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id="toc-Ancient_obelisks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Egyptian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nubian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Nubian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_modern_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_modern_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Ancient Egyptian obelisks in modern cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_modern_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Assyrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ancient Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Byzantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Pre-Columbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_obelisks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_obelisks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern obelisks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_obelisks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern obelisks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_obelisks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_commemorative_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_commemorative_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>As commemorative monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_commemorative_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Others usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_and_erection_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_and_erection_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Transportation and erection experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_and_erection_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Obelisk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مسلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Абеліск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абеліск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обелиск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обелиск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisc" title="Obelisc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Obelisc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οβελίσκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οβελίσκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisco" title="Obelisco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Obelisco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisko" title="Obelisko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Obelisko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisko" title="Obelisko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Obelisko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ابلیسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابلیسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%A9lisque" title="Obélisque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Obélisque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisco" title="Obelisco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Obelisco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="오벨리스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오벨리스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Կոթող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոթող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओबिलिस्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओबिलिस्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisko" title="Obelisko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Obelisko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisco" title="Obelisco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Obelisco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodds%C3%BAla" title="Broddsúla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Broddsúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisco" title="Obelisco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Obelisco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="אובליסק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אובליסק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಒಬೆಲಿಸ್ಕ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಬೆಲಿಸ್ಕ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ობელისკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ობელისკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обелиск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Обелиск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обелиск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Обелиск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeliscus" title="Obeliscus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Obeliscus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisks" title="Obelisks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Obelisks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeliskas" title="Obeliskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Obeliskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeliszk_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet)" title="Obeliszk (építészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Obeliszk (építészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обелиск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обелиск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="مسله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk_(bouwkunst)" title="Obelisk (bouwkunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Obelisk (bouwkunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="オベリスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オベリスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%A9lisque" title="Obélisque – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Obélisque" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisc" title="Obelisc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Obelisc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਆਬਲਿਸਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਬਲਿਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="آبلسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آبلسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisco" title="Obelisco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Obelisco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisc" title="Obelisc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obelisc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обелиск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обелиск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisku" title="Obelisku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Obelisku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔබලිස්කය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔබලිස්කය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обелиск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обелиск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeliski" title="Obeliski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Obeliski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Obelisk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="கல் தூபி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல் தூபி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikilita%C5%9F" title="Dikilitaş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dikilitaş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Обеліск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обеліск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obe%C5%82isco" title="Obełisco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Obełisco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisco" title="Obelisco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Obelisco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Obelisk (disambiguation)">Obelisk (disambiguation)</a>. For other monumental, upright, inscribed and sculpted stones, see <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_(14524589927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_%2814524589927%29.jpg/220px-France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_%2814524589927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_%2814524589927%29.jpg/330px-France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_%2814524589927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_%2814524589927%29.jpg/440px-France-000122_-_Luxor_Obelisk_%2814524589927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>One of the two <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisks" title="Luxor Obelisks">Luxor Obelisks</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>; a red granite <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolithic</a> column, 23 metres (75 feet) high, including the base, which weighs over 250 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (280 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg/220px-Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg/330px-Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg/440px-Obelisco_del_Laterano_ROMA_04_06_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. With its height of 32.18 metres (105.6 feet) (with the base and the cross it reaches 45.70 m) it is the largest standing ancient <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_column" title="Monolithic column">monolithic</a> obelisk in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>obelisk</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀβελίσκος">ὀβελίσκος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>obelískos</i></span>)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> of <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀβελός">ὀβελός</a></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>obelós</i></span></i>) ' <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">spit</a>, nail, pointed pillar')<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a tall, slender, tapered <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> with four sides and a <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">pyramidion</a> top.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally constructed by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> and called <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(hieroglyph)" title="Obelisk (hieroglyph)"><i>tekhenu</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> used the Greek term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">obeliskos</i></span> to describe them, and this word passed into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and ultimately <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though William Thomas used the term correctly in his <i>Historie of Italie</i> of 1549, by the late sixteenth century (after reduced contact with Italy following the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth), Shakespeare failed to distinguish between pyramids and obelisks in his plays and sonnets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient obelisks are <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_column" title="Monolithic column">monolithic</a> and consist of a single stone; most modern obelisks are made of several stones.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_obelisks">Ancient obelisks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient obelisks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian">Egyptian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egyptian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">List of Egyptian obelisks</a></div> <p>Obelisks were prominent in the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, and played a vital role in their religion placing them in pairs at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a>. The word "obelisk" as used in English today is of Greek rather than Egyptian origin because <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the Greek traveler, was one of the first classical writers to describe the objects. A number of ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the "<a href="/wiki/Unfinished_obelisk" title="Unfinished obelisk">unfinished obelisk</a>" found partly hewn from its quarry at <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. These obelisks are now dispersed around the world, and fewer than half of them remain in Egypt. </p><p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> obelisk still in its original position is the 68-foot (20.7 m) 120-<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric-ton</a> (130-<a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short-ton</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> red granite Obelisk of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a> at <a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">Al-Matariyyah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Cairo_suburb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)">modern Heliopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>, the obelisk symbolized the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, and during the religious reformation of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> it was said to have been a petrified ray of the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>, the sundisk. <a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a> was the mound that arose from the primordial waters <a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Nu</a> upon which the creator god <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> settled in the creation story of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Heliopolitan creation myth</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> religion. The Benben stone (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Pyramidion" title="Pyramidion">pyramidion</a>) is the top stone of the Egyptian pyramid. It is also related to the obelisk. </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> Patricia Blackwell Gary and <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_(magazine)" title="Astronomy (magazine)">Astronomy</a></i> senior editor Richard Talcott hypothesize that the shapes of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> and obelisk were derived from natural phenomena associated with the sun (the sun-god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> being the Egyptians' greatest deity at that time).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> and obelisk's significance have been previously overlooked, especially the astronomical phenomena connected with <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">Zodiacal light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun pillar">sun pillars</a> respectively. