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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major accomplishments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_accomplishments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major accomplishments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trade routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Building projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_lauding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_lauding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Official lauding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_lauding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death,_burial,_and_mummification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death,_burial,_and_mummification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death, burial, and mummification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death,_burial,_and_mummification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death, burial, and mummification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death,_burial,_and_mummification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_mummy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_mummy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proposed mummy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_mummy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclusion_from_the_historical_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_from_the_historical_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Exclusion from the historical record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_from_the_historical_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hatshepsut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsjepsoet" title="Hatsjepsoet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hatsjepsoet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%89%B5%E1%88%B8%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B1%E1%89%B5" title="ሃትሸፕሱት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃትሸፕሱት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حتشبسوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حتشبسوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="ХӀатшепсут – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%9Fepsut" title="Hatşepsut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hatşepsut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حتشپسوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حتشپسوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4" title="হাতশেপসুত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাতশেপসুত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшэпсут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хатшэпсут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшэпсут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хатшэпсут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchepsout" title="Hatchepsout – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hatchepsout" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatxepsut" title="Hatxepsut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hatxepsut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatschepsut" title="Hatschepsut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hatschepsut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84" title="Χατσεψούτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χατσεψούτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%9Depsut" title="Hatŝepsut – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hatŝepsut" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حتشپسوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حتشپسوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchepsout" title="Hatchepsout – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hatchepsout" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitseaps%C3%BAt" title="Haitseapsút – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haitseapsút" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%8A%B8%EC%85%89%EC%88%98%ED%8A%B8" title="하트셉수트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하트셉수트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Հատշեպսուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատշեպսուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatseps%C3%BAt" title="Hatsepsút – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hatsepsút" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חתשפסות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חתשפסות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰატშეფსუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰატშეფსუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amessis" title="Amessis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amessis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsuta" title="Hatšepsuta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hatšepsuta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%8Depsuta" title="Hačepsuta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hačepsuta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsepszut" title="Hatsepszut – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hatsepszut" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹാഷെപ്സുറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാഷെപ്സുറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰატშეფსუტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰატშეფსუტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حتشبسوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حتشبسوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsjepsoet" title="Hatsjepsoet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hatsjepsoet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ハトシェプスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハトシェプスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsot" title="Hatshepsot – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hatshepsot" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xatshepsut" title="Xatshepsut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هتشپسوت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هتشپسوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatszepsut" title="Hatszepsut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hatszepsut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C8%99epsut" title="Hatșepsut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hatșepsut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="හට්ෂෙප්සුට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හට්ෂෙප්සුට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%8Depsut" title="Hačepsut – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hačepsut" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حەتشەپسوت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەتشەپسوت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%A1epsut" title="Hatšepsut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hatšepsut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஆட்செப்சுட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆட்செப்சுட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="ฟาโรห์แฮตเชปซุต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์แฮตเชปซุต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C5%9Fepsut" title="Hatşepsut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hatşepsut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хатшепсут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хатшепсут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="ہیتشیپسٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیتشیپسٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E8%B0%A2%E6%99%AE%E8%8B%8F%E7%89%B9" title="哈特谢普苏特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈特谢普苏特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E8%96%9B%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="哈特薛普斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈特薛普斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E8%B0%A2%E6%99%AE%E8%8B%8F%E7%89%B9" title="哈特谢普苏特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈特谢普苏特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Hatshepsut" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q129234#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Hatshepsut">reviewed</a> on <i>28 March 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Egyptian queen and pharaoh, sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1479/8–1458 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 13th dynasty princess, see <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut_(king%27s_daughter)" title="Hatshepsut (king's daughter)">Hatshepsut (king's daughter)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Hatshepsut</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Hatshepsut on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Statue of Hatshepsut on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg/220px-Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg/330px-Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg/440px-Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Hatshepsut on display at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1479 – 1458</span> BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (as sole ruler)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Weseret kau<br /><i>wsrt-kꜢw</i><br />Powerful of kas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="20" title="D28" alt="D28" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="20" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nebty_name" title="Nebty name">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Wadjet renput<br /><i>wꜢḏt-rnpwt</i><br />Flourishing of years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M13.png?11b4d" height="38" title="M13" alt="M13" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M4.png?2dc98" height="38" title="M4" alt="M4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M4.png?2dc98" height="38" title="M4" alt="M4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M4.png?2dc98" height="38" title="M4" alt="M4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Netjeret khau<br /><i>nṯrt-ḫꜤw</i><br />Divine of appearances<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8 [nTr]" alt="nTr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28 [xa]" alt="xa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Praenomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Maat ka re<br /><i>mꜢꜤt kꜢ rꜤ</i><br />The true one of the ka of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Re</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Truth (<a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul#Ka_(corporal_presence/life_force)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">Ka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Re</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10 [mAat]" alt="mAat" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28 [kA]" alt="kA" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Khenemet imun, hat shepsut<br /><i>imn ẖnmt ḥꜢt špswt</i><br />United with Amun, foremost of noble women<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W9.png?e7562" height="20" title="W9" alt="W9" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="9" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F4.png?7f65e" height="19" title="F4" alt="F4" /></td> <td><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A51.png?9e332" height="38" title="A51" alt="A51" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neferure" title="Neferure">Neferure</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130–141_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130–141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_(queen)" title="Ahmose (queen)">Ahmose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Between 1505-1495 BC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1458 BC (aged 37-47)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KV20" title="KV20">KV20</a> (possibly re-interred in <a href="/wiki/KV60" title="KV60">KV60</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut">Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Speos_Artemidos" title="Speos Artemidos">Speos Artemidos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_Rouge" title="Chapelle Rouge">Chapelle Rouge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hatshepsut</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">haht-<span style="font-size:90%">SHEPP</span>-sut</i></a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1507–1458</span> BC) was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wife</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> and the sixth <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth Dynasty">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, ruling first as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, then as <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1479 BC</span> until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1458 BC</span> (Low Chronology).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was Egypt's second confirmed woman who ruled in her own right, the first being <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Dynasty">Twelfth Dynasty</a>. </p><p>Hatshepsut was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_(queen)" title="Ahmose (queen)">Ahmose</a>. Upon the death of her husband and half-brother <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a>, she had initially ruled as regent to her <a href="/wiki/Stepson" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepson">stepson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, who inherited the throne at the age of two. Several years into her regency, Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh and adopted the full <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">royal titulary</a>, making her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy, she took on traditionally male roles and was depicted as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male garb. She emphasized both the qualities of men and women to convey the idea that she was both a mother and father to the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatshepsut's reign was a period of great prosperity and general peace. One of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Karnak_Temple_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnak Temple Complex">Karnak Temple Complex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Chapel">Red Chapel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Speos_Artemidos" title="Speos Artemidos">Speos Artemidos</a> and most famously, the <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut">Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>. </p><p>Hatshepsut probably died in Year 22 of the reign of Thutmose III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a>, an attempt was made to remove her from official accounts of Egyptian historiography: her statues were destroyed, her monuments were defaced, and many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hatshepsut was born between 1505 and 1495 BC as eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">great royal wife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_(queen)" title="Ahmose (queen)">Ahmose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her father's death, Hatshepsut was then married to <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a>, her half-brother and father's <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir</a>, when she was fourteen or fifteen years old. Thutmose II was of a similar age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierbrier199515–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierbrier199515–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar_bearing_the_cartouche_of_Hatshepsut._Filled_in_with_cedar_resin._Calcite,_unfinished._Foundation_deposit._18th_Dynasty._From_Deir_el-Bahari,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jar_bearing_the_cartouche_of_Hatshepsut._Filled_in_with_cedar_resin._Calcite%2C_unfinished._Foundation_deposit._18th_Dynasty._From_Deir_el-Bahari%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jar_bearing_the_cartouche_of_Hatshepsut._Filled_in_with_cedar_resin._Calcite%2C_unfinished._Foundation_deposit._18th_Dynasty._From_Deir_el-Bahari%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jar_bearing_the_cartouche_of_Hatshepsut._Filled_in_with_cedar_resin._Calcite%2C_unfinished._Foundation_deposit._18th_Dynasty._From_Deir_el-Bahari%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="4586" /></a><figcaption>Jar