleet Type Submarine Online: Submarine Periscope Manual</i></a> United States Navy <b>Navpers 16165</b>, June 1979</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=1348.0"><i>Simulation of a Periscope</i></a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php">NTNUJAVA Virtual Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petan.net/aviation/cn.htm">Periscope used for Celestial Navigation in Petan.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airfactsjournal.com/2014/09/navigating-old-days/">Air Facts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackmanbooks.co.uk/navigation.html">THE V-FORCE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sofajpl.com/airnav/index.html">Air Navigation Periscope Sextants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-pics.ethz.ch/index/ETHBIB.Bildarchiv/ETHBIB.Bildarchiv_466080.html">Periscope Sextant in a Douglas DC-8</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183122#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183122#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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