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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alphabet and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet and pronunciation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digraphs_and_trigraphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digraphs_and_trigraphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Digraphs and trigraphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digraphs_and_trigraphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definite articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indefinite articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Verbal conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubled_initial_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubled_initial_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Doubled initial consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubled_initial_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Words_that_trigger_doubling_in_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_that_trigger_doubling_in_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Words that trigger doubling in pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_that_trigger_doubling_in_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neapolitan language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitaans" title="Napolitaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Napolitaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8A%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ናፖሊታንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናፖሊታንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة النابولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة النابولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_napolit%C3%A1n" title="Idioma napolitán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma napolitán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoliten" title="Napoliten – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Napoliten" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_napolitanu" title="Idioma napolitanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma napolitanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ناپولی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناپولی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoli-g%C3%AD" title="Napoli-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Napoli-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Неапалітанская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неапалітанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нэапалітанская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэапалітанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Napolitano" title="Tataramon na Napolitano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Napolitano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Неаполитански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неаполитански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napulitano" title="Napulitano – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Napulitano" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitaneg" title="Napolitaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Napolitaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolit%C3%A0" title="Napolità – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Napolità" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapol%C5%A1tina" title="Neapolština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neapolština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitansk_(sprog)" title="Napolitansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Napolitansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitanische_Sprache" title="Neapolitanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neapolitanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napulit%C3%A0%E1%B9%85" title="Napulitàṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Napulitàṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_napolitano" title="Idioma napolitano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma napolitano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napola_lingvo" title="Napola lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Napola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_napolitana" title="Luenga napolitana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga napolitana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoliera" title="Napoliera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Napoliera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان ناپولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ناپولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_bhasa" title="Neapolitan bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Neapolitan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitain" title="Napolitain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Napolitain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaplish" title="Naaplish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Naaplish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_napolitana" title="Lingua napolitana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua napolitana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoli-ng%C3%AE" title="Napoli-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Napoli-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="나폴리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나폴리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitansko-kalabrijski_jezik" title="Napolitansko-kalabrijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napolitansko-kalabrijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitana_linguo" title="Napolitana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Napolitana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Napolitano" title="Pagsasao a Napolitano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Napolitano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Napoli" title="Bahasa Napoli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Napoli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Неаполитанаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Неаполитанаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_napoletana" title="Lingua napoletana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua napoletana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נפוליטנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפוליטנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნეაპოლური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეაპოლური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Неаполитан кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Неаполитан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_napol%C3%AEtan%C3%AE" title="Zimanê napolîtanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê napolîtanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Neapolitana" title="Lingua Neapolitana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Neapolitana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Neapoliešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neapoliešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Neapoliečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neapoliečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_napolitann-a" title="Léngoa napolitann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa napolitann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_napulitana" title="Lengua napulitana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua napulitana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1polyi_nyelv" title="Nápolyi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nápolyi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Неаполски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неаполски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="النابوليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النابوليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitaans" title="Napolitaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Napolitaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitaansk" title="Napolitaansk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Napolitaansk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="ナポリ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナポリ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_napulitana" title="Lengua napulitana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua napulitana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitaans_spriak" title="Neapolitaans spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neapolitaans spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitansk-kalabresisk_spr%C3%A5k" title="Napolitansk-kalabresisk språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napolitansk-kalabresisk språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitansk-kalabresisk" title="Napolitansk-kalabresisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Napolitansk-kalabresisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoulitain_(langue)" title="Napoulitain (langue) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Napoulitain (langue)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitan" title="Napolitan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Napolitan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ناپولیٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناپولیٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolitano" title="Napolitano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Napolitano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoulitain_(lingue)" title="Napoulitain (lingue) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Napoulitain (lingue)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_napoletan-a" title="Lenga napoletan-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga napoletan-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_neapolita%C5%84ski" title="Język neapolitański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język neapolitański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_napolitana" title="Língua napolitana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua napolitana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_tili" title="Neapolitan tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Neapolitan tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_napoletan%C4%83" title="Limba napoletană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba napoletană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Неаполитанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неаполитанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Неаполитаан тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Неаполитаан тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱮᱯᱳᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱯᱳᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_napulitana" title="Limba napulitana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba napulitana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_leid" title="Neapolitan leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neapolitan leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_napulitana" title="Lingua napulitana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua napulitana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neapolitan language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapol%C4%8Dina-kal%C3%A1brij%C4%8Dina" title="Neapolčina-kalábrijčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neapolčina-kalábrijčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Наполитански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наполитански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolin_kieli" title="Napolin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Napolin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitanska" title="Neapolitanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neapolitanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Napolitano" title="Wikang Napolitano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Napolitano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நபுலிதான மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நபுலிதான மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolice" title="Napolice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Napolice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Неаполитан кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Неаполитан кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Неаполітанська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неаполітанська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ناپولی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناپولی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېئاپول تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېئاپول تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Napoli" title="Tiếng Napoli – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Napoli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="那不勒斯语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="那不勒斯语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%8E%BB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87" title="拿玻里文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拿玻里文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapoul%C4%97itiu_kalba" title="Neapoulėitiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Neapoulėitiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="那不勒斯语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="那不勒斯语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abruzzese-Neapolitan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzese-Neapolitan">Abruzzese-Neapolitan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italo-Romance language spoken in southern Italy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neapolitan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Neapolitan language">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Neapolitan_language" title="Talk:Neapolitan language">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neapolitan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Neapolitan language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Neapolitan+language%22">"Neapolitan language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Neapolitan+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Neapolitan+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Neapolitan+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Neapolitan+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Neapolitan+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in Italy or Languages</b>. The specific problem is: <b>Verification and expansion are needed, especially using sources that may not be well-known to non-experts.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Italy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Italy">WikiProject Italy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages">WikiProject Languages</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article should be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into articles titled <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neapolitan language</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian dialects">Southern Italian dialects</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan dialect">Neapolitan dialect</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Neapolitan_language#A_bit_confusing" title="Talk:Neapolitan language">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_napoletana" class="extiw" title="it:Lingua napoletana">the corresponding article</a> in Italian</b>.  <i><small>(October 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLingua_napoletana&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Italian article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Neapolitan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Continental Southern Italian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">napulitano</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.7 million (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Italo-Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Southern_Italo-Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Intermediate Southern Italian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Neapolitan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=315">nap</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nap" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nap">nap</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/neap1235">neap1235</a></code>  Continental Southern Italian<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout3126">sout3126</a></code>  South Lucanian = <code>(Vd)</code> Lausberg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Neapolitan_languages-it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neapolitan_languages-it.svg/320px-Neapolitan_languages-it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neapolitan_languages-it.svg/480px-Neapolitan_languages-it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neapolitan_languages-it.svg/640px-Neapolitan_languages-it.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="514" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Southern Italo-Romance languages</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/320px-Romance_languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/480px-Romance_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Romance_languages.png/640px-Romance_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1525" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Neapolitan as part of the European Romance languages<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This image needs references to reliable sources (November 2022)">image reference needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Neapolitan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">autonym</a>: <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">('o n)napulitano</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[(o<span class="wrap"> </span>n)napuliˈtɑːnə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">napoletano</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Romance languages">Italo-Romance group</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and most of continental <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, which once covered most of the area, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> stated that Neapolitan was to be protected.