bearing the <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty, from <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>, Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology">Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> became the pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early modern scholars to have only served as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> alongside him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern scholars agree that, while she initially served as regent for young Thutmose III from his accession in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1479 BC</span>, Hatshepsut eventually assumed the position of pharaoh alongside him by Year 7 of his reign, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1472 BC</span>; becoming <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a>, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh to Year 1, when she had been merely regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2005a88Keller200596_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2005a88Keller200596-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2013156_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2013156-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiebing2016177_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiebing2016177-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although queen <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a> and - possibly - <a href="/wiki/Nitocris" title="Nitocris">Nitocris</a>, have previously assumed the role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler to do so in a time of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than her female predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2010181,_230_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2010181,_230-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndronikFiedler200120_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndronikFiedler200120-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was described by ancient authors as having reigned for about 21–22 years, which included both her regency and her reign as queen regnant. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a> follow the earlier testimony of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> (3rd century BC), mentioning a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Josephus as having been the sister of her predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101,_108–109,_110–111_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101,_108–109,_110–111-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This woman was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus's text, her reign is described as lasting for 21 years and 9 months,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Africanus states it as 22 years, apparently <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940110–111_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940110–111-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes from Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose III; she is no longer mentioned in Year 22, when he undertook his first major foreign campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteindorffSeele194253_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteindorffSeele194253-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is compatible with the 21 years 9 months recorded by Manetho and Josephus, which would place the end of Hatshepsut's reign in Year 22 of Thutmose III. </p><p>Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult. Her father, Thutmose I, began his reign in either 1526 BC or 1506 BC according to the high and low estimates of her reign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the length of the reigns of Thutmose I and Thutmose II cannot be determined with certainty. With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after her father's coronation;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabolde1987_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabolde1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> longer reigns would put her accession 25 years after his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ramose_and_Hatnofer" title="Ramose and Hatnofer">Ramose and Hatnofer</a>, where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> from the tomb's chamber, stamped with the date "Year 7".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another jar from the same tomb, discovered <i>in situ</i> by a 1935–36 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> expedition on a hillside near <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, was stamped with the seal of the "<a href="/wiki/God%27s_Wife" title="God's Wife">God's Wife</a> Hatshepsut", and two jars bore the seal of "The Good Goddess Maatkare".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb", is undisputed, meaning that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh of Egypt—and no longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Punt expedition, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1471 BC</span>; her last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460 BC</span>, and she no longer appears in Year 22, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1458</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_accomplishments">Major accomplishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major accomplishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_routes">Trade routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trade routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp/250px-Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp/330px-Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp/500px-Hatshepsut%27s_Myrrh_Tree.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The trunk of a <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh tree</a> brought by Hatshepsut's expedition from the Land of Punt, planted in front of <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple_of_Hatshepsut" title="Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut">her temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hatshepsut re-established a number of <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade networks</a> that had been disrupted during the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> occupation of Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalisbury2001149_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalisbury2001149-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller200596_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller200596-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDell200872_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDell200872-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatshepsut's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Research_Center_in_Egypt2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Research_Center_in_Egypt2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other luxuries such as <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller200596_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller200596-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDell200872_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDell200872-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense into <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a> eyeliner. This is the first recorded use of the resin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaac200414_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac200414-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated in relief at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>, which is also famous for its realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Land of Punt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> shortly after the Punt expedition. Very little is known about these expeditions. Although many <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologists</a> have claimed that her <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> was mainly peaceful,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is possible that she led military campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson2002161_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2002161-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_projects">Building projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Building projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_or_bronze_sheet_bearing_the_name_of_Hatshepsut._From_a_foundation_deposit_in_%22a_small_pit_covered_with_a_mat%22_found_at_Deir_el-Bahri,_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Copper_or_bronze_sheet_bearing_the_name_of_Hatshepsut._From_a_foundation_deposit_in_%22a_small_pit_covered_with_a_mat%22_found_at_Deir_el-Bahri%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/190px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Copper_or_bronze_sheet_bearing_the_name_of_Hatshepsut._From_a_foundation_deposit_in_%22a_small_pit_covered_with_a_mat%22_found_at_Deir_el-Bahri%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/285px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Copper_or_bronze_sheet_bearing_the_name_of_Hatshepsut._From_a_foundation_deposit_in_%22a_small_pit_covered_with_a_mat%22_found_at_Deir_el-Bahri%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/380px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3603" data-file-height="4526" /></a><figcaption>Copper or bronze sheet bearing the name of Hatshepsut. From a foundation deposit in a small pit covered with a mat found at Deir el-Bahari.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>. Many of these building projects were temples to build her religious base and legitimacy beyond her position as God's Wife of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals that had hitherto been reserved for kings, corroborating the evidence that Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> She employed the great architect <a href="/wiki/Ineni" title="Ineni">Ineni</a>, who also had worked for her father, her husband, and for the royal steward <a href="/wiki/Senenmut" title="Senenmut">Senenmut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinds200727_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds200727-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extant artifacts of the statuary provide archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male Ancient Egyptian garb, such as a <a href="/wiki/Beard#Egypt" title="Beard">false beard</a> and ram's horns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2005155_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2005155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These images are seen as symbolic, and not evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010106"Female_rulers_are_given_the_attributes_of_essentially_male_kingship_such_as_false_beards_(the_beard_is_also_false_when_worn_by_male_kings)_and_kilts._But_depictions_of_female_queens,_such_as_Sobekneferu_or_Hatshepsut,_wearing_male_attire_should_certainly_not_be_seen_as_evidence_of_transvestism_or_mythical_androgyny._Female_kings_were_rather_taking_on_a_male_persona,_given_the_essential_masculinity_of_kingship."_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010106"Female_rulers_are_given_the_attributes_of_essentially_male_kingship_such_as_false_beards_(the_beard_is_also_false_when_worn_by_male_kings)_and_kilts._But_depictions_of_female_queens,_such_as_Sobekneferu_or_Hatshepsut,_wearing_male_attire_should_certainly_not_be_seen_as_evidence_of_transvestism_or_mythical_androgyny._Female_kings_were_rather_taking_on_a_male_persona,_given_the_essential_masculinity_of_kingship."-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the tradition of most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a>. She also restored the original <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">great ancient goddess of Egypt</a>, at Karnak that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> occupation. It later was ravaged by other pharaohs, who took one part after another to use in their own projects. The precinct awaits restoration. She had twin <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a> erected at the entrance to the temple which at the time of building were the tallest in the world. Only one remains upright, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing</a>, the other having toppled and broken in two. The official in charge of those obelisks was the high steward <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_(high_steward)" title="Amenhotep (high steward)">Amenhotep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirley2014206_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirley2014206-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or <a href="/wiki/Chapelle_Rouge" title="Chapelle Rouge">Chapelle Rouge</a>, was built as a barque shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadnerMoellerPotts2022159_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadnerMoellerPotts2022159-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, she ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her 16th year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and a third was therefore constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, where it remains. Known as <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_obelisk" title="Unfinished obelisk">the Unfinished Obelisk</a>, it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyson1999_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyson1999-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG/250px-Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG/330px-Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG/500px-Il_tempio_di_Hatshepsut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Colonnaded design of Hatshepsut mortuary temple</figcaption></figure> <p>Hatshepsut built the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate#Ancient_Egyptian_period" title="Minya Governorate">Minya Governorate</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Al Minya</a>. The name, Pakhet, was a synthesis that occurred by combining <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a>, who were similar lioness war goddesses, in an area that bordered the north and south division of their cults. The cavernous underground temple, cut into the rock cliffs on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, was admired and called the <a href="/wiki/Speos_Artemidos" title="Speos Artemidos">Speos Artemidos</a> by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Dynasty">Ptolemaic Dynasty</a>. They saw the goddess as akin to their hunter goddess, Artemis. The temple is thought to have been built alongside much more ancient ones that have not survived. This temple has an architrave with a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut's famous denunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> that <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James P. Allen</a> has translated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20021–17_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20021–17-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temple was altered later, and some of its insides were altered by <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth Dynasty">Nineteenth Dynasty</a> in an attempt to have his name replace that of Hatshepsut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996228_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996228-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the tradition of