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id="toc-Education_and_move_to_Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Marriage and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career_and_militia_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_and_militia_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career and militia service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_militia_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illinois_state_legislature_(1834–1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois_state_legislature_(1834–1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois_state_legislature_(1834–1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847–1849)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prairie_lawyer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prairie_lawyer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prairie lawyer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prairie_lawyer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_politics_(1854–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_politics_(1854–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Republican politics (1854–1860)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republican_politics_(1854–1860)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republican politics (1854–1860) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republican_politics_(1854–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_as_Republican_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_as_Republican_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Emergence as Republican leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_as_Republican_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1856_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1856_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>1856 campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1856_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span><i>Dred Scott v. Sandford</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dred_Scott_v._Sandford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lincoln–Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln–Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln–Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1860 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1861–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1861–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidency (1861–1865)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1861–1865)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1861–1865) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1861–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secession_and_inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession_and_inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Secession and inauguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_and_inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_military_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_military_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Union military strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_military_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_McClellan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_McClellan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>General McClellan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_McClellan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emancipation_Proclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation_Proclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Emancipation Proclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation_Proclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gettysburg_Address_(1863)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gettysburg_Address_(1863)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Gettysburg Address (1863)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gettysburg_Address_(1863)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_General_Grant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_General_Grant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Promoting General Grant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promoting_General_Grant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reelection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reelection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Reelection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reelection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whig_theory_of_a_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whig_theory_of_a_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Whig theory of a presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whig_theory_of_a_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Supreme Court appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assassination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Funeral and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_philosophical_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_philosophical_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religious and philosophical beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_philosophical_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Republican values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunification_of_the_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunification_of_the_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Reunification of the states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunification_of_the_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Memory and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Official</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" 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Available in 199 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-199" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">199 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%80%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%8A%95" title="አብርሀም ሊንከን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አብርሀም ሊንከን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="أبراهام لينكون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبراهام لينكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8%D5%AC%D5%B6" title="Ապրահամ Լինքըլն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ապրահամ Լինքըլն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="আব্ৰাহাম লিংকন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আব্ৰাহাম লিংকন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam_Linkoln" title="Avraam Linkoln – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avraam Linkoln" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکولن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آبراهام لینکولن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="আব্রাহাম লিংকন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আব্রাহাম লিংকন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Аўраам Лінкальн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўраам Лінкальн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Абрагам Лінкальн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абрагам Лінкальн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिंकन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अब्राहम लिंकन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Ейбрахам Линкълн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ейбрахам Линкълн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="أبراهام لينكولن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أبراهام لينكولن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0_%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އަބްރަހަމް ލިންކަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަބްރަހަމް ލިންކަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BC_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD" title="Αβραάμ Λίνκολν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβραάμ Λίνκολν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبراهام لینکلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亞伯拉罕·林肯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="亞伯拉罕·林肯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آبراهام لینکؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8" title="અબ્રાહમ લિંકન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અબ્રાહમ લિંકન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%ED%96%84_%EB%A7%81%EC%BB%A8" title="에이브러햄 링컨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에이브러햄 링컨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6" title="Աբրահամ Լինքոլն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբրահամ Լինքոլն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिंकन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अब्राहम लिंकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="אברהם לינקולן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אברהם לינקולן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಬ್ರಹಮ್ ಲಿಂಕನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬ್ರಹಮ್ ಲಿಂಕನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%A1_%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%8C%E0%BA%99" title="ເອບຣາແຮມ ລິງຄອລ໌ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອບຣາແຮມ ລິງຄອລ໌ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamus_Lincoln" title="Abrahamus Lincoln – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abrahamus Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahams_Linkolns" title="Abrahams Linkolns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abrahams Linkolns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абрахам Линколн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абрахам Линколн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA" title="എബ്രഹാം ലിങ്കൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എബ്രഹാം ലിങ്കൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperehama_Ringikana" title="Aperehama Ringikana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aperehama Ringikana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिंकन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अब्राहम लिंकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="ابراهام لينكولن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابراهام لينكولن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکلن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آبراهام لینکلن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Абрахам Линкольн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Абрахам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အေဘရာဟမ် လင်ကွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေဘရာဟမ် လင်ကွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिन्कन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अब्राहम लिन्कन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="エイブラハム・リンカーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エイブラハム・リンカーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%93%DF%91%DF%99%DF%A4%DF%8A%DF%A1_%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%9E%DF%8F%DF%9F" title="ߊߓߑߙߤߊߡ ߟߌ߲ߞߏߟ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߓߑߙߤߊߡ ߟߌ߲ߞߏߟ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahaam_Liinken" title="Abrahaam Liinken – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Abrahaam Liinken" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ ਲਿੰਕਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ ਲਿੰਕਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparaham_Linken" title="Aparaham Linken – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Aparaham Linken" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ابراہام لنکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابراہام لنکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="ابراهم لینکولن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابراهم لینکولن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98_%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93" title="អាប្រាហាម លីនខូន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាប្រាហាម លីនខូន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абрагам Лінколн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Абрагам Лінколн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperaamo_Linikone" title="Aperaamo Linikone – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aperaamo Linikone" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिन्कन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अब्राहम लिन्कन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱝᱠᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱝᱠᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ابراہام لنکن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابراہام لنکن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ئەبراھام لینکن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبراھام لینکن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абрахам Линколн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абрахам Линколн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரகாம் லிங்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரகாம் லிங்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అబ్రహం లింకన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అబ్రహం లింకన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="เอบราแฮม ลิงคอล์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอบราแฮม ลิงคอล์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абраҳам Линколн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абраҳам Линколн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%AD%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%82" title="ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎵᏂᎧᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎵᏂᎧᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Лінкольн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авраам Лінкольн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ابراہم لنکن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابراہم لنکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linzgenj" title="Linzgenj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linzgenj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkol%27n_Avraam" title="Linkol'n Avraam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Linkol'n Avraam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="林肯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林肯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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For the troopship, see <a href="/wiki/USS_President_Lincoln" title="USS President Lincoln">USS <i>President Lincoln</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Abraham Lincoln</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lincoln in 1863</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a><br />(1861–1865)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Andrew Johnson<br />(Mar–Apr. 1865)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Illinois07 !"><a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">7th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(representative)" title="John Henry (representative)">John Henry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Harris" title="Thomas L. Harris">Thomas L. Harris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a></span> <br />from <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangamon County">Sangamon County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Morris" title="Achilles Morris">Achilles Morris</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-02-12</span>)</span>February 12, 1809<br /><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historical_Park" title="Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park">Sinking Spring Farm</a>, Kentucky, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 15, 1865<span style="display:none">(1865-04-15)</span> (aged 56)<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination by gunshot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (before 1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (after 1856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a> (1864–1865)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 4 in (193 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 4, 1842">1842</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">Willie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Tad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Lincoln family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abraham Lincoln's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg/128px-Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg/192px-Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg/256px-Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">Illinois Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">April–July 1832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ranks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private (United States)">Private</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ranks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Iles" title="Elijah Iles">Iles Mounted Volunteers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a> (non-combatant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a> (non-combatant)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abraham Lincoln</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LINK</span>-ən</i></a>; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1861 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">his assassination</a> in 1865. He led the United States through the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, defending the nation as a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">union</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, playing a major role in the <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">abolition of</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, expanding the power of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>, and modernizing the <a href="/wiki/U.S._economy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. economy">U.S. economy</a>. </p><p>Lincoln was born into <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and was raised on the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> state <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">legislator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">from Illinois</a>. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>. In 1854, angered by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. He reached a national audience in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">1858 Senate campaign debates</a> against <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>. Lincoln ran for <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">president in 1860</a>, sweeping the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">seceding from the nation</a>. They formed the Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. A little over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attacked Fort Sumter</a>, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the union. </p><p>Lincoln, a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">moderate Republican</a>, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and Republican parties. His allies, the <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "<a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a>") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to plot his assassination. His <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> became one of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">naval blockade</a> of the South's trade. He suspended <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">elsewhere</a>, and he averted war with Britain by defusing the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a>. In 1863, he issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln pressured <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>, which abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">re-election campaign</a>. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederate surrender at Appomattox</a>, he was attending a play at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> in Washington, D.C., with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary</a>, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>. </p><p> Lincoln is remembered as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. He is often <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Scholar_survey_summary" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/75px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/113px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/150px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Abraham Lincoln</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent" title="Abraham Lincoln's patent">Patent</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1849%E2%80%931861)" title="Political career of Abraham Lincoln (1849–1861)">Political career, 1849–1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Views on slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Religious views of Abraham Lincoln">Views on religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln">Electoral history</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">16th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">First term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">The Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Second term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential elections</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Speeches and works</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Inaugural speeches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li>State of the Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1861 State of the Union Address">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1862 State of the Union Address">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Lyceum_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Peoria_speech" title="Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Lost_Speech" title="Lincoln's Lost Speech">Lost Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_farewell_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's farewell address">Farewell address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Poetry of Abraham Lincoln">Poetry</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Suicide%27s_Soliloquy" title="The Suicide's Soliloquy">The Suicide's Soliloquy</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixby_letter" title="Bixby letter">Bixby letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Fanny_McCullough" title="Letter to Fanny McCullough">McCullough letter</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Assassination and legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">State funeral</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Abraham Lincoln">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Depictions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Outline of Abraham Lincoln">Topical guide</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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talk:Abraham Lincoln series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham_Lincoln_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham Lincoln series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_childhood">Family and childhood</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks Lincoln</a>, in a log cabin on <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historical_Park" title="Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park">Sinking Spring Farm</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hodgenville,_Kentucky" title="Hodgenville, Kentucky">Hodgenville, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199620–22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199620–22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" title="Samuel Lincoln">Samuel Lincoln</a>, an Englishman who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Norfolk" title="Hingham, Norfolk">Hingham, Norfolk</a>, to its namesake, <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham, Massachusetts</a>, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20173–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20173–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln was also a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_family_of_Virginia" title="Harrison family of Virginia">Harrison family of Virginia</a>; his paternal grandfather and namesake, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(captain)" title="Abraham Lincoln (captain)">Captain Abraham Lincoln</a> and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky" title="Jefferson County, Kentucky">Jefferson County, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The captain was killed in an <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Indian raid</a> in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20174_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20174-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199621_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199621-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> before the family settled in <a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Kentucky" title="Hardin County, Kentucky">Hardin County, Kentucky</a>, in the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199621_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199621-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg/220px-Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg/330px-Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg/440px-Log_Cabin_at_the_Lincoln_Living_Historical_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The farm site where Lincoln grew up in <a href="/wiki/Spencer_County,_Indiana" title="Spencer County, Indiana">Spencer County, Indiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln's mother <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Lincoln</a> is widely assumed to be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200879_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200879-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">Elizabethtown, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20179_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20179-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three children: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lincoln_Grigsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Lincoln Grigsby">Sarah</a>, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20179–10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20179–10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear <a href="/wiki/Recording_(real_estate)" title="Recording (real estate)">property titles</a> to any, losing hundreds of acres of land in property disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199622–24_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199622–24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201713_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201713-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled in an "unbroken forest"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201726_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201726-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Hurricane Township, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Perry_County,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Perry County, Indiana">Perry County, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201716,_43_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201716,_43-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it "had just been admitted to the Union" as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">"free" (non-slaveholding)</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except that, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently enslaved individuals remained so".