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<span>Toggle History and preceding divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_preceding_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallish_civitates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallish_civitates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gallish <i>civitates</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallish_civitates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_provinces_and_dioceses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_provinces_and_dioceses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_provinces_and_dioceses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_provinces:_parliaments,_bailiwicks,_and_seneschalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_provinces:_parliaments,_bailiwicks,_and_seneschalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Judicial provinces: parliaments, bailiwicks, and seneschalties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_provinces:_parliaments,_bailiwicks,_and_seneschalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_provinces:_generalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_provinces:_generalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fiscal provinces: generalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_provinces:_generalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_provinces:_general_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_provinces:_general_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military provinces: general governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_provinces:_general_governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military provinces: general governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_provinces:_general_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_former_general_governments_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_former_general_governments_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>List of former general governments of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_former_general_governments_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Provinces of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_historicas_de_Francia" title="Provincias historicas de Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Provincias historicas de Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rritou%C3%A8ros_du_rey%C3%B4mo_de_France" title="Tèrritouèros du reyômo de France – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tèrritouèros du reyômo de France" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Гістарычныя вобласці Францыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гістарычныя вобласці Францыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provi%C3%B1so%C3%B9_Bro-C%27hall" title="Proviñsoù Bro-C'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proviñsoù Bro-C'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A9_provincie" title="Francouzské provincie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzské provincie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrigs_provinser" title="Frankrigs provinser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankrigs provinser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Provinzen_Frankreichs" title="Historische Provinzen Frankreichs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historische Provinzen Frankreichs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provints_(Prantsusmaa)" title="Provints (Prantsusmaa) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Provints (Prantsusmaa)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εδάφη του Βασιλείου της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδάφη του Βασιλείου της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_de_Francia" title="Provincias de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincias de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnovaj_provincoj_de_Francio" title="Malnovaj provincoj de Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malnovaj provincoj de Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_eskualde_historikoak" title="Frantziako eskualde historikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako eskualde historikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="استان‌های تاریخی فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان‌های تاریخی فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoires_du_royaume_de_France" title="Territoires du royaume de France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoires du royaume de France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%B1%85%EC%8A%A4" title="프로뱅스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로뱅스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆրանսիայի պատմական երկրամասեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիայի պատմական երկրամասեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yfir_hin_fornu_h%C3%A9ru%C3%B0_Frakklands" title="Listi yfir hin fornu héruð Frakklands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Listi yfir hin fornu héruð Frakklands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiche_province_francesi" title="Antiche province francesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antiche province francesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Францияның тарихи аймақтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Францияның тарихи аймақтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinciae_Franciae_ante_annum_1790" title="Provinciae Franciae ante annum 1790 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Provinciae Franciae ante annum 1790" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijas_v%C4%93sturisk%C4%81s_provinces" title="Francijas vēsturiskās provinces – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijas vēsturiskās provinces" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos_provincijos" title="Prancūzijos provincijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos provincijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Покраини во Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Покраини во Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincies_van_Frankrijk" title="Provincies van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Provincies van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%B7%9E_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A5%E5%89%8D)" title="フランスの州 (フランス革命以前) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランスの州 (フランス革命以前)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrikes_provinser" title="Frankrikes provinser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankrikes provinser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsar_i_Frankrike" title="Provinsar i Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Provinsar i Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciennes_provinches_de_fraunce" title="Anciennes provinches de fraunce – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Anciennes provinches de fraunce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_istorica_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Província istorica de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Província istorica de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowincje_Francji" title="Prowincje Francji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowincje Francji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigas_prov%C3%ADncias_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Antigas províncias da França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antigas províncias da França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Исторические области Франции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исторические области Франции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincat_e_Franc%C3%ABs" title="Provincat e Francës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Provincat e Francës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_francoskih_provinc" title="Seznam francoskih provinc – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Seznam francoskih provinc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_historialliset_maakunnat" title="Ranskan historialliset maakunnat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan historialliset maakunnat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrikes_provinser" title="Frankrikes provinser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subdivisions of the Kingdom of France</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg/220px-Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg/330px-Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg/440px-Vidal-Lablache_n%C2%B09_-_Provinces_en_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6918" data-file-height="5806" /></a><figcaption>Map of the provinces of France in 1789. They were abolished the following year.