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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_to_natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_to_natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Related to natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_to_natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrelated_to_natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrelated_to_natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unrelated to natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrelated_to_natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Human impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Effects of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_and_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_and_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention and response</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention_and_response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention and response subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disaster_risk_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_risk_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Disaster risk reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_risk_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disaster_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Disaster response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Disaster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="كارثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre" title="Desastre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Desastre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="দুৰ্যোগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দুৰ্যোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1strofe" title="Catástrofe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catástrofe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99lak%C9%99t" title="Fəlakət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəlakət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="দুর্যোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্যোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Катастрофа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катастрофа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre" title="Desastre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desastre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Катастрофа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Катастрофа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa" title="Katastrofa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofe" title="Katastrofe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katastrofe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrophe" title="Katastrophe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katastrophe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastroof" title="Katastroof – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katastroof" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre" title="Desastre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desastre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofo" title="Katastrofo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katastrofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondamen" title="Hondamen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hondamen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%87" title="فاجعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاجعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe" title="Catastrophe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catastrophe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp" title="Ramp – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ramp" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%82%9C" title="재난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Աղետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="आपदा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आपदा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa" title="Katastrofa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizastro" title="Dizastro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dizastro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cdachi" title="Ọdachi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọdachi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencana" title="Bencana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bencana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe" title="Catastrophe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Catastrophe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disastro" title="Disastro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disastro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C9%9By%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Asɛyʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Asɛyʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಪತ್ತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಪತ್ತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="კატასტროფა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატასტროფა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="آفَت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آفَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Апат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Апат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrof" title="Katastrof – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Katastrof" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karesat" title="Karesat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karesat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кырсыктар теориясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кырсыктар теориясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamitas" title="Calamitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calamitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa" title="Katastrofa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ദുരന്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുരന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="अपघात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपघात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencana" title="Bencana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bencana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp" title="Ramp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ramp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3" title="災害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="災害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastroof" title="Katastroof – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Katastroof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofe" title="Katastrofe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katastrofe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa" title="Katastrofa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre" title="Desastre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desastre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezastru" title="Dezastru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dezastru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Катастрофа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катастрофа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatkeq%C3%ABsia" title="Fatkeqësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fatkeqësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1" title="ව්‍යසන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යසන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Disaster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa" title="Katastrofa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Катастрофа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катастрофа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa" title="Katastrofa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onnettomuus" title="Onnettomuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Onnettomuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrof" title="Katastrof – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katastrof" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakuna" title="Sakuna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sakuna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ภัยพิบัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภัยพิบัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afet" title="Afet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Катастрофа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катастрофа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA" title="آفت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آفت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3m_h%E1%BB%8Da" title="Thảm họa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thảm họa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="灾害 