many pharaohs, the masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">mortuary temple</a>. She built hers in <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut">a complex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2005147_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2005147-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identity of the architect behind the project remains unclear. It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Senenmut" title="Senenmut">Senenmut</a>, the Overseer of Works, or <a href="/wiki/Hapuseneb" title="Hapuseneb">Hapuseneb</a>, the High Priest, was responsible. It is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located opposite the city of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, it is considered to be a masterpiece of ancient architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller20054_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller20054-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzafrański2014125_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzafrański2014125-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex's focal point was the <a href="/wiki/Djeser-Djeseru" class="mw-redirect" title="Djeser-Djeseru">Djeser-Djeseru</a> or "the Holy of Holies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_lauding">Official lauding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Official lauding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Hatshepsut%27s_birth_and_coronation" title="Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth and coronation">Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth and coronation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large granite sphinx bearing the likeness of Hatshepsut, depicted with a false beard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png/250px-Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png/330px-Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png/500px-Hatshepsut-CollosalGraniteSphinx02_MetropolitanMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Hatshepsut was "often portrayed in lion form <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> when she ruled as king",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010132_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010132-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in this <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> sculpture which also shows her wearing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Beard#Egypt" title="Beard">false beard</a>, a symbol of pharaonic power.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG/220px-S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG/330px-S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG/440px-S_F-E-CAMERON_Hatshepsut_Hawk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>The Hawk of the Pharaoh, Hatshepsut—<i>Temple at Luxor</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a> is common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history. While all ancient leaders used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been called the most accomplished pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-pbslink_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbslink-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatshepsut assumed all the <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> and symbols of the Pharaonic office in official representations: the <a href="/wiki/Khat_(apparel)" title="Khat (apparel)">Khat</a> head cloth, topped with the <a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">uraeus</a>, the traditional false beard, and <a href="/wiki/Shendyt" title="Shendyt">shendyt</a> kilt.<sup id="cite_ref-pbslink_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbslink-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatshepsut was ambiguous and androgynous in many of her statues and monuments. She would create a masculine version of herself to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Osirian statues of Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict the dead pharaoh as Osiris, with the body and regalia of that deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumThomas201660_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumThomas201660-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To further lay her claim to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">priests</a> told a story of divine birth. In this myth, <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Ahmose" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Ahmose">Ahmose</a> in the form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. <a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a>, the god who forms the bodies of human children, is then instructed to create a body and <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Egyptian_soul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka (Egyptian soul)"><i>ka</i></a>, or corporal presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. <a href="/wiki/Heket" class="mw-redirect" title="Heket">Heket</a>, the goddess of life and fertility, and Khnum then lead Ahmose along to a place where she gives birth to Hatshepsut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1969177_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1969177-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1992184_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1992184-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipinska200186_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipinska200186-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reliefs depicting each step in these events are at Karnak and in her mortuary temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirelli1999278Dorman2005a87Roth2005149_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirelli1999278Dorman2005a87Roth2005149-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh, further strengthening her position. She reiterated Amun's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession of the Two Lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906116–117_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906116–117-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Once she became pharaoh herself, Hatshepsut supported her assertion that she was her father's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then his majesty said to them: "This daughter of mine, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I have appointed as my successor upon my throne... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey her words, unite yourselves at her command." The royal nobles, the dignitaries, and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeawright2000_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeawright2000-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death,_burial,_and_mummification"><span id="Death.2C_burial.2C_and_mummification"></span>Death, burial, and mummification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death, burial, and mummification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/KV20" title="KV20">KV20</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg/250px-Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg/330px-Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg/500px-Quartz_sarcophagus_of_Queen_Hatshepsut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption>Hatshepsut's quartz sarcophagus</figcaption></figure> <p>Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, III <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">Peret</a>, Day 2, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 22 May 1459 BC</span>, but the reign length of 21 years and 9 months for her by <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_Apionem" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Apionem">Contra Apionem</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates that she ceased to reign in Year 22, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1458 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996210_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise date of the beginning of Thutmose III's reign as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is considered to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded on a single stela erected at <a href="/wiki/Armant" class="mw-redirect" title="Armant">Armant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006106_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006106-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to 16 January 1458 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2005261_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2005261-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho's king list records since Hatshepsut's known accession date was I <a href="/wiki/Shemu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemu">Shemu</a>, Day 4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckerath1997189_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerath1997189-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatshepsut began constructing a <a href="/wiki/Cliff_tomb_of_Hatshepsut" title="Cliff tomb of Hatshepsut">tomb</a> when she was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wife</a> of Thutmose II. Still, the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation for another burial started. For this, <a href="/wiki/KV20" title="KV20">KV20</a>, originally quarried for her father, Thutmose I, and probably the first royal tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>, was extended with a new burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20. Therefore, it is likely that when she died (no later than the 22nd year of her reign), she was interred in this tomb along with her father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes200526–42_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200526–42-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, during Thutmose III's reign, a new tomb (<a href="/wiki/KV38" title="KV38">KV38</a>), was constructed along with fresh burial equipment for Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose I was relocated from his original tomb and reburied elsewhere. There is a possibility that at the same time, Hatshepsut's mummy was moved into the tomb of her nurse, <a href="/wiki/Sitre_In" title="Sitre In">Sitre In</a>, in <a href="/wiki/KV60" title="KV60">KV60</a>. These actions could have been motivated by <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a>, Thutmose III's son from a secondary wife, in an effort to secure his own uncertain claim to the throne. </p><p>Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a>'s clearance of the tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere, including a lioness throne or bedstead, a <a href="/wiki/Senet" title="Senet">senet</a> game board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title, a signet ring, and a partial <a href="/wiki/Shabti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabti">shabti</a> figurine bearing her name. In the Royal Mummy Cache at <a href="/wiki/DB320" class="mw-redirect" title="DB320">DB320</a>, a wooden canopic box featuring an ivory knob was found, bearing the name of Hatshepsut and containing a mummified liver or spleen, along with a molar tooth. There was also a royal lady with the same name from the 21st dynasty, leading to initial speculation that the artifacts may have belonged to her instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerstaffe200271–77_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerstaffe200271–77-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_mummy">Proposed mummy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed mummy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg/220px-Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg/330px-Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg/440px-Mummy_of_Hatshepsut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption>The KV60A mummy, thought to be that of Hatshepsut</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1903, Howard Carter had discovered tomb <a href="/wiki/KV60" title="KV60">KV60</a> in the Valley of the Kings. It contained two female mummies: one identified as Hatshepsut's wet nurse and the other unidentified. In spring 2007, the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a> and taken to Cairo's Egyptian Museum for testing. This mummy was missing a tooth, and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in the DB320 "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mummy is very likely Hatshepsut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to see if it belonged to the same person and confirm the mummy's identity, Hawass, the Cairo Museum and some Egyptologists have refused to do it as it would require destroying the tooth to retrieve the DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her death has since been attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Benzopyrene" title="Benzopyrene">benzopyrene</a> <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> skin lotion found in possession of the Pharaoh, which led to her having <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a>. Other members of the queen's family are thought to have suffered from inflammatory skin diseases that tend to be genetic. Assuming that the mummy is that of Hatshepsut, it is likely that she inadvertently poisoned herself while trying to soothe her itchy, irritated skin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Bonn2011_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Bonn2011-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford2007A_single_tooth_and_some_DNA_clues_appear_to_have_solved_the_mystery_of_the_lost_mummy_of_Hatshepsut,_one_of_the_great_queens_of_ancient_Egypt,_who_reigned_in_the_15th_century_B.C._71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford2007A_single_tooth_and_some_DNA_clues_appear_to_have_solved_the_mystery_of_the_lost_mummy_of_Hatshepsut,_one_of_the_great_queens_of_ancient_Egypt,_who_reigned_in_the_15th_century_B.C.-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2007_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why the tooth was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 2011, the tooth was identified as the molar from a lower jaw, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar from its upper jaw, thus casting doubt on the supposed identification.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_from_the_historical_record">Exclusion from the historical record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exclusion from the historical record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG/250px-Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG/330px-Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG/500px-Deir_el-Bahari_0538.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>An example of <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i> of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. While the cartouches of Thutmose III (right) were left intact, the cartouches of Hatshepsut (left) were hacked off, presumably by Amenhotep II.