<sup id="cite_ref-denaro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denaro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While this article mostly addresses the language group native to much of continental Southern Italy or the former Kingdom of Naples, the terms <i>Neapolitan</i>, <i>napulitano</i> or <i>napoletano</i> may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> spoken natively in the city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and the immediately surrounding <a href="/wiki/Naples_metropolitan_area" title="Naples metropolitan area">Naples metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Foffo_speaking_Neapolitan.webm&lang=nap&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nap" label="Napulitano ‪(nap)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Neapolitan speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg/220px-Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg/330px-Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg/440px-Maria_Flora_nella_canzone_%27O_pisciavinolo_-_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>1895 song in Neapolitan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Largely due to massive Southern Italian migration in the late 19th century and 20th century, there are also a number of Neapolitan speakers in <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> communities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no inline citation (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, in the United States, traditional Neapolitan has had considerable contact with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian languages</a> spoken by Sicilian and Calabrian immigrants living alongside Neapolitan-speaking immigrants and so the Neapolitan in the US is now significantly different from the contemporary Neapolitan spoken in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no inline citation (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. English words are often used in place of Neapolitan words, especially among second-generation speakers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no inline citation (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. On the other hand, the effect of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">Standard Italian</a> on Neapolitan in Italy has been similar because of the increasing displacement of Neapolitan by Standard Italian in daily speech<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="no inline citation (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giambattista_Basile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Giambattista_Basile.jpg/220px-Giambattista_Basile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Giambattista_Basile.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a> (1566–1632), author of a <a href="/wiki/Pentamerone" title="Pentamerone">collection of fairy tales</a> in Neapolitan that includes the earliest known versions of <i><a href="/wiki/Rapunzel" title="Rapunzel">Rapunzel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Neapolitan is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> and is considered as part of Southern Italo-Romance. There are notable differences among the various dialects, but they are all generally mutually intelligible. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and Neapolitan are of variable mutual comprehensibility, depending on affective and linguistic factors. There are notable grammatical differences, such as Neapolitan having nouns in the neuter form and a unique plural formation, as well as historical phonological developments, which often obscure the cognacy of lexical items. </p><p>Its evolution has been similar to that of Italian and other Romance languages from their roots in <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. It may reflect a pre-Latin <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>, as in the pronunciation of the <i>d</i> sound as an <i>r</i> sound (<a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a>) at the beginning of a word or between two vowels: e.g. <i>doje</i> (feminine) or <i>duje</i> (masculine), meaning "two", is pronounced, and often spelled, as <i>roje</i>/<i>ruje</i>; <i>vedé</i> ("to see") as <i>veré</i>, and often spelled so; also <i>cadé</i>/<i>caré</i> ("to fall") and <i><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Madonna</a></i>/<i>Maronna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sornicola_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sornicola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another purported Oscan influence is the historical assimilation of the consonant cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nd/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nn/</span>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nː]</span> (this is generally reflected in spelling more consistently: <i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munno#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:munno">munno</a></i> vs Italian <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mondo#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:mondo">mondo</a></i> "world"; <i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quanno#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:quanno">quanno</a></i> vs Italian <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quando#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:quando">quando</a></i> "when"), along with the development of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mb/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mm/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mː]</span> (<i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tammuro#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:tammuro">tammuro</a></i> vs Italian <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tamburo#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tamburo">tamburo</a></i> "drum"), also consistently reflected in spelling. Other effects of the Oscan <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> are postulated, but substratum claims are highly controversial. As in many other languages in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, Neapolitan has an <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Adstratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">adstratum</a> greatly influenced by other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> above all), <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (both ancient and modern). The language had never been standardised, and the word for <i>tree</i> has three different spellings: <i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arbero#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:arbero">arbero</a></i>, <i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arvero#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:arvero">arvero</a></i> and <i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0varo#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:àvaro">àvaro</a></i>. </p><p>Neapolitan has enjoyed a rich literary, <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan music">musical</a> and theatrical history (notably <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Scarpetta" title="Eduardo Scarpetta">Eduardo Scarpetta</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo" title="Eduardo De Filippo">Eduardo De Filippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Di_Giacomo" title="Salvatore Di Giacomo">Salvatore Di Giacomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tot%C3%B2" title="Totò">Totò</a>). Thanks to this heritage and the musical work of <a href="/wiki/Renato_Carosone" title="Renato Carosone">Renato Carosone</a> in the 1950s, Neapolitan is still in use in popular music, even gaining national popularity in the songs of <a href="/wiki/Pino_Daniele" title="Pino Daniele">Pino Daniele</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuova_Compagnia_di_Canto_Popolare" title="Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare">Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare</a>. </p><p>The language has no official status within Italy and is not taught in schools. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a> offers (from 2003) courses in Campanian Dialectology at the faculty of Sociology, whose actual aim is not to teach students to speak the language but to study its history, usage, literature and social role. There are also ongoing legislative attempts at the national level to have it recognized as an official <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> of Italy. It is a recognized <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 639 Joint Advisory Committee language with the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> language code of <i>nap</i>. </p><p>Here is the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> pronunciation of the Neapolitan spoken in the city of Naples: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer#English_versions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord's Prayer">English</a> </th> <th>Neapolitan (Naples) </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Our Father who art in heaven, </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">Pate nuoste ca staje 'n cielo,</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈpɑːtə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnwostə<span class="wrap"> </span>ka<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈstɑːjə<span class="wrap"> </span>nˈdʒjeːlə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hallowed be thy name </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">santificammo 'o nomme tuojo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[sandifiˈkamm(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnommə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtwoːjə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thy kingdom come, </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">faje venì 'o regno tuojo,</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈfɑːjə<span class="wrap"> </span>vəˈni<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈrɛɲɲə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtwoːjə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thy will be done, </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">sempe cu 'a vuluntà (t)toja,</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈsɛmbə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>vulunˈda<span class="wrap"> </span>(t)ˈtɔːjə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>on earth as it is in heaven. </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">accussì 'n cielo accussì 'n terra.