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<span>Ecology and life history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and life history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Natural defenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" 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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Poisoning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetraodontidae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ينفوخية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ينفوخية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="বেলুন মাছ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেলুন মাছ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buntal" title="Buntal – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buntal" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%AC-kui" title="Chhì-kui – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhì-kui" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тетраодонтови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тетраодонтови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraod%C3%B2ntids" title="Tetraodòntids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tetraodòntids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ctverzubcovit%C3%AD" title="Čtverzubcovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čtverzubcovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuglefisk-familien" title="Kuglefisk-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuglefisk-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelfische" title="Kugelfische – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kugelfische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A8_%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7_(%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0)" title="ކޮލި އާއިލާ (މަސް) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮލި އާއިލާ (މަސް)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niich%C3%A1adii_(%C5%82%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC)" title="Niicháadii (łóóʼ) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Niicháadii (łóóʼ)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balonfi%C5%9Doj" title="Balonfiŝoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balonfiŝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بادکنک‌ماهیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادکنک‌ماهیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dgulfiskur" title="Ígulfiskur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ígulfiskur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson-globe" title="Poisson-globe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poisson-globe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasc_torc%C3%A1nach" title="Iasc torcánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iasc torcánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraod%C3%B3ntidos" title="Tetraodóntidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tetraodóntidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EB%B3%B5%EA%B3%BC" title="참복과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참복과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napuha%C4%8De" title="Napuhače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napuhače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huti-hutiti" title="Huti-hutiti – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Huti-hutiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_buntal" title="Ikan buntal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikan buntal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נפוחיתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפוחיתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak_buntak" title="Iwak buntak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iwak buntak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მუცელნემსასებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუცელნემსასებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturdant%C4%97s_p%C5%ABslia%C5%BEuv%C4%97s" title="Keturdantės pūsliažuvės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keturdantės pūsliažuvės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6mbhalf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Gömbhalfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gömbhalfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botava" title="Botava – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Botava" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="വുകമീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വുകമീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ينفوخيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ينفوخيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငါးပူတင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငါးပူတင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumusumu" title="Sumusumu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sumusumu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogelvissen" title="Kogelvissen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kogelvissen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%B0%E7%A7%91" title="フグ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フグ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuugelfasker" title="Kuugelfasker – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuugelfasker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulefisker" title="Kulefisker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulefisker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="باد ماهی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باد ماهی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozdymkowate" title="Rozdymkowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozdymkowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Иглобрюхие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иглобрюхие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tetraodontidae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pufferfish" title="Pufferfish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pufferfish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tvorzubcovit%C3%A9" title="Štvorzubcovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štvorzubcovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Надувана риба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Надувана риба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauk_buntal" title="Lauk buntal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lauk buntal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallokalat" title="Pallokalat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pallokalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5sfiskar" title="Blåsfiskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blåsfiskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdang_globo" title="Isdang globo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isdang globo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கோளமீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோளமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="วงศ์ปลาปักเป้าฟันสี่ซี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์ปลาปักเป้าฟันสี่ซี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirpi_bal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kirpi balığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kirpi balığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Скелезубові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скелезубові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_C%C3%A1_n%C3%B3c" title="Họ Cá nóc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Cá nóc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tetraodontidae" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of pufferfish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Blowfish" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blowfish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blowfish (disambiguation)">Blowfish (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Globefish" redirects here. For other fish known by this name, see <a href="/wiki/Porcupinefish" title="Porcupinefish">Porcupinefish</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Puffers<sup id="cite_ref-Froese_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Lutetian–Holocene</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.73015384615px; width:16.269846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.73015384615px; width:16.269846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:204.73015384615px; width:14.269846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg/220px-Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg/330px-Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg/440px-Tetraodon-hispidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="394" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Inflated <a href="/wiki/White-spotted_puffer" title="White-spotted puffer">white-spotted puffer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tetraodontidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetraodontoidei" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraodontoidei">Tetraodontoidei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tetraodontidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1832</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraodon_lineatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraodon lineatus">Tetraodon lineatus</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="#Genera">See text</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg/220px-Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg/330px-Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg/440px-Canthigaster_valentini_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Deflated <a href="/wiki/Valentin%27s_sharpnose_puffer" title="Valentin's sharpnose puffer">Valentinni's sharpnose puffer</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tetraodontidae</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of primarily marine and <a href="/wiki/Estuarine_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine fish">estuarine fish</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a>. The family includes many familiar species variously called <b>pufferfish</b>, <b>puffers</b>, <b>balloonfish</b>, <b>blowfish</b>, <b>blowers</b>, <b>blowies</b>, <b>bubblefish</b>, <b>globefish</b>, <b>swellfish</b>, <b>toadfish</b>, <b>toadies</b>, <b>toadle</b>, <b>honey toads</b>, <b>sugar toads</b>, and <b>sea squab</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Froese_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologically</a> similar to the closely related <a href="/wiki/Porcupinefish" title="Porcupinefish">porcupinefish</a>, which have large external spines (unlike the thinner, hidden spines of the Tetraodontidae, which are only visible when the fish have puffed up). </p><p>The majority of pufferfish species are <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>, with some among the most poisonous <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> in the world. In certain species, the internal organs, such as the liver, and sometimes the skin, contain <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a>, and are highly toxic to most animals when eaten; nevertheless, the meat of some species is considered <a href="/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu">a delicacy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (as 河豚, pronounced <i>fugu</i>), <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> (as 복, <i>bok</i>, or 복어, <i>bogeo</i>), and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (as 河豚, <i>hétún</i>) when prepared by specially trained chefs who know which part is safe to eat and in what quantity. Other pufferfish species with nontoxic flesh, such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_puffer" title="Northern puffer">northern puffer</a>, <i>Sphoeroides maculatus</i>, of <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcclane_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcclane-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are considered a delicacy elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNSphoeroides_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNSphoeroides-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species <i><a href="/wiki/Torquigener_albomaculosus" title="Torquigener albomaculosus">Torquigener albomaculosus</a></i> was described by <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> as "the greatest artist of the animal kingdom" due to the males' unique habit of wooing females by <a href="/wiki/Pufferfish_mating_ritual" title="Pufferfish mating ritual">creating nests in sand</a> composed of complex geometric designs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family name comes from the name of its type genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraodon" title="Tetraodon">Tetraodon</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Froese_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is traced from the Greek words <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τετρα</span></span> <i>tetra</i> meaning "four" and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ὀδούς</span></span> <i>odoús</i> meaning "teeth".<sup id="cite_ref-ETYFFish_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETYFFish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genera">Genera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tetraodontidae contains 193<sup id="cite_ref-Eschmeyer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eschmeyer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 206<sup id="cite_ref-Froese_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> species of puffers in 27<sup id="cite_ref-Eschmeyer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eschmeyer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 28 genera:<sup id="cite_ref-Froese_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amblyrhynchotes" title="Amblyrhynchotes">Amblyrhynchotes</a></i> <small>Troschel, 1856</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arothron" title="Arothron">Arothron</a></i> <small>Müller, 1841</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auriglobus" title="Auriglobus">Auriglobus</a></i> <small>Kottelat, 1999</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canthigaster" title="Canthigaster">Canthigaster</a></i> <small>Swainson, 