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="灾害" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%BD%E7%A6%8D" title="災禍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="災禍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="灾害 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="灾害" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3839081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Disaster">reviewed</a> on <i>24 December 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event resulting in major damage, destruction or death</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Disaster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Disaster (disambiguation)">Disaster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/300px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/450px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/600px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Ruins from the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>, one of the worst disasters in the history of the United States</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>disaster</b> is an event that causes serious harm to people, buildings, economies, or the environment, and the affected community cannot handle it alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ifrc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifrc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="brochure type sources are not the best available (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Natural disasters</i> like <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">wildfires</a> are caused by natural <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Human-made disasters</i> like <a href="/wiki/Oil_spills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil spills">oil spills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> are caused by people. Nowadays, it is hard to separate natural and human-made disasters because human actions can make natural disasters worse.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> also affects how often disasters due to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> hazards happen. </p><p>Disasters usually hit people in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> harder than people in wealthy countries. Over 95% of deaths from disasters happen in low-income countries, and those countries lose a lot more money compared to richer countries. For example, the damage from natural disasters is 20 times greater in developing countries than in <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized countries">industrialized countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PESOS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PESOS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because low-income countries often do not have well-built buildings or good plans to handle emergencies. </p><p>To reduce the damage from disasters, it is important to be prepared and have fit for purpose infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a> (DRR) aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. It focuses on actions to reduce risk before a disaster occurs, rather than on <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management#Phases_and_personal_activities" title="Emergency management">response and recovery</a> after the event. DRR and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> measures are similar in that they aim to reduce <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerability of people</a> and places to natural hazards. </p><p>When a disaster happens, the response includes actions like warning and evacuating people, rescuing those in danger, and quickly providing food, shelter, and medical care. The goal is to save lives and help people recover as quickly as possible. In some cases, national or international help may be needed to support recovery. This can happen, for example, through the work of <a href="/wiki/Aid_agency" title="Aid agency">humanitarian organizations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_palo_1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Turun_palo_1827.jpg/220px-Turun_palo_1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Turun_palo_1827.jpg/330px-Turun_palo_1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Turun_palo_1827.jpg/440px-Turun_palo_1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Turku" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Turku">Academy building</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire of Turku</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Wilhelm_Finnberg" title="Gustaf Wilhelm Finnberg">Gustaf Wilhelm Finnberg</a>, 1827</figcaption></figure> <p>The UN defines a disaster as "a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale".<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> It results from hazards in places where people live in exposed or vulnerable conditions. Some human failures make <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">communities vulnerable</a> to <a href="/wiki/Climate_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate hazards">climate hazards</a>. These are poor planning or development, or a lack of preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disasters are events that have an effect on people. A hazard that overwhelms or injures a community is considered a disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international disaster database <a href="/wiki/EM-DAT" class="mw-redirect" title="EM-DAT">EM-DAT</a> defines a disaster as “a situation or event that overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request for external assistance at the national or international level; it is an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.”<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of a disaster include all human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Undro" class="mw-redirect" title="Undro">UNDRO</a> (1984) defined a disaster in a more qualitative fashion as:<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented." Like other definitions this looks beyond the social aspects of the disaster impacts. It also focuses on losses. This raises the need for emergency response as an aspect of the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not set out quantitative thresholds or scales for damage, death, or injury.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A study in 1969 defined <i>major disasters</i> as conforming to the following criteria, based on the amount of deaths or damage:<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheehan_and_Hewitt_1969_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheehan_and_Hewitt_1969-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 100 people dead, at least 100 people injured, or at least $1 million damage. This definition includes indirect losses of life caused after the initial onset of the disaster. These could be the effects of diseases such as cholera or dysentery arising from the disaster. This definition is still commonly used. However it is limited to the number of deaths, injuries, and damage in money terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1992_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scale of a disaster matters. <i>Small-scale disasters</i> only affect local communities but need help beyond the affected community. <i>Large-scale disasters</i> affect wider society and need national or international help.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is usual to divide disasters into natural or human-made. Recently the divide between natural, man-made and man-accelerated disasters has become harder to draw.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some manufactured disasters such as <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> have been wrongly attributed to nature.