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199623–24_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199623–24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200834,_156_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200834,_156-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a <a href="/wiki/Separate_Baptists" title="Separate Baptists">Separate Baptist Church</a>, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of its members opposed slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199624_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199624-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained <a href="/wiki/Clear_title" title="Clear title">clear title</a> to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area that became known as <a href="/wiki/Little_Pigeon_Creek_Community" title="Little Pigeon Creek Community">Little Pigeon Creek Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200824,_104_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200824,_104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother's_death"><span id="Mother.27s_death"></span>Mother's death</h3></div> <p>On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from <a href="/wiki/Milk_sickness" title="Milk sickness">milk sickness</a>, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200822–23,_77_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200822–23,_77-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199634,_116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199634,_116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 2, 1819, Thomas married <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bush_Lincoln" title="Sarah Bush Lincoln">Sarah Bush Johnston</a>, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200823,_83_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200823,_83-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199626–27_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199626–27-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200866_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200866-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200930_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200930-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_move_to_Illinois">Education and move to Illinois</h3></div> <p>Lincoln was largely self-educated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200810,_33_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200810,_33-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His formal schooling was from <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_teacher" title="Itinerant teacher">itinerant teachers</a>. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read, but probably not to write. In Indiana at age seven,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199623_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199623-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, for a total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199629_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199629-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadison2014110_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadison2014110-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings included the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin">The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199629–31,_38–43_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199629–31,_38–43-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a> later in life, including an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Laws</a> from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in June 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the family afloat. He also regularly hired his son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the boy earned until he came of age".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199632_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199632-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren2017134–135_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren2017134–135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough <a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch-as-catch-can</a> style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained a reputation for his strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199640–41_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199640–41-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Illinois" title="Macon County, Illinois">Macon County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199636_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199636-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part, due to his father's lack of interest in education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200871_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200871-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1831, as Thomas and other family members prepared to move to a <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Log_Cabin_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site">new homestead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coles_County,_Illinois" title="Coles County, Illinois">Coles County, Illinois</a>, Abraham struck out on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates197415–17_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates197415–17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made his home in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">New Salem, Illinois</a>, for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200823–53_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200823–53-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, by <a href="/wiki/Flatboat" title="Flatboat">flatboat</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, where he first witnessed slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandburg1926202Donald199638_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg1926202Donald199638-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Lincoln family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Health of Abraham Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:364px;max-width:364px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A%26TLincoln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A seated Lincoln holding a book as his young son looks at it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/192px-A%26TLincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/288px-A%26TLincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/384px-A%26TLincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="3696" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Tad</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of Mary Todd Lincoln's shoulders and head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/164px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/246px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/328px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1803" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>, wife of Abraham Lincoln, in 1861</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was <a href="/wiki/Ann_Rutledge" title="Ann Rutledge">Ann Rutledge</a>, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any specific recollection of a romance between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying that he could not bear the idea of rain falling on Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a serious episode of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that he had been in love with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199655–58_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199655–58-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlanticoct2005_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlanticoct2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1830s, he met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Owens_(Abraham_Lincoln_fianc%C3%A9e)" title="Mary Owens (Abraham Lincoln fiancée)">Mary Owens</a> from Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200856–57,_69–70_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200856–57,_69–70-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199667_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199667-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839, Lincoln met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, and the following year they became engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199680–86_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199680–86-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Todd" title="Robert Smith Todd">Robert Smith Todd</a>, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambSwain20083_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambSwain20083-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not appear, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandburg1926260,_290–291_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg1926260,_290–291-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199693_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199693-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1844, the couple bought <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">a house</a> in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1989142_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1989142-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The eldest, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, was born in 1843, and was the only child to live to maturity. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward Baker Lincoln</a> (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">"Willie" Lincoln</a> was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on February 20, 1862. The youngest, <a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Thomas "Tad" Lincoln</a>, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009179–181,_476_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009179–181,_476-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009126_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009126-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1989120_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1989120-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Lincoln's law partner <a href="/wiki/William_H._Herndon" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Herndon">William H. Herndon</a> would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "<a href="/wiki/History_of_depression" title="History of depression">melancholy</a>", a condition now thought to be <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">clinical depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlanticoct2005_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlanticoct2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to an asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010341_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010341-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_militia_service">Early career and militia service</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War</a></div> <p>During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a general store in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">New Salem, Illinois</a>. In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a>, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">Illinois Militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkle200186–95_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle200186–95-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lincoln returned home from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>, he planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general store on credit. Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Berry_General_Store" title="Lincoln-Berry General Store">Lincoln-Berry General Store</a> became a tavern as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint. They offered a wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, and Lincoln ended up running the store by himself.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to sell his share.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his first campaign speech after returning from his military service, Lincoln observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199636_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199636-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_River" title="Sangamon River">Sangamon River</a>. He could draw crowds as a <a href="/wiki/Raconteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Raconteur">raconteur</a>, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkle2001114–116_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle2001114–116-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided to become a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-Zofia_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zofia-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys <a href="/wiki/John_Todd_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="John Todd Stuart">John Todd Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Drummond_(judge)" title="Thomas Drummond (judge)">Thomas Drummond</a>, purchased books including <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chitty" title="Joseph Chitty">Chitty</a>'s <i>Pleadings</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read law</a> on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-Zofia_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zofia-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199653–55_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199653–55-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illinois_state_legislature_(1834–1842)"><span id="Illinois_state_legislature_.281834.E2.80.931842.29"></span>Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abes_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/220px-Abes_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/330px-Abes_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/440px-Abes_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln's home in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200959_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200959-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then followed his four terms in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangamon County">Sangamon County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1990283_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1990283-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He championed construction of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a>, and later was a Canal Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1990130_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1990130-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996134_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996134-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He echoed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>'s support for the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner201017–19,_67_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner201017–19,_67-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted</a> to the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199664_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199664-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under <a href="/wiki/John_T._Stuart" title="John T. Stuart">John T. Stuart</a>, Mary Todd's cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200971,_79,_108_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200971,_79,_108-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_T._Logan" title="Stephen T. Logan">Stephen T. Logan</a>, and in 1844, began <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Herndon_Law_Offices_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site">his practice</a> with <a href="/wiki/William_Herndon_(lawyer)" title="William Herndon (lawyer)">William Herndon</a>, "a studious young man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199617_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199617-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Lyceum_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address">first major speech at the Lyceum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, after the murder of newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> in Alton. Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a>, was burned alive in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847–1849)"><span id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_.281847.E2.80.931849.29"></span>U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd,_1846-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Middle-aged clean-shaven Lincoln from the hips up." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> around 1846</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/150px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/225px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/300px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="49" /></a><figcaption>1846 Illinois U.S. House District 7 results by county<br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f0c862; color:black;"> </span> Lincoln</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FEF4B4; color:#FEF4B4;">    </span> 30%-40%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FED463; color:#FED463;">    </span> 50%-60%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FE9929; color:#FE9929;">    </span> 60%-70%</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#EC7014; color:#EC7014;">    </span> 70%-80%</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#698dc5; color:black;"> </span> Cartwright</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#7996E2; color:#7996E2;">    </span> 50%-60%</span></li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996222_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996222-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> including railroads, and urbanization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002137–153_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002137–153-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">Illinois's 7th district seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>; he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hardin" title="John J. Hardin">John J. Hardin</a>, though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates197479_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates197479-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Post_Roads" title="United States House Committee on Post Office and Post Roads">Committee on Post Office and Post Roads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Expenditures in the War Department">Committee on Expenditures in the War Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln teamed with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_R._Giddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua R. Giddings">Joshua R. Giddings</a> on a bill to abolish slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200754Foner201057_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200754Foner201057-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3></div> <p>On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, which he imputed President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>'s desire for "military glory — that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler2006181–183_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler2006181–183-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolzer200463_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzer200463-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his <a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a>. The war had begun with a killing of American soldiers by Mexican cavalry patrol in disputed territory, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates197479–80_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates197479–80-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959199–202_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959199–202-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996128_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996128-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> for the Whig nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996124–126_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996124–126-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor won and Lincoln hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996140_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996140-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> as consolation.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200755–57_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200755–57-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prairie_lawyer">Prairie lawyer</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_involving_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of cases involving Abraham Lincoln">List of cases involving Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln in 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199696_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199696-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996105–106,_158_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996105–106,_158-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996142–143_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996142–143-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in <i><a href="/wiki/Hurd_v._Rock_Island_Bridge_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company">Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company</a></i>, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849 he received <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent" title="Abraham Lincoln's patent">a patent for a flotation device</a> for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2015440_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2015440-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996155–156,_196–197_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996155–156,_196–197-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an 1858 criminal trial, Lincoln represented William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150–151_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150–151-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by <a href="/wiki/Judicial_notice" title="Judicial notice">judicial notice</a> to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a <i><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Almanac" title="Farmers' Almanac">Farmers' Almanac</a></i> showing the Moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150–151_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150–151-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an 1859 murder case, leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison, who was a third cousin;<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)" title="Peter Cartwright (revivalist)">Rev. Peter Cartwright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>. Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a <a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">dying declaration</a> and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding Lincoln in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court#United_States" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150–151_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150–151-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_politics_(1854–1860)"><span id="Republican_politics_.281854.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Republican politics (1854–1860)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_politics,_1849%E2%80%931861" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln in politics, 1849–1861">Abraham Lincoln in politics, 1849–1861</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_as_Republican_leader">Emergence as Republican leader</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers,_1858_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln in 1858, the year of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">his debates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> over slavery</figcaption></figure> <p>The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, a legislative package designed to address the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009175–176_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009175–176-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009182–185_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009182–185-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the slavery debate in the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States#Emergence_of_the_term_"popular_sovereignty"_and_its_pejorative_connotation" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the spread of slavery that could result, but Douglas's <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009188–190_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009188–190-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his "<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Peoria_speech" title="Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech">Peoria Speech</a>" of October 1854. Lincoln then declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated en route to the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008148–152_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008148–152-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said the Kansas Act had a "<i>declared</i> indifference, but as I must think, a covert <i>real</i> zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world...."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959255_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959255-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203–205_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203–205-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationally the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist. ... I do no more than oppose the <i>extension</i> of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009215–216_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009215–216-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party and combining <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty</a>, and antislavery <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGovern200938–39_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGovern200938–39-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203–204_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203–204-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009191–194_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009191–194-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature, but before the term began in January he declined to take his seat so that he would be eligible to be a candidate in the upcoming U.S. Senate election.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath Lincoln sought election to the U.S. Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203–205_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203–205-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, senators were elected by state legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974119_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974119-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Aldrich_Matteson" title="Joel Aldrich Matteson">Joel Aldrich Matteson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009205–208_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009205–208-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1856_campaign">1856 campaign</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Violent political confrontations in Kansas</a> continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1856" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1856">1856 elections</a> approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the <a href="/wiki/Bloomington_Convention" title="Bloomington Convention">Bloomington Convention</a>, which formally established the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois Republican Party</a>. The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Lost_Speech" title="Lincoln's Lost Speech">final speech</a> of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009216–221_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009216–221-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the June <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican National Convention</a>, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Dayton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dayton">William Dayton</a> were on the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009224–228_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009224–228-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan prevailed, while Republican <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bissell" title="William Henry Bissell">William Henry Bissell</a> won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009229–230_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009229–230-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"><i>Dred Scott v. Sandford</i></h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott" title="Dred Scott">Dred Scott</a> was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a territory that was free as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. After Scott was returned to the slave state, he petitioned a federal court for his freedom. His petition was denied in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, Supreme Court Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> wrote that black people were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional for infringing upon slave owners' "property" rights. While many Democrats hoped that <i>Dred Scott</i> would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009236–238_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009236–238-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarefsky199369–110_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarefsky199369–110-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000299–300_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000299–300-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln–Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech"><span id="Lincoln.E2.80.93Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech"></span>Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a></div> <p>In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247–248_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247–248-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> and admission of Kansas as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974138–139_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974138–139-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247–250_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247–250-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady,_1860.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/220px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/330px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/440px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham Lincoln</i>, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> taken February 27, 1860, the day of Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided Speech</a>, with the biblical reference <a href="/wiki/Mark_3#A_house_divided" title="Mark 3">Mark 3:25</a>, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009251_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009251-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200798_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200798-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996209_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996209-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, "[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009257–258_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009257–258-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate campaign featured seven <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">debates</a> between Lincoln and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996214–218_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996214–218-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a> was threatening the values of republicanism, and he accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that <a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/Freeport_Doctrine" title="Freeport Doctrine">Freeport Doctrine</a>, Douglas argued that, despite the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott</a> decision, which he claimed to support,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996202,_219,_232_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996202,_219,_232-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local settlers, under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>, should be free to choose whether to allow slavery within their territory, and he accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996214–224_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996214–224-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed that Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal in nature, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court as exercised in the <i>Dred Scott</i> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996223_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996223-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. However, Lincoln's articulation of the issues had given him a national political presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine200389–90_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200389–90-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the <i>Illinois Staats-Anzeiger</i>, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted for Democrats, but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996242,_412_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996242,_412-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>. While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek the office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009291–293_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009291–293-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the presidential nomination if offered and, in the following months, several local papers endorsed his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009307–308_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009307–308-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the coming months Lincoln was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, he was less appreciated in the east. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's <i>Dred Scott</i> ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996200_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996200-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorse1893112_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse1893112-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">speech at Cooper Union</a>, in which he argued that the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000473_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000473-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolzer2004108–111_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzer2004108–111-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership, which brought him into contention. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Noah_Brooks" title="Noah Brooks">Noah Brooks</a> reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine200397Holzer2004157_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200397Holzer2004157-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Herbert Donald</a> described the speech as "a superb political move for an unannounced presidential aspirant. Appearing in Seward's home state, sponsored by a group largely loyal to Chase, Lincoln shrewdly made no reference to either of these Republican rivals for the nomination."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996240_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996240-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, "The taste <i>is</i> in my mouth a little".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996241_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996241-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860_presidential_election">1860 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rail_Candidate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lincoln being carried by two men on a long board." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/220px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/330px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/440px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4720" data-file-height="3544" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>The Rail Candidate</i>—Lincoln's 1860 platform, portrayed as being held up by a slave and his party</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning the North-east and West, Breckinridge winning the South, Douglas winning Missouri, and Bell winning Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>, northern and western <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral</a> votes (shown in red) put Lincoln into the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois" title="Decatur, Illinois">Decatur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996244_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996244-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_B._Judd" title="Norman B. Judd">Norman Judd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Swett" title="Leonard Swett">Leonard Swett</a>, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974175–176_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974175–176-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996245_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996245-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, Lincoln described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes."<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of Lincoln by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 18 at the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase. A former Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> of Maine, was nominated for vice president to <a href="/wiki/Ticket_balance" title="Ticket balance">balance the ticket</a>. Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthin1944609–629_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthin1944609–629-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter193850–55_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter193850–55-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996247–250_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996247–250-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker200210,_13,_18_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker200210,_13,_18-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">Democratic convention</a>; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> as their candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996253_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996253-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a> and nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of Tennessee. Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247–248_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247–248-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Awakes" title="Wide Awakes">Wide Awakes</a>, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996254–256_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996254–256-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a <i>Chicago Tribune</i> writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996254_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996254-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention. He also hired <a href="/wiki/John_George_Nicolay" title="John George Nicolay">John George Nicolay</a> as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996251–252_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996251–252-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansch200561_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansch200561-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996256_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996256-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009350_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009350-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His victory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19474:312_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:312-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1861–1865)"><span id="Presidency_.281861.E2.80.931865.29"></span>Presidency (1861–1865)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession_and_inauguration">Secession and inauguration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Secession_winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Secession winter">Secession winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">Baltimore Plot</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:211px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/211px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/317px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/422px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="3805" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">Lincoln's first inaugural</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, March 4, 1861. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">The Capitol dome</a> above the rotunda was still under construction.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:211px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/273px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/410px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/546px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Headines in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> following Lincoln's first inauguration portended imminent hostilities; less than six weeks later, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, launching the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgar1998350_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgar1998350-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996267Potter1977_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996267Potter1977-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and adopted a constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996267_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996267-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009362_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009362-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1977520,_569–570_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1977520,_569–570-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederacy selected <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> as its provisional president on February 9, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009369_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009369-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009360–361_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009360–361-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln supported the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVorenberg200122Vile2003280–281_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorenberg200122Vile2003280–281-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 4, 1861, in his <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">first inaugural address</a>, Lincoln said that, because he holds "such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELupton200634_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupton200634-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 11, 1861, Lincoln gave a particularly emotional <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_farewell_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's farewell address">farewell address</a> upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln traveled east in a special train. Due to secessionist plots, a then-unprecedented attention to security was given to him and his train. En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273–277_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273–277-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president-elect evaded suspected <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">assassins in Baltimore</a>. He traveled in disguise, wearing a soft felt hat instead of his customary stovepipe hat and draping an overcoat over his shoulders while hunching slightly to conceal his height. His friend Congressman <a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a> recognized him on the platform upon arrival and loudly called out to him.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 23, 1861, he arrived in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277–279_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277–279-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln directed <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">his inaugural address</a> to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States, that by the accession of a Republican Administration, their property, and their peace, and personal security, are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">First inaugural address</a>, 4 March 1861<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283–284_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283–284-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a> signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a>, Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-55,_1861-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Abraham Lincoln in 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>President Lincoln in 1861</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Major Robert Anderson</a>, commander of the Union's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">at Fort Sumter</a> and began the fight. Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a> opposition to an invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1990185–186_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990185–186-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald concludes, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Fort Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he had also vowed not to surrender the forts.... The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the Confederates to fire the first shot". They did just that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">75,000 volunteer troops</a> to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974226_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974226-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the <a href="/wiki/Mason-Dixon_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason-Dixon line">Mason-Dixon line</a> to defend the nation. </p><p>As states sent Union regiments south, on April 19 Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">attacked Union troops</a> who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War#Imposition_of_martial_law" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">local Maryland</a> officials. Lincoln suspended the writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States#Suspension_during_the_Civil_War" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">habeas corpus</a></i> in an effort to protect the troops trying to reach Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Merryman" title="John Merryman">John Merryman</a>, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of <i>habeas corpus.