Making Your Metadata Matter

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onclick="window.open('https://twitter.com/share?url=https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/&text=Making Your Metadata Matter&via=witnessorg&related=witnessorg&hashtags=','','toolbar=no, location=no, directories=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=no, resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=450,height=350, top='+ tops +', left='+ lefts)"> <i></i> <span class="hide-on-mobile">Tweet this</span> </span> <span class="share-item" onclick="window.open('https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/','','toolbar=no, location=no, directories=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=no, resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=450,height=350, top='+ tops +', left='+ lefts)"> <i></i> <span class="hide-on-mobile">Share</span> </span> <span class="share-item" onclick="window.open('https://getpocket.com/edit?url=https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/&title=Making Your Metadata Matter','','toolbar=no, location=no, directories=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=no, resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=450,height=350, top='+ tops +', left='+ lefts)"> <i></i> <span class="hide-on-mobile">Read later </span> </span> </div> <div class="the-categories-div hide-on-mobile"> <span><i></i> Posted on</span> <a href="https://blog.witness.org/category/video-for-change/tools/" rel="category tag">Tools</a>, <a href="https://blog.witness.org/category/video-for-change/" rel="category tag">Video for Change</a> </div> </div> <h1><a onclick="scrollto('.entry-content', 750, -30)" title="Making Your Metadata Matter" class="title ajaxlink">Making Your Metadata Matter</a></h1> <a onclick="scrollto('.entry-content', 750, -30)" title="Making Your Metadata Matter" class="post-subtitle ajaxlink"> PART I: Understanding the data points that apps collect, and how they are generated </a> <span class="meta"> <span class="author"> By <a class="ajaxlink" href="https://blog.witness.org/author/guest-blogger/">WITNESS</a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> var img = jQuery("<img />").attr('src', 'https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/featured.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1') .load(function() { if (!this.complete || typeof this.naturalWidth == "undefined" || this.naturalWidth == 0) { } else { jQuery('#card-27645 .image-background').animate({opacity: 1}, 540, function() {jQuery('.image-background.thumb').fadeOut()} ); } }); jQuery(function() { // ios viewport height (vh) fix $card = jQuery('#card-27645.article-card.squarebig'); var is_iphone = /(iPhone|iPod)/g.test( navigator.userAgent ); var is_ipad = /(iPad)/g.test( navigator.userAgent ); if(is_iphone) { $card.css("height", 600); $card.find('.image-background').css("height", 600); $card.find('.image-background').css("background-attachment", 'scroll'); }; if(is_ipad) { $card.css("height", 800); //$card.find('.image-background').css("height", 700); $card.find('.image-background').css("background-attachment", 'scroll'); }; }) </script> </div></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-27645" class="post-27645 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-tools category-video-for-change tag-documentation tag-metadata tag-mobile-apps tag-verification"> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">We’re pleased to welcome guest bloggers Wendy Betts and Raquel Vazquez Llorente here to share their insights on documentation apps and metadata for legal purposes. Wendy Betts is the Director of eyeWitness to Atrocities, an organization that combines legal and technological expertise to aid investigations and promote accountability for international crimes. Raquel Vazquez Llorente is the Senior Legal Advisor.</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">By Wendy Betts and Raquel Vazquez Llorente</span></em></p> <p><a href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/02/documenting-during-internet-shutdowns/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a series of previous blog posts </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">on documenting during internet shutdowns, Yvonne Ng touched on questions around metadata collection and </span><a href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/02/use-documentation-app/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">different apps</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> available for activists, such as </span><a href="https://www.eyewitness.global/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">eyeWitness to Atrocities</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://guardianproject.info/apps/org.witness.proofmode/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ProofMode</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://hzontal.org/tella/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tella</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and others. In the next two blog posts, we will dive deeper into metadata and the considerations you should keep in mind when evaluating and selecting which app is right for you, particularly in situations where you might not have reliable internet connection. (<a href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/04/making-your-metadata-matter-part-2/"><em>Part II: Understanding the limitations of metadata when it is used for legal purposes</em></a> will be published next week</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For human rights defenders and activists using photo and video to document abuses across the globe, metadata plays a crucial role in authenticating and verifying their footage for external audiences. As WITNESS has addressed, there are multiple apps that can be used for documenting human rights abuses, but not all will serve the same purpose. They may offer different functionality. They may also capture different metadata, and record these data points in varied ways.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When you are assessing which documentation app to use, it is important you fully understand the metadata collected by the app. This blog post outlines the questions we recommend you ask, either by testing the app or contacting the app provider.</span></p> <h1><span style="font-weight: 400;">How accurate is the data?</span></h1> <p>Not all metadata is created equal. Some metadata can be captured directly by the hardware sensors on the device. Other metadata is created by interpreting different data points taken from these sensors or from online sources. Location, for example, can be either recorded directly from the hardware sensors on the device or determined using information from the cell towers and wifi networks to which you are connected. Another example is altitude. Mobile phones do not have altimeters, so most phones calculate altitude by a combination of barometric pressure and GPS readings. While a barometer can give a measurement of the distance above sea level, the reading can change with atmospheric conditions, and the error can be tens of meters or more. As a result, photos of the same location taken with the same device could elicit different altitude readings.</p> <p>Additionally, derivative metadata may not be calculated consistently across devices, making this information unhelpful for verifying your media and, in some instances, detrimental. For instance, certain phones may not support a barometer function and only use the GPS for measuring altitude (which may actually make this metadata more inaccurate). If you envision your media being used in future legal proceedings, relying on data points that are inconsistent may undermine the credibility of the rest of the metadata. More on this in Part II.</p> <figure id="attachment_27659" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27659" style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="27659" data-permalink="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/image2-9/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?fit=975%2C590&ssl=1" data-orig-size="975,590" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Comparing altitudes" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Two phones from different makers (Samsung and Apple) next to each other show different altitudes in the same location.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?fit=300%2C182&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?fit=960%2C581&ssl=1" class="wp-image-27659" src="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?resize=640%2C387&ssl=1" alt="" width="640" height="387" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?w=975&ssl=1 975w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?resize=300%2C182&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?resize=768%2C465&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image2-1.jpg?resize=200%2C121&ssl=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27659" class="wp-caption-text">Two phones from different makers (Samsung and Apple) next to each other show different altitudes in the same location.