1839</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinotetraodon" title="Carinotetraodon">Carinotetraodon</a></i> <small>Benl, 1957</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chelonodon" title="Chelonodon">Chelonodon</a></i> <small>Müller, 1841</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chonerhinos" title="Chonerhinos">Chonerhinos</a></i> <small>Bleeker, 1854</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colomesus" title="Colomesus">Colomesus</a></i> <small>Gill, 1884</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contusus" title="Contusus">Contusus</a></i> <small>Whitley, 1947</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dichotomyctere" title="Dichotomyctere">Dichotomyctere</a></i> <small>Duméril, 1855</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephippion" title="Ephippion">Ephippion</a></i> <small>Bibron, 1855</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feroxodon" title="Feroxodon">Feroxodon</a></i> <small>Su, Hardy et Tyler, 1986</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guentheridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Guentheridia">Guentheridia</a></i> <small>Gilbert et Starks, 1904</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Javichthys" title="Javichthys">Javichthys</a></i> <small>Hardy, 1985</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leiodon" title="Leiodon">Leiodon</a></i> <small>Swainson, 1839</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagocephalus" title="Lagocephalus">Lagocephalus</a></i> <small>Swainson, 1839</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marilyna" title="Marilyna">Marilyna</a></i> <small>Hardy, 1982</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omegophora" title="Omegophora">Omegophora</a></i> <small>Whitley, 1934</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagocephalus" title="Pelagocephalus">Pelagocephalus</a></i> <small>Tyler & Paxton, 1979</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polyspina" title="Polyspina">Polyspina</a></i> <small>Hardy, 1983</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pao_(fish)" title="Pao (fish)">Pao</a></i> <small>Kottelat, 2013</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reicheltia" title="Reicheltia">Reicheltia</a></i> <small>Hardy, 1982</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphoeroides" title="Sphoeroides">Sphoeroides</a></i> <small>Anonymous, 1798</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takifugu" title="Takifugu">Takifugu</a></i> <small>Abe, 1949</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetractenos" title="Tetractenos">Tetractenos</a></i> <small>Hardy, 1983</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraodon" title="Tetraodon">Tetraodon</a></i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torquigener" title="Torquigener">Torquigener</a></i> <small>Whitley, 1930</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tylerius" class="mw-redirect" title="Tylerius">Tylerius</a></i> <small>Hardy, 1984</small></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arothron stellatus"><img alt="Arothron stellatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg/244px-Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg/365px-Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg/487px-Arothron_stellatus_R%C3%A9union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arothron_stellatus" title="Arothron stellatus">Arothron stellatus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canthigaster valentini"><img alt="Canthigaster valentini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg/270px-Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg/405px-Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg/540px-Canthigaster_valentini_prg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Canthigaster_valentini" class="mw-redirect" title="Canthigaster valentini">Canthigaster valentini</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carinotetraodon irrubesco"><img alt="Carinotetraodon irrubesco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG/225px-Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG/338px-Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG/450px-Carinotetraodon_irrubesco_female.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Carinotetraodon_irrubesco" title="Carinotetraodon irrubesco">Carinotetraodon irrubesco</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colomesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colomesus asellus"><img alt="Colomesus asellus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Colomesus.jpg/252px-Colomesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Colomesus.jpg/377px-Colomesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Colomesus.jpg/503px-Colomesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Colomesus_asellus" title="Colomesus asellus">Colomesus asellus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dichotomyctere nigroviridis"><img alt="Dichotomyctere nigroviridis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg/270px-Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg/405px-Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg/539px-Tetraodon_nigroviridis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dichotomyctere_nigroviridis" title="Dichotomyctere nigroviridis">Dichotomyctere nigroviridis</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephippion_guttifer_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ephippion guttifer"><img alt="Ephippion guttifer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ephippion_guttifer_crop.JPG/327px-Ephippion_guttifer_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="218" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ephippion_guttifer_crop.JPG/490px-Ephippion_guttifer_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ephippion_guttifer_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ephippion_guttifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephippion guttifer">Ephippion guttifer</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lagocephalus_lagocephalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lagocephalus lagocephalus"><img alt="Lagocephalus lagocephalus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lagocephalus_lagocephalus.jpg/211px-Lagocephalus_lagocephalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lagocephalus_lagocephalus.jpg/317px-Lagocephalus_lagocephalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Lagocephalus_lagocephalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_puffer" title="Oceanic puffer">Lagocephalus lagocephalus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Omegophora cyanopunctata"><img alt="Omegophora cyanopunctata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG/240px-Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG/360px-Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG/480px-Omegophora_cyanopunctata_Bluespotted_toadfish_PC290509.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Omegophora_cyanopunctata" title="Omegophora cyanopunctata">Omegophora cyanopunctata</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandtail_puffer_(Sphoeroides_spengleri).