</i> In June, in <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Ex parte Merryman</a>, Taney, not ruling on behalf of the Supreme Court,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued the writ, believing that Article I, section 9 of the Constitution authorized only Congress and not the president to suspend it. But Lincoln invoked <a href="/wiki/Nonacquiescence" title="Nonacquiescence">nonacquiescence</a> and persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201159–71_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201159–71-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeely19923–31_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeely19923–31-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_military_strategy">Union military strategy</h4></div> <p>Lincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended <i>habeas corpus</i>, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303–304Carwardine2003163–164_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303–304Carwardine2003163–164-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men sitting at a table as another man creates money on a wooden machine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/220px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/330px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/440px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption><i>Running the Machine</i>: an 1864 political cartoon satirizing Lincoln's administration, featuring <a href="/wiki/William_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fessenden">William Fessenden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>, Lincoln, and others</figcaption></figure> <p>It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315–339,_417_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315–339,_417-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a>, which authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. Lincoln canceled the proclamation as violating the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a> and beyond Frémont's authority to issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314–317_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314–317-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internationally, Lincoln wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213–214_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213–214-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He relied on his combative Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a> while working closely with <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>, which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the <i>Trent</i>, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats. Biographer <a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">James G. Randall</a> dissected Lincoln's successful techniques:<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>his restraint, his avoidance of any outward expression of truculence, his early softening of State Department's attitude toward Britain, his deference toward Seward and Sumner, his withholding of his paper prepared for the occasion, his readiness to arbitrate, his golden silence in addressing Congress, his shrewdness in recognizing that war must be averted, and his clear perception that a point could be clinched for America's true position at the same time that full satisfaction was given to a friendly country.</p></blockquote> <p>Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War Secretary</a> Simon Cameron with <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974115_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974115-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than did any other senior official. "Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln's war strategy had two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996391–392_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996391–392-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> entitled <i>Elements of Military Art and Science</i>; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri Jomini</a>. Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose19967,_66,_159_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose19967,_66,_159-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln saw the importance of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a> and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than merely capturing territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996432–436_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996432–436-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In directing the Union's war strategy, Lincoln valued the advice of <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Gen. Winfield Scott</a>, even after his retirement as <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a>. On June 23–24, 1862, Lincoln made an unannounced visit to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>, where he spent five hours consulting with Scott regarding the handling of the Civil War and the staffing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_McClellan">General McClellan</h4></div> <p>After the Union rout at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Bull Run</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>'s retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> general-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996318–319_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996318–319-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a>. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996349–352_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996349–352-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryland,_Antietam,_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lincoln among a group of soldiers in a military camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/223px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/335px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/446px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="2187" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Lincoln and McClellan sitting at a table in a field tent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/211px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/317px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/422px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The image on the left shows Lincoln with officers after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>. Notable figures (from left) are 1. Col. <a href="/wiki/Delos_Bennett_Sackett" title="Delos Bennett Sackett">Delos Sackett</a>; 4. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Morell" title="George W. Morell">George W. Morell</a>; 5. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Alexander S. Webb</a>, Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Letterman" title="Jonathan Letterman">Jonathan Letterman</a>; 10. Lincoln; 11. <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a>; 12. <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>; 15. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>; 16. Capt. <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>. The image on the right shows Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a> on October 3, 1862.</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1862, Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a> as head of the new <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thereby protecting Washington from counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1947159–162_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947159–162-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the summer of 1862 Pope was soundly defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1959159–162_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1959159–162-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005478–479_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005478–479-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days after McClellan's return to command, General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> into Maryland, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005478–480_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005478–480-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005481_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005481-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Don Carlos Buell</a> likewise refused orders to move the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a> against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. Lincoln replaced Buell with <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a>; and after the <a href="/wiki/1862_and_1863_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections">1862 midterm elections</a> he replaced McClellan with <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on Lincoln's part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996389–390_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996389–390-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against presidential advice Burnside launched an offensive across the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg</a> in December. Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1947433–444Donald1996429–431_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947433–444Donald1996429–431-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1862 midterm elections, the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of <i>habeas corpus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military draft law</a>, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1947322_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947322-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1863, Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996422–423_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996422–423-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hooker was routed by Lee at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a> in May, then resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1947432–450_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947432–450-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a>, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996444–447_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996444–447-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emancipation_Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="A dark-haired, bearded, middle-aged man holding documents is seated among seven other men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/280px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/420px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/560px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="915" usemap="#ImageMap_ab2b7974f65b6987" resource="/wiki/File:Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ab2b7974f65b6987"><area href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" shape="poly" coords="50,167,47,145,36,138,24,135,8,114,4,90,9,85,14,81,11,70,21,64,25,68,27,79,40,99,57,123,67,126,76,164" alt="Edwin Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton" /><area href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" shape="poly" coords="32,53,32,46,46,38,46,28,49,22,55,23,57,31,57,38,60,44,66,55,70,65,63,74,64,88" alt="Salmon Chase" title="Salmon Chase" /><area href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" shape="poly" coords="106,167,100,132,80,114,67,105,70,85,73,75,87,66,84,59,88,48,97,48,102,53,99,63,98,70,104,75,111,80,119,92,134,101,129,103,129,108,125,102,116,103,111,115,130,117,127,159" alt="Abraham Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln" /><area href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" shape="poly" coords="129,96,138,82,147,76,144,65,149,57,155,55,161,61,162,71,162,76,171,80,171,88,158,99,152,100,132,100" alt="Gideon Welles" title="Gideon Welles" /><area href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" shape="poly" coords="131,146,140,144,154,117,169,116,173,106,169,100,165,105,156,105,163,94,174,84,195,76,195,73,193,71,195,68,198,63,196,62,196,61,202,59,210,63,212,70,208,77,211,87,214,95,209,110,203,118,202,132" alt="William Seward" title="William Seward" /><area href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" shape="poly" coords="169,78,176,61,184,55,186,53,183,46,185,38,193,39,195,46,196,53,199,58,200,59,196,61,195,66,193,72,193,76,172,85" alt="Caleb Smith" title="Caleb Smith" /><area href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" shape="poly" coords="202,58,206,48,204,41,204,34,207,30,214,30,218,36,215,42,215,46,224,50,230,58,231,70,231,83,228,91,210,84,209,77,212,71,210,64" alt="Montgomery Blair" title="Montgomery Blair" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" shape="poly" coords="229,89,242,78,244,71,242,61,247,58,254,61,256,67,256,72,256,74,264,79,266,93,269,105,252,104,230,97" alt="Edward Bates" title="Edward Bates" /><area href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" shape="poly" coords="117,104,111,116,131,117,136,103" alt="Emancipation Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation" /><area href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" shape="poly" coords="22,15,22,56,1,56,1,15" alt="Portrait of Simon Cameron" title="Portrait of Simon Cameron" /><area href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" shape="poly" coords="140,37,179,35,177,1,137,2" alt="Portrait of Andrew Jackson" title="Portrait of Andrew Jackson" /></map><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bicknell_Carpenter" title="Francis Bicknell Carpenter">Francis Bicknell Carpenter</a> (1864) <small><i>(clickable image—use cursor to identify)</i></small></figcaption></figure> <p>The federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865, was understood to reserve the issue to the individual states. Lincoln believed that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented, because these territories would be admitted to the Union as free states, and free states would come to outnumber slave states. He sought to persuade the states to agree to <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensation</a> for emancipating their slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln rejected Major General <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>'s August 1861 <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9mont_Emancipation" title="Frémont Emancipation">emancipation</a> attempt, as well as one by Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a> in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power and might upset loyal border states enough for them to secede.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuelzo1999290–291_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo1999290–291-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which Lincoln signed. In July, the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a> was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise. On July 22, 1862, Lincoln reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996364–365_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996364–365-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peace Democrats (Copperheads) argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification, but Republican editor <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i>, in his public letter, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions", implored Lincoln to embrace emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1992124_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1992124-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a public letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln replied to Greeley, writing that while he personally wished all men could be free, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuelzo2004147–153_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo2004147–153-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My paramount object in this struggle <i>is</i> to save the Union, and is <i>not</i> either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing <i>any</i> slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing <i>all</i> the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do <i>not</i> believe it would help to save the Union ... [¶] I have here stated my purpose according to my view of <i>official</i> duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed <i>personal</i> wish that all men everywhere could be free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959388_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959388-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When Lincoln published his reply to Greeley, he had already decided to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and therefore had already chosen the third option he mentioned in his letter to Greeley: to free some of the slaves, namely those in the states in rebellion. Some scholars, therefore, believe that his reply to Greeley was disingenuous and was intended to reassure white people who would have opposed a war for emancipation that emancipation was merely a means to preserve the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation,<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which announced that, in states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, the slaves would be freed. He spent the next 100 days, between September 22 and January 1, preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, during those 100 days, Lincoln made efforts to end the war with slavery intact, suggesting that he still took seriously the first option he mentioned in his letter to Greeley: saving the Union without freeing any slave.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, on January 1, 1863, keeping his word, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freeing the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control,<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with exemptions specified for areas under such control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996379_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996379-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996407_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996407-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south "enable[d] thousands of slaves to escape to freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emancipation Proclamation having stated that freedmen would be "received into the armed service of the United States," enlisting these freedmen became official policy. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of fifty thousand armed, and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996431_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996431-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a> "had enrolled twenty regiments of African Americans" from the Mississippi Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996431_258-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996431-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gettysburg_Address_(1863)"><span id="Gettysburg_Address_.281863.29"></span>Gettysburg Address (1863)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address,_Gettysburg,_highlighted_version.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large group of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/280px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/420px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/560px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png 2x" data-file-width="7499" data-file-height="6064" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln (absent his usual <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a> and highlighted in red) at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg</a> on November 19, 1863. Roughly three hours later, he delivered the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, one of the best-known speeches in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996453–460_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996453–460-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal". He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that the future of democracy would be assured, and that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996460–466Wills201220,_27,_105,_146_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996460–466Wills201220,_27,_105,_146-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010222_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010222-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Promoting_General_Grant">Promoting General Grant</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Painting of four men conferring in a ship's cabin, entitled "The Peacemakers"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/280px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/420px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/560px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2254" usemap="#ImageMap_7b6a39bccc9d9f4f" resource="/wiki/File:The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_7b6a39bccc9d9f4f"><area href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" shape="poly" coords="45,66,54,63,62,69,64,80,61,87,54,90,69,106,73,97,75,89,85,84,84,96,80,122,54,114,48,128,58,129,64,137,79,141,94,190,108,200,81,199,67,157,62,157,59,187,68,189,46,195,47,168,34,166,25,159,21,141,24,114,25,98,30,88,40,85,45,81,42,73" alt="General Sherman" title="General Sherman" /><area href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" shape="poly" coords="102,74,110,77,111,83,108,90,114,95,124,110,133,108,138,114,129,140,134,144,130,146,130,167,133,170,129,174,121,171,119,147,116,143,116,138,102,139,92,148,86,106,90,96,98,92,96,85,96,78" alt="General Grant" title="General Grant" /><area href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" shape="poly" coords="152,75,160,72,167,77,168,89,180,90,205,100,204,111,197,126,189,130,190,144,156,144,162,182,142,181,147,175,151,173,149,161,146,176,130,180,131,175,136,169,145,124,146,118,149,110,156,91,151,83" alt="President Lincoln" title="President Lincoln" /><area href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" shape="poly" coords="244,73,256,72,257,83,256,92,266,99,267,123,261,132,258,141,262,149,259,181,248,179,240,167,234,166,233,160,229,163,233,191,219,200,215,198,219,190,214,164,208,194,184,194,186,190,192,187,195,183,203,143,230,133,229,120,220,129,213,125,214,120,220,112,225,110,233,106,237,100,239,92,242,78" alt="Admiral Porter" title="Admiral Porter" /></map><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peacemakers" title="The Peacemakers">The Peacemakers</a></i>, an 1868 painting by <a href="/wiki/George_P.A._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="George P.A. Healy">George P.A. Healy</a> of events aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/River_Queen_(steamboat)" title="River Queen (steamboat)">River Queen</a></i> in March 1865 <small><i>(clickable image—use cursor to identify)</i></small></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">General Ulysses Grant's</a> victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a> impressed Lincoln. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008315_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008315-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops. Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19474:6–17_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:6–17-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996490–492_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996490–492-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant in 1864 waged the bloody <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, which exacted heavy losses on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009113_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009113-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point, Virginia</a>, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008422–424_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008422–424-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeely2004434–458_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeely2004434–458-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Battle of Fort Stevens">raided Washington, D.C.</a> Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court Justice</a>) <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!" But this story is commonly regarded as apocryphal.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008434_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008434-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a> led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads</a>. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996565_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996565-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox</a>, officially ending the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996589_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996589-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reelection">Reelection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning all the Union states except for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Southern states are not included." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral</a> landslide for Lincoln (in red) in the 1864 election; southern states (brown) and territories (gray) not in play</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/220px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/330px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/440px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="5052" /></a><figcaption>A poster of the 1864 election campaign with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> as the candidate for vice president</figcaption></figure> <p>Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions along with <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a> and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFish190253–69Tegeder194877–90_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish190253–69Tegeder194877–90-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its convention, the Republican Party selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">Union Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996494–507_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996494–507-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a>'s capture of Mobile ended defeatism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the <a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">perfidy</a> of the Copperheads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274–293_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274–293-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5534" data-file-height="4007" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a> at the almost completed Capitol building, March 4, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his <a href="/wiki/Second_inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a>. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Mark Noll</a> places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2002426_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2002426-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bondman" class="extiw" title="wikt:bondman">bond-man's</a> two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether". With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Among those present for this speech was actor <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, who, on April 14, 1865, just over a month after <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln’s second inauguration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassinated him</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div> <p>Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509–512_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509–512-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held. His <a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Amnesty Proclamation</a> of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471–472_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471–472-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of Lincoln and Johnson attempting to stitch up the broken Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/330px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/440px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>A political cartoon of Vice President Andrew Johnson (a former tailor) and Lincoln, 1865, entitled <i>The 'Rail Splitter' At Work Repairing the Union</i>. The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."</figcaption></figure> <p>As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a> as military governors. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a>, which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485–486_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485–486-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, whom Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole subject" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate passed it on April 8, 1864, but the first vote in the House of Representatives fell short of the required two-thirds majority. Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562–563_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562–563-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With ratification, it became the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> on December 6, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242–243_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242–243-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians agree that it is impossible to predict how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Current">Richard Current</a>, according to David Lincove, argue that:<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's mistakes.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> argues that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unlike Sumner and other Radicals, Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation. He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land. He believed, as most Republicans did in April 1865, that voting requirements should be determined by the states. He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists, reluctant secessionists, and forward-looking former Confederates. But time and again during the war, Lincoln, after initial opposition, had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans. ... Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves. ... It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage, along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3></div> <p>Lincoln's relationship with Native Americans started before he was born, with their killing of his grandfather in front of his sons, including Lincoln's father Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln himself served as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard" title="Illinois National Guard">state militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> but saw no combat.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln used appointments to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Indian Bureau</a> as a reward to supporters from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. While in office his administration faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols19743–4_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19743–4-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 17, 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War</a> broke out in Minnesota. Hundreds of settlers were killed, 30,000 were displaced from their homes, and Washington was deeply alarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010480_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010480-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some feared incorrectly that it might represent a Confederate conspiracy to start a war on the Northwestern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols19744–5,_7_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19744–5,_7-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008481Nichols19747_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008481Nichols19747-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy and none arrived in Minnesota. Lincoln sent General <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(general)" title="John Pope (general)">John Pope</a> as commander of the new <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Northwest" title="Department of the Northwest">Department of the Northwest</a> two weeks into the hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols19747_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19747-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he arrived, the <a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond Du Lac band of Chippewa</a> sent Lincoln a letter asking to go to war for the United States against the Sioux, so Lincoln could send Minnesota's troops to fight the South.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008702_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008702-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, a <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe">Mille Lacs Band</a> Chief offered the same at <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud, Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it the Chippewa specified they wanted to use the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">rules of warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That meant there would be no <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Peace_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace agreement">peace agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln did not accept the Chippewa offer, as he could not control the Chippewa, and women and children were considered legitimate casualties in native American warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serving under Gen. Pope was Minnesota Congressman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry H. Sibley</a>. Minnesota's Governor had made Sibley a Colonel <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a> to command the U.S. force tasked with fighting the war and that eventually defeated <a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a>'s forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wood_Lake" title="Battle of Wood Lake">Battle of Wood Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481_306-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day the Mdewakanton force <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Camp_Release" title="Surrender at Camp Release">surrendered at Camp Release</a>, a Chippewa war council met at <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Capitol" title="Minnesota State Capitol">Minnesota's capitol</a> with another Chippewa offer to Lincoln, to fight the Sioux.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need secondary source (February 2023)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sibley ordered a <a href="/wiki/Military_commissions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military commissions in the United States">military commission</a> to review the actions of the captured, to try those that had committed <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. The legitimacy of military commissions trying opposing combatants had been established during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sibley thought he had 16-20 of the men he wanted for trial, while Gen. Pope ordered all detained be tried. 303 were given death sentences that were subject to Presidential review. Lincoln ordered Pope send all trial transcripts to Washington, where Lincoln and two of his staff examined them. Lincoln realized the trials could be divided into two groups: combat between combatants and combat against civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The groups could be identified by their transcripts, the first group all had three pages in length while the second group had more, some up to twelve pages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He placed 263 cases into the first group and commuted their sentences. In the second group were forty cases. One he commuted for becoming a <a href="/wiki/State%27s_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="State's witness">state's witness</a>. Sibley dismissed another when proof surfaced exonerating the defendant. The remaining 38 were executed in the largest mass hanging in U.S. history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Questions arose concerning three executions that have not been answered.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 4 months afterwards, Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>, which governed wartime conduct of the Union Army, by defining command responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> told Lincoln in 1864, he would have gotten more re-election support in Minnesota had he executed all 303 of the Mdewakanton. Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes."<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men whose sentences he commuted were sent to a military prison at <a href="/wiki/Camp_McClellan_(Iowa)" title="Camp McClellan (Iowa)">Davenport, Iowa</a>. Some he released due to the efforts of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Whipple">Henry Whipple</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whig_theory_of_a_presidency">Whig theory of a presidency</h3></div> <p>Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. Under this philosophy, Lincoln vetoed only four bills during his presidency, including the <a href="/wiki/Wade-Davis_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Davis Bill">Wade-Davis Bill</a> with its harsh Reconstruction program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1862_Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1862 Homestead Act">1862 Homestead Act</a> made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Colleges_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act">Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act</a> provided government grants for <a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">agricultural colleges</a> in each state. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railway_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Railway Acts">Pacific Railway Acts</a> of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a>, which was completed in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450–452_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450–452-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Lincoln cabinet<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">Abraham Lincoln</th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></th><td>1861–1864</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a></th><td>1864–1865</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></th><td>1861–1862</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a></th><td>1862–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></th><td>1861–1864</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a></th><td>1864–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a></th><td>1861–1864</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a></th><td>1864–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleb Blood Smith">Caleb Blood Smith</a></th><td>1861–1862</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a></th><td>1863–1865</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the selection and use of his cabinet Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goodwin described the group in her biography as a <i><a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals" title="Team of Rivals">Team of Rivals</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">federal income tax</a>. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">Morrill Tariffs</a>, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">Revenue Act of 1861</a>, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 (equivalent to $27,129 in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">Revenue Act of 1862</a> adopted rates that increased with income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lincoln Administration presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The <a href="/wiki/National_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Banking Act">National Banking Act</a> created the system of national banks. The U.S. issued paper currency for the first time, known as <a href="/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)" title="Greenback (1860s money)">greenbacks</a>—printed in green on the reverse side.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, Congress created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Commerce" title="The Journal of Commerce">Journal of Commerce</a></i> published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501–502_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501–502-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Proclamation_(1863)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Thanksgiving Proclamation (1863)">Thanksgiving Proclamation (1863)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Lincoln is largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving holiday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>'s presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_329-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1864 Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Supreme Court Justices </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Justice </th> <th>Nominated </th> <th>Appointed </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> </td> <td>January 21, 1862 </td> <td>January 24, 1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> </td> <td>July 16, 1862 </td> <td>July 16, 1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a> </td> <td>December 1, 1862 </td> <td>December 8, 1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a> </td> <td>March 6, 1863 </td> <td>March 10, 1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon Portland Chase</a> (Chief Justice) </td> <td>December 6, 1864 </td> <td>December 6, 1864 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_329-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court. <a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a>, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln#Foreign_policy" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln § Foreign policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>Lincoln named his main political rival, William H. Seward, as Secretary of State and left most diplomatic issues in Seward's portfolio. However, Lincoln did select some top diplomats as part of his patronage policy.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also closely watched the handling of the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a> in late 1861 to make sure the situation did not escalate into war with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seward's main role was to keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy. He was successful after indicating to Britain and France that the Union would declare war on them if they supported the South.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, Abraham Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Harris" title="Clara Harris">Clara Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rathbone" title="Henry Rathbone">Henry Rathbone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586–587_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586–587-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attending Lincoln's last public address, on April 11, 1865, in which Lincoln stated his preference that the franchise be conferred on some black men, specifically "on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers",<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103–4_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103–4-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>. "Booth had attended a dress rehearsal the day before to better rehearse his scheme for shooting Lincoln ... and then escaping."<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln and his wife attended the play <i><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin" title="Our American Cousin">Our American Cousin</a></i> on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Appomattox Courthouse">Battle of Appomattox Courthouse</a>. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594–597_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594–597-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 10:15 in the evening Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest, Major <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rathbone" title="Henry Rathbone">Henry Rathbone</a>, momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being attended by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leale" title="Charles Leale">Doctor Charles Leale</a> and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to <a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a>. After remaining in a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> for nine hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010153_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598–599,_686_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598–599,_686-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Johnson was sworn in later that same day.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia. He was mortally shot by Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Boston_Corbett" title="Boston Corbett">Boston Corbett</a> and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested to be court martialed. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_and_burial">Funeral and burial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">State funeral of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 to 21. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the <i>Lincoln Special</i> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln#Funeral_train_to_Springfield,_Illinois" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral train</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58Goodrich2005231–238_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58Goodrich2005231–238-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in silent grief. Poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> composed "<a href="/wiki/When_Lilacs_Last_in_the_Dooryard_Bloom%27d" title="When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd">When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd</a>" to eulogize him, one of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_and_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln">four poems he wrote about Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Americans were especially moved; they had lost their "<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197–199_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197–199-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96–97_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96–97-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's body was buried at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Cemetery" title="Oak Ridge Cemetery">Oak Ridge Cemetery</a> in Springfield and now lies within the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_philosophical_beliefs">Religious and philosophical beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Religious views of Abraham Lincoln">Religious views of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a 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empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" 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href="/wiki/File:AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lincoln sitting with his hand on his chin and his elbow on his leg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/170px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/255px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/340px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Healy)" title="Abraham Lincoln (Healy)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a> in 1869</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner,_1865.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln in February 1865, two months before his death</figcaption></figure> <p>As a young man Lincoln was a <a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">religious skeptic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was deeply familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, quoting and praising it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49,_514–515_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49,_514–515-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll1992_362-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll1992-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his public career, Lincoln often quoted Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His three most famous speeches—<a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">the House Divided Speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">the Gettysburg Address</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">his second inaugural</a>—all contain direct allusions to Providence and quote from Scripture. </p><p>In the 1840s Lincoln subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Philosophical_Necessity_Illustrated" title="The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated">Doctrine of Necessity</a>, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrillo2000227–253_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrillo2000227–253-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never joined a church, although he frequently attended <a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Springfield,_Illinois)" title="First Presbyterian Church (Springfield, Illinois)">First Presbyterian Church</a> with his wife beginning in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009180_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009180-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1850s Lincoln asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; instead, he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of his son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1999251–254_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1999251–254-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either <i>saved</i> or <i>destroyed</i> the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1999254,_quoting_Lincoln,_Abraham,_[httpsquodlibumichedullincolnlincoln51893rgndiv1sortoccursubviewdetailtypesimpleviewfulltextq1Yetthecontestbegan_"Meditation_on_the_Divine_Will",_September_2,_1862?]_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1999254,_quoting_Lincoln,_Abraham,_[httpsquodlibumichedullincolnlincoln51893rgndiv1sortoccursubviewdetailtypesimpleviewfulltextq1Yetthecontestbegan_"Meditation_on_the_Divine_Will",_September_2,_1862?]