<sup id="cite_ref-China.NYT_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China.NYT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_to_natural_hazards">Related to natural hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related to natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a></div> <p>Disasters with links to <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">natural hazards</a> are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>. However experts have questioned this term for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Disasters with links to natural hazards </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th style="width:8em">Example </th> <th>Profile </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></td> <td>The sudden, drastic flow of snow down a slope, occurring when either natural triggers, such as loading from new snow or rain, or artificial triggers, such as explosives or backcountry skiers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></td> <td>A severe snowstorm characterized by very strong winds and low temperatures </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a></td> <td>The shaking of the Earth's crust, caused by underground volcanic forces of breaking and shifting rock beneath the Earth's surface </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire (wild)</a></td> <td>Fires that originate in uninhabited areas and which pose the risk to spread to inhabited areas (see also <a href="/wiki/Wildfire#Climate_change_effects" title="Wildfire">Wildfire § Climate change effects</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a></td> <td>Flash flooding: Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or even low-lying areas flood quickly (see also <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing rain</a></td> <td>Rain occurring when outside surface temperature is below freezing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></td> <td>A prolonged period of excessively hot weather relative to the usual weather pattern of an area and relative to normal temperatures for the season (see also <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change#Heat_waves_and_temperature_extremes" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></td> <td>Geological phenomenon which includes a range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">Lightning strike</a></td> <td>An electrical discharge caused by lightning, typically during thunderstorms </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></td> <td>The sudden eruption of carbon dioxide from deep lake water </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> </td> <td>Rapidly rotating <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storm system</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low-pressure</a> center, a closed low-level <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">strong winds</a>, and a spiral arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> that produce heavy rain and <a href="/wiki/Squall" title="Squall">squalls</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a></td> <td>A series of waves hitting shores strongly, mainly caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake, usually caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">Volcanic eruption</a></td> <td>The release of hot magma, volcanic ash and/or gases from a volcano </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_disaster&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_(5457317101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457317101%29.jpg/300px-Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457317101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457317101%29.jpg/450px-Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457317101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457317101%29.jpg/600px-Global_Multihazard_Proportional_Economic_Loss_Risk_Deciles_%285457317101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Economic loss risk for six natural disasters: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> is the very harmful impact on a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> or <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> after a natural hazard event. Some examples of natural <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazard</a> events include <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> - including <a href="/wiki/Submarine_landslide" title="Submarine landslide">submarine landslides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional natural hazards include <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">ice storms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A natural disaster can cause <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">loss of life</a> or <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">damage property</a>. It typically causes economic damage. How bad the damage is depends on how well people are <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">prepared for disasters</a> and how strong the buildings, roads, and other <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">structures</a> are.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have been saying that the term <i>natural disaster</i> is unsuitable and should be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the simpler term <i>disaster</i> could be used. At the same time the type of hazard would be specified.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disaster happens when a natural or human-made <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazard</a> impacts a <a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">vulnerable community</a>. It results from the combination of the hazard and the exposure of a vulnerable society. </p><p>Nowadays it is hard to distinguish between <i>natural</i> and <i>human-made</i> disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>natural disaster</i> was already challenged in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human choices in architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fire risk,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resource management<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can cause or worsen natural disasters. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> also affects how often disasters due to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> hazards happen. These "<a href="/wiki/Climate_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate hazards">climate hazards</a>" are floods, heat waves, wildfires, tropical cyclones, and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Some things can make natural disasters worse. Examples are inadequate building norms, <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> of people and poor choices on <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> do not have proper <a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">disaster risk reduction</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_disaster_:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_disaster_:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes them more vulnerable to natural disasters than <a href="/wiki/High_income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="High income countries">high income countries</a>. An adverse event only becomes a disaster if it occurs in an area with a <a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">vulnerable population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrelated_to_natural_hazards">Unrelated to natural hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unrelated to natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/200px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/300px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/400px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airplane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Airplane crash">Airplane crashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack">terrorist attacks</a> are examples of man-made disasters: they kill and injure people, destroy and damage property, and cause pollution. One example is the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> in New York City.</figcaption></figure> <p>Human-made disasters are serious harmful events caused by human actions and social processes. Technological hazards also fall into this category. That is because they result in human-instigated disasters. Human-made hazards are sometimes called anthropogenic hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">criminality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">social unrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowd_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowd crush">crowd crushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport accidents">transport accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial accident">industrial accidents</a>, power outages, <a href="/wiki/Oil_spills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil spills">oil spills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks">terrorist attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear explosions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear radiation">nuclear radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a> also fall into this category. </p><p>Climate change and environmental degradation are sometimes called socio-natural hazards. These are hazards involving a combination of both natural and human factors.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> All disasters can be regarded as human-made, because of failure to introduce the right <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a> measures.