</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[akkusˈsi<span class="wrap"> </span>nˈdʒjeːlə<span class="wrap"> </span>akkusˈsi<span class="wrap"> </span>nˈdɛrrə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Give us this day our daily bread </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">Fance avé 'o ppane tutte 'e juorne</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈfandʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>aˈve<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>pˈpɑːnə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtutt<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjwornə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>and forgive us our trespasses </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">liévace 'e diébbete</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈljeːvəʃ(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈrjebbətə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>as we forgive those who trespass against us, </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">comme nuje 'e llevamme a ll'ate,</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈkommə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnuːjə<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>lləˈvammə<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>lˈlɑːtə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>and lead us not into temptation, </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">nun ce fa spantecà,</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[nun<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfa<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃpandəˈka]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>but deliver us from evil. </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">e lliévace 'o mmale 'a tuorno.</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[e<span class="wrap"> </span>lˈljeːvəʃ(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>mˈmɑːl(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtwornə]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amen. </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">Ammèn.</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[amˈmɛnn(ə)]</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_and_pronunciation">Alphabet and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alphabet and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neapolitan orthography consists of 22 <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> letters. Much like <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian orthography</a>, it does not contain <i>k,</i> <i>w,</i> <i>x,</i> or <i>y</i> even though these letters might be found in some foreign words; unlike Italian, it does contain the letter <i>j</i>. The following English pronunciation guidelines are based on <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> pronunciation, and the values used may not apply to other dialects. (See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects</a>.) </p><p>All Romance languages are closely related. Although Neapolitan shares a high degree of its vocabulary with Italian, the official language of Italy, differences in pronunciation often make the connection unrecognizable to those without knowledge of Neapolitan. The most striking phonological difference is the Neapolitan weakening of unstressed vowels into <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (<i>schwa</i> is pronounced like the <i>a</i> in <i>about</i> or the <i>u</i> in <i>upon</i>). However, it is also possible (and quite common for some Neapolitans) to speak standard Italian with a "Neapolitan accent"; that is, by pronouncing un-stressed vowels as schwa or by pronouncing the letter s as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> (like the <i>sh</i> in <i>ship</i>) instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> (like the <i>s</i> in <i>sea</i> or the <i>ss</i> in <i>pass</i>) when the letter is in initial position followed by a consonant, but not when it is followed by a dental occlusive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>/</span> (at least in the purest form of the language) but by otherwise using only entirely standard words and grammatical forms. This is not Neapolitan properly, but rather a mere difference in Italian pronunciation. </p><p>Therefore, while pronunciation presents the strongest barrier to comprehension, the grammar of Neapolitan is what sets it apart from Italian. In Neapolitan, for example, the gender and number of a word is expressed by a change in the accented vowel because it no longer distinguishes final unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> (e.g. <i>l<b>uo</b>ngo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈlwoŋɡə]</a></span>, <i>l<b>o</b>nga</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[ˈloŋɡə]</a></span>; Italian <i>lung<b>o</b></i>, <i>lung<b>a</b></i>; masc. "long", fem. "long"), whereas in Italian it is expressed by a change in the final vowel. These and other morpho-syntactic differences distinguish the Neapolitan language from the Italian language and the Neapolitan accent. </p><p>Neapolitan has had a significant influence on the intonation of <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">surrounding region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and in the entire country of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are only five graphic vowels in Neapolitan, phonemically, there are eight. Stressed vowels <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">e</i></span> and <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">o</i></span> can be either "<a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">closed</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a>" and the pronunciation is different for the two. The grave accent (<span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">à</i></span>, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">è</i></span>, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ò</i></span>) is used to denote open vowels, and the acute accent (<span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">é</i></span>, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">í</i></span>, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ó</i></span>, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ú</i></span>) is used to denote closed vowels, with alternative <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ì</i></span> and <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ù</i></span>. However, accent marks are not commonly used in the actual spelling of words except when they occur on the final syllable of a word, such as <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">Totò</i></span>, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">arrivà</i></span>, or <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">pecché</i></span>, and when they appear here in other positions, it is only to demonstrate where the stress, or accent, falls in some words. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> is used to mark a long vowel where it would not normally occur (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">sî</i></span> "you are"). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High-mid" class="mw-redirect" title="High-mid">High-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low-mid" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-mid">Low-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Pronunciation guide </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">a</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>a</i> is usually <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> and is pronounced like the <i>a</i> in <i>father</i> <br /> when it is the final, unstressed vowel, its pronunciation is indistinct and approaches the sound of the <i>schwa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">e</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td>stressed, open <i>e</i> is pronounced like the <i>e</i> in <i>bet</i><br /> stressed, closed <i>e</i> is pronounced like the <i>a</i> in <i>fame</i> except that it does not die off into <i>ee</i><br /> unstressed <i>e</i> is pronounced as a <i>schwa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">o</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td>stressed, open <i>o</i> is pronounced like the <i>o</i> in <i>often</i><br /> stressed, closed <i>o</i> is pronounced like the <i>o</i> in <i>closed</i> except that it does not die off into <i>oo</i> <br /> unstressed <i>o</i> is pronounced as a <i>schwa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">i</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>i</i> is always closed and is pronounced like the <i>ee</i> in <i>meet</i> <br /> when it is initial, or preceding another vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">u</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td><i>u</i> is always closed and is pronounced like the <i>oo</i> in <i>boot</i> <br /> when it is initial, or preceding another vowel </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">central</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>)</td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Pronunciation guide </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>p</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as the <i>p</i> in English <i>spill</i> (not as the <i>p</i> in <i>pill</i>, which is aspirated)<br />voiced after <i>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>b</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English, always <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> when preceded by another vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>t</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td>dental version of the English <i>t</i> as in <i>state</i> (not as the <i>t</i> in <i>tool</i>, which is aspirated)<br />voiced after <i>n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>d</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> version of the English <i>d</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>c</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td>when followed by <i>e</i> or <i>i</i> the pronunciation is somewhere between the <i>sh</i> in <i>share</i> and the <i>ch</i> in <i>chore</i>, especially after a vowel <br />otherwise it is like the <i>k</i> in <i>skip</i> (not like the <i>c</i> in <i>call</i>, which is <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a>)<br /> in both cases <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> after <i>n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>g</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span>, <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td>when followed by <i>e</i> or <i>i</i> the pronunciation is like the <i>g</i> of <i>German</i>, always geminated when preceded by another vowel <br /> otherwise it is like the <i>g</i> in <i>gum</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>f</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>v</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>s</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English <i>sound</i> unless it comes before a consonant other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>r<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span> <br /> pronounced as <i>ds</i> in <i>lads</i> after <i>n</i> <br /> pronounced as English <i>z</i> before <i>d</i> or after <i>n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-MdF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MdF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>pronounced <i>sh</i> when followed by a voiceless consonant (except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>) <br /> <i>zh</i> when followed by a voiced consonant (except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>r<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>z</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z]</span> </td> <td>unvoiced <i>z</i> (not occurring after <i>n</i>) is pronounced like the <i>ts</i> in <i>jetsam</i><br />voiced <i>z</i> is pronounced like the <i>ds</i> in <i>lads</i> after <i>n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>j</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td>referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Semi-consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-consonant">semi-consonant</a>, is pronounced like English <i>y</i> as in <i>yet</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>l</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>m</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>n</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td>pronounced the same as in English; if followed by a consonant, it variously changes its <a href="/wiki/Point_of_articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of articulation">point of articulation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>r</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> </td> <td>when between two vowels it sounds very much like the American <i>tt</i> in <i>butter</i> but in reality it is a single tic of a trilled <i>r</i> <br /> when at the beginning of a word or when preceded by or followed by another consonant, it is trilled </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>q</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʷ</a>/</span> </td> <td>represented by orthographic <i>qu</i>, pronounced the same as in English </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>h</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>h</i> is always silent and is only used to differentiate words pronounced the same and otherwise spelled alike (e.g. <i>a</i>, <i>ha</i>; <i>anno</i>, <i>hanno</i>)<br />and after <i>g</i> or <i>c</i> to preserve the hard sound when <i>e</i> or <i>i</i> follows (e.g. <i>ce</i>, <i>che</i>; <i>gi</i>, <i>ghi</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>x</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k(ə)s/</span> </td> <td>pronounced like the <i>cks</i> in <i>backs</i> or like the <i>cchus</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a></i>; this consonant sequence does not occur in native Neapolitan or Italian words </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digraphs_and_trigraphs">Digraphs and trigraphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digraphs and trigraphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following clusters are always <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> if vowel-following. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Pronunciation Guide </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>gn</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> version of the <i>ni</i> in the English <i>onion</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gl(i)</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>]</span> </td> <td>palatal version of the <i>lli</i> in the English <i>million</i>, most commonly realized like a strong version of <i>y</i> in the English <i>yes</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sc</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>when followed by <i>e</i> or <i>i</i> it is pronounced as the <i>sh</i> in the English <i>ship</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg/220px-Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg/330px-Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg/440px-Carnevale_Scampia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Neapolitan text at the Scampìa Carnival; note the definite article <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">'o</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_articles">Definite articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Definite articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Neapolitan classical <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite articles</a> (corresponding to the English word "the") are <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">a</i></span> (feminine singular), <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">o</i></span> (masculine singular) and <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">i</i></span> (plural for both). </p><p>Before a word beginning with a consonant: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Masculine</b> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Feminine</b> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span> C: </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Neuter</b> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span> C: </td> <td>∅ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"C:" = the initial consonant of the following word is <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> if followed by a vowel. </p><p>These definite articles are always pronounced distinctly. </p><p>Before a word beginning with a vowel, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">l’</i></span> or <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ll’</i></span> are used for both masculine and feminine, singular and plural. Although both forms can be found, the <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ll’</i></span> form is by far the most common. </p><p>In Neapolitan, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> of a noun is not easily determined by the article, so other means must be used. In the case of <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span>, which can be either masculine singular or neuter singular (there is no neuter plural in Neapolitan), the initial consonant of the noun is doubled when it is neuter. For example, the name of a language in Neapolitan is always neuter, so if we see <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o nnapulitano</i></span> we know it refers to the Neapolitan language, whereas <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o napulitano</i></span> would refer to a Neapolitan man. </p><p>Likewise, since <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span> can be either masculine or feminine plural, when it is feminine plural, the initial consonant of the noun