-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing that belief in major speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll1992_362-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll1992-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine200327–55_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200327–55-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuelzo1999434_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo1999434-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Health of Abraham Lincoln</a></div><p>Lincoln is believed to have had depression, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took <a href="/wiki/Blue_mass" title="Blue mass">blue mass</a> pills, which contained <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to treat <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown to what extent this may have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on <a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln">photographs of Lincoln</a> appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic.com_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as <a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_2B" title="Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B">multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic.com_382-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_values">Republican values</h3></div> <p>Lincoln's redefinition of <i><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican values</a></i> has been stressed by historians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">John Patrick Diggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Harry V. Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Burton" title="Vernon Burton">Vernon Burton</a>, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200861_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200861-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln called the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "<a href="/wiki/Sheet_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheet anchor">sheet anchor</a>" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000399Thomas200861_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000399Thomas200861-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diggins notes, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiggins1986307Thomas200861_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiggins1986307Thomas200861-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2010215Thomas200861_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010215Thomas200861-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000263Thomas200861_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000263Thomas200861-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a Whig activist Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian democrats">Jacksonian democrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002196–198,_229–231,_301_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002196–198,_229–231,_301-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln shared the sympathies that the Jacksonians professed for the common man, but he disagreed with the Jacksonian view that <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">the government should be divorced from economic enterprise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrent1999_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrent1999-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Lincoln admired <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s steeliness as well as his patriotism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012_391-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Just as the Republican Party of the 1850s absorbed certain elements of Jacksonianism, so Lincoln, whose Whiggery had always been more egalitarian than that of other Whigs, found himself absorbing some of them as well. And some of the Jacksonian spirit resided inside the Lincoln White House.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/William_C._Harris_(historian)" title="William C. Harris (historian)">William C. Harris</a> found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20072_392-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20072-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandall1962175_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1962175-393"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunification_of_the_states">Reunification of the states</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 167px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 165px; height: 195px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -33px; left: -31px; width: 226px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LINCOLN,_Abraham-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Lincoln as president" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/226px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/339px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/452px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6314" data-file-height="7226" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:LINCOLN,_Abraham-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:LINCOLN, Abraham-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> portrait of Lincoln as president </div> </div> </div> <p>In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and he explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said, "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelz199886_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz199886-394"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglass2008259–260_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglass2008259–260-396"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents</a> conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are generally Lincoln, Washington, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>, although the order varies.<sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> were the top-ranked presidents in eight <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> surveys, according to Gallup.<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarantoLeo2004264_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarantoLeo2004264-401"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesebrough199476,_79,_106,_110_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesebrough199476,_79,_106,_110-402"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have said he was "a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a>" in the 19th-century sense. <a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Allen C. Guelzo</a> states that Lincoln was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a>", whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandall196265–87_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall196265–87-404"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Schwartz_(sociologist)" title="Barry Schwartz (sociologist)">Barry Schwartz</a> argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2000109_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2000109-405"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, "helped lead America to the nationalism of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002222_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002222-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the <a href="/wiki/Self-made_man" title="Self-made man">self-made man</a> or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98-407"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, he argues, Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful." Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, "What would Lincoln do?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9,_24_408-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9,_24-408"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> have diluted greatness as a concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9-409"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> years Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by <a href="/wiki/Communist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist regime">Communist regimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98_407-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98-407"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had long been known as the Great Emancipator,<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, by the late 1960s, some African American intellectuals, led by <a href="/wiki/Lerone_Bennett_Jr." title="Lerone Bennett Jr.">Lerone Bennett Jr.</a>, denied that Lincoln deserved that title.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-412" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-412"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett196835–42_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett196835–42-413"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality and proposed that freed slaves voluntarily move to another country. The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government to emancipate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228-414"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defenders of Lincoln retorted that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStriner20061_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStriner20061-415"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Dirck stated that few Civil War scholars take Bennett (or <a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-416" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-416"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seriously, pointing to their "narrow political agendas and faulty research".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382-417"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s Lincoln had become a hero to <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">political conservatives</a><sup id="cite_ref-418" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-418"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—apart from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">neo-Confederates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Mel Bradford</a>, who denounced his treatment of the white South—for his intense nationalism, his support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of slavery, his acting on <a href="/wiki/Lockean" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockean">Lockean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean">Burkean</a> principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514–518Graebner195967–94Smith201043–45_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514–518Graebner195967–94Smith201043–45-419"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln became a favorite of liberal intellectuals across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008146_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008146-421"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, David Herbert Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of <a href="/wiki/Negative_capability" title="Negative capability">negative capability</a>, defined by the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199615_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199615-422"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Lincoln Bible</a> for his inaugural ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-423" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-423"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.<sup id="cite_ref-426" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-426"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln has also been admired by political figures outside the U.S., including <a href="/wiki/Address_of_the_International_Working_Men%27s_Association_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln">German political theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-430"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leader of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Libyan revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_and_memorials">Memory and memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Abraham Lincoln">Memorials to Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of <a href="/wiki/United_States_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States currency">United States currency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">penny</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">$5 bill</a>. He appears on postage stamps across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-c980_433-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c980-433"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Grace_Bedell" title="Grace Bedell">Grace Bedell</a>. He was the first of five presidents to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollea201813–14_435-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollea201813–14-435"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis2018194_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2018194-436"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">capital</a> of Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis2018197_437-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2018197-437"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier"><i>Nimitz</i>-class aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (CVN-72)</a> is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.<sup id="cite_ref-438" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-438"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital<sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>424<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is one of the most visited <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> sites in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_-_Nyce_440-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_-_Nyce-440"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford's Theatre, among the most visited sites in Washington, D.C.,<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_-_Nyce_440-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_-_Nyce-440"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is across the street from <a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a>, where Lincoln died.<sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memorials in Springfield, Illinois, include the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">Lincoln's home</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">his tomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-442" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-442"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a>, which receives about 3 million visitors a year.<sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Man" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Man">influential statue of Lincoln</a> stands in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park</a>, Chicago, with recastings given as diplomatic gifts standing in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London, and <a href="/wiki/Parque_Lincoln" title="Parque Lincoln">Parque Lincoln</a>, Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Congress officially dedicated room H-226 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> to Abraham Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-447" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-447"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The room is located off <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> and served as the <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> of the House while then-Representative Abraham Lincoln served in Congress from 1847 to 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-448" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-448"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>433<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-449" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-449"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln's image carved into the stone of Mount Rushmore"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/138px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/206px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/275px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lincoln's image carved into the stone of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abraham Lincoln, a 1909 bronze statue by Adolph Weinman, sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky."><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/251px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Hodgenville,_Kentucky)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Hodgenville, Kentucky)"><i>Abraham Lincoln</i></a>, a 1909 bronze statue by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Alexander_Weinman" title="Adolph Alexander Weinman">Adolph Weinman</a>, sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination."><img alt="The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/140px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/210px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/280px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C."><img alt="An aerial photo a large white building with big pillars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5842" data-file-height="4062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_penny,_obverse,_2002.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lincoln cent, an American coin portraying Lincoln"><img alt="The Lincoln cent, an American coin portraying Lincoln" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/140px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/210px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/280px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">Lincoln cent</a>, an American coin portraying Lincoln</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(film)" title="Lincoln (film)">Lincoln (film)</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linconia" title="Linconia">Linconia</a>, proposed colony in Central America named for Lincoln</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Outline of Abraham Lincoln">Outline of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Towers_(Ohio_State)" title="The Towers (Ohio State)">The Towers (Ohio State)</a>, Lincoln Tower</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ranks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ranks_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ranks_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Discharged from command-rank of Captain and re-enlisted at rank of Private.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The identity of Lincoln's grandmother Bathsheba Herring, though without certainty, is the consensus of multiple Lincoln biographers. She was the daughter of Alexander and Abigail Herring (née Harrison).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935276_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935276-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, born January 1778, would have been 8 at the attack, May 1786. Older sources use six.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon199835–36_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon199835–36-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later, this land became part of a separate county in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt20083,_5,_16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt20083,_5,_16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians disagree on who initiated the move; Thomas Lincoln had no obvious reason to do so. One possibility is that other members of the family, including Dennis Hanks, may not have matched Thomas's stability and steady income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200838–40_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200838–40-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lincolns' last descendant, great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith">Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith</a>, died in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln was a descendant of the Harrisons through his grandmother, Bathsheba Herring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935280–286,_350–351_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935280–286,_350–351-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> contrasts the abolitionists and anti-slavery Radical Republicans of the Northeast, who saw slavery as a sin, with the conservative Republicans, who thought it was bad because it hurt <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> and blocked progress. Foner argues that Lincoln was in the middle, opposing slavery primarily because it violated the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism principles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, especially the equality of all men and democratic self-government as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner201084–88_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner201084–88-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the name of the Supreme Court case is <i>Dred Scott v. Sandford</i>, the respondent's <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> was actually "Sanford". A <a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">clerk</a> misspelled the name, and the court never corrected the error.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major Northern newspapers, however, demanded more—they expected victory within 90 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996295–296_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996295–296-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the moment of death some observers said his face seemed to relax into a smile.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other versions of the quotation have been offered, including "He now belongs to the ages," "He is a man for the ages," and "Now he belongs to the angels." Gopnik, Adam, "Angels and Ages: Lincoln's language and its legacy," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/angels-and-ages"><i>The New Yorker</i>, May 21, 2007.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On claims that Lincoln was baptized by an associate of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Jim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019204330/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html">"The secret baptism of Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i>Restoration Quarterly</i>. <b>38</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Restoration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+secret+baptism+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acu.edu%2Fsponsored%2Frestoration_quarterly%2Farchives%2F1990s%2Fvol_38_no_2_contents%2Fmartin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln wrote to Thurlow Weed on March 4, 1865, "on the recent Inaugeral [<i>sic</i>] Address. I expect the latter to wear as well as—perhaps better than—any thing I have produced...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the book <i>Rating The Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, From the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent</i> acknowledges that polls have rated Lincoln among the top presidents since 1948, the authors find him to be among the two best presidents, along with Franklin Delano Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1866" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog"><i>Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture</i></a>. Hurd and Houghton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog/page/n225">217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Months+in+the+White+House%3A+The+Story+of+a+Picture&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Hurd+and+Houghton.&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Francis+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199620–22-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199620–22_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20173–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20173–4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935276-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935276_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1935">Harrison 1935</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20174-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20174_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199621-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199621_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199621_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon199835–36-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon199835–36_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon1998">Wilson et al. 1998</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200879-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt200879_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartelt2008">Bartelt 2008</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20179-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20179_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20179–10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20179–10_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199622–24-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199622–24_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201713-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201713_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201726-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201726_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201716,_43-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren201716,_43_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2017">Warren 2017</a>, pp. 16, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burlingame" title="Michael Burlingame">Burlingame, Michael</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knox.edu/documents/LincolnStudies/BurlingameVol1Chap2.pdf"><i>Abraham Lincoln: A Life</i>, vol. 1, p. 