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sphoeroides spengleri"><img alt="Sphoeroides spengleri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bandtail_puffer_%28Sphoeroides_spengleri%29.jpg/270px-Bandtail_puffer_%28Sphoeroides_spengleri%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bandtail_puffer_%28Sphoeroides_spengleri%29.jpg/405px-Bandtail_puffer_%28Sphoeroides_spengleri%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bandtail_puffer_%28Sphoeroides_spengleri%29.jpg/540px-Bandtail_puffer_%28Sphoeroides_spengleri%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sphoeroides_spengleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphoeroides spengleri">Sphoeroides spengleri</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu_in_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Takifugu rubripes"><img alt="Takifugu rubripes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fugu_in_Tank.jpg/329px-Fugu_in_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fugu_in_Tank.jpg/493px-Fugu_in_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fugu_in_Tank.jpg/657px-Fugu_in_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes" title="Takifugu rubripes">Takifugu rubripes</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetractenos glaber"><img alt="Tetractenos glaber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/180px-Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/270px-Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/360px-Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetractenos_glaber" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetractenos glaber">Tetractenos glaber</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetraodon mbu"><img alt="Tetraodon mbu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG/279px-Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG/418px-Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG/557px-Goldringel-Kugelfisch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraodon_mbu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraodon mbu">Tetraodon mbu</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carinotetraodon travancoricus"><img alt="Carinotetraodon travancoricus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_%28cropped%29.jpg/333px-Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_%28cropped%29.jpg/499px-Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_%28cropped%29.jpg/665px-Carinotetraodon_travancoricus_by_Parazelsus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Carinotetraodon_travancoricus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinotetraodon travancoricus">Carinotetraodon travancoricus</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pufferfish are typically small to medium in size, although a few species such as the <a href="/wiki/Mbu_pufferfish" title="Mbu pufferfish">Mbu pufferfish</a> can reach lengths greater than 50 cm (20 in).<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a>, or pufferfish, are most significantly characterized by the beak-like four teeth – hence the name combining the Greek terms "tetra" for four and "odous" for tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the top and bottom arches is fused together with a visible midsagittal demarcation, which are used to break apart and consume small <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. The lack of ribs, a pelvis, and pelvic fins are also unique to pufferfish. The notably missing bone and fin features are due to the pufferfish' specialized defense mechanism, expanding by sucking in water through an oral cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pufferfish can also have many varied structures of <a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">caltrop</a>-like dermal spines, which account for the replacement of typical fish scales, and can range in coverage extent from the entire body, to leaving the frontal surface empty.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetraodontidae typically have smaller spines than the sister family <a href="/wiki/Porcupinefish" title="Porcupinefish">Diodontidae</a>, with some spines not being visible until inflation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are most diverse in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical zone">tropics</a>, relatively uncommon in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a>, and completely absent from <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">cold waters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_life_history">Ecology and life history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology and life history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most pufferfish species live in marine or <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> waters, but some can enter fresh water. About 35 species spend their entire lifecycles in fresh water. These freshwater species are found in disjunct tropical regions of South America (<i><a href="/wiki/Colomesus_asellus" title="Colomesus asellus">Colomesus asellus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Colomesus_tocantinensis" title="Colomesus tocantinensis">Colomesus tocantinensis</a></i>), Africa (six <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraodon" title="Tetraodon">Tetraodon</a></i> species), and Southeast Asia (<i><a href="/wiki/Auriglobus" title="Auriglobus">Auriglobus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carinotetraodon" title="Carinotetraodon">Carinotetraodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dichotomyctere" title="Dichotomyctere">Dichotomyctere</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leiodon" title="Leiodon">Leiodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pao_(fish)" title="Pao (fish)">Pao</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_defenses">Natural defenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural defenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The puffer's unique and distinctive natural defenses help compensate for its slow locomotion. It moves by combining <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a> motions. This makes it highly maneuverable, but very slow, so a comparatively easy predation target. Its tail fin is mainly used as a rudder, but it can be used for a sudden evasive burst of speed that shows none of the care and precision of its usual movements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The puffer's excellent eyesight, combined with this speed burst, is the first and most important defense against predators. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg/220px-Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg/330px-Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg/440px-Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg/160px-Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg/240px-Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg/320px-Arothron_meleagris_by_NPS_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Guineafowl_puffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guineafowl puffer">Guineafowl puffer</a> – unpuffed and puffed</div></div></div></div> <p>The pufferfish's secondary defense mechanism, used if successfully pursued, is to fill its extremely elastic <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> with water (or air when outside the water) until it is much larger and almost <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">spherical</a> in shape. Even if they are not visible when the puffer is not inflated, all puffers have pointed spines, so a hungry predator may suddenly find itself facing an unpalatable, pointy ball rather than a slow, easy meal. Predators that do not heed this warning (or are "lucky" enough to catch the puffer suddenly, before or during inflation) may die from choking, and predators that do manage to swallow the puffer may find their stomachs full of <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> (TTX), making puffers an unpleasant, possibly lethal, choice of prey. This <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> is found primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, although smaller amounts exist in the <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, as well as trace amounts in muscle. It does not always have a lethal effect on large predators, such as sharks, but it can kill humans. </p><p>Larval pufferfish are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_defense" title="Chemical defense">chemically defended</a> by the presence of TTX on the surface of skin, which causes predators to spit them out.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all puffers are necessarily poisonous; the flesh of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_puffer" title="Northern puffer">northern puffer</a> is not toxic (a level of poison can be found in its <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a>) and it is considered a delicacy in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNSphoeroides_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNSphoeroides-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxin level varies widely even in fish that are poisonous. A puffer's neurotoxin is not necessarily as toxic to other animals as it is to humans, and puffers are eaten routinely by some species of fish, such as <a href="/wiki/Lizardfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizardfish">lizardfish</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puffers are able to move their eyes independently, and many species can change the color or intensity of their patterns in response to environmental changes. In these respects, they are somewhat similar to the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleon</a>. Although most puffers are drab, many have bright colors and distinctive markings,<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make no attempt to hide from predators. This is likely an example of <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">honestly signaled</a> <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphins</a> have been filmed expertly handling pufferfish amongst themselves in an apparent attempt to get intoxicated or enter a trance-like state.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pufferfish_mating_ritual" title="Pufferfish mating ritual">Pufferfish mating ritual</a></div> <p>Many marine puffers have a <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a>, or open-ocean, life stage. Spawning occurs after males slowly push females to the water surface or join females already present. The eggs are spherical and buoyant. Hatching occurs after roughly four days. The fry are tiny, but under magnification have a shape usually reminiscent of a pufferfish. They have a functional mouth and eyes, and must eat within a few days. Brackish-water puffers may breed in bays in a manner similar to marine species, or may breed more similarly to the freshwater species, in cases where they have moved far enough upriver. </p><p>Reproduction in freshwater species varies quite a bit. The <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_pufferfish" title="Dwarf pufferfish">dwarf puffers</a> court with males following females, possibly displaying the crests and keels unique to this subgroup of species. After the female accepts his advances, she will lead the male into plants or another form of cover, where she can release eggs for fertilization. The male may help her by rubbing against her side. This has been observed in captivity, and they are the only commonly captive-spawned puffer species. </p><p>Target-group puffers have also been spawned in aquaria, and follow a similar courting behavior, minus the crest/keel display. Eggs are laid, though, on a flat piece of slate or other smooth, hard material, to which they adhere. The male will guard them until they hatch, carefully blowing water over them regularly to keep the eggs healthy. His parenting is finished when the young hatch and the fry are on their own. </p><p>In 2012, males of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Torquigener_albomaculosus" title="Torquigener albomaculosus">Torquigener albomaculosus</a></i> were documented while carving large and complex geometric, circular structures in the seabed sand in <a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima" title="Amami Ōshima">Amami Ōshima</a>, Japan. The structures serve to attract females and to provide a safe place for them to lay their eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-ibt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information on breeding of specific species is very limited. <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraodon_nigroviridis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraodon nigroviridis">T. nigroviridis</a></i>, the green-spotted puffer, has recently been spawned artificially under captive conditions. It is believed to spawn in bays in a similar manner to saltwater species, as their sperm was found to be motile only at full marine salinities, but wild breeding has never been observed. <i><a href="/wiki/Chonerhinos_naritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonerhinos naritus">Xenopterus naritus</a></i> has been reported to be the first bred artificially in Sarawak, Northwestern Borneo, in June 2016, and the main purpose was for development of aquaculture of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pufferfish diets can vary depending on their environment. Traditionally, their diet consists mostly of algae and small invertebrates. They can survive on a completely vegetarian diet if their environment is lacking resources, but prefer an omnivorous food selection. Larger species of pufferfish are able to use their beak-like front teeth to break open clams, mussels, and other shellfish. Some species of pufferfish have also been known to enact various hunting techniques ranging from ambush to open-water hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Spots, stripes and elaborations</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 347.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 345.