is doubled. For example, consider <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’a lista</i></span>, which in Neapolitan is feminine singular, meaning "the list". In the plural, it becomes <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e lliste</i></span>. </p><p>There can also be problems with nouns whose singular form ends in <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">e</i></span>. Since plural nouns usually end in <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">e</i></span> whether masculine or feminine, the masculine plural is often signaled orthographically, that is, by altering the spelling. As an example, consider the word <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">guaglione</i></span>, which means "boy" or (in the feminine form) "girl": </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Masculine</b> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o guaglione</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e guagliune</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Feminine</b> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’a guagliona</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e gguaglione</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More will be said about these orthographically changing nouns in the section on Neapolitan nouns. </p><p>A couple of notes about consonant doubling: </p> <ul><li>Doubling is a function of the article (and certain other words), and these same words may be seen in other contexts without the consonant doubled. More will be said about this in the section on consonant doubling.</li> <li>Doubling only occurs when a vowel follows the consonant. No doubling occurs if it is followed by another consonant, such as in the word <i>spagnuolo (Spanish)</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_articles">Indefinite articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indefinite articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Neapolitan indefinite articles, corresponding to the English <i>a</i> or <i>an</i>, are presented in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Before words beginning with a consonant</b> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">nu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">na</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Before words beginning with a vowel</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">n’</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_conjugation">Verbal conjugation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbal conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Neapolitan there are four finite moods: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, and three non-finite modes: <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>. Each mood has an <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> form. The only auxiliary verbs used in the active form is <i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/av%C3%A9#Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:avé">(h)avé</a></i> (Eng. "to have", It. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">avere</i></span>), which contrasts with Italian, in which the intransitive and reflexive verbs take <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">èssere</i></span> for their auxiliary. For example, we have: </p> <dl><dt>Neapolitan</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Aggio</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.have.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">stato</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Napule</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Naples</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="nap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ajere.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday</p></div><p style="display: none;">Aggio stato a Napule ajere.</p><p style="display: none;">AUX.have.1SG.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday</p><p style="clear: left;">I was in Naples yesterday.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dt>Italian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sono</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">stato</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Napoli</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Naples</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="it" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ieri.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday</p></div><p style="display: none;">Sono stato a Napoli ieri.</p><p style="display: none;">AUX.be.1S.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday</p><p style="clear: left;">I was in Naples yesterday.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doubled_initial_consonants">Doubled initial consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Doubled initial consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Neapolitan, many times the initial consonant of a word is doubled. This is called <i><a href="/wiki/Raddoppiamento_sintattico" class="mw-redirect" title="Raddoppiamento sintattico">raddoppiamento sintattico</a></i> in Italian as it also applies to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a>. </p> <ul><li>All feminine plural nouns, preceded by the feminine plural definite article, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span>, or any feminine plural adjective, have their initial consonant doubled.</li> <li>All neuter singular nouns, when preceded by the neuter singular definite article, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span>, or by a neuter singular adjective, have their initial consonant doubled.</li> <li>In addition, other words also trigger this doubling. Below is a list of words that trigger the doubling of the initial consonant of the following word.</li></ul> <p>However, when there is a pause after the "trigger" word, the phonological doubling does not occur (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">tu sî (g)guaglione</i></span>, "You are a boy", where <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">sî</i></span> is a "trigger" word causing doubling of the initial consonant in <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">guaglione</i></span>, but in the phrase <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e do sî, guaglió?</i></span> "Where are you from, boy?", no doubling occurs. Neither does doubling occur when the initial consonant is followed by another consonant (other than <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">l</i></span> or <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">r</i></span>), e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o ttaliano</i></span> "the Italian language", but <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o spagnuolo</i></span> "the Spanish language", where <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span> is the neuter definite article). This doubling phenomenon happens phonologically (in pronunciation), and the doubling is not required in spelling. The same thing happens in Italian, where multiple words trigger first-consonant doubling, e.g. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">la casa</i></span> but <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">a (c)casa</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">io e (t)te</i></span>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Words_that_trigger_doubling_in_pronunciation">Words that trigger doubling in pronunciation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Words that trigger doubling in pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_Carofalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Viola_Carofalo.jpg/220px-Viola_Carofalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Viola_Carofalo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_Carofalo" title="Viola Carofalo">Viola Carofalo</a> wearing a T-shirt with Neapolitan <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">je so’ pazzo</i></span> ("I am crazy.")</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The conjunctions <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">e</i></span></b> and <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">né</i></span></b> but not <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">o</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">pane e ccaso</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">né (p)pane né (c)caso</i></span>; but <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">pane o caso</i></span>)</li> <li>The prepositions <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">a</i></span></b>, <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">pe</i></span></b>, <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">cu</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">a (m)me</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">pe (t)te</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">cu (v)vuje</i></span>)</li> <li>The negation <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">nu</i></span></b>, short for <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">nun</i></span> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">nu ddicere niente</i></span>)</li> <li>The indefinites <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ogne</i></span></b>, <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">cocche</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ogne (c)casa</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">cocche (c)cosa</i></span>)</li> <li>Interrogative <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">che</i></span></b> and relative <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">che</i></span></b> but not <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">ca</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">che (p)piense?