<sup id="cite_ref-atrisk_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atrisk-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famines</a> may be caused locally by drought, flood, fire or pestilence. In modern times there is plenty of food globally. Long-lasting local shortages are generally due to government mismanagement, violent conflict, or an economic system that does not distribute food where needed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Disasters without links to natural hazards </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Disaster</b> </td> <td><b>Profile</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></td> <td>The intentional release or dissemination of biological agents as a means of coercion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unrest">Civil unrest</a></td> <td>A disturbance caused by a group of people that may include <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> and other forms of obstructions, riots, sabotage and other forms of crime, and which is intended to be a demonstration to the public and the government, but can escalate into general chaos </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire (urban)</a></td> <td>Even with strict building fire codes, people still perish in fires </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous material">Hazardous material spills</a></td> <td>The escape of solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property or the environment, from their intended controlled environment such as a container. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents">Nuclear and radiation accidents</a></td> <td>An event involving the significant release of radioactivity to the environment or a reactor core meltdown and which leads to major undesirable consequences to people, the environment, or the facility </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power failure">Power failure</a></td> <td>Caused by summer or winter storms, lightning or construction equipment digging in the wrong location </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Complex disasters</i>, where there is no single root cause, are more common in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. A specific hazard may also spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> that causes a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>. This results in <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a>, damaging a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> plant on the coast. The <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a> is a case in point. Experts examine these cascading events to see how risks and impacts can amplify and spread. This is particularly important given the increase in <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">climate risks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143–145">: 143–145 </span></sup> </p><p>Some researchers distinguish between <i>recurring events</i> like seasonal flooding and <i>unpredictable one-off events</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recurring events often carry an estimate of how often they occur. Experts call this the <a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">return period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster#Impacts" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster § Impacts</a></div> <p>The effects of a disaster include all human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p>The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) records statistics about disasters related to natural hazards. For 2023, EM-DAT recorded 399 disasters, which was higher than the 20-year average of 369.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_losses">Economic losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2016 and 2020 the total reported economic losses amounted to $293 billion. This figure is likely to be an underestimation. It is very challenging to measure the costs of disasters accurately, and many countries lack the resources and technical capacity to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDRR-2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDRR-2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> Over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020 losses were estimated at $5.2 trillion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impacts">Human impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, natural hazard-related disasters resulted in 86,473 fatalities and affected 93.1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the number of deaths was much higher than the 20-year average of 64,148, the number affected was much lower than the 20-year average of 175.5 million. </p><p>According to a UN report, 91% of deaths from hazards from 1970 to 2019 occurred in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction-2023_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction-2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These countries already have higher vulnerability and lower resilience to these events, which exacerbates the effects of the hazards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_climate_change">Effects of climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">Hazards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> are naturally occurring phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has caused these hazards to become more unreliable, frequent and severe. They thus contribute to disaster risks. Countries contributing most to climate change are often at the lowest risk of feeling the consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, countries with the highest vulnerability per capita release the lowest amount of emissions per capita, and yet still experience the most heightened droughts and extreme precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_response">Prevention and response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention and response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_risk_reduction">Disaster risk reduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disaster risk reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png/220px-Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png/330px-Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png/440px-Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Disaster risk reduction progress score for some countries in 2011. The score of 5 is best. Assessments include four indicators that reflect the degree to which countries have prioritized disaster risk reduction and the strengthening of relevant institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disaster_risk_reduction&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a> aims to make disasters less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters less damaging when they do occur. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. In technical terms, it aims to make them more resilient or less vulnerable. When DRR is successful, it makes communities less the <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerable</a> because it <a href="/wiki/Mitigation" title="Mitigation">mitigates</a> the effects of disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Disaster_risk_reduction_UNGA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disaster_risk_reduction_UNGA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means DRR can make risky events fewer and less severe. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> can increase <a href="/wiki/Climate_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate hazards">climate hazards</a>. So development efforts often consider DRR and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> together.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> It is possible to include DRR in almost all areas of development and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian work</a>. People from local communities, agencies or federal governments can all propose DRR strategies. DRR policies aim to "define goals and objectives across different timescales and with concrete targets, indicators and time frames."<sup id="cite_ref-Disaster_risk_reduction_UNGA_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disaster_risk_reduction_UNGA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_response">Disaster response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disaster response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disaster_response&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg/220px-Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg/330px-Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg/440px-Hinduja_Hospital%27s_Medical_Relief_Camp_at_Bhuj_after_the_2001_Gujarat_Earthquakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Relief camp at <a href="/wiki/Bhuj" title="Bhuj">Bhuj</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake" title="2001 Gujarat earthquake">2001 Gujarat earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a> refers to the actions taken directly before, during, or immediately after a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and safety, and meet the subsistence needs of the people affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Disaster_response_:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disaster_response_:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> It includes warning and evacuation, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>, providing immediate assistance, assessing damage, continuing assistance, and the immediate restoration or construction of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. An example of this would be building provisional <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diversion_dam" title="Diversion dam">diversion dams</a>. Emergency response aims to provide immediate help to keep people alive, improve their health and support their morale. It can involve specific but limited aid, such as helping <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> with transport, temporary shelter, and food. Or it can involve establishing semi-permanent settlements in camps and other locations. It may also involve initial repairs to damage to infrastructure, or diverting it. </p> The response phase focuses on keeping people safe, preventing the next disasters and meeting people's basic needs until more permanent and sustainable solutions are available. The governments where the disaster has happened have the main responsibility for addressing these needs. <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian organisation">Humanitarian organisations</a> are often present in this phase of the disaster management cycle. This is particularly so in countries where the government does not have the resources for a full response.