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toward the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> and into the reign of his son, an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records. Her cartouches and images were chiselled off stone walls. Erasure methods ranged from full destruction of any instance of her name or image to replacement, inserting Thutmose I or II where Hatshepsut once stood. There were also instances of smoothing, patchwork jobs that covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples of this can be seen on the walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple. Simpler methods also included covering, where new stone was added to fully cover reliefs or sacred stone work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller2005278–279_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller2005278–279-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn down and in many cases, smashed or disfigured before being buried in a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made to wall up her monuments. While it is clear that much of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during the close of Thutmose III's reign, it is not clear why it happened, other than as a manifestation of the typical pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to save money by not building new monuments for the burial of Thutmose III, and instead using the grand structures built by Hatshepsut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006107_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006107-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a>, the son of Thutmose III, who became a co-regent toward the end of his father's reign, is suspected by some as being the defacer during the end of the reign of a very old pharaoh. He would have had a motive because his position in the royal lineage was not so strong as to assure his elevation to pharaoh. He is documented, further, as having usurped many of Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his own reign. His reign is marked with attempts to break the royal lineage as well, not recording the names of his queens and eliminating the powerful titles and official roles of royal women, such as God's Wife of Amun. Some of these titles would be restored in the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961198_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961198-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of resentment once he became pharaoh, early modern Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>. Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Redford" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Redford">Donald Redford</a> says that this was not borne out of hatred but was a political necessity to assert his own beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford196787_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford196787-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redford added: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But did Thutmose remember her? Here and there, in the dark recesses of a shrine or tomb where no plebeian eye could see, the queen's cartouche and figure were left intact ... which never vulgar eye would again behold, still conveyed for the king the warmth and awe of a divine presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford196787_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford196787-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_assessment">Modern assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hatshepsut is, according to Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a>, "the first great woman in history of whom we are informed."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ways, Hatshepsut's reign was seen as going against the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> system of her time. She managed to rule as regent for a son who was not her own, going against the system which had previously only allowed mothers to rule on behalf of their biological sons. She used this regency to create her female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate her reign, which meant that the public became used to seeing a woman in such a powerful role. This ensured that when the oracle declared her king, the Egyptian public readily accepted her status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, as with other female heads of state in ancient Egypt, this was only done through the use of male symbols of kingship; hence the description of Hatshepsut and others as female kings rather than queens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown20104_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown20104-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatshepsut was arguably placed in power by men to further their own wealth. She gained power when Egypt had recently amassed extensive wealth, implying that she was placed in power by Egyptian elites due to her record as successful in various domains—as High Priestess or as a placeholder serving for her father Thutmose I in Thebes while he was away on military campaigns. This record of success made such elites confident that she could handle Egyptian wealth and trade, capitalizing on Egypt's moment of prosperity. Indeed, historian <a href="/wiki/Kara_Cooney" title="Kara Cooney">Kara Cooney</a> describes Hatshepsut as "arguably, the only woman to have ever taken power as king in ancient Egypt during a time of prosperity and expansion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney201886_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney201886-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Joyce Tyldesley</a> stated that Thutmose III may have ordered public monuments to Hatshepsut and her achievements to be altered or destroyed in order to place her in a lower position of co-regent, meaning he could claim that royal succession ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference from his aunt. This was supported by Thutmose III's officials, and as Hatshepsut's officials either died or were no longer in the public eye, there was little opposition to this.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyldesley, along with historians <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dorman" title="Peter Dorman">Peter Dorman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_Robins" title="Gay Robins">Gay Robins</a>, say that the erasure and defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments may have been an attempt to extinguish the memory of female kingship<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2005b269_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2005b269-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins199351–52,_55_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins199351–52,_55-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including its successes, as opposed to the female pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>, who failed to rejuvenate Egypt's fortunes and was therefore more acceptable to the conservative establishment as a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a direct link to gender normatives in regards to ancient Egyptian social structures. Although she did hold Queen status, her reign, especially after, was disregarded and even erased. Her reign could be considered more successful than some pharaohs' reigns, for example with expanding borders, which can be seen as a threat to traditional gender roles. This raises questions about the conflict between power and traditional gender roles, and to what extent modernism and conservatism overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The erasure of Hatshepsut's name—by the men who succeeded her for whatever reason—almost caused her to disappear from Egypt's archaeological and written records. When 19th-century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a>, the French decoder of <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a>, said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here, as elsewhere throughout the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], adorned with all the insignia of royalty, giving place to this Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we may search the royal lists in vain, still more astonished was I to find upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, as though a queen were in question. I found the same peculiarity everywhere...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampollion_le_Jeune1868_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampollion_le_Jeune1868-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This problem was a major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>, centering on confusion and disagreement on the order of succession of early <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaohs">pharaohs</a>. The dilemma takes its name from confusion over the <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> of the rule of Queen Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, II, and III.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuty_(overseer_of_the_treasury)" title="Djehuty (overseer of the treasury)">Djehuty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overseer_of_the_treasuries" title="Overseer of the treasuries">overseer of the treasury</a> under Hatshepsut's rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Hatchepsout</b>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A5%EA%9C%A3t#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ḥꜣt">ḥꜣt</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1pst#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:špst">špswt</a></i> "Foremost of Noble Ladies";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton1994104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton1994104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or archaically <b>Hatasu</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891261_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891261-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley (1996) notes on p. 252 that a detailed discussion of the disappearance of Senenmut – Hatshepsut's highest official and closest supporter who retired abruptly or died around Years 16 and 20 of Hatshepsut's reign – and a useful list of other publications on this topic is given in A. R. Schulman's 1969–70 paper "Some Remarks on the Alleged 'Fall' of Senmut," JARCE 8, pp. 29–48.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201398_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeprohon2013">Leprohon 2013</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130–141-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130–141_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, pp. 130–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNadig2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadig, Peter (2016). <i>Hatszepsut</i> (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8069-417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8069-417-0"><bdi>978-83-8069-417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatszepsut&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Pr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski+i+S-ka&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-83-8069-417-0&rft.aulast=Nadig&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilford2007">Wilford 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Hatshepsut">"Hatshepsut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hatshepsut&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FHatshepsut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton1994104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton1994104_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton1994">Clayton 1994</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891261-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891261_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1891">Edwards 1891</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungKraussWarburton2006492_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornungKraussWarburton2006">Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHilliardWurtzel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hilliard, Kristina; Wurtzel, Kate (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20694765">"Power and Gender in Ancient Egypt: The Case of Hatshepsut"</a>. <i>Art Education</i>. <b>62</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043125.2009.11519017">10.1080/00043125.2009.11519017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3125">0004-3125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20694765">20694765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Education&rft.atitle=Power+and+Gender+in+Ancient+Egypt%3A+The+Case+of+Hatshepsut&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0004-3125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20694765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043125.2009.11519017&rft.aulast=Hilliard&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft.au=Wurtzel%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20694765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2006201_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2006">Hornung 2006</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadig2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadig, Peter (2016). <i>Hatszepsut</i> (in Polish). Prószyński i S-ka. p. 89, 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8069-417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8069-417-0"><bdi>978-83-8069-417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatszepsut&rft.pages=89%2C+104&rft.pub=Pr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski+i+S-ka&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-83-8069-417-0&rft.aulast=Nadig&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierbrier199515–19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierbrier199515–19_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBierbrier1995">Bierbrier 1995</a>, pp. 15–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004130_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2005a88Keller200596-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2005a88Keller200596_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorman2005a">Dorman 2005a</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFKeller2005">Keller 2005</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2013156-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2013156_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher2013">Fletcher 2013</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiebing2016177-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiebing2016177_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiebing2016">Stiebing 2016</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valbelle, Dominique in <a href="#CITEREFEmberlingWilliams2020">Emberling & Williams 2020</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooney2015">Cooney 2015</a> Reviewed by <a href="#CITEREFSarll2015">Sarll 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2010181,_230-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2010181,_230_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2010">Wilkinson 2010</a>, pp. 181, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndronikFiedler200120-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndronikFiedler200120_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndronikFiedler2001">Andronik & Fiedler 2001</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101,_108–109,_110–111-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101,_108–109,_110–111_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddell1940">Waddell 1940</a>, pp. 100–101, 108–109, 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940100–101_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddell1940">Waddell 1940</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=1&chapter=1&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=15&up.x=&up.y=&text=apion&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>Against Apion</i></a>. 1.1.15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Apion&rft.pages=1.1.15&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D1%26chapter%3D1%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D15%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dapion%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+Ap.