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Types of Egyptian obelisks</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pylon of the Temple of Luxor with the remaining Luxor Obelisk in front (the second is today on the Place de la Concorde in Paris)"><img alt="Pylon of the Temple of Luxor with the remaining Luxor Obelisk in front (the second is today on the Place de la Concorde in Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg/360px-Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg/540px-Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg/720px-Luxor-Tempel_Pylon_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Luxor" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Luxor">Temple of Luxor</a> with the remaining <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxor Obelisk">Luxor Obelisk</a> in front (the second is today on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a> in Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliopolis200501.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Obelisk of Pharaoh Senusret I, Al-Maalla area of Al-Matariyyah district in modern Heliopolis, Egypt"><img alt="Obelisk of Pharaoh Senusret I, Al-Maalla area of Al-Matariyyah district in modern Heliopolis, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heliopolis200501.JPG/180px-Heliopolis200501.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heliopolis200501.JPG/270px-Heliopolis200501.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Heliopolis200501.JPG/360px-Heliopolis200501.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Obelisk of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>, Al-Maalla area of <a href="/wiki/El_Matareya,_Cairo" title="El Matareya, Cairo">Al-Matariyyah</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Cairo_suburb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)">modern Heliopolis</a>, Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisk5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tip of Hatshepsut's fallen obelisk, Karnak Temple Complex, Luxor, Egypt"><img alt="Tip of Hatshepsut's fallen obelisk, Karnak Temple Complex, Luxor, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Obelisk5.jpg/409px-Obelisk5.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Obelisk5.jpg/613px-Obelisk5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Obelisk5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tip of <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>'s fallen obelisk, <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak Temple Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Unfinished obelisk, Aswan, Egypt"><img alt="Unfinished obelisk, Aswan, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG/202px-GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG/303px-GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG/405px-GD-EG-Assouan-Ob%C3%A9lisque_inachev%C3%A9-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_obelisk" title="Unfinished obelisk">Unfinished obelisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, Egypt</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nubian">Nubian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nubian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> sought to legitimize their rule over Egypt by constructing Egyptianizing monuments in the Middle Nile region. Historical sources mention that king <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> built at least one obelisk. The obelisk was made of local <a href="/wiki/Black_granite" title="Black granite">black granite</a> and was found at the site of Kadakol. It had been cut down to make it into a column, presumably for one of the early Christian churches in the area of <a href="/wiki/Old_Dongola" title="Old Dongola">Old Dongola</a>. Today the obelisk is exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum in Khartoum">National Museum in Khartoum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obelisk is inscribed with the kings official titulary: <i>Strong-bull, Appearing-in-Dominion (Thebes), King-of-Upper-and-Lower-Egypt, Two-ladies, Ruler-of-Egypt, Son-of-Rê, Pi(ankh)y: what he made as his monument for his father Amen-Rê, lord of [...]</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An obelisk of King <a href="/wiki/Senkamanisken" title="Senkamanisken">Senkamanisken</a> was found at <a href="/wiki/Gebel_Barkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebel Barkal">Gebel Barkal</a> in 1916 by the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Museum of Fine Arts expedition to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. There are remains of another small obelisk inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Aktisanes" title="Aktisanes">Aktisanes</a> at the site of Gebel Barkal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_Ancient_Rome">Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Ancient Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome#Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of obelisks in Rome">List of Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg/170px-Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg/255px-Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg/340px-Hippodrome_Oblisk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Tuthmosis III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 30 BCE, Rome seized control of Egypt and looted the various <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temple</a> complexes; in one case they destroyed walls at the <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a> to haul them out. There are now more than twice as many obelisks that were seized and shipped out by Rome as remain in Egypt. The majority were dismantled during the Roman period over 1,700 years ago and the obelisks were sent to different locations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Multiple claims in this paragraph require citations. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The largest standing and tallest Egyptian obelisk is the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a> in the square at the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Basilica">Lateran Basilica</a> in Rome at 105.6 feet (32.2 m) tall and a weight of 455 metric tons (502 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-Nile-mysteries-Rome_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-Nile-mysteries-Rome-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More well known is the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">iconic</a> 25 metres (82 ft), 331-metric-ton (365-short-ton) <a href="/wiki/Vatican_obelisk" title="Vatican obelisk">Vatican obelisk</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-Nile-mysteries-Rome_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-Nile-mysteries-Rome-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brought to Rome by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> in 37 CE, it has stood at its current site and on the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a>, flanking St Peter's Basilica. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The elder <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i> refers to the obelisk's transportation from Egypt to Rome by order of the Emperor Gaius (Caligula) as an outstanding event. The barge that carried it had a huge mast of fir wood which four men's arms could not encircle. One hundred and twenty bushels of lentils were needed for ballast. Having fulfilled its purpose, the gigantic vessel was no longer wanted. Therefore, filled with stones and cement, it was sunk to form the foundations of the foremost quay of the new harbour at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a> was determined to erect the obelisk in front of St Peter's, of which the nave was yet to be built. He had a full-sized wooden mock-up erected within months of his election. <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a>, the assistant of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Della_Porta" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo Della Porta">Giacomo Della Porta</a> in the Basilica's construction, presented the Pope with a little model crane of wood and a heavy little obelisk of lead, which Sixtus himself was able to raise by turning a little winch with his finger. Fontana was given the project. Half-buried in the debris of the ages, it was first excavated as it stood; then it took from 30 April to 17 May 1586 to move it on rollers to the Piazza: it required nearly 1000 men, 140 carthorses, and 47 cranes. The re-erection, scheduled for 14 September, the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a>, was watched by a large crowd. It was a famous feat of engineering, which made the reputation of Fontana, who detailed it in a book illustrated with copperplate etchings, <i>Della Trasportatione dell'Obelisco Vaticano et delle Fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V</i> (1590),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which itself set a new standard in communicating technical information and influenced subsequent architectural publications by its meticulous precision.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before being re-erected the obelisk was exorcised. It is said that Fontana had teams of relay horses to make his getaway if the enterprise failed. When <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a> came to build the Basilica's nave, he had to put the slightest kink in its axis, to line it precisely with the obelisk. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg/170px-Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg/255px-Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg/340px-Rome-Piazza_del_Popolo-Ob%C3%A9lisque_et_%C3%A9glises_Santa_Maria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminio Obelisk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a> stands in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three more obelisks were erected in Rome under Sixtus V: at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, in 1587; at the Lateran Basilica, in 1588; and at the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a>, in 1589.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An obelisk stands in front of the church of <a href="/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti" title="Trinità dei Monti">Trinità dei Monti</a>, at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a>. Other notable Egyptian obelisks in Rome are found in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a>, sculpted while being carried on the back of an <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Montecitorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza Montecitorio">Piazza Montecitorio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Rotonda" title="Piazza della Rotonda">Piazza della Rotonda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Celimontana" title="Villa Celimontana">Villa Celimontana</a>. Rome lost one of its obelisks, the <a href="/wiki/Boboli_obelisk" title="Boboli obelisk">Boboli obelisk</a> which had decorated the temple of Isis, where it was uncovered in the 16th century. The Medici claimed it for the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a>, but in 1790 they moved it to the <a href="/wiki/Boboli_Gardens" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and left a replica in its place. </p><p>Not all the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman Empire were set up at Rome: <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> imitated his Roman patrons and set up an obelisk, <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_obelisk" title="Caesarea obelisk">Caesarea obelisk</a>, made out of Egyptian red granite in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodrome</a> of his new city <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>. This one is about 40 feet (12 m) tall and weighs about 100 metric tons (110 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered by archaeologists and has been re-erected at its former site. </p><p>In 357 CE, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> had two Karnak Temple obelisks removed and transported down the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to commemorate his <i>ventennalia</i>, the 20th year of his reign. Afterward, one was sent to Rome and erected on the <i><a href="/wiki/Spina_(Roman_circus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spina (Roman circus)">spina</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, and is today known as the Lateran Obelisk. The other one, known as the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a>, remained in Alexandria until 390 CE, when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> had it transported to Constantinople (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and put up on the <i>spina</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> (now Sultan Ahmet Square).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It once stood 95 feet (29 m) tall and weighed 380 metric tons (420 short tons); however, its lower section (which reputedly also once stood in the hippodrome) is now lost, reducing the obelisk's size to 65 feet (20 m).<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-Nile-mysteries-Istanbul_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-Nile-mysteries-Istanbul-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egyptian_obelisks_in_modern_cities">Ancient Egyptian obelisks in modern cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian obelisks in modern cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg/170px-Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg/255px-Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg/340px-Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh" title="Bartholomeus Breenbergh">Bartholomeus Breenbergh</a> placed an obelisk in the background of his 1655 painting <i>Joseph Sells Grain</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancient Romans populated their city with 8 large and 42 small Egyptian obelisks. More have been re-erected elsewhere, and the best-known examples outside Rome are the pair of 21-metre (69 ft) 187-metric-ton (206-short-ton) <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra's Needle (London)">Cleopatra's Needles</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London, England</a> (21 metres or 69 feet), and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City, US</a> (21 metres or 70 feet), and the 23-metre (75 ft) over-250-metric-ton (280-short-ton) <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxor Obelisk">Luxor Obelisk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obelisks were being shipped out of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as late as the nineteenth century when three of them were sent to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Their transportation was covered by various newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_obelisk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_obelisk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian">Assyrian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Assyrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obelisk monuments are also known from the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> civilization, where they were erected as public monuments that commemorated the achievements of the Assyrian king. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> possesses four Assyrian obelisks: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/White_Obelisk_of_Ashurnasirpal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I">White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I</a> (named due to its colour), was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a> in 1853 at <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. The obelisk was erected by either <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> (1050–1031 BCE) or <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (883–859 BCE). The obelisk bears an inscription that refers to the king's seizure of goods, people and herds, which he carried back to the city of Ashur. The reliefs of the Obelisk depict military campaigns, hunting, victory banquets and scenes of tribute bearing. </p><p>The Rassam Obelisk, named after its discoverer <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a>, was found on the citadel of <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> (ancient Kalhu). It was erected by Ashurnasirpal II, though only survives in fragments. The surviving parts of the reliefs depict scenes of tribute bearing to the king from Syria and the west.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Obelisk">Black Obelisk</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Austen Henry Layard">Sir Austen Henry Layard</a> in 1846 on the citadel of Kalhu. The obelisk was erected by <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> and the reliefs depict scenes of tribute bearing as well as the depiction of two subdued rulers, <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a> the Israelite, and Sua the Gilzanean, making gestures of submission to the king. The reliefs on the obelisk have accompanying epigraphs, but besides these the obelisk also possesses a longer inscription that records one of the latest versions of Shalmaneser III's annals, covering the period from his accessional year to his 33rd regnal year. </p><p>The Broken Obelisk, that was also discovered by Rassam at Nineveh. Only the top of this <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolith</a> has been reconstructed in the British Museum. The obelisk is the oldest recorded obelisk from Assyria, dating to the 11th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Roman">Ancient Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, France – <a href="/wiki/Arles_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Arles Obelisk">Arles Obelisk</a>, in Place de la République, a 4th-century obelisk of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>, Italy – <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> Obelisk<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany – Obelisk of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Sextius_Africanus" title="Titus Sextius Africanus">Titus Sextius Africanus</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst</a>, 1st century CE, 5.8 metres (19 ft)</li> <li>Rome – there are five, <i>see <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">List of obelisks in Rome</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine">Byzantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Byzantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Obelisk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Constantine_Obelisk.jpg/220px-Constantine_Obelisk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Constantine_Obelisk.jpg/330px-Constantine_Obelisk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Constantine_Obelisk.jpg/440px-Constantine_Obelisk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5433" data-file-height="3622" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Walled_Obelisk" title="Walled Obelisk">Walled Obelisk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey – <a href="/wiki/Walled_Obelisk" title="Walled Obelisk">Walled Obelisk</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> (now Sultan Ahmet Square), built by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> Porphyrogenitus (905–959) and originally covered with gilded bronze plaques</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prehistoric Tello Obelisk, found in 1919 at <i><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavín de Huantar">Chavín de Huantar</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, is a monolith stele with obelisk-like proportions. It is 2.52 metres tall and was carved in a design of low relief with <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavín">Chavín</a> symbols, such as bands of teeth and animal heads. Long housed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arqueolog%C3%ADa,_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia_del_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú">Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, it was relocated to the <i>Museo Nacional de Chavín</i>, which opened in July 2008. The obelisk was named for the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Julio_C._Tello" title="Julio C. Tello">Julio C. Tello</a>, who discovered it and was considered the 'father of Peruvian archaeology'. He was America's first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> archaeologist.<sup id="cite_ref-iowa_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowa-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_obelisks">Modern obelisks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern obelisks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_commemorative_monuments">As commemorative monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As commemorative monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egyptian obelisks remain a source of fascination, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power. A majority of modern obelisks are built of <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, so not monolithic like their Egyptian counterparts, and are often oversized. Examples from the 19th and 20th centuries include the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_at_Slottsbacken" title="Obelisk at Slottsbacken">Obelisk</a> (1800) in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keisarinnankivi" title="Keisarinnankivi">Stone of the Empress</a> (1835) in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Dublin" title="Wellington Monument, Dublin">Wellington Monument</a> (1861) in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> (1884) in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DedicationNYT_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DedicationNYT-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Obelisco_de_Buenos_Aires" title="Obelisco de Buenos Aires">Obelisk of Buenos Aires</a> (1936) in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lagleyze_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagleyze-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes" title="Monument to the People's Heroes">Monument to the People's Heroes</a> (1958) in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a> (1975) in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. A few, however, continue the ancient tradition of the monolithic obelisk. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Modern obelisks</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Obelisk in Stockholm raised in the year 1800 as a memorial to the service and dedication of the Stockholm burghers during the Russo-Swedish war 1788-1790."><img alt="Obelisk in Stockholm raised in the year 1800 as a memorial to the service and dedication of the Stockholm burghers during the Russo-Swedish war 1788-1790." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg/216px-Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg/324px-Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg/431px-Obelisken_slottsbacken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="2668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_at_Slottsbacken" title="Obelisk at Slottsbacken">Obelisk in Stockholm</a> raised in the year 1800 as a memorial to the service and dedication of the Stockholm burghers during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish war 1788-1790</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wellington Monument in Dublin, Ireland, built between 1817 and 1861 to commemorate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington"><img alt="The Wellington Monument in Dublin, Ireland, built between 1817 and 1861 to commemorate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg/202px-Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg/304px-Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg/405px-Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Phoenix_Park_-_Wellington_Monument_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Dublin" title="Wellington Monument, Dublin">Wellington Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, built between 1817 and 1861 to commemorate the victories of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obe_brol_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Brothers Broglie Obelisk at the Monrepos Park in Vyborg, Russia, erected in 1827"><img alt="The Brothers Broglie Obelisk at the Monrepos Park in Vyborg, Russia, erected in 1827" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Obe_brol_1.JPG/250px-Obe_brol_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Obe_brol_1.JPG/330px-Obe_brol_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Obe_brol_1.JPG/500px-Obe_brol_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Brothers Broglie Obelisk at the <a href="/wiki/Monrepos_Park" title="Monrepos Park">Monrepos Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>, Russia, erected in 1827</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stone of the Empress by Carl Ludvig Engel, erected in 1835 to commemorate Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, at the Market Square in Helsinki, Finland"><img alt="The Stone of the Empress by Carl Ludvig Engel, erected in 1835 to commemorate Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, at the Market Square in Helsinki, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg/171px-Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg/257px-Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg/343px-Keisarinnankivihelsinginkauppatorilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Keisarinnankivi" title="Keisarinnankivi">Stone of the Empress</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel" title="Carl Ludvig Engel">Carl Ludvig Engel</a>, erected in 1835 to commemorate Empress <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Helsinki" title="Market Square, Helsinki">Market Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_October_2016-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., U.S., built between 1848 and 1884 to commemorate George Washington"><img alt="The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., U.S., built between 1848 and 1884 to commemorate George Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington_October_2016-6.jpg/175px-Washington_October_2016-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington_October_2016-6.jpg/262px-Washington_October_2016-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington_October_2016-6.jpg/350px-Washington_October_2016-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4392" data-file-height="6782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S., built between 1848 and 1884 to commemorate <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park,_New_Jersey.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The High Point Monument in New Jersey, U.S., built in 1930 as a commemorative war memorial"><img alt="The High Point Monument in New Jersey, U.S., built in 1930 as a commemorative war memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/202px-2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/304px-2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/405px-2014-08-28_16_25_14_View_of_High_Point_Monument_from_the_base_in_High_Point_State_Park%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/High_Point_(New_Jersey)" title="High Point (New Jersey)">High Point Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S., built in 1930 as a commemorative <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisk_at_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Obelisk of Buenos Aires, Argentina, erected in 1936 to commemorate the quadricentennial of the foundation of the city"><img alt="The Obelisk of Buenos Aires, Argentina, erected in 1936 to commemorate the quadricentennial of the foundation of the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Obelisk_at_night.JPG/202px-Obelisk_at_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Obelisk_at_night.JPG/304px-Obelisk_at_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Obelisk_at_night.JPG/405px-Obelisk_at_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Obelisco_de_Buenos_Aires" title="Obelisco de Buenos Aires">Obelisk of Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, erected in 1936 to commemorate the quadricentennial of the foundation of the city</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinianbei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, built between 1952 and 1958 to commemorate the martyrs of revolutionary struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries"><img alt="The Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, built between 1952 and 1958 to commemorate the martyrs of revolutionary struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jinianbei.jpg/180px-Jinianbei.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jinianbei.jpg/270px-Jinianbei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jinianbei.jpg/360px-Jinianbei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes" title="Monument to the People's Heroes">Monument to the People's Heroes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China, built between 1952 and 1958 to commemorate the martyrs of revolutionary struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The National Monument in Jakarta, Indonesia, built between 1961 and 1975 to commemorate the struggle for Indonesian independence"><img alt="The National Monument in Jakarta, Indonesia, built between 1961 and 1975 to commemorate the struggle for Indonesian independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg/177px-Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg/265px-Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg/354px-Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Monument-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3695" data-file-height="5635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia, built between 1961 and 1975 to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">struggle