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> was subdivided in multiple different ways (judicial, military, ecclesiastical, etc.) into several administrative units, until the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> adopted a more uniform division into <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> (<i>départements</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">districts</a> in late 1789. The provinces continued to exist administratively until 21 September 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-Legay_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country was subdivided ecclesiastically into dioceses, judicially into <i>généralités</i>, militarily into general governments. None of these entities was called "province" by their contemporaries. However, later interpretations confused the term of "general government" (a military division) with that of a cultural province, since the general governments often used the names and borders of a province. It was not always the case, which causes confusion as to the borders of some provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the term "province" is used to name the resulting regional areas, which retain a cultural and linguistic identity. </p><p>Borrowed from the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the word first appeared in the 15th century and has continued to spread, both in official documents and in popular or common usage. Whatever the century or dictionary consulted, the definition of the word often remains vague, due to the coexistence of several territorial division systems under the Ancien Régime. Some geographers, even some of the most famous, such as <a href="/wiki/On%C3%A9sime_Reclus" title="Onésime Reclus">Onésime Reclus</a>, have widely criticised the idea of provinces and provincial identity, sometimes denying that the word covers any tangible reality. In fact, the many lists and maps showing the provinces of France are neither perfectly superimposable nor exactly comparable. The fact remains, however, that the <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">names</a> of many of the territorial subdivisions of the Ancien Régime refer to Gallic <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitates</a>. </p><p>Before the French Revolution, France was made up of territorial divisions resulting from history, geography and settlement, which differed according to the different powers that were exercised there, with different categories such as metropolises, <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchies</a>, baronies, governments, states, elections, generalities, intendances, parliaments, countries, bailliages, seneschaussées, etc. Each of these categories took the name of a province, without covering the same geographical area. For example, the jurisdiction of the parlement d'Artois did not correspond to the same territory as the gouvernement d'Artois or the intendance d'Artois. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">Constituent Assembly of 1789</a>, having abolished all the rights and customs specific to the different regions (also known as privileges, such as those of the classes, nobility and clergy) during the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">night of 4 August</a>, decided to establish a uniform division of the territory, the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a>, and that this division would be the same for the different functions of the State: military, religious, fiscal, administrative, university, judicial, etc. The town chosen as the capital of each department would have to be the seat of each of these functions, and at the same time have a prefecture, a court, a university, a military post, a bishopric, a stock exchange, a fair, a hospital, etc. The protests of the towns which had always fulfilled one of these functions and which were thus deprived of their court of appeal, their arsenal, their university or their fair, prevented this plan from being completely implemented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some cases, modern <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a> share names with the historic provinces; their borders may cover roughly the same territory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_preceding_divisions">History and preceding divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and preceding divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallish_civitates">Gallish <i>civitates</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gallish civitates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's worth noting that the old Gallic states retained their names, their boundaries and a kind of moral existence in people's memories and affections until very recently. Neither the Romans, nor the Germans, nor feudalism, nor monarchy destroyed these enduring units; they can still be found in the provinces and countries of present-day France.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Gaul was occupied by fifty-four main peoples and more than a hundred individual peoples (300 according to Flavius Josephus), some with very different customs. Julius Caesar called each of these independent states <i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a></i> (city, without the word in this case referring to the idea of town or village), some of which were subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus"><i>pagi</i></a>. Many of the smaller Gallic peoples were <i>clients</i> of their neighbors, and therefore dependent on them, sometimes paying them tribute. These confederations, the best-known of which are those of the <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armorica#History" title="Armorica">Armoricans</a>, formed a kind of province before Roman reorganization. </p><p>The Gallic cities, with their territory and the name given to their chief town, became <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> under the Lower Empire; their status as "mainmorte", having escaped the division of patrimonial domains, explains why they remained almost intact until the end of the Ancien Régime. These divisions were subsequently taken over and partly regrouped to form the generalités, then the départements, but replacing their former ethnic names (e.g. Poitou for the country of Pictons, Auvergne for the country of Arverni, Rouergue for the country of <a href="/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni">Ruteni</a>, Périgord for country of Pétrocores, etc.) with a physical geographic name (giving respectively the départements of <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_provinces">Roman provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin etymology of the term provincia gives us an idea of its original meaning: <i>pro vincere</i>, conquered in advance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each of Gaul's Roman provinces had a precise legal definition, clearly defined boundaries and codified administrative structures. The number of provinces, their organization and boundaries varied widely over the course of five centuries, and each was headed by a <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">propraetor</a>. In addition to Provincia (Provence), which was already Roman, Caesar divided Gaul into three provinces: <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitanica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a>. Over the course of four centuries of Roman control, the number of provinces increased from three to eleven, due to both the expansion of the empire and the reduction in size of the original provinces: <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">2nd Germania</a>, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Lugdunensis</a>, 1st and 2nd <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitanica</a>, 1st and 2nd <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a>, 1st and 2nd <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulanie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequanorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottian_Alps" title="Cottian Alps">Alpes Cottiarum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a>. These provinces were subdivided into cities (civitas or civitates in the plural), the number of which rose from 33 to 113. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecclesiastical_provinces_and_dioceses">Ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonscriptions_catholiques_fran%C3%A7aises_en_1748" class="extiw" title="fr:Circonscriptions catholiques françaises en 1748">fr:Circonscriptions catholiques françaises en 1748</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png/350px-France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png/525px-France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png/700px-France_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_Dioc%C3%A8ses_1789.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Dioceses in the Kingdom of France in 1789.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolises</a> are territories under the jurisdiction of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan archbishop</a>, also known as provinces because they originate from the Roman provinces administered by the first bishops after the fall of the Roman Empire. </p><p>They are made up of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> which, by the same process, succeeded the ancient civitas or romanized Gallic cities, and which almost always retained the name of an ancient Gallic people, also given to the diocesan capital. Dioceses were made up of <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a>, groups of inhabitants who could gather in the same church, whose names and boundaries have been preserved in the 36,000 French communes. </p><p>Ecclesiastical districts, by virtue of their mainmortal status, are the oldest and most stable territorial circumscriptions, from late antiquity to the general reorganization of 1802. Today, these 130 or so districts are grouped into the 90 départements and their capital cities, although their ethnonyms have been replaced by names related to physical geography: rivers, mountains, coasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_provinces:_parliaments,_bailiwicks,_and_seneschalties"><span id="Judicial_provinces:_parliaments.2C_bailiwicks.2C_and_seneschalties"></span>Judicial provinces: parliaments, bailiwicks, and seneschalties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judicial provinces: parliaments, bailiwicks, and seneschalties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_(1789).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_%281789%29.svg/220px-Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_%281789%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_%281789%29.svg/330px-Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_%281789%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_%281789%29.svg/440px-Parlements_Royaume_de_France_couleur_%281789%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Parlements in the Kingdom of France in 1789.</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on their laws, customs and languages, the territory of the kingdom is divided into countries of <i>written law</i> (roughly south of a line from La Rochelle to Geneva) and countries of <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> (north of the same line). </p><p>Each of these groups includes several parliaments, which are appeal courts whose jurisdictions form as many judicial provinces, and to which belong all the royal jurisdictions, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">baillages (bailiwicks)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschaussées (seneschalties)</a>. They are made up of several <i>countries</i>, each corresponding to a general custom, or even a particular custom corresponding to former <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a> that have retained local customs. For example, the seneschalty of <a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a> is made up of five secondary bailiwicks, corresponding to five former <a href="/wiki/Viguerie" title="Viguerie">vigueries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiscal_provinces:_generalities">Fiscal provinces: generalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiscal provinces: generalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9" title="Généralité">Généralité</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg/220px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg/330px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg/440px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Generalities in the kingdom of France in 1789.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some authors attempt to equate the concept of province with that of generality. The concepts do occasionally coincide, when the extent of a generality more or less overlaps that of an older territorial entity, but they are not synonymous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_provinces:_general_governments">Military provinces: general governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military provinces: general governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the fiefs that depend directly on the crown (duchies, counties and marches) and owe it military aid. </p><p>In addition to the Duchy of France, which became part of the royal domain, the first six major fiefs have the title of peerage: </p> <ul><li>The three duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine or Guyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Normandy</a>,</li> <li>The three counties of <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Toulouse" title="Count of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">Champagne</a> (circa 1212).</li></ul> <p>Their holders were considered electors of the King of France, along with six other ecclesiastical peers: </p> <ul><li>The three bishop-dukes of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims">Reims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Laon" title="Ancient Diocese of Laon">Laon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Langres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres">Langres</a>,</li></ul> <ul><li>The three bishop-counts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ch%C3%A2lons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons">Châlons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Noyon" title="Ancient Diocese of Noyon">Noyon</a> (of Merovingian origin).</li></ul> <p>The number of grand fiefs varies with history (inheritances, confiscations, conquests, losses, treaties) and increases with the definitive attachment of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Provence" title="County of Provence">County of Provence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Duchy of Anjou</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a>, and so on. Some of these provinces were simply the return to the crown of a former fiefdom, such as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, which had been held by Hugues Capet's brother. Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat-Vénessin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>, were acquired from the Empire or the Holy See. </p><p>Unlike the ecclesiastical provinces, their extent varies over the course of history according to the possessions of their holders, or to political reorganizations. For example, the Duchy of Gascony disappeared in the 11th century, and the Duchy of Normandy was divided into two military governments. </p><p>In modern times, the "thirty-six governments" corresponded to the provinces on which all the fiefs and arrière-fiefs depended, providing territorial districts for defense and marshaling, the raising of men-at-arms, the construction of squares, arsenals and castles, judges-at-arms, and therefore also all questions of nobility, armorial bearings, etc. </p><p>At the end of the Ancien Régime, not counting overseas territories such as the French islands of America, Pondicherry, Mauritius or New France (a province from 1663 to 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain and Spain), there were thirty-six regions with a governor in charge of defense, called governments. Each had its own nobility. </p><p>Together with the regions attached to France since 1791, these thirty-six governments correspond to what are usually known today as the "former provinces of France". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_former_general_governments_of_France">List of former general governments of France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of former general governments of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list below shows the major provinces of France at the time of their dissolution during the French Revolution. Capital cities are shown in parentheses. <b>Bold</b> indicates a city that was also the seat of a judicial and quasi-legislative body called either a <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a></i> (not to be confused with a <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">parliament</a>) or a <i>conseil souverain</i> (sovereign council). In some cases, this body met in a different city from the capital. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1789_%2B_2022_France,_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1789_%2B_2022_France%2C_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png/480px-1789_%2B_2022_France%2C_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1789_%2B_2022_France%2C_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png/720px-1789_%2B_2022_France%2C_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1789_%2B_2022_France%2C_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png/960px-1789_%2B_2022_France%2C_noms_des_r%C3%A9gions.png 2x" data-file-width="4264" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption>General governments of France in 1789, superimposed by modern administrative boundaries and the names of current regions</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/480px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/720px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/960px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Provinces of France in 1789 relative to the modern borders of France</b></div>Note: The Comtat Venaissin (annexed 1791), Mulhouse (annexed 1798), Montbéliard (annexed 1816), Savoy and Nice (annexed 1860), as well as small portions of other provinces were not part of the Kingdom of France.</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime">Saintes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moulins,_Allier" title="Moulins, Allier">Moulins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Marche" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Marche">Marche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ret" title="Guéret">Guéret</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a></b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <i>conseils souverains</i> in <b><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arras,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras, France">Arras</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <i>conseils souverains</i> in <b><a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a></b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></b>); <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a> (Three Bishoprics within Lorraine): <b><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Metz">Metz</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Toul" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Toul">Toul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Verdun" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Verdun">Verdun</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, <i>conseils souverains</i> in <b><a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a></b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol><p> Areas that were not part of the Kingdom of France, though they are currently parts of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>:</p><div><ol start="35"><li><a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal</a> fief (<a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">County of Saarwerden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Principality of Salm-Salm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Republic of Mulhouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a>), a fief of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinian</a> fief</li><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinian</a> fief</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_France" title="Armorial of France">Armorial of France</a></div> <p>Partial display of historical provincial arms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a></td> <td>15. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a></td> <td>28. <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></td> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Berry_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry (province)">Berry</a></td> <td>13. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></td> <td>20. <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></td> <td>8.<a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></td> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></td> <td>24. <a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alençon"><img alt="Alençon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg/80px-Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg/120px-Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg/160px-Arms_of_Pierre_dAlencon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anjou"><img alt="Anjou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg/80px-Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg/120px-Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg/160px-Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artois"><img alt="Artois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/80px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/120px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/160px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berry"><img alt="Berry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg/80px-Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg/120px-Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg/160px-Arms_of_Charles_de_Berry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1364-1404).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burgundy"><img alt="Burgundy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_%281364-1404%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_%281364-1404%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_%281364-1404%29.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_%281364-1404%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_%281364-1404%29.