+1.15">Ap.1.15</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940110–111-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell1940110–111_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddell1940">Waddell 1940</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteindorffSeele194253-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteindorffSeele194253_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteindorffSeele1942">Steindorff & Seele 1942</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1988204_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1988">Grimal 1988</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabolde1987-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabolde1987_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabolde1987">Gabolde 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley199699_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley1996">Tyldesley 1996</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalisbury2001149-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalisbury2001149_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalisbury2001">Salisbury 2001</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller200596-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller200596_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller200596_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeller2005">Keller 2005</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDell200872-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDell200872_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDell200872_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDell2008">Dell 2008</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENjoku201329–31_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNjoku2013">Njoku 2013</a>, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Research_Center_in_Egypt2007-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Research_Center_in_Egypt2007_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Research_Center_in_Egypt2007">American Research Center in Egypt 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac200414-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaac200414_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaac2004">Isaac 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996137–144_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley1996">Tyldesley 1996</a>, pp. 137–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson2002161-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson2002161_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunson2002">Bunson 2002</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2018-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney2018_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooney2018">Cooney 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds200727-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinds200727_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinds2007">Hinds 2007</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2005155-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2005155_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2005">Roth 2005</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010106"Female_rulers_are_given_the_attributes_of_essentially_male_kingship_such_as_false_beards_(the_beard_is_also_false_when_worn_by_male_kings)_and_kilts._But_depictions_of_female_queens,_such_as_Sobekneferu_or_Hatshepsut,_wearing_male_attire_should_certainly_not_be_seen_as_evidence_of_transvestism_or_mythical_androgyny._Female_kings_were_rather_taking_on_a_male_persona,_given_the_essential_masculinity_of_kingship."-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010106"Female_rulers_are_given_the_attributes_of_essentially_male_kingship_such_as_false_beards_(the_beard_is_also_false_when_worn_by_male_kings)_and_kilts._But_depictions_of_female_queens,_such_as_Sobekneferu_or_Hatshepsut,_wearing_male_attire_should_certainly_not_be_seen_as_evidence_of_transvestism_or_mythical_androgyny._Female_kings_were_rather_taking_on_a_male_persona,_given_the_essential_masculinity_of_kingship."_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraves-Brown2010">Graves-Brown 2010</a>, p. 106, "Female rulers are given the attributes of essentially male kingship such as false beards (the beard is also false when worn by male kings) and kilts. But depictions of female queens, such as Sobekneferu or Hatshepsut, wearing male attire should certainly not be seen as evidence of transvestism or mythical androgyny. Female kings were rather taking on a male persona, given the essential masculinity of kingship.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirley2014206-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirley2014206_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirley2014">Shirley 2014</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadnerMoellerPotts2022159-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadnerMoellerPotts2022159_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadnerMoellerPotts2022">Radner, Moeller & Potts 2022</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyson1999-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyson1999_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyson1999">Tyson 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20021–17-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20021–17_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2002">Allen 2002</a>, pp. 1–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996228-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996228_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley1996">Tyldesley 1996</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2005147-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2005147_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2005">Roth 2005</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2005135_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2005">Arnold 2005</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller20054-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller20054_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoehrigDreyfusKeller2005">Roehrig, Dreyfus & Keller 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzafrański2014125-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzafrański2014125_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzafrański2014">Szafrański 2014</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010132-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010132_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraves-Brown2010">Graves-Brown 2010</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbslink-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbslink_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbslink_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/newkingdom/hatshepsut.html">"Hatshepsut"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831181559/http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/newkingdom/hatshepsut.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fegypt%2Fnewkingdom%2Fhatshepsut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumThomas201660-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumThomas201660_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumThomas2016">Baum & Thomas 2016</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1969177-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1969177_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1969">Wells 1969</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1992184-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1992184_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenz1992">Morenz 1992</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipinska200186-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipinska200186_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipinska2001">Lipinska 2001</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2012">Martin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirelli1999278Dorman2005a87Roth2005149-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirelli1999278Dorman2005a87Roth2005149_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirelli1999">Pirelli 1999</a>, p. 278; <a href="#CITEREFDorman2005a">Dorman 2005a</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFRoth2005">Roth 2005</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906116–117-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted1906116–117_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted1906">Breasted 1906</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeawright2000-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeawright2000_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeawright2000">Seawright 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharaoh.se/josephus-king-list">Josephus</a> © 2011–2023 by Peter Lundström — Some Rights Reserved — V. 4.0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996210-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley1996210_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley1996">Tyldesley 1996</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006106-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006106_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2006">Tyldesley 2006</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2005261-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2005261_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2005">Allen 2005</a>, p. 261. Allen writes here that scholars consider the Armant stela to mark the occasion of Thutmose III's sole reign since he uses the epithet "Thutmose, Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a>" twice on this document for the first time in his reign. This means he was asserting his own claim to the administration of Egypt after that of Hatshepsut, who by then had probably died.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckerath1997189-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckerath1997189_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckerath1997">Beckerath 1997</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200526–42-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes200526–42_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes2005">Forbes 2005</a>, pp. 26–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerstaffe200271–77-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerstaffe200271–77_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickerstaffe2002">Bickerstaffe 2002</a>, pp. 71–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Geographic2007_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Geographic2007">National Geographic 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Bonn2011-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Bonn2011_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Bonn2011">University of Bonn 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford2007A_single_tooth_and_some_DNA_clues_appear_to_have_solved_the_mystery_of_the_lost_mummy_of_Hatshepsut,_one_of_the_great_queens_of_ancient_Egypt,_who_reigned_in_the_15th_century_B.C.-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford2007A_single_tooth_and_some_DNA_clues_appear_to_have_solved_the_mystery_of_the_lost_mummy_of_Hatshepsut,_one_of_the_great_queens_of_ancient_Egypt,_who_reigned_in_the_15th_century_B.C._71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilford2007">Wilford 2007</a>, A single tooth and some DNA clues appear to have solved the mystery of the lost mummy of Hatshepsut, one of the great queens of ancient Egypt, who reigned in the 15th century B.C..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2007-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2007_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2007">Wright 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraefe2011">Graefe 2011</a>, pp. 41–43. See also <a href="#CITEREFThimes2008">Thimes 2008</a>, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller2005278–279-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoehrigDreyfusKeller2005278–279_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoehrigDreyfusKeller2005">Roehrig, Dreyfus & Keller 2005</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006107-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2006107_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2006">Tyldesley 2006</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961198-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961198_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardiner1961">Gardiner 1961</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford196787-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford196787_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford196787_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford1967">Redford 1967</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargaux_Baum,_Susanna_Thomas2017" class="citation book cs1">Margaux Baum, Susanna Thomas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adphDwAAQBAJ&dq=the+first+great+woman+in+history+of+whom+we+are+informed++Breasted&pg=PA8"><i>Hatshepsut</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21392-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21392-3"><bdi>978-0-664-21392-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21392-3&rft.au=Margaux+Baum%2C+Susanna+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadphDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bfirst%2Bgreat%2Bwoman%2Bin%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bwhom%2Bwe%2Bare%2Binformed%2B%2BBreasted%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown20104-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown20104_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraves-Brown2010">Graves-Brown 2010</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney201886-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney201886_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooney2018">Cooney 2018</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2005b269-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2005b269_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorman2005b">Dorman 2005b</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins199351–52,_55-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins199351–52,_55_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins1993">Robins 1993</a>, pp. 51–52, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampollion_le_Jeune1868-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampollion_le_Jeune1868_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampollion_le_Jeune1868">Champollion le Jeune 1868</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBediz" class="citation web cs1">Bediz, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629080236/http://www.bediz.com/hatshep/story.html">"The Story of Hatshepsut"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bediz.com/hatshep/story.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Hatshepsut&rft.aulast=Bediz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bediz.com%2Fhatshep%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Research_Center_in_Egypt2007" class="citation journal cs1">American Research Center in Egypt (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwUuAQAAIAAJ">"Volumes 41–43"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Research_Center_in_Egypt" title="Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt">Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</a></i>. American Research Center in Egypt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Volumes+41%E2%80%9343&rft.date=2007&rft.au=American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwUuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2002" class="citation web cs1">Allen, James P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403234933/http://www.ancientneareast.net/texts/egyptian/speos_artemidos.html">"The Speos Artemidos Inscription of Hatshepsut"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 16</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientneareast.net/texts/egyptian/speos_artemidos.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Egyptological+Seminar+16&rft.atitle=The+Speos+Artemidos+Inscription+of+Hatshepsut&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientneareast.net%2Ftexts%2Fegyptian%2Fspeos_artemidos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndronikFiedler2001" class="citation book cs1">Andronik, Catherine M.; Fiedler, Joseph Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hatshepsuthismaj00andr/page/20/"><i>Hatshepsut, His Majesty, Herself</i></a>. New York: Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-82562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-82562-0"><bdi>978-0-689-82562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut%2C+His+Majesty%2C+Herself&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Atheneum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-689-82562-0&rft.aulast=Andronik&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.