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White-spotted puffer"><img alt="White-spotted puffer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg/518px-Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="346" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg/777px-Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg/1037px-Arothron_hispidus_Prague_2011_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/White-spotted_puffer" title="White-spotted puffer">White-spotted puffer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arothron_manilensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striped puffer"><img alt="Striped puffer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arothron_manilensis.jpg/414px-Arothron_manilensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arothron_manilensis.jpg/621px-Arothron_manilensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arothron_manilensis.jpg/828px-Arothron_manilensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arothron_manilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arothron manilensis">Striped puffer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 452px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 450px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Elaborate skin pattern of the giant or mbu puffer"><img alt="Elaborate skin pattern of the giant or mbu puffer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG/675px-Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG" decoding="async" width="450" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG/1012px-Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG/1349px-Giant_Puffer_fish_skin_pattern.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elaborate <a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">skin pattern</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_puffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant puffer">giant or mbu puffer</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tetraodontids have been estimated to have diverged from <a href="/wiki/Diodontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodontid">diodontids</a> between 89 and 138 million years ago. The four major clades diverged during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> between 80 and 101 million years ago. The oldest known pufferfish genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Eotetraodon" title="Eotetraodon">Eotetraodon</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a> epoch of Middle <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> Europe, with fossils found in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Bolca" title="Monte Bolca">Monte Bolca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. The Monte Bolca species, <i>E. pygmaeus</i>, coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive <a href="/wiki/Boxfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxfish">boxfish</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Proaracana" title="Proaracana">Proaracana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eolactoria" title="Eolactoria">Eolactoria</a></i>), and other, totally extinct forms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zignoichthys" title="Zignoichthys">Zignoichthys</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Spinacanthidae" title="Spinacanthidae">spinacanthids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfaro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfaro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santini_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santini-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinct genus, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeotetraodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeotetraodon (page does not exist)">Archaeotetraodon</a></i> is known from <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>-aged fossils from Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poisoning">Poisoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, <i><a href="/wiki/Fugu_chiri" title="Fugu chiri">fugu chiri</a></i>, or occasionally from raw puffer meat, <i><a href="/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu">sashimi fugu</a></i>. While <i>chiri</i> is much more likely to cause death, <i>sashimi fugu</i> often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips.<sup id="cite_ref-Yong_Quek_Lim_Ngo_2013_p._24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yong_Quek_Lim_Ngo_2013_p.-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pufferfish tetrodotoxin deadens the tongue and lips, and induces dizziness and vomiting, followed by numbness and prickling over the body, rapid heart rate, decreased <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and muscle <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>. The toxin paralyzes the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> muscle and stops the person who has ingested it from breathing. People who live longer than 24 hours typically survive, although possibly after a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> lasting several days. </p><p>The source of tetrodotoxin in puffers has been a matter of debate,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is increasingly accepted that bacteria in the fish's intestinal tract are the source.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibamoto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibamoto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a>, the cause of <a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">paralytic shellfish poisoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a>, can also be found in certain puffers. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arothron hispidus at Big Island of Hawaii"><img alt="Arothron hispidus at Big Island of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG/351px-Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG" decoding="async" width="234" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG/526px-Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG/701px-Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arothron_hispidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arothron hispidus">Arothron hispidus</a></i> at Big Island of Hawaii</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man with a guineafowl puffer in Costa Rica"><img alt="Man with a guineafowl puffer in Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg/209px-Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg/314px-Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg/418px-Puffer_fish_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man with a <a href="/wiki/Arothron_meleagris" title="Arothron meleagris">guineafowl puffer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_pufferfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisherman handpicks a puffer from his day's catch before throwing it back to prevent poisoning. Tarkwa bay, Lagos"><img alt="Fisherman handpicks a puffer from his day's catch before throwing it back to prevent poisoning. Tarkwa bay, Lagos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2_pufferfish.jpg/300px-2_pufferfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2_pufferfish.jpg/450px-2_pufferfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2_pufferfish.jpg/600px-2_pufferfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fisherman handpicks a puffer from his day's catch before throwing it back to prevent poisoning. Tarkwa bay, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (Philippines)">Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> issued a warning not to eat puffer fish, after local fishermen died upon consuming puffer fish for dinner. The warning indicated that puffer fish toxin is 100 times more potent than <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pufferfish, called <i>pakapao</i> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, are