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Burgundy_%281364-1404%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonBretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brittany"><img alt="Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BlasonBretagne.svg/80px-BlasonBretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BlasonBretagne.svg/120px-BlasonBretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BlasonBretagne.svg/160px-BlasonBretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Champagne"><img alt="Champagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_French_Region_of_Champagne-Ardenne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dauphiné"><img alt="Dauphiné" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Dauphin_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foix"><img alt="Foix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Foix.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12. <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></td> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></td> <td>32. <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (province)">Lorraine</a></td> <td>21. <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province_of_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine (province of France)">Maine</a></td> <td>19. <a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></td> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></td> <td>37. <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></td> <td>22. <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/County_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Valois">Valois</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gascony"><img alt="Gascony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg/80px-Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg/120px-Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg/160px-Blason_province_fr_Gascogne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gévaudan"><img alt="Gévaudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg/80px-Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg/120px-Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg/160px-Blason_province_fr_Gevaudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Languedoc.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Languedoc"><img alt="Languedoc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Arms_of_Languedoc.svg/80px-Arms_of_Languedoc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Arms_of_Languedoc.svg/120px-Arms_of_Languedoc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Arms_of_Languedoc.svg/160px-Arms_of_Languedoc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonLorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lorraine"><img alt="Lorraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/80px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/120px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/160px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_du_Maine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maine"><img alt="Maine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Blason_du_Maine.svg/80px-Blason_du_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Blason_du_Maine.svg/120px-Blason_du_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Blason_du_Maine.svg/160px-Blason_du_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marche"><img alt="Marche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg/80px-Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg/120px-Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg/160px-Arms_of_Jacques_Ier_de_Bourbon-La_Marche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_(1066-1087).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normandy"><img alt="Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/120px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/160px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Savoy"><img alt="Savoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Touraine"><img alt="Touraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg/80px-Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg/120px-Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg/160px-Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Burgundy_and_the_Count_of_Touraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valois"><img alt="Valois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg/80px-Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg/120px-Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg/160px-Arms_of_Philippe_de_Valois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Legay-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legay_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLegay2003" class="citation journal cs1">Legay, Marie-Laure (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/821">"La fin du pouvoir provincial (4 août 1789-21 septembre 1791)"</a>. <i>Annales historiques de la Révolution française</i> (332): 25–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fahrf.821">10.4000/ahrf.821</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4436">0003-4436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+historiques+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=La+fin+du+pouvoir+provincial+%284+ao%C3%BBt+1789-21+septembre+1791%29&rft.issue=332&rft.pages=25-53&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fahrf.821&rft.issn=0003-4436&rft.aulast=Legay&rft.aufirst=Marie-Laure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fahrf%2F821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtextetexte1922" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">texte, Société historique de Haute-Picardie (1944- ) Auteur du; texte, Société historique de Haute-Picardie (1914-1944) Auteur du (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9607446t">"Bulletin de la Société historique de Haute-Picardie"</a>. <i>Gallica</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-01</span></span>. <q>L'« ancienne » France n'a jamais connu trente-deux provinces. Au point de vue administratif, elle était divisée en généralités, portant tantôt le nom de leur capitale, tantôt celui d'une province ; au point de vue militaire, en gouvernements généraux, prenant tous le nom d'une province. Mais toutes ces circonscriptions avaient un caractère arbitraire ; leurs délimitations variaient suivant les besoins de chaque siècle. Officiellement il n'y avait pas de provinces tout au moins jusqu'à la grande réforme de 1787, qui accorda aux généralités qui en étaient dépourvues le droit d'élire des assemblées délibérantes. Elles prirent le titre de province. C'est ainsi que pendant trois ans la généralité de Soissons, composée artificiellement, deux siècles en çà, des élections de Soissons, Laon, Guise, Noyon, Crépy-en-Valois, Clermont et Château - Thierry, s'appela la province du Soissonnais. Les cartes officielles, auxquelles il est fait allusion plus haut, paraissent ignorer cette grande révolution pacifique, comme la plupart des manuels d'histoire du reste. Trompées par la similitude de noms, sous la rubrique de provinces, elles nous donnent les limites des gouvernements militaires. Sans doute province et gouvernement voyaient généralement leurs limites se confondre ; mais au cours des temps, des modifications sont survenues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+historique+de+Haute-Picardie&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=texte&rft.aufirst=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+historique+de+Haute-Picardie+%281944-+%29+Auteur+du&rft.au=texte%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+historique+de+Haute-Picardie+%281914-1944%29+Auteur+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k9607446t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Berry" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berry">Berry</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 809.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=809&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Orl%C3%A9anais" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orléanais">Orléanais</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orl%C3%A9anais&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=281&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Normandy" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Normandy">Normandy</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 749.