&rft.au=Fiedler%2C+Joseph+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhatshepsuthismaj00andr%2Fpage%2F20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumThomas2016" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Margaux; Thomas, Susanna (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X09gDwAAQBAJ"><i>Hatshepsut</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5081-7251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5081-7251-2"><bdi>978-1-5081-7251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5081-7251-2&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Margaux&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX09gDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckerath1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Beckerath, Jürgen von</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kh4QgAACAAJ"><i>Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten: die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr</i></a> (in German). Verlag Philipp von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2310-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2310-9"><bdi>978-3-8053-2310-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+des+pharaonischen+%C3%84gypten%3A+die+Zeitbestimmung+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+Geschichte+von+der+Vorzeit+bis+332+v.+Chr&rft.pub=Verlag+Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-2310-9&rft.aulast=Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kh4QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBickerstaffe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bickerstaffe, Dylan (Spring 2002). 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Universität der Göttingen, Seminar für Agyptologie und Koptologie, Göttingen: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0344-385X">0344-385X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Miszellen&rft.atitle=How+old+was+Hatshepsut%3F&rft.issue=144&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0344-385X&rft.aulast=Bierbrier&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Bonn2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110819131513.htm">"Deadly ancient Egyptian medication? German scientists shed light on dark secret of Queen Hatshepsut's flacon"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182332/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110819131513.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4563-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4563-1"><bdi>0-8160-4563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8160-4563-1&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChampollion_le_Jeune1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Champollion le Jeune (1868). "QUINZIÈME LETTRE: Thèbes, le 18 juin 1829". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10764"><i>Lettres écrites d'Égypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829</i></a> (in French) (Nouvelle ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=QUINZI%C3%88ME+LETTRE%3A+Th%C3%A8bes%2C+le+18+juin+1829&rft.btitle=Lettres+%C3%A9crites+d%27%C3%89gypte+et+de+Nubie+en+1828+et+1829&rft.edition=Nouvelle&rft.date=1868&rft.au=Champollion+le+Jeune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F10764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Clayton" title="Peter A. Clayton">Clayton, Peter</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay"><i>Chronicle of the Pharaohs</i></a></span>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500050743" title="Special:BookSources/9780500050743"><bdi>9780500050743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780500050743&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofphara00clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooney2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kara_Cooney" title="Kara Cooney">Cooney, Kara</a> (2015). <i>The Woman Who Would be King</i>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-322-38466-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-322-38466-5"><bdi>978-1-322-38466-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897502797">897502797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Who+Would+be+King&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897502797&rft.isbn=978-1-322-38466-5&rft.aulast=Cooney&rft.aufirst=Kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooney2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kara_Cooney" title="Kara Cooney">Cooney, Kara</a> (2018). <i>When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426219771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426219771"><bdi>978-1426219771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Women+Ruled+the+World%3A+Six+Queens+of+Egypt&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1426219771&rft.aulast=Cooney&rft.aufirst=Kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDell2008" class="citation book cs1">Dell, Pamela (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGIMj4S9GgMC"><i>Hatshepsut: Egypt's First Female Pharaoh</i></a>. Capstone Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3835-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3835-4"><bdi>978-0-7565-3835-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut%3A+Egypt%27s+First+Female+Pharaoh&rft.pub=Capstone+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-3835-4&rft.aulast=Dell&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGIMj4S9GgMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDodsonHilton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Dodson" title="Aidan Dodson">Dodson, Aidan</a>; Hilton, Dyan (2004). <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3"><bdi>0-500-05128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Royal+Families+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-500-05128-3&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Hilton%2C+Dyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Edwards" title="Amelia Edwards">Edwards, Amelia B.</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewMrAAAAYAAJ"><i>Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Brothers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaohs%2C+Fellahs+and+Explorers&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Amelia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewMrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmberlingWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Emberling, Geoff; Williams, Bruce (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amkLEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049627-2"><bdi>978-0-19-049627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Nubia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049627-2&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Williams%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamkLEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joann_Fletcher" title="Joann Fletcher">Fletcher, Joann</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1JSJcXy2fwC&pg=PT156"><i>The Search For Nefertiti</i></a>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4447-8054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4447-8054-3"><bdi>978-1-4447-8054-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115201641/https://books.google.com/books?id=q1JSJcXy2fwC&pg=PT156">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+For+Nefertiti&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4447-8054-3&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Joann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1JSJcXy2fwC%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes2005" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, Dennis C. (Fall 2005). "Maatkare Hatshepsut: The Female Pharaoh". <i><a href="/wiki/Kmt_(magazine)" title="Kmt (magazine)">Kmt</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kmt&rft.atitle=Maatkare+Hatshepsut%3A+The+Female+Pharaoh&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Dennis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabolde1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabolde, Luc (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-01793022">"La chronologie du règne de Thoutmosis II, ses conséquences sur la datation des momies royales et leurs répercussions sur l'histoire du développement de la Vallée des rois"</a>. <i>Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur</i> (in French): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=La+chronologie+du+r%C3%A8gne+de+Thoutmosis+II%2C+ses+cons%C3%A9quences+sur+la+datation+des+momies+royales+et+leurs+r%C3%A9percussions+sur+l%27histoire+du+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+la+Vall%C3%A9e+des+rois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Gabolde&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-01793022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1961" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Sir Alan (1961). <i>Egypt of the Pharaohs</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Sir+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves-Brown2010" class="citation book cs1">Graves-Brown, Carolyn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DANCINGFORHATHORWOMENINANCIENTEGYPTCAROLYNGRAVESBROWN/page/n17/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847250544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847250544"><bdi>978-1847250544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+for+Hathor%3A+Women+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1847250544&rft.aulast=Graves-Brown&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDANCINGFORHATHORWOMENINANCIENTEGYPTCAROLYNGRAVESBROWN%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraefe2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graefe, Erhard (2011). "Der angebliche Zahn der angeblich krebskranken Diabetikerin Königin Hatschepsut, oder: Die Mumie der Hatschepsut bleibt unbekannt". <i>Göttinger Miszellen</i> (in German). <b>231</b>. Göttingen: Universität der Göttingen, Seminar für Agyptologie und Koptologie. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0344-385X">0344-385X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Miszellen&rft.atitle=Der+angebliche+Zahn+der+angeblich+krebskranken+Diabetikerin+K%C3%B6nigin+Hatschepsut%2C+oder%3A+Die+Mumie+der+Hatschepsut+bleibt+unbekannt&rft.volume=231&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0344-385X&rft.aulast=Graefe&rft.aufirst=Erhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Grimal, Nicolas</a> (1988). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Paris: Librairie Arthéme Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A9me+Fayard&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinds2007" class="citation book cs1">Hinds, Kathryn (2007). <i>The Pharaoh's Court</i>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2183-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-2183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pharaoh%27s+Court&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2183-2&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornungKraussWarburton2006" class="citation book cs1">Hornung, E.; Krauss, R.; Warburton, D. A., eds. (2006). <i>Ancient Egyptian Chronology</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047404002" title="Special:BookSources/9789047404002"><bdi>9789047404002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Chronology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789047404002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFHornung2006" class="citation">Hornung, Erik. "New Kingdom". In <a href="#CITEREFHornungKraussWarburton2006">Hornung, Krauss & Warburton (2006)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2004" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTgdRuWa9xMC"><i>A Historical Atlas of Oman</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4500-9"><bdi>978-0-8239-4500-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914074811/http://www.google.com/books?id=gTgdRuWa9xMC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-06205-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrqYEhtONIBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorenz1992" class="citation book cs1">Morenz, Siegfried (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fj_ncoBoBSsC"><i>Egyptian Religion</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8029-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-8029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Religion&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8029-4&rft.aulast=Morenz&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfj_ncoBoBSsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220054/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/photogalleries/queen-mummy/">"Photo Gallery: Mummy of Egypt's <i>Lost Queen</i> Found"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/photogalleries/queen-mummy/">the original</a> on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Photo+Gallery%3A+Mummy+of+Egypt%27s+Lost+Queen+Found&rft.date=2007-06&rft.au=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2Fphotogalleries%2Fqueen-mummy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNjoku2013" class="citation book cs1">Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C"><i>The History of Somalia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37857-7"><bdi>978-0-313-37857-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125140132/http://www.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Somalia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37857-7&rft.aulast=Njoku&rft.aufirst=Raphael+Chijioke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlL2vE_qRQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPirelli1999" class="citation book cs1">Pirelli, Rosanna (1999). "Deir el-Bahri, Hatshepsut temple". In <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Bard, Kathryn</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00bard"><i>Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">275–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98283-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98283-9"><bdi>978-0-203-98283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deir+el-Bahri%2C+Hatshepsut+temple&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+archaeology+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98283-9&rft.aulast=Pirelli&rft.aufirst=Rosanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaarch00bard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadnerMoellerPotts2022" class="citation book cs1">Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, D. T. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr9qEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068760-1"><bdi>978-0-19-068760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Volume+III%3A+from+the+Hyksos+to+the+Late+Second+Millennium+BC&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068760-1&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Moeller%2C+Nadine&rft.au=Potts%2C+D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHr9qEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobins1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gay_Robins" title="Gay Robins">Robins, Gay</a> (1993). <i>Women in Ancient Egypt</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-95469-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-95469-6"><bdi>0-674-95469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-674-95469-6&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRedford1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (1967). <i>History and Chronology of the 18th dynasty of Egypt: Seven studies</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Chronology+of+the+18th+dynasty+of+Egypt%3A+Seven+studies&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoehrig2005" class="citation book cs1">Roehrig, Catharine H. (2005). <i>Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh</i>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300111392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300111392"><bdi>978-0300111392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut%3A+From+Queen+to+Pharaoh&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0300111392&rft.aulast=Roehrig&rft.aufirst=Catharine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRoehrigDreyfusKeller2005" class="citation">Roehrig, Catharine H.; Dreyfus, Renée; Keller, Cathleen A. Introduction. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+and+Journal&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+The+Woman+Who+Would+Be+King%3A+Hatshepsut%27s+Rise+To+Power+In+Ancient+Egypt+by+Kara+Cooney&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.aulast=Sarll&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressandjournal.co.uk%2Ffp%2Fentertainment%2Fculture%2F485541%2Fbook-review-woman-king-hatshepsuts-rise-power-ancient-egypt-kara-cooney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeawright2000" class="citation web cs1">Seawright, Caroline (6 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816202748/http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/hatshepsut.html">"Hatshepsut: Female Pharaoh of Egypt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/hatshepsut.html">the original</a> on 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut%3A+Female+Pharaoh+of+Egypt&rft.date=2000-11-06&rft.aulast=Seawright&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekeep.org%2F~kunoichi%2Fkunoichi%2Fthemestream%2Fhatshepsut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirley2014" class="citation book cs1">Shirley, JJ E. (2014). "The Power of the Elite: The Officials of Hatshepsut's Regency and Coregency". In Galán, José M.; Bryan M., Betsy; Dorman, Peter F. (eds.). <i>Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut</i>. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-024-4"><bdi>978-1-61491-024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+the+Elite%3A+The+Officials+of+Hatshepsut%27s+Regency+and+Coregency&rft.btitle=Creativity+and+Innovation+in+the+Reign+of+Hatshepsut&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61491-024-4&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=JJ+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStiebing2016" class="citation book cs1">Stiebing, William H. Jr. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoyTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177"><i>Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51116-0"><bdi>978-1-315-51116-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113214520/https://books.google.com/books?id=DoyTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-51116-0&rft.aulast=Stiebing&rft.aufirst=William+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoyTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteindorffSeele1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Steindorff" title="Georg Steindorff">Steindorff, George</a>; Seele, Keith (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283999"><i>When Egypt Ruled the East</i></a>. University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Egypt+Ruled+the+East&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Steindorff&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Seele%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzafrański2014" class="citation book cs1">Szafrański, Zbigniew E. (2014). "The Exceptional Creativity of Hatshepsut". In Galán, José M.; Bryan M., Betsy; Dorman, Peter F. (eds.). <i>Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut</i>. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61491-024-4"><bdi>978-1-61491-024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Exceptional+Creativity+of+Hatshepsut&rft.btitle=Creativity+and+Innovation+in+the+Reign+of+Hatshepsut&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61491-024-4&rft.aulast=Szafra%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThimes2008" class="citation journal cs1">Thimes, J. L. (2008). "A Dental Observation". <i><a href="/wiki/Kmt_(magazine)" title="Kmt (magazine)">Kmt</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kmt&rft.atitle=A+Dental+Observation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Thimes&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyson1999" class="citation news cs1">Tyson, Peter (16 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822041741/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990316.html">"The Unfinished Obelisk"</a>. <i>NOVA online adventure</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990316.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOVA+online+adventure&rft.atitle=The+Unfinished+Obelisk&rft.date=1999-03-16&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fegypt%2Fdispatches%2F990316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Tyldesley, Joyce</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hatchepsutfemale00tyld"><i>Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh</i></a>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85976-4"><bdi>978-0-670-85976-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatchepsut%3A+The+Female+Pharaoh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85976-4&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhatchepsutfemale00tyld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Tyldesley, Joyce</a> (2006). <i>Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times To The Death Of Cleopatra</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05145-0"><bdi>978-0-500-05145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Queens+of+Egypt%3A+From+Early+Dynastic+Times+To+The+Death+Of+Cleopatra&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05145-0&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1940" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, W. G., ed. (1940). <i>Manetho</i>. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manetho&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Wells" title="Evelyn Wells">Wells, Evelyn</a> (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hatshepsut00well"><i>Hatshepsut</i></a></span>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatshepsut&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhatshepsut00well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilford2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">Wilford, John Noble</a> (27 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/world/middleeast/27mummy.html">"Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609234643/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/world/middleeast/27mummy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tooth+May+Have+Solved+Mummy+Mystery&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F27mummy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson" title="Toby Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Toby</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallanciente00wilk"><i>The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1002-6"><bdi>978-1-4088-1002-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-1002-6&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallanciente00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Jonathan (27 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2776273020070627">"Tooth Clinches Identification of Egyptian Queen"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111023310/http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2776273020070627">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tooth+Clinches+Identification+of+Egyptian+Queen&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FscienceNews%2FidUSL2776273020070627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatshepsut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Hatshepsut</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hatshepsut" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hatshepsut">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" class="extiw" title="c:Hatshepsut">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hatshepsut" class="extiw" title="q:Hatshepsut">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Egyptology/Hatshepsut_Project" class="extiw" title="v:Egyptology/Hatshepsut Project">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Queens_of_ancient_Egypt67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Queens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Template:Queens of ancient Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Queens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Template talk:Queens of ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Queens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Queens of ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queens_of_ancient_Egypt67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">Queens of ancient Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_Period_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic Period</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Period375" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nobold">Pharaoh<sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></sup></span></li> <li><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benerib" title="Benerib">Benerib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khenthap" title="Khenthap">Khenthap</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herneith" title="Herneith">Herneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtneith" title="Nakhtneith">Nakhtneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penebui" title="Penebui">Penebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshemetka" title="Seshemetka">Seshemetka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semat" title="Semat">Semat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serethor" title="Serethor">Serethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrest" title="Betrest">Betrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Menka_(queen)" title="Menka (queen)">Menka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimaathap" title="Nimaathap">Nimaathap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetephernebti" title="Hetephernebti">Hetephernebti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djeseretnebti" title="Djeseretnebti">Djeseretnebti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djefatnebti" title="Djefatnebti">Djefatnebti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meresankh_I" title="Meresankh I">Meresankh I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetepheres_I" title="Hetepheres I">Hetepheres I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritites_I" title="Meritites I">Meritites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henutsen" title="Henutsen">Henutsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentetka" title="Khentetka">Khentetka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meresankh_II" title="Meresankh II">Meresankh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meresankh_III" title="Meresankh III">Meresankh III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamerernebty_I" title="Khamerernebty I">Khamerernebty I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persenet" title="Persenet">Persenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekenuhedjet" title="Hekenuhedjet">Hekenuhedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamerernebty_II" title="Khamerernebty II">Khamerernebty II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhetre" title="Rekhetre">Rekhetre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunefer" title="Bunefer">Bunefer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_I" title="Khentkaus I">Khentkaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhetepes_(wife_of_Userkaf)" title="Neferhetepes (wife of Userkaf)">Neferhetepes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretnebty" title="Meretnebty">Meretnebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptynub" title="Reptynub">Reptynub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuit_I" title="Khuit I">Khuit I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebunebty" title="Nebunebty">Nebunebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meresankh_IV" title="Meresankh IV">Meresankh IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setibhor" title="Setibhor">Setibhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebet_(queen)" title="Nebet (queen)">Nebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenut" title="Khenut">Khenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimaathap_II" title="Nimaathap II">Nimaathap II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iput" title="Iput">Iput I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuit">Khuit II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpepi_I" title="Ankhesenpepi I">Ankhesenpepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpepi_II" title="Ankhesenpepi II">Ankhesenpepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubwenet" title="Nubwenet">Nubwenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritites_IV" title="Meritites IV">Meritites IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inenek-Inti" title="Inenek-Inti">Inenek-Inti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjeftet" title="Nedjeftet">Nedjeftet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(wife_of_Pepi_II)" title="Neith (wife of Pepi II)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iput_II" title="Iput II">Iput II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udjebten" title="Udjebten">Udjebten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpepi_III" title="Ankhesenpepi III">Ankhesenpepi III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpepi_IV" title="Ankhesenpepi IV">Ankhesenpepi IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitocris" title="Nitocris">Nitocris</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nobold">Pharaoh<sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></sup></span></li> <li><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neferu_I" title="Neferu I">Neferu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferukayet" title="Neferukayet">Neferukayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah_(queen)" title="Iah (queen)">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_(queen)" title="Tem (queen)">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferu_II" title="Neferu II">Neferu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashayet" title="Ashayet">Ashayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henhenet" title="Henhenet">Henhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeh_(queen)" title="Sadeh (queen)">Sadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawit_(queen)" title="Kawit (queen)">Kawit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemsit" title="Kemsit">Kemsit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferitatjenen" title="Neferitatjenen">Neferitatjenen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferu_III" title="Neferu III">Neferu III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keminub" title="Keminub">Keminub</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senet_(queen)" title="Senet (queen)">Senet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenemetneferhedjet_I" title="Khenemetneferhedjet I">Khenemetneferhedjet I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nofret_II" title="Nofret II">Nofret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenmet" title="Khenmet">Khenmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenemetneferhedjet_II" title="Khenemetneferhedjet II">Khenemetneferhedjet II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferthenut" title="Neferthenut">Neferthenut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meretseger_(queen)" title="Meretseger (queen)">Meretseger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aat_(queen)" title="Aat (queen)">Aat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenemetneferhedjet_III" title="Khenemetneferhedjet III">Khenemetneferhedjet