</i></span> <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">che (f)femmena!</i></span> <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">che (c)capa!</i></span>)</li> <li><b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">accussí</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">accussí (b)bello</i></span>)</li> <li>From the verb "<span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">essere</i></span>", <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">so’</i></span></b>; <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">sî</i></span></b>; <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">è</i></span></b> but not <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">songo</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">je so’ (p)pazzo</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">tu sî (f)fesso</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chella è (M)Maria</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chilli so’ (c)cafune</i></span> but <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chilli songo cafune</i></span>)</li> <li><b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chiú</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chiú (p)poco</i></span>)</li> <li>The number <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">tre</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">tre (s)segge</i></span>)</li> <li>The neuter definite article <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o (p)pane</i></span>, but <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">nu poco ’e pane</i></span>)</li> <li>The neuter pronoun <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’o (t)tiene ’o (p)pane?</i></span>)</li> <li>Demonstrative adjectives <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chistu</i></span></b> and <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chillu</i></span></b> which refer to neuter nouns in indefinite quantities (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chistu (f)fierro</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chillu (p)pane</i></span>) but not in definite quantities (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">Chistu fierro</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">chillu pane</i></span>)</li> <li>The feminine plural definite article <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e (s)segge</i></span>; <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e (g)guaglione</i></span>)</li> <li>The plural feminine pronoun <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span></b>, e.g., <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e (g)guaglione ’e (c)chiamme tu? "</i></span></li> <li>The plural masculine pronoun <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span></b> preceding a verb, but not when <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e</i></span></b> is an article; in <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">’e guagliune ’e (c)chiamme tu?</i></span>, the first <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">'e</i></span> is an article, so it does not trigger doubling; the second <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">'e</i></span> does trigger doubling because it is a masculine plural pronoun.</li> <li>The locative <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">lloco</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">lloco (s)sotto</i></span>)</li> <li>From the verb <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">stà</i></span>: <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">sto’</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">sto’ (p)parlanno</i></span>)</li> <li>From the verb <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">puté</i></span>: <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">può</i></span></b>; <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">pô</i></span></b> (e.g. <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">isso pô (s)sapé</i></span>)</li> <li>Special case <b><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Spiritu (S)Santo</a></i></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nap/">Neapolitan</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denaro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-denaro_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026">"Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Bill to protect dialect green-lighted") from <i>Il Denaro</i>, economic journal of South Italy, 15 October 2008 Re Franceschiello. L'ultimo sovrano delle Due Sicilie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ledgeway, Adam. 2009. <i>Grammatica diacronica del napoletano</i>. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, pp. 3, 13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radtke, Edgar. 1997. <i>I dialetti della Campania</i>. Roma: Il Calamo. pp. 39ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sornicola-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sornicola_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSornicola2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Sornicola" title="Rosanna Sornicola">Sornicola, Rosanna</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wpage.unina.it/sornicol/Articoli/Campania.pdf">"Campania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.). <i>The dialects of Italy</i>. London: Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campania&rft.btitle=The+dialects+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sornicola&rft.aufirst=Rosanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwpage.unina.it%2Fsornicol%2FArticoli%2FCampania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colantoni, Laura, and Jorge Gurlekian.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=43F6CF4CEB6223AA2ED40C7926999F70.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=236145">"Convergence and intonation: historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish"</a>, <i>Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</i>, Volume 7, Issue 02, August 2004, pp. 107–119, Cambridge Journals Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MdF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MdF_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepari2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canepari" title="Luciano Canepari">Canepari, Luciano</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606222954/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/MFo_16_Italia.pdf"><i>Italia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Manuale di fonetica, Lincom Europa, pp. 282–283, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-456-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-456-0"><bdi>3-89586-456-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/MFo_16_Italia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 June 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italia&rft.series=Manuale+di+fonetica&rft.pages=282-283&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-89586-456-0&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenus.unive.it%2Fcanipa%2Fpdf%2FMFo_16_Italia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIandolo2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iandolo, Carlo (2001). <i>A lengua 'e Pulecenella: Grammatica napoletana</i> (in Italian). Sorrento: Franco Di Mauro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8885263710" title="Special:BookSources/978-8885263710"><bdi>978-8885263710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+lengua+%27e+Pulecenella%3A+Grammatica+napoletana&rft.place=Sorrento&rft.pub=Franco+Di+Mauro&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8885263710&rft.aulast=Iandolo&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BlasiImperatore2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Blasi, Nicola; Imperatore, Luigi (2001). <i>Il napoletano parlato e scritto: Con note di grammatica storica</i> [<i>Written and Spoken Neapolitan: With Notes on Historic Grammar</i>] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Napoli: Dante & Descartes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8888142050" title="Special:BookSources/978-8888142050"><bdi>978-8888142050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+napoletano+parlato+e+scritto%3A+Con+note+di+grammatica+storica&rft.place=Napoli&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dante+%26+Descartes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8888142050&rft.aulast=De+Blasi&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Imperatore%2C+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Vecchio2014" class="citation web cs1">Del Vecchio, Emilano (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://termcoord.eu/2014/07/neapolitan-great-cultural-heritage/">"Neapolitan: A Great Cultural Heritage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terminology_Coordination_Unit_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Terminology Coordination Unit of the European