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>disaster</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i><span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">désastre</i></span></i> which comes from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Old Italian</a> <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">disastro</i></span></i>. This in turn comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> pejorative prefix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">δυσ</span></span>- (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dus</i></span>-</i>) "bad"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">ἀστήρ</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aster</i></span></i>), "star".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the word <i>disaster</i> ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a> sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a> – Natural disaster outside human control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a> – Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of accidents and disasters by death toll">List of accidents and disasters by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_disasters" title="Lists of disasters">Lists of disasters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ifrc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ifrc_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/what-is-a-disaster">"What is a disaster?"</a>. <i>www.ifrc.org</i>. 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(December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuetoAgaton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cueto, Lavinia Javier; Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8147095">"Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbs11050064">10.3390/bs11050064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8147095">8147095</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946801">33946801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pandemic+and+Typhoon%3A+Positive+Impacts+of+a+Double+Disaster+on+Mental+Health+of+Female+Students+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8147095%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33946801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbs11050064&rft.aulast=Cueto&rft.aufirst=Lavinia+Javier&rft.au=Agaton%2C+Casper+Boongaling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8147095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atrisk-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atrisk_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis & Ben Wisner. <i>At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters</i>, Wiltshire: Routledge, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25216-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25216-4">0-415-25216-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/famine">"Famine"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Bull-KamangaK._DiagneA._LavellE._Leon2003" class="citation journal cs1">L. Bull-Kamanga; K. Diagne; A. Lavell; E. Leon; F. Lerise; H. MacGregor; A. Maskrey; M. Meshack; M. Pelling (1 April 2003). 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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009325844.003">10.1017/9781009325844.003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC, 2023: Sections. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/">Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 35-115, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/disaster-risk-reduction-progress?tab=chart&time=earliest..latest&country=CAN~MNG~BRA~DEU~JPN~CHE~USA~BGD~IND~LBN~KEN~NGA~SEN~LKA~SLE~MEX~PAK~GHA~DZA~ARG">"Disaster risk reduction progress score"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBeanRodgers2010" class="citation journal cs1">McBean, Gordon; Rodgers, Caroline (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.77">"Climate hazards and disasters: the need for capacity building"</a>. <i>WIREs Climate Change</i>. <b>1</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">871–</span>884. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010WIRCC...1..871M">2010WIRCC...1..871M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcc.77">10.1002/wcc.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-7780">1757-7780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIREs+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Climate+hazards+and+disasters%3A+the+need+for+capacity+building&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E871-%3C%2Fspan%3E884&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1757-7780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwcc.77&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010WIRCC...1..871M&rft.aulast=McBean&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fwcc.77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disaster_response_:02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disaster_response_:02_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNGA (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/report-open-ended-intergovernmental-expert-working-group-indicators-and-terminology">Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction</a>. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328613">"Dus, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dus%2C+Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+%22A+Greek-English+Lexicon%22%2C+at+Perseus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252328613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316528">"Aster, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aster%2C+Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+%22A+Greek-English+Lexicon%22%2C+at+Perseus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252316528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/?term=disaster">"Disaster"</a> in Etymology online</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disaster&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:History">History</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History/Historical_Disasters_and_Tragedies" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:History/Historical Disasters and Tragedies">Historical Disasters and Tragedies</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Disaster</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disaster" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Disaster">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Disasters" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Disasters">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Disasters_and_accidents" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Disasters and accidents">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Disaster" class="extiw" title="q:Disaster">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disaster" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Disaster">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disaster" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Disaster">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disaster" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Disaster">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> –<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/">ReliefWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undrr.org/">UNDRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Disaster_Alert_and_Coordination_System" title="Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System">Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System</a> – a joint initiative of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (OCHA) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disasters204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disasters" title="Template:Disasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disasters" title="Template