III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nofret_(13th_Dynasty_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nofret (13th Dynasty queen)">Nofret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubhetepti" title="Nubhetepti">Nubhetepti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senebhenas" title="Senebhenas">Senebhenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neni" title="Neni">Neni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senebsen" title="Senebsen">Senebsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjan_(queen)" title="Tjan (queen)">Tjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineni_(queen)" title="Ineni (queen)">Ineni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkhaes" title="Nubkhaes">Nubkhaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(queen)" title="Aya (queen)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetni" title="Abetni">Abetni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsobek" title="Satsobek">Satsobek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tati_(queen)" title="Tati (queen)">Tati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_(queen)" title="Mentuhotep (queen)">Mentuhotep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nubemhat" title="Nubemhat">Nubemhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_(queen)" title="Sobekemsaf (queen)">Sobekemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haankhes" title="Haankhes">Haankhes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetisheri" title="Tetisheri">Tetisheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahhotep_I" title="Ahhotep I">Ahhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_Inhapy" title="Ahmose Inhapy">Ahmose Inhapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdjehuti" title="Sitdjehuti">Sitdjehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahhotep_II" title="Ahhotep II">Ahhotep II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nobold">Pharaoh<sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></sup></span></li> <li><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Sitkamose" title="Ahmose-Sitkamose">Ahmose-Sitkamose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Henuttamehu" title="Ahmose-Henuttamehu">Ahmose-Henuttamehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Meritamun" title="Ahmose-Meritamun">Ahmose-Meritamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_(queen)" title="Ahmose (queen)">Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutnofret" title="Mutnofret">Mutnofret</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatshepsut</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iset_(queen)" title="Iset (queen)">Iset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satiah" title="Satiah">Satiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merytre-Hatshepsut" title="Merytre-Hatshepsut">Merytre-Hatshepsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtu" title="Nebtu">Nebtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhet,_Menwi_and_Merti" title="Menhet, Menwi and Merti">Menhet, Menwi and Merti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsemi" title="Nebsemi">Nebsemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaa" title="Tiaa">Tiaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertari_(18th_dynasty)" title="Nefertari (18th dynasty)">Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaret" title="Iaret">Iaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutemwiya" title="Mutemwiya">Mutemwiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilukhipa" title="Gilukhipa">Gilukhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitamun" title="Sitamun">Sitamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iset_(daughter_of_Amenhotep_III)" title="Iset (daughter of Amenhotep III)">Iset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadukhipa" title="Tadukhipa">Tadukhipa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tey" title="Tey">Tey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet" title="Mutnedjmet">Mutnedjmet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebetnehat" title="Nebetnehat">Nebetnehat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitre" title="Sitre">Sitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuya_(queen)" title="Tuya (queen)">Tuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanedjemet" title="Tanedjemet">Tanedjemet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isetnofret" title="Isetnofret">Isetnofret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henutmire" title="Henutmire">Henutmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maathorneferure" title="Maathorneferure">Maathorneferure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritamen" title="Meritamen">Meritamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintanath" title="Bintanath">Bintanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebettawy" title="Nebettawy">Nebettawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merytre" title="Merytre">Merytre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isetnofret_II" title="Isetnofret II">Isetnofret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhat" title="Takhat">Takhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaa_(wife_of_Seti_II)" title="Tiaa (wife of Seti II)">Tiaa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anuketemheb" title="Anuketemheb">Anuketemheb</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiy-Merenese" title="Tiy-Merenese">Tiy-Merenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iset_Ta-Hemdjert" title="Iset Ta-Hemdjert">Iset Ta-Hemdjert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyti" title="Tyti">Tyti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiye_(20th_dynasty)" title="Tiye (20th dynasty)">Tiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duatentopet" title="Duatentopet">Duatentopet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henutwati" title="Henutwati">Henutwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawerettenru" title="Tawerettenru">Tawerettenru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkhesbed" title="Nubkhesbed">Nubkhesbed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baketwernel" title="Baketwernel">Baketwernel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentamun_(20th_dynasty)" title="Tentamun (20th dynasty)">Tentamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentamun_(21st_dynasty)" title="Tentamun (21st dynasty)">Tentamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet_(21st_dynasty)" title="Mutnedjmet (21st dynasty)">Mutnedjmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimala" title="Karimala">Karimala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karomama_A" title="Karomama A">Karomama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penreshnes" title="Penreshnes">Penreshnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maatkare_B" title="Maatkare B">Maatkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashedkhonsu" title="Tashedkhonsu">Tashedkhonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesitaudjatakhet" title="Nesitaudjatakhet">Nesitaudjatakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesitanebetashru" title="Nesitanebetashru">Nesitanebetashru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapes" title="Kapes">Kapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karomama_I" title="Karomama I">Karomama I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadibast_III" title="Tadibast III">Tadibast III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karomama_II" title="Karomama II">Karomama II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebatjma" title="Pebatjma">Pebatjma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabiry" title="Tabiry">Tabiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abar_(Queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abar (Queen)">Abar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensa" title="Khensa">Khensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peksater" title="Peksater">Peksater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arty_(Queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arty (Queen)">Arty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalhata" title="Qalhata">Qalhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabekenamun" title="Tabekenamun">Tabekenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahatenamun" title="Takahatenamun">Takahatenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naparaye" title="Naparaye">Naparaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakhebasken" title="Atakhebasken">Atakhebasken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaqaye" title="Malaqaye">Malaqaye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_Period_and_Hellenistic_Period_(664–30_BC)67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom#History" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Hellenistic Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> (664–30 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nobold">Pharaoh<sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></sup></span></li> <li><span class="nobold"><i>uncertain</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehytenweskhet" title="Mehytenweskhet">Mehytenweskhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedebneithirbinet_I" title="Khedebneithirbinet I">Khedebneithirbinet I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhuit" title="Takhuit">Takhuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentkheta" title="Tentkheta">Tentkheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtubasterau" title="Nakhtubasterau">Nakhtubasterau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladice_(Cyrenaean_princess)" title="Ladice (Cyrenaean princess)">Ladice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmys" title="Parmys">Parmys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amestris" title="Amestris">Amestris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaspia" title="Damaspia">Damaspia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parysatis" title="Parysatis">Parysatis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Darius_III)" title="Stateira (wife of Darius III)">Stateira I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom#History" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Hellenistic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Alexander_the_Great)" title="Stateira (wife of Alexander the Great)">Stateira II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parysatis_II" title="Parysatis II">Parysatis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice_II_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice II of Macedon">Eurydice II of Macedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurydice_of_Egypt" title="Eurydice of Egypt">Eurydice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_I" title="Berenice I">Berenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_I" title="Arsinoe I">Arsinoe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" title="Berenice II">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III" title="Arsinoe III">Arsinoe III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/15px-Double_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/23px-Double_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/30px-Double_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt family tree (page does not exist)">2<sup>nd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt family tree (page does not exist)">3<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129234#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000095189141">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67741469">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38761/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjJJBRHdHCQf7VTfGDPgBq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118546732">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hatshepsut, King of Egypt"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79075097">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943631b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943631b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hatshepsut <faraone d'Egitto>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV046756">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020619003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584038605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007271497605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118546732.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118546732">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-sctpq","wgBackendResponseTime":256,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.285","walltime":"1.548","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15554,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":485255,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29934,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":256751,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1234.557 1 -total"," 18.00% 222.239 44 Template:Cite_book"," 17.79% 219.584 100 Template:Sfn"," 16.83% 207.751 2 Template:Infobox"," 11.09% 136.869 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.32% 127.345 1 Template:Infobox_pharaoh"," 9.10% 112.359 1 Template:Pharaohs"," 8.09% 99.845 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.29% 90.026 1 Template:Hidden"," 5.46% 67.441 1 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[\"CITEREFFletcher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabolde1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraefe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves-Brown2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimal1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilliardWurtzel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinds2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornung2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornungKraussWarburton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeprohon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipinska2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargaux_Baum,_Susanna_Thomas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorenz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadig2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geographic2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjoku2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirelli1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadnerMoellerPotts2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoehrig2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoehrigDreyfusKeller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalisbury2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarll2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeawright2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteindorffSeele1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiebing2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzafrański2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThimes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Bonn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Center\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Josephus\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox pharaoh\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Noteslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Pharaohs\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Queens of Ancient Egypt\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 100,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-2w9ts","timestamp":"20250331025441","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hatshepsut","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hatshepsut","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q129234","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q129234","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-08T18:37:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Seated_Statue_of_Hatshepsut_MET_Hatshepsut2012.jpg","headline":"5th Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (c. 1479 BC - 1458 BC)"}</script> </body> </html>