for Indonesian independence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hero City monument, Kyiv, Ukraine, installed in 1982 as a tribute to falled in the World War II"><img alt="Hero City monument, Kyiv, Ukraine, installed in 1982 as a tribute to falled in the World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg/360px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg/540px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg/720px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_monument,_Kyiv" title="Hero City monument, Kyiv">Hero City monument, Kyiv</a>, Ukraine, installed in 1982 as a tribute to falled in the World War II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juche-Tower-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Juche Tower in Pyongyang, North Korea, completed in 1982 to commemorate the 70th birthday of Kim Il Sung and the ideology of Juche"><img alt="The Juche Tower in Pyongyang, North Korea, completed in 1982 to commemorate the 70th birthday of Kim Il Sung and the ideology of Juche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Juche-Tower-2014.jpg/188px-Juche-Tower-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Juche-Tower-2014.jpg/282px-Juche-Tower-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Juche-Tower-2014.jpg/376px-Juche-Tower-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="4590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea, completed in 1982 to commemorate the 70th birthday of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_usages">Others usages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Others usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a>, cleared in 1936–1950 to link <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> to the centre of the capital is lined with obelisks serving as <a href="/wiki/Lamppost" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamppost">lampposts</a>. </p><p>In France and other European countries, monuments to the dead, such as <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstones</a> and grave markers, were very often given a form of obelisks, but they are of more modest size. The practice is also still widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>. </p><p>Modern obelisks have also been used in <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> as <a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">boundary markers</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_peters_vat_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view from ground level of the Via della Conciliazione in Rome, Italy"><img alt="A view from ground level of the Via della Conciliazione in Rome, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/St_peters_vat_distance.jpg/400px-St_peters_vat_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/St_peters_vat_distance.jpg/600px-St_peters_vat_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/St_peters_vat_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view from ground level of the <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grave of Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) in the central cemetery of Vienna, Austria"><img alt="Grave of Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) in the central cemetery of Vienna, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg/225px-Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg/337px-Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg/450px-Grab_Ludwig_van_Beethoven_Wiener_Zentralfriedhof_2020-01-30_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grave of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> (1770–1827) in the central cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Grave of Jean-Baptiste Hubert (1781–1845) in the cemetery of Yves, Charente-Maritime, France"><img alt="Grave of Jean-Baptiste Hubert (1781–1845) in the cemetery of Yves, Charente-Maritime, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG/225px-Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG/337px-Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG/450px-Tombe_JEAN_BAPTISTE_HUBERT_%C3%A0_YVES_--17_--.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grave of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Hubert (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Hubert</a> (1781–1845) in the cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Yves,_Charente-Maritime" title="Yves, Charente-Maritime">Yves, Charente-Maritime</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Abraham Lincoln in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, U.S."><img alt="Tomb of Abraham Lincoln in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lincoln_Tomb.jpg/500px-Lincoln_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lincoln_Tomb.jpg/960px-Lincoln_Tomb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Tomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Cemetery" title="Oak Ridge Cemetery">Oak Ridge Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_and_erection_experiments">Transportation and erection experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation and erection experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late summer 1999, Roger Hopkins and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Mark Lehner</a> teamed up with a <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVA</a></i> crew to erect a 25-ton obelisk. This was the third attempt to erect a 25-ton obelisk; the first two, in 1994 and 1999, ended in failure. There were also two successful attempts to raise a 2-ton obelisk and a 9-ton obelisk. Finally in August–September 1999, after learning from their experiences, they were able to erect one successfully. First Hopkins and Rais Abdel Aleem organized an experiment to tow a block of stone weighing about 25 tons. They prepared a path by embedding wooden rails into the ground and placing a sledge on them bearing a megalith weighing about 25 tons. Initially they used more than 100 people to try to tow it but were unable to budge it. Finally, with well over 130 people pulling at once and an additional dozen using levers to prod the sledge forward, they moved it. Over the course of a day, the workers towed it 10–20 feet. Despite problems with broken ropes, they proved the monument could be moved this way.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional experiments were done in Egypt and other locations to tow megalithic stone with ancient technologies, some of which are <a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites#List_of_efforts_to_move_and_install_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">listed here</a>. </p><p>One experiment was to transport a small obelisk on a barge in the Nile River. The barge was built based on ancient Egyptian designs. It had to be very wide to handle the obelisk, with a 2 to 1 ratio length to width, and it was at least twice as long as the obelisk. The obelisk was about 3.0 metres (10 ft) long and no more than 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). A barge big enough to transport the largest Egyptian obelisks with this ratio would have had to be close to 61-metre-long (200 ft) and 30-metre-wide (100 ft). The workers used ropes that were wrapped around a guide that enabled them to pull away from the river while they were towing it onto the barge. The barge was successfully launched into the Nile. </p><p>The final and successful erection event was organized by Rick Brown, Hopkins, Lehner and Gregg Mullen in a Massachusetts quarry. The preparation work was done with modern technology, but experiments have proven that with enough time and people, it could have been done with ancient technology. To begin, the obelisk was lying on a gravel and stone ramp. A pit in the middle was filled with dry sand. Previous experiments showed that wet sand would not flow as well. The ramp was secured by stone walls. Men raised the obelisk by slowly removing the sand while three crews of men pulled on ropes to control its descent into the pit. The back wall was designed to guide the obelisk into its proper place. The obelisk had to catch a turning groove which would prevent it from sliding. They used brake ropes to prevent it from going too far. Such turning grooves had been found on the ancient pedestals. Gravity did most of the work until the final 15° had to be completed by pulling the obelisk forward. They used brake ropes again to make sure it did not fall forward. On 12 September they completed the project.