talk:Disasters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disasters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disasters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disasters204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disasters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_disasters" title="Lists of disasters">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of accidents and disasters by death toll">by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_by_cost" title="List of disasters by cost">by cost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Australia_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Australia by death toll">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Bangladesh_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Bangladesh by death toll">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Canada" title="List of disasters in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_China_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in China by death toll">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Croatia_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Croatia by death toll">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_Czech_Republic_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in the Czech Republic by death toll">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Estonia_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Estonia by death toll">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Haiti" title="List of natural disasters in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_India" title="Natural disasters in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Indonesia" title="List of disasters in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Japan_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Japan by death toll">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Malta_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Malta by death toll">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_New_Zealand_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_Philippines" title="List of disasters in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Poland_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Poland by death toll">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Portugal_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Portugal by death toll">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Romania_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Romania by death toll">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_man-made_disasters_in_South_Korea" title="List of man-made disasters in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Sweden_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Sweden by death toll">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Thailand" title="List of disasters in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="List of natural disasters in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Vietnam_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in Vietnam by death toll">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_disasters" title="Template talk:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_disasters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural disasters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_disasters_–_list_by_death_toll158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disasters</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">list by death toll</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_hazard" title="Geological hazard">Geological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">Mudflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">Seismic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_floods" title="List of floods">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrelated to natural hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">Accidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rail_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rail accidents">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters" title="List of maritime disasters">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_shipwrecks" title="Lists of shipwrecks">Shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_disasters" title="List of industrial disasters">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_structural_failures_and_collapses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of structural failures and collapses">Structural failures and collapses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge_failures" title="List of bridge failures">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam_failure" title="Dam failure">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Nuclear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll" title="List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll">by death toll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">Civilian radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_accidents" title="List of civilian nuclear accidents">Civilian nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents" title="List of military nuclear accidents">Military nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_spills" title="List of oil spills">Oil spills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee_breach" title="Levee breach">Levee breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_catastrophic_collapses_of_broadcast_masts_and_towers" title="List of catastrophic collapses of broadcast masts and towers">Mast and tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_infrastructure_failures" title="List of modern infrastructure failures">Infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_scales" title="Famine scales">Famine scales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laboratory_biosecurity_incidents" title="List of laboratory biosecurity incidents">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic" title="Opioid epidemic">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_of_despair" title="Disease of despair">Disease of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_man-made_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of man-made disasters">Man-made</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_collapses_and_crushes" title="Crowd collapses and crushes">Crowd collapses and crushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_crises" title="List of economic crises">Economic crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters" title="List of environmental disasters">Environmental disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_zone" title="Sacrifice zone">Sacrifice zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_disasters" title="List of military disasters">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots" title="List of riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nightclub_fires" title="List of nightclub fires">Nightclub fires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_preparedness" title="Earthquake preparedness">Earthquake preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane preparedness">Hurricane preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_kit" title="Survival kit">Survival kit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Emergency population warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_warning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake warning system">Earthquake warning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_evacuations" title="List of mass evacuations">Evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane response">Hurricane response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_area" title="Disaster area">Disaster area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster film</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">List of civil defense organisations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Emergency_Managers" title="International Association of Emergency Managers">International Association of Emergency Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Disaster_and_Risk_Conference" title="International Disaster and Risk Conference">International Disaster and Risk Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_Accountability_Project" title="Disaster Accountability Project">Disaster Accountability Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Disaster_Emergency_Service" title="International Disaster Emergency Service">International Disaster Emergency Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Disaster_management" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Disaster management">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3839081#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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