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Normandy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=749&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Languedoc" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Languedoc">Languedoc</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languedoc&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dauphin%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 851.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dauphin%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=851&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Champagne" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Champagne">Champagne</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Champagne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saintonge" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saintonge">Saintonge</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saintonge&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poitou" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poitou">Poitou</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poitou&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=899&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gascony" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gascony">Gascony</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 494–495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gascony&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=494-495&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Burgundy" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Burgundy">Burgundy</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 821.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burgundy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=821&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Picardy" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Picardy">Picardy</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Picardy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=576&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Provence" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Provence">Provence</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Provence&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=503&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Angoumois" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Angoumois">Angoumois</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angoumois&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marche_(France)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marche (France)">Marche (France)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 689–690.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marche+%28France%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=689-690&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brittany" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brittany">Brittany</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brittany&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=617&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maine_(province)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maine (province)">Maine (province)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maine+%28province%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=433&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Touraine" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Touraine">Touraine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Touraine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=102-103&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Limousin" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Limousin">Limousin</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 701.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Limousin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=701&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Auvergne" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Auvergne">Auvergne</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Auvergne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alsace" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alsace">Alsace</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 755.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alsace&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=755&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Artois" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Artois">Artois</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 698.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artois&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=698&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roussillon" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roussillon">Roussillon</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roussillon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=780&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franche-Comt%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=931&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lorraine" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lorraine">Lorraine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lorraine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ni%C3%A8vre" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nièvre">Nièvre</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ni%C3%A8vre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=673&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvinces+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Les Provinces de la France</i> by le Vicomte Olivier de Romanet, la Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1913.</li> <li><i>Les Provinces au XVIII<sup>e</sup> et leur division en départements de la France</i> by Charles Berlet, Bloud, second edition, 1913.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_French_coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of French coats of arms">Gallery of French coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Almanac" title="Royal Almanac">Royal Almanac</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template talk:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_France&#124;link=Kingdom_of_France_Historical_provinces_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alsace" title="Province of Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou#Province_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franche-Comté (province)">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="History of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of France before the revolution"><img alt="Provinces of France before the revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/80px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/120px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/160px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Cambrésis">Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2tinais" title="Gâtinais">Gâtinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Gex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valromey" class="mw-redirect" title="Valromey">Valromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign territories in 1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kriechingen" title="County of Kriechingen">Créhange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg" title="County of Dagsburg">Dabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Menton and Roquebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">Sarrewerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tende" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté de Tende">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&oldid=1240848335">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&oldid=1240848335</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_provinces_of_France" title="Category:Former provinces of France">Former provinces of 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