usually consumed by mistake. They are often cheaper than other fish, and because they contain inconsistent levels of toxins between fish and season, there is little awareness or monitoring of the danger. Consumers are regularly hospitalized and some even die from the poisoning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cases of neurological symptoms, including numbness and tingling of the lips and mouth, have been reported to rise after the consumption of puffers caught in the area of <a href="/wiki/Titusville,_Florida" title="Titusville, Florida">Titusville, Florida</a>, US. The symptoms generally resolve within hours to days, although one affected individual required <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a> for 72 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Florida banned the harvesting of puffers from certain bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment is mainly supportive and consists of intestinal decontamination with <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">gastric lavage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a>, and life-support until the toxin is metabolized. Case reports suggest <a href="/wiki/Anticholinesterase" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinesterase">anticholinesterases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Edrophonium" title="Edrophonium">edrophonium</a> may be effective.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a> – Japanese city known for its locally caught pufferfish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toado" title="Toado">Toado</a> – common Australian name for local varieties of pufferfish</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Froese-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Froese_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Froese_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Froese_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Froese_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Froese_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.php?family=Tetraodontidae">"Family Tetraodontidae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. 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Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myfwc.com/fishing/saltwater/recreational/puffer-fish-prohibition/">the original</a> on August 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prohibition+on+Take+of+Puffer+Fish+in+Volusia%2C+Brevard%2C+Indian+River%2C+St.+Lucie%2C+and+Martin+Counties&rft.pub=Florida+Fish+and+Wildlife+Conservation+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyfwc.com%2Ffishing%2Fsaltwater%2Frecreational%2Fpuffer-fish-prohibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetraodontidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraodontidae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArreolaWestneat1996" class="citation journal cs1">Arreola, V.I.; Westneat, M.W. (1996). "Mechanics of propulsion by multiple fins: kinematics of aquatic locomotion in the burrfish (<i>Chilomycterus schoepfi</i>)". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B</i>. <b>263</b> (1377): <span class="nowrap">1689–</span>1696. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996RSPSB.263.1689A">1996RSPSB.263.1689A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1996.0247">10.1098/rspb.1996.0247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109972375">109972375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&rft.atitle=Mechanics+of+propulsion+by+multiple+fins%3A+kinematics+of+aquatic+locomotion+in+the+burrfish+%28Chilomycterus+schoepfi%29&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=1377&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1689-%3C%2Fspan%3E1696&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109972375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1996.0247&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996RSPSB.263.1689A&rft.aulast=Arreola&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=Westneat%2C+M.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetraodontidae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ebert, Klaus (2001): The Puffers of Fresh and Brackish Water, Aqualog, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931702-60-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-931702-60-X">3-931702-60-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonPlautKim1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, M.S.; Plaut, I.; Kim, D. (1996). "How puffers (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) swim". <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjfbi.1996.0157">10.1006/jfbi.1996.0157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=How+puffers+%28Teleostei%3A+Tetraodontidae%29+swim&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjfbi.1996.0157&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft.au=Plaut%2C+I.&rft.au=Kim%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetraodontidae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlautChen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Plaut, I.; Chen, T. (2003). "How small puffers (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) swim". <i>Ichthyological Research</i>. <b>50</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IchtR..50..149P">2003IchtR..50..149P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10228-002-0153-3">10.1007/s10228-002-0153-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33832068">33832068</a>.</cite><span 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tetraodontidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201701" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q201701">Q201701</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tetraodontidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tetraodontidae">Tetraodontidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tetraodontidae/">Tetraodontidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tetraodontidae">Tetraodontidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id16157">16157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1228">1228</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/H3W">H3W</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/5056">5056</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TETDF">1TETDF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2219">2219</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49266">49266</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114230">114230</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173283">173283</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000161123">NBNSYS0000161123</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=31031">31031</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/26ab1319-9ef6-47bc-89f1-156cfb06f4a4">26ab1319-9ef6-47bc-89f1-156cfb06f4a4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=65336">65336</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83298">83298</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD1087D9-FFB5-4A44-FF67-A1C14DB1F853">FD1087D9-FFB5-4A44-FF67-A1C14DB1F853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125612">125612</a></span></span></li></ul> 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