Parliament">TermCoord</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neapolitan%3A+A+Great+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pub=TermCoord&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft.aulast=Del+Vecchio&rft.aufirst=Emilano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftermcoord.eu%2F2014%2F07%2Fneapolitan-great-cultural-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerde2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verde, Massimiliano (17 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napolitoday.it/eventi/consegnato-primo-certificato-europeo-lingua-napoletana.html">"Consegnato il primo Certificato Europeo di Lingua Napoletana"</a> [Granted the first European Certificate of the Neapolitan language]. <i>NapoliToday</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NapoliToday&rft.atitle=Consegnato+il+primo+Certificato+Europeo+di+Lingua+Napoletana&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft.aulast=Verde&rft.aufirst=Massimiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napolitoday.it%2Feventi%2Fconsegnato-primo-certificato-europeo-lingua-napoletana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span> First Course of Neapolitan Language according to the QCER CEFR with the Patronage of City of Naples realized by Dr.Massimiliano Verde "Corso di Lingua e Cultura Napoletana" with a document of study in Neapolitan Language by Dr.Verde</li></ul> <p>First public document in Neapolitan Language of the XXI century according to a text of Dr.Verde; the touristic Map of the III Municipality of Naples in Neapolitan Language: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmieri2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palmieri, Paola (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grandenapoli.it/napoli-arriva-la-mappa-turistica-info-napoletano-italiano/">"Napoli per turisti: arriva la prima mappa con info in napoletano e italiano!"</a> [Naples for tourists: Released the first map with text in Neapolitan and Italian!]. <i>Grandenapoli</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grandenapoli&rft.atitle=Napoli+per+turisti%3A+arriva+la+prima+mappa+con+info+in+napoletano+e+italiano%21&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Palmieri&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrandenapoli.it%2Fnapoli-arriva-la-mappa-turistica-info-napoletano-italiano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vesuviolive.it/ultime-notizie/202855-napoli-nasce-la-mappa-turistica-info-italiano-napoletano/">"A Napoli nasce la prima mappa turistica con info in italiano e napoletano"</a>. <i>Vesuvio Live</i> (in Italian). 21 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vesuvio+Live&rft.atitle=A+Napoli+nasce+la+prima+mappa+turistica+con+info+in+italiano+e+napoletano&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vesuviolive.it%2Fultime-notizie%2F202855-napoli-nasce-la-mappa-turistica-info-italiano-napoletano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeapolitan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Neapolitan language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Neapolitan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neapolitan_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Neapolitan language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/nap:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:nap:Main Page">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Neapolitan" class="extiw" title="b:Neapolitan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nap:">Neapolitan edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33845" class="extiw" title="d:Q33845">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoli.com/viewarticolo.php?articolo=34942">Neapolitan recognized by UNESCO</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621074948/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Neapolitan/">Websters Online Dictionary Neapolitan–English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107211735/http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/mappe/mappe/f_dialetti.htm">Interactive Map of languages in Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sorrentoradio.com/">Neapolitan on-line radio station</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/it:Categoria:Parole_in_napoletano" class="extiw" title="wikt:it:Categoria:Parole in napoletano">Neapolitan glossary on Wiktionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006092632/http://www.lastoriadinapoli.it/vocab.asp">Italian-Neapolitan searchable online dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0">Neapolitan basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205043117/http://www.torreomnia.com/Testi/argenziano/dizionario/presentazione.htm">Grammar primer and extensive vocabulary for the Neapolitan dialect of Torre del Greco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoletanita.it/">Neapolitan language and culture</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/16">Prosodic detail in Neapolitan Italian</a> by Francesco Cangemi. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 187 Free download.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napolitoday.it/eventi/consegnato-primo-certificato-europeo-lingua-napoletana.html">Consegnato il primo Certificato Europeo di Lingua Napoletana</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Naples&#124;link=Naples_Naples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Naples#Geography" title="Naples">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_Naples" title="Quarters of Naples">Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Metropolitan City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Naples">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_metropolitan_area" title="Naples metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Metro" title="Naples Metro">Naples Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Naples" title="Port of Naples">Port</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg/40px-CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg/60px-CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg/80px-CoA_Citt%C3%A0_di_Napoli_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Naples" title="History of Naples">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Naples" title="Timeline of Naples">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Army of the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Neapolitan Republic (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neapolitan_royal_consorts" title="List of Neapolitan royal consorts">Consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Naples" title="Duke of Naples">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Days_of_Naples" title="Four Days of Naples">Four Days of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Naples" title="History of the Jews in Naples">Jews in Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_and_archbishops_of_Naples" title="List of bishops and archbishops of Naples">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Bombings in WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Naples#Politics" title="Naples">Politics and<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Naples" title="Elections in Naples">Elections in Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Naples_municipal_election" title="2016 Naples municipal election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Naples_municipal_election" title="2021 Naples municipal election">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Naples" title="List of mayors of Naples">Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Naples#Culture" title="Naples">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Naples" title="Cinema of Naples">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Naples" title="Music of Naples">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_conservatories_of_Naples" title="Music conservatories of Naples">Conservatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzone_napoletana" title="Canzone napoletana">Canzone napoletana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Naples" title="Flag of Naples">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Naples" title="Coat of arms of Naples">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Naples" title="List of museums in Naples">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples#Architecture" title="Naples">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Naples" title="List of tallest buildings in Naples">Tallest buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_villas_in_Naples" title="List of villas in Naples">Villas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_fountains_in_Naples" title="List of fountains in Naples">Fountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stairways_in_Naples" title="Stairways in Naples">Stairways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Naples" title="Economy of Naples">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_theatres_in_Naples" title="Early theatres in Naples">Theaters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Archives_of_Naples" title="State Archives of Naples">State Archives of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Naples" title="List of radio stations in Naples">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_Naples" title="Patron saints of Naples">Patron saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Naples" title="Outline of Naples">Outline</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Naples" title="Category:Naples">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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