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another related consideration is to check whether the app is pulling metadata from the cache or memory of the device. This can happen when the hardware sensors cannot get a reading or the app is relying on your internet connection to look up data points and you are not online. Using information from the cache can be a problem because, for instance, if the app cannot get a GPS reading and instead pulls the last known location from the memory, the GPS reading could be miles away from your actual location. Or you could end up with two GPS readings, miles apart, for the same photo or video鈥攚hich would wholly undermine the verification value of the metadata.</p> <p>Before using a documentation app, you should check how the metadata is collected by the app, particularly if you are planning to document during an internet shutdown or you cannot rely on cell phone data. An easy way to test this would be to take a photo in a safe location with the app, then turn off all data and Wi-Fi and capture more test photos across different locations far enough apart for the GPS readings to be different. The GPS coordinates should not be the same, and they should match the actual location where you took the media. If the metadata is being pulled from the memory of the device, most likely you will find that some of the photos have the same or similar GPS coordinates to the first photo you took when you had a connection.</p> <figure id="attachment_27658" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27658" style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="27658" data-permalink="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/gps-compare/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?fit=1024%2C537&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1024,537" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="GPS compare" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Examples of photos taken with the data and Wi-Fi off in different locations. The metadata still shows the exact same GPS coordinates, date and time. </p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?fit=300%2C157&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?fit=960%2C503&ssl=1" class="wp-image-27658" src="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?resize=640%2C336&ssl=1" alt="Two photos and their GPS metadata" width="640" height="336" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?resize=300%2C157&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?resize=768%2C403&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GPS-compare.jpeg?resize=200%2C105&ssl=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27658" class="wp-caption-text">Examples of photos taken with the data and Wi-Fi off in different locations. The metadata still shows the exact same GPS coordinates, date and time.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">WITNESS tip: You can read an app鈥檚 documentation, contact the app developer, or run your own tests to find out whether the metadata in your documentation app is captured from the hardware sensors or by interpreting different data points. Choose apps that capture data accurately, particularly when capturing media offline. Also, film in ways that support the use of your video for legal purposes — check out the </span><a href="https://vae.witness.org/video-as-evidence-field-guide/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video as Evidence Field Guide</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, in particular the detailed guidance in </span><a href="https://library.witness.org/product/filming-secure-scenes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Filming Secure Scenes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://library.witness.org/product/video-evidence-adding-essential-information-video/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Adding Essential Information to Video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p></blockquote> <h1><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> How anonymous is the data?聽</span></h1> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is also important to know what metadata is being collected if you wish to remain anonymous or at least keep certain data private. For instance, some apps may collect the </span><a href="https://ssd.eff.org/en/glossary/ip-address" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">IP address</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from where you are when you upload the photo. This information can be used to trace your location. Only service providers will know the name of the owner of that IP address, but they can be compelled by law enforcement to produce that information. The important thing to keep in mind if you are sending your media to a third party and don鈥檛 want other people to identify you or your safe location, is some metadata, such as upload IP address, can give away that location.聽聽</span></p> <blockquote><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">WITNESS tip: Before you start using a documentation app, check what metadata the app captures. You can find this information in the metadata shown in the app, by reading the privacy policy, checking the app FAQs, or contacting directly the organization or developers. If the metadata includes information you do not want to reveal, consider using documentation apps that don鈥檛 capture that metadata.</span></p></blockquote> <h1><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /> How understandable is the data?聽</span></h1> <p>Finally, your metadata will not be very helpful if you or the final recipient cannot interpret it. For example, while many apps capture information on cell towers, you may be able to download or access only the raw metadata they capture. The Location Area Code (LAC), Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Codes (MNC) and Cell Tower ID (CID), can help locate cell towers near where the footage was taken, but on their own they do not provide location information, only a set of numbers. Translating them into a location on a map requires either software or access to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Cell_ID#Cell_ID_databases_and_services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">database</a> that will look up that raw data and transform it into a GPS location.</p> <figure id="attachment_27662" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27662" style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="27662" data-permalink="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/celtower-002/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1024,768" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="celtower.002" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Examples of Wi-Fi location (left) and cell towers (right) location data.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1" class="wp-image-27662" src="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?resize=640%2C480&ssl=1" alt="Metadata outputs showing location data" width="640" height="480" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/blog.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/celtower.002.jpeg?resize=200%2C150&ssl=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27662" class="wp-caption-text">Examples of Wi-Fi location (left) and cell towers (right) location data.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">WITNESS tip: Consider what metadata you or your intended users (be they media outlets, policymakers, investigators, or other activists) need, and check whether your app captures that information in ways that both you and them are able to interpret and use.聽聽聽</span></p></blockquote> <p>The next post of the series will explain the limitations your metadata may have if you want to use it for legal purposes.</p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-27645" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-27645" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-pinterest-27645" class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/?share=pinterest" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pinterest" ><span>Pinterest</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-27645" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Making%20Your%20Metadata%20Matter&body=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.witness.org%2F2020%2F03%2Fmaking-your-metadata-matter%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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