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/underground-railroad-indiana/">"The Underground Railroad in Indiana", <i>National Geographic</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt20083,_5,_16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartelt20083,_5,_16_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartelt2008">Bartelt 2008</a>, pp. 3, 5, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199623–24-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199623–24_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (March 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/lincoln4"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 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Wildside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-2497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-2497-6"><bdi>978-1-4344-2497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Improvement+of+Sangamon+River&rft.btitle=Life+and+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln+Volume+3&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=1832&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-2497-6&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhN7QQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Life_and_Works_of_Abraham_Lincoln/Volume_3/The_Improvement_of_Sangamon_River" class="extiw" title="s:Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln/Volume 3/The Improvement of Sangamon River">WP article</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle2001114–116-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkle2001114–116_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkle2001">Winkle 2001</a>, pp. 114–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zofia-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zofia_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zofia_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2016" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Zofia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlw1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Abraham Lincoln: A Biography</i></a>. 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Volume 1</i></a>. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+1.&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2001-11-18&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Flincoln1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pow.earthdecks.com/pow-forum/">"POW FORUM"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POW+FORUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpow.earthdecks.com%2Fpow-forum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2023" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Zann (2023). <i>ALTON – campaign to end free speech: Two murders that provoked Lincoln to run for President</i>. 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Letter to Jesse W. Fell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024658/https://www.nps.gov/libo/learn/historyculture/abraham_lincoln.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herewith+is+a+little+sketch%2C+as+you+requested&rft.date=1859-12-20&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flibo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fabraham_lincoln.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez,_J._Michael2011" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, J. Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoJ2uyDrg5MC&pg=PA59"><i>Coming for to Carry Me Home: Race in America from Abolitionism to Jim Crow</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1500-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-1500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+for+to+Carry+Me+Home%3A+Race+in+America+from+Abolitionism+to+Jim+Crow&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1500-9&rft.au=Martinez%2C+J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoJ2uyDrg5MC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthin1944609–629-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuthin1944609–629_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuthin1944">Luthin 1944</a>, pp. 609–629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter193850–55-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter193850–55_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofstadter1938">Hofstadter 1938</a>, pp. 50–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996247–250-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996247–250_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 247–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker200210,_13,_18-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker200210,_13,_18_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorittPinsker2002">Boritt & Pinsker 2002</a>, pp. 10, 13, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996253-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996253_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2009" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Bruce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PQqZzyw4uAC&pg=PAl49"><i>Lincoln for President: An Unlikely Candidate, An Audacious Strategy, and the Victory No One Saw Coming</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Farewell+Address+%E2%80%93+Illinois+History+%26+Lincoln+Collections&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.illinois.edu%2Fihlc-blog%2F2018%2F01%2F27%2Flincolns-farewell-address%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273–277-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273–277_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 273–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lincoln-arrives-in-washington">"Abraham Lincoln arrives in Washington, D.C. | February 23, 1861"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+arrives+in+Washington%2C+D.C.+%26%23124%3B+February+23%2C+1861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Flincoln-arrives-in-washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277–279-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277–279_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 277–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (March 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/lincoln4"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 4</i></a>. p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+4.&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Flincoln4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandburg2002">Sandburg 2002</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283–284-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283–284_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 268, 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins1959">Nevins 1959</a>, p. 5:29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990185–186-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1990185–186_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherman1990">Sherman 1990</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974226-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974226_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidlerHeidlerColes2002">Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One significant point of disagreement among historians and political scientists is whether Roger Taney heard <i>Ex parte Merryman</i> as a U.S. circuit judge or as a Supreme Court justice in chambers." White, Jonathan W., <i>Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman</i>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201159–71-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201159–71_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2011">Harris 2011</a>, pp. 59–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeely19923–31-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeely19923–31_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeely1992">Neely 1992</a>, pp. 3–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303–304Carwardine2003163–164-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303–304Carwardine2003163–164_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 303–304; <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315–339,_417-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315–339,_417_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 315–339, 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 314; <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314–317-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314–317_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 314–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213–214-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213–214_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorittPinsker2002">Boritt & Pinsker 2002</a>, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1946" class="citation book cs1">Randall, James Garfield (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi8aAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA50"><i>Lincoln the President: Springfield to Gettysburg</i></a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80754-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80754-1"><bdi>978-0-306-80754-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+the+President%3A+Springfield+to+Gettysburg&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80754-1&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=James+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVi8aAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> quoted in Peraino, Kevin (2013) <i>Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power</i>. pp. 160–61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88720-7">978-0-307-88720-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974115-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974115_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasHyman1962" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Benjamin Platt; Hyman, Harold Melvin (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTGTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385"><i>Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 71, 87, 229–30, 385 (quote).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanton%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Lincoln%27s+Secretary+of+War&rft.pages=71%2C+87%2C+229-30%2C+385+%28quote%29&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Platt&rft.au=Hyman%2C+Harold+Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTGTAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996295–296-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996295–296_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996391–392-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996391–392_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 391–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose19967,_66,_159-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose19967,_66,_159_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1996">Ambrose 1996</a>, pp. 7, 66, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996432–436-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996432–436_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 432–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-president-lincoln-at/102390793/">"The President at West Point"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. June 26, 1862. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008054113/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-president-lincoln-at/102390793/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>the President and Gen. Scott spent several hours in discussing the state of military affairs, the doings and misdoings of certain Generals, the desirability of continuing the existing Departmental divisions, the necessity of further enlistments, the prospect of the armies of the Potomac and of the Virginia valleys . . . .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+President+at+West+Point&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1862-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-new-york-times-president-lincoln-at%2F102390793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-evening-star-president-lincoln/102386846/">"The President at West Point"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Evening Star</i>. New York. Copy from N.Y. Express. June 25, 1862. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008054305/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-evening-star-president-lincoln/102386846/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>they were in earnest conversation for five hours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Evening+Star&rft.atitle=The+President+at+West+Point&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1862-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fbrooklyn-evening-star-president-lincoln%2F102386846%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996318–319-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996318–319_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996349–352-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996349–352_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 349–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/henry-w-halleck">"Henry W. Halleck"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i>. June 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008062810/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/henry-w-halleck">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McPherson">James M. McPherson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Cry of Freedom (book)">Battle Cry of Freedom</a></i>. (New York, 1988) 757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">James G. Randall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Richard N. Current</a>, <i>Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure</i> (New York, 1955), 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008434-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008434_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_White" title="G. Edward White">G. Edward White</a>, <i>Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self</i>. New York, 1993, 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996565-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996565_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996589-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996589_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish190253–69Tegeder194877–90-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFish190253–69Tegeder194877–90_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish1902">Fish 1902</a>, pp. 53–69; <a href="#CITEREFTegeder1948">Tegeder 1948</a>, pp. 77–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996494–507-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996494–507_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 494–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimsleySimpson2001">Grimsley & Simpson 2001</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (2001) [1953]. "Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Re-election". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln7/1:1124?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 7</i></a>. p. 514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memorandum+Concerning+His+Probable+Failure+of+Re-election&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+7&rft.pages=514&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln%2Flincoln7%2F1%3A1124%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandallCurrent1955">Randall & Current 1955</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274–293-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274–293_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimsleySimpson2001">Grimsley & Simpson 2001</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFPaludan1994">Paludan 1994</a>, pp. 274–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2002426-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2002426_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2002">Noll 2002</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1953" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (February 13, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln8/1:711.1?hi=0;rgn=div2;singlegenre=All;size=25;sort=occur;start=1;subview=detail;type=simple;view=fulltext;q1=fondly"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 8</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+8.&rft.date=1953-02-13&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln%2Flincoln8%2F1%3A711.1%3Fhi%3D0%3Brgn%3Ddiv2%3Bsinglegenre%3DAll%3Bsize%3D25%3Bsort%3Doccur%3Bstart%3D1%3Bsubview%3Ddetail%3Btype%3Dsimple%3Bview%3Dfulltext%3Bq1%3Dfondly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509–512-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509–512_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, pp. 509–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehn2017" class="citation book cs1">Koehn, Nancy (2017). <i>Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders</i>. NY: Scribner. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7444-5"><bdi>978-1-5011-7444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged+in+Crisis%3A+The+Making+of+Five+Legendary+Leaders&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-7444-5&rft.aulast=Koehn&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471–472-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471–472_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 471–472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485–486-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485–486_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins1947">Nevins 1947</a>, p. 4:206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562–563-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562–563_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 562–563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html">"Primary Documents in American History: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010110013/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+Documents+in+American+History%3A+13th+Amendment+to+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2F13thamendment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242–243-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242–243_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincove2000" class="citation book cs1">Lincove, David A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EQcT7-Dpi0C&pg=PA80"><i>Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29199-9"><bdi>978-0-313-29199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29199-9&rft.aulast=Lincove&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EQcT7-Dpi0C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner 2010</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/LegislativeMoments/moments08RS/01_web_leg_moments.htm#:~:text=In+referring+to+his+grandfather,upon+my+mind+and+memory.%E2%80%9D">"Lincoln Lore – Abraham Lincoln's Grandfather"</a>. <i>apps.legislature.ky.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.legislature.ky.gov&rft.atitle=Lincoln+Lore+%E2%80%93+Abraham+Lincoln%27s+Grandfather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.legislature.ky.gov%2FLegislativeMoments%2Fmoments08RS%2F01_web_leg_moments.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2Breferring%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bgrandfather%2Cupon%2Bmy%2Bmind%2Band%2Bmemory.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article-View/Article/573923/captain-abraham-lincoln-of-the-illinois-militia">"Captain Abraham Lincoln of the Illinois militia"</a>. <i>National Guard</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Guard&rft.atitle=Captain+Abraham+Lincoln+of+the+Illinois+militia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalguard.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F573923%2Fcaptain-abraham-lincoln-of-the-illinois-militia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19743–4-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols19743–4_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1974">Nichols 1974</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010480-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010480_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullaBorchard2010">Bulla & Borchard 2010</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19744–5,_7-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols19744–5,_7_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1974">Nichols 1974</a>, pp. 4–5, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008481Nichols19747-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008481Nichols19747_304-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurlingame2008">Burlingame 2008</a>, p. 481; <a href="#CITEREFNichols1974">Nichols 1974</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19747-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols19747_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1974">Nichols 1974</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481_306-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481_306-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullaBorchard2010">Bulla & Borchard 2010</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mille Lacs Band letter, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat September 19, 1862, in St Paul, p. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-19/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+LETTER&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+letter&y=11&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008702-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008702_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurlingame2008">Burlingame 2008</a>, p. 702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mille Lacs Band offer to fight Sioux, Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, September 12, 1863, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=8d737bc5-02b5-460f-9a00-7407263f57a4%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137A56%2F62091201">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarley2001" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Kenneth (2001). <i>The Dakota War of 1862</i>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarley1976" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Kenneth (1976). <i>The Sioux Uprising of 1862</i>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sioux+Uprising+of+1862&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPermanTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Perman, Michael; Taylor, Amy Murrell, eds. (2013). <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Reader</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction%3A+A+Documentary+Reader&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1978" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, David A. (1978). <i>Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics</i>. University of Missouri Press. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Indians%3A+Civil+War+Policy+and+Politics&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chippewa Chiefs held a war council with Gov. Ramsey to fight the Sioux on September 26, 1862 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=1&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Chippewas&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=11&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Difference Between Court-Martial and Military Tribunal, Ernesto Gapasin, Military Trial Lawyers, Gapasin Law Group, LLC Blog, 1736 E Sunshine St Suite 713, Springfield, MO., October 26, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.militarylawyer-defense.com/difference-between-court-martial-and-military-tribunal">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarley2001" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Kenneth (2001). <i>The Dakota War of 1862</i>. Minnesota Historical Society Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burlingame_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Burlingame (historian)">Burlingame, Michael</a>, <i>Abraham Lincoln: A Life</i>, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, vol. 2, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116_319-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaludan1994">Paludan 1994</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450–452-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450–452_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson2009">McPherson 2009</a>, pp. 450–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers,_Robert" class="citation web cs1">Summers, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002203536/http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/alincoln.html">"Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i>Internet Public Library 2 (IPL2)</i>. U. Michigan and Drexel U. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/alincoln.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Public+Library+2+%28IPL2%29&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.au=Summers%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipl.org%2Fdiv%2Fpotus%2Falincoln.