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This experiment has been used to explain how the obelisks may have been erected in Luxor and other locations. It seems to have been supported by a 3,000 year-old <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> in which one scribe taunts another to erect a monument for "thy lord". The scroll reads "Empty the space that has been filled with sand beneath the monument of thy Lord."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To erect the obelisks at Luxor with this method would have involved using over a million cubic meters of stone, mud brick and sand for both the ramp and the platform used to lower the obelisk.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest obelisk successfully erected in ancient times weighed 455 metric tons (502 short tons). A 520-metric-ton (570-short-ton) stele was found in <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>, but researchers believe it was broken while attempting to erect it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">Dagger (mark)</a>, also known as obelisk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huabiao" title="Huabiao">Huabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">List of Egyptian obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_obelisks" title="List of modern obelisks">List of modern obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">List of obelisks in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_engineering_projects_in_the_Americas" title="List of pre-Columbian engineering projects in the Americas">List of pre-Columbian engineering projects in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallic_architecture" title="Phallic architecture">Phallic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/raising/rome.html">"A World of Obelisks: Rome"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martayan+Lan+Rare+Books&rft.atitle=Moving+the+Obelisk&rft.date=1590&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martayanlan.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdisplay.cgi%2FBooks%2F5%2F28%2F25%2F606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObelisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFontana1590" class="citation book cs1">Fontana, Domenico (1590). <i>Della trasportatione dell'obel</i>. 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Highskyblue.web.fc2.com. 18 June 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Obelisk&rft.pub=Highskyblue.web.fc2.com&rft.date=2001-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighskyblue.web.fc2.com%2Fcaesarea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObelisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHabachi1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Labib_Habachi" title="Labib Habachi">Habachi, Labib</a> (1985). <i>The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the past</i>. 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NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Obelisks%3A+Istanbul&rft.series=NOVA+Online%3A+Mysteries+of+the+Nile&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fegypt%2Fraising%2Fistanbul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObelisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/raising/world.html">"A World of Obelisks: World"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uiowapress.org/books/2009-spring/burger.htm">the original</a> on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Writings+of+Julio+C.+Tello&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uiowapress.org%2Fbooks%2F2009-spring%2Fburger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObelisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en/see-and-do/sights/the-stone-of-the-empress">The Stone of the Empress - My Helsinki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DedicationNYT-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DedicationNYT_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/02/22/103628255.pdf">Marking a people's love</a>, an article from <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published February 22, 1885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagleyze-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagleyze_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julio A. Luqui Lagleyze, <i>Plazas de Buenos Aires</i>, Revista Todo es Historia, Nro 90, noviembre de 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990314.html">"Dispatches"</a>, NOVA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990827.html">"Mysteries of the Nile | August 27, 1999: The Third Attempt"</a>. Pbs.org. 27 August 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mysteries+of+the+Nile+%26%23124%3B+August+27%2C+1999%3A+The+Third+Attempt&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft.date=1999-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fegypt%2Fdispatches%2F990827.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObelisk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVA (TV series)</a> <i>Secrets of Lost Empire II</i>: "Pharaoh's Obelisks"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile</i>, New York: TIME/Life, 1993, pp. 56–57</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Curran, Brian A., Anthony Grafton, Pamela O. Long, and Benjamin Weiss. <i>Obelisk: A History</i>. Cambridge, MA MIT Press 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51270-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51270-1">978-0-262-51270-1</a>.</li> <li>Chaney, Edward, "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in <i>Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome</i>, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Edward Chaney</a>,' "Thy pyramyds buylt up with newer might":Shakespeare and the Cultural Memory of Ancient Egypt' <i>Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt</i> (5), 263–344 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/aegyp/article/view/76145">[2]</a></li> <li>Iversen, Erik, <i>Obelisks in exile</i>. Copenhagen, Vol. 1 1968, Vol. 2 1972</li> <li>Wirsching, Armin, <i>Obelisken transportieren und aufrichten in Aegypten und in Rom</i>. Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2007 (3rd ed. 2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8334-8513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8334-8513-8">978-3-8334-8513-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obelisk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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