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin 2005</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424_325-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424_325-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaludan1994">Paludan 1994</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2011" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IweU12jH0C"><i>Greenback Planet: How the Dollar Conquered the World and Threatened Civilization as We Know It</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73933-8"><bdi>978-0-292-73933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenback+Planet%3A+How+the+Dollar+Conquered+the+World+and+Threatened+Civilization+as+We+Know+It&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73933-8&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3IweU12jH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501–502-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501–502_328-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 501–502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_329-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_329-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_329-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer1999" class="citation book cs1">Schaffer, Jeffrey P. (1999). <i>Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails</i>. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-244-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-244-2"><bdi>978-0-89997-244-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yosemite+National+Park%3A+A+Natural+History+Guide+to+Yosemite+and+Its+Trails&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Wilderness+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89997-244-2&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245_331-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue1987">Blue 1987</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neill F. Sanders, "'When A House Is on Fire': The English Consulates and Lincoln's Patronage Policy." <i>Lincoln Herald</i> (1981), 83#4, pp. 579–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Peraino, <i>Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power</i> (2014), pp. 138–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peraino, <i>Lincoln in the World</i>, pp. 3–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586–587-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586–587_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 586–587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/last.htm">"Abraham Lincoln's Last Public Address"</a>. <i>www.abrahamlincolnonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abrahamlincolnonline.org&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln%27s+Last+Public+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrahamlincolnonline.org%2Flincoln%2Fspeeches%2Flast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103–4-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103–4_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison2010">Harrison 2010</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Doris Kearns (September 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK8u_h8aAOkC&q=dress+rehearsal"><i>Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7075-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-7075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7075-5&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK8u_h8aAOkC%26q%3Ddress%2Brehearsal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594–597-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594–597_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 594–597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 597; <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010153_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteers2010">Steers 2010</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Richard (2015). <i>Lincoln's Body: A Cultural History</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24724-4"><bdi>978-0-393-24724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Body%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24724-4&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel2015" class="citation book cs1">Abel, E. Lawrence (2015). <i>A Finger in Lincoln's Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath</i>. ABC-CLIO. Chapter 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3118-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-3118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Finger+in+Lincoln%27s+Brain%3A+What+Modern+Science+Reveals+about+Lincoln%2C+His+Assassination%2C+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=Chapter+14&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3118-8&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=E.+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/17/news/our-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html">"OUR GREAT LOSS; The Assassination of President Lincoln"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 17, 1865. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113072328/http://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/17/news/our-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OUR+GREAT+LOSS%3B+The+Assassination+of+President+Lincoln.&rft.date=1865-04-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1865%2F04%2F17%2Fnews%2Four-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1915" class="citation book cs1">Hay, John (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersof007751mbp/lifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt"><i>The Life and Letters of John Hay Volume 1</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809132012/https://archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersof007751mbp/lifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+John+Hay+Volume+1&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flifeandlettersof007751mbp%2Flifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> Quote's original source is Hay's diary which is quoted in "Abraham Lincoln: A History", Volume 10, Page 292 by John G. Nicolay and John Hay</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598–599,_686-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598–599,_686_347-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 598–599, 686.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoch2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoch, Bradley R. (September 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VKaCgAAQBAJ&q=lincoln+body+escorted+%22white+house%22&pg=PA123"><i>The Lincoln Trail in Pennsylvania: A History and Guide</i></a>. Penn State Press. pp. 121–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07222-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07222-7"><bdi>978-0-271-07222-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Trail+in+Pennsylvania%3A+A+History+and+Guide&rft.pages=121-123&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2001-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-271-07222-7&rft.aulast=Hoch&rft.aufirst=Bradley+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VKaCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlincoln%2Bbody%2Bescorted%2B%2522white%2Bhouse%2522%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse1989" class="citation book cs1">Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). <i>Andrew Johnson: A Biography</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599_351-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteers2010">Steers 2010</a>, p. 153; <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrostel2002">Trostel 2002</a>, pp. 31–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58Goodrich2005231–238-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58Goodrich2005231–238_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrostel2002">Trostel 2002</a>, pp. 31–58; <a href="#CITEREFGoodrich2005">Goodrich 2005</a>, pp. 231–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Garrett (2015). <i>Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet</i>. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 118–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62619-973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62619-973-6"><bdi>978-1-62619-973-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walt+Whitman+in+Washington%2C+D.C.%3A+The+Civil+War+and+America%27s+Great+Poet&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=118-23&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62619-973-6&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164_355-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodes2015">Hodes 2015</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197–199-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197–199_356-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodes2015">Hodes 2015</a>, pp. 197–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96–97-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96–97_357-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodes2015">Hodes 2015</a>, pp. 84, 86, 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830182658/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site19.htm">"Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings – Lincoln Tomb, Illinois"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site19.htm">the original</a> on August 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Historic+Sites+and+Buildings+%E2%80%93+Lincoln+Tomb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2FPresidents%2Fsite19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984_359-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFWilson1999">Wilson 1999</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49,_514–515-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49,_514–515_360-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 48–49, 514–515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (2001) [1953]. "Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln1/1:403?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 1</i></a>. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handbill+Replying+to+Charges+of+Infidelity&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+1.&rft.pages=383&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln%2Flincoln1%2F1%3A403%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll1992-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll1992_362-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll1992_362-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll1992">Noll 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm">"Religious Quotations by Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i>www.abrahamlincolnonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abrahamlincolnonline.org&rft.atitle=Religious+Quotations+by+Abraham+Lincoln&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrahamlincolnonline.org%2Flincoln%2Fspeeches%2Ffaithquotes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrillo2000227–253-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrillo2000227–253_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrillo2000">Parrillo 2000</a>, pp. 227–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009180-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009180_366-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2009">White 2009</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodrecht2008" class="citation book cs1">Brodrecht, Grant R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9EynQEACAAJ"><i>"Our Country": Northern Evangelicals and the Union During the Civil War and Reconstruction</i></a>. University of Notre Dame.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Our+Country%22%3A+Northern+Evangelicals+and+the+Union+During+the+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Brodrecht&rft.aufirst=Grant+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9EynQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1999251–254-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1999251–254_369-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1999">Wilson 1999</a>, pp. 251–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1999254,_quoting_Lincoln,_Abraham,_[httpsquodlibumichedullincolnlincoln51893rgndiv1sortoccursubviewdetailtypesimpleviewfulltextq1Yetthecontestbegan_"Meditation_on_the_Divine_Will",_September_2,_1862?]-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1999254,_quoting_Lincoln,_Abraham,_[httpsquodlibumichedullincolnlincoln51893rgndiv1sortoccursubviewdetailtypesimpleviewfulltextq1Yetthecontestbegan_"Meditation_on_the_Divine_Will",_September_2,_1862?]_370-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1999">Wilson 1999</a>, p. 254, quoting Lincoln, Abraham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln5/1:893?rgn=div1;sort=occur;subview=detail;type=simple;view=fulltext;q1=Yet+the+contest+began">"Meditation on the Divine Will", September 2, 1862?</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/hodges.htm">"Letter by Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges"</a>. <i>www.abrahamlincolnonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abrahamlincolnonline.org&rft.atitle=Letter+by+Abraham+Lincoln+to+Albert+Hodges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrahamlincolnonline.org%2Flincoln%2Fspeeches%2Fhodges.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills1999" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Garry (September 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/09/lincolns-greatest-speech/306551/">"Lincoln's Greatest Speech"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Lincoln%27s+Greatest+Speech&rft.date=1999-09-01&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1999%2F09%2Flincolns-greatest-speech%2F306551%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span>; White Jr., Ronald C., <i>Lincoln's Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (2001) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln8/1:764?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 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Carbondale, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/SIU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="SIU Press">SIU Press</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-8713-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-8713-7"><bdi>978-0-8093-8713-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+America%3A+1809%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-8713-7&rft.aulast=Fornieri&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft.au=Gabbard%2C+Sara+Vaughn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXarqzbuf43sC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall196265–87-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandall196265–87_404-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandall1962">Randall 1962</a>, pp. 65–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2000109-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2000109_405-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2000">Schwartz 2000</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002222-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002222_406-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorittPinsker2002">Boritt & Pinsker 2002</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98_407-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91–98_407-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, pp. 23, 91–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9,_24-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9,_24_408-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, pp. xi, 9, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9_409-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, pp. xi, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The origin of the nickname is unknown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/05/17/a-civil-war-mystery-who-named-lincoln-the-great-emancipator/339f3fc9-91fb-454a-ada0-d4a093d0812e/">"A Civil War Mystery: Who Named Lincoln the 'Great Emancipator'?"</a> Wheeler, Linda, <i>The Washington Post</i>, May 17, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilversmit1980" class="citation journal cs1">Zilversmit, Arthur (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0002.104/--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations"</a>. <i>Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association</i>. <b>2</b> (1). Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Association: 22–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025185706/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0002.104/--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Abraham+Lincoln+Association&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Problem+of+Race%3A+A+Decade+of+Interpretations&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-24&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Zilversmit&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fj%2Fjala%2F2629860.0002.104%2F--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2014" class="citation journal cs1">Barr, John M. (Winter 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0035.105/--holding-up-a-flawed-mirror-to-the-american-soul-abraham?keywords=rgn...;rgn=main;view=fulltext">"Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett Jr"</a>. <i>Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association</i>. <b>35</b> (1). Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Association: 43–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Abraham+Lincoln+Association&rft.atitle=Holding+Up+a+Flawed+Mirror+to+the+American+Soul%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+in+the+Writings+of+Lerone+Bennett+Jr.&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-65&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fj%2Fjala%2F2629860.0035.105%2F--holding-up-a-flawed-mirror-to-the-american-soul-abraham%3Fkeywords%3Drgn...%3Brgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett196835–42-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett196835–42_413-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett1968">Bennett 1968</a>, pp. 35–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228_414-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCashin2002">Cashin 2002</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFKelleyLewis2005">Kelley & Lewis 2005</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStriner20061-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStriner20061_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStriner2006">Striner 2006</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DiLorenzo, Thomas, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Lincoln" title="The Real Lincoln">The Real Lincoln</a>: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War</i>, Roseville, California: Prima, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382_417-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirck2009">Dirck 2009</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavers2009" class="citation book cs1">Havers, Grant N. 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University of Missouri Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1857-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-1857-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Politics+of+Christian+Love&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1857-5&rft.aulast=Havers&rft.aufirst=Grant+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6yMTe4j_YEC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514–518Graebner195967–94Smith201043–45-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514–518Graebner195967–94Smith201043–45_419-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelz2014">Belz 2014</a>, pp. 514–518; <a href="#CITEREFGraebner1959">Graebner 1959</a>, pp. 67–94; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarwardineSexton2011" class="citation book cs1">Carwardine, Richard; Sexton, Jay, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+to+be+sworn+in+with+Lincoln%2C+King+Bibles&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftheovall%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fobama-inaugural-bible-kennedy-king%2F1821363%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornick2009" class="citation news cs1">Hornick, Ed (January 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/17/lincoln.obsession/index.html/">"For Obama, Lincoln was model president"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 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Cambridge Companions to American Studies. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19316-0"><bdi>978-0-521-19316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+American+Studies&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19316-0&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFwKQ14iJYsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Avlon2023" class="citation book cs1">John Avlon (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSepEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270"><i>Lincoln and the Fight for Peace</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982108137" title="Special:BookSources/9781982108137"><bdi>9781982108137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Fight+for+Peace&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781982108137&rft.au=John+Avlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSepEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2011" class="citation book cs1">Gaines, Kevin (September 8, 2011). "From Colonization to Anti-colonialism". <i>The Global Lincoln</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 259–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780195379112.003.0015">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195379112.003.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537911-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537911-2"><bdi>978-0-19-537911-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Colonization+to+Anti-colonialism&rft.btitle=The+Global+Lincoln&rft.pages=259-271&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780195379112.003.0015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537911-2&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On August 6, 1863, after Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln, "Posterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure". Ron Field, <i>Garibaldi: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict</i>, Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДенильханов2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Денильханов, И. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaIhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93"><i>Муаммар Каддафи: Падение Джамахирии</i></a> (in Russian). Litres. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-04-333255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-04-333255-4"><bdi>978-5-04-333255-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%3A+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-5-04-333255-4&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeaIhEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c980-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c980_433-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-modern-period-1940-present-commemorative-issues-1940-1949-1942-1943">"Chinese Resistance Issue"</a>. <i>National Postal Museum</i>. December 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Postal+Museum&rft.atitle=Chinese+Resistance+Issue&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fabout-us-stamps-modern-period-1940-present-commemorative-issues-1940-1949-1942-1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousemanKloetzelSnee2018" class="citation book cs1">Houseman, Donna; Kloetzel, James E.; Snee, Chad (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhB5tAEACAAJ"><i>Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers 2019</i></a>. Amos Media Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89487-559-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89487-559-5"><bdi>978-0-89487-559-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scott+Specialized+Catalogue+of+United+States+Stamps+%26+Covers+2019&rft.pub=Amos+Media+Company&rft.date=2018-10&rft.isbn=978-0-89487-559-5&rft.aulast=Houseman&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft.au=Kloetzel%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Snee%2C+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhB5tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollea201813–14-435"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollea201813–14_435-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollea2018">Collea 2018</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2018194-436"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis2018194_436-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennis2018">Dennis 2018</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2018197-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis2018197_437-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennis2018">Dennis 2018</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627065558/https://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/cvn72/Pages/CVN72History.aspx">"History of USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72)"</a>. <i>United States Department of the Navy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/cvn72/Pages/CVN72History.aspx">the original</a> on June 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+the+Navy&rft.atitle=History+of+USS+Abraham+Lincoln+%28CVN+72%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.navy.mil%2Fairfor%2Fcvn72%2FPages%2FCVN72History.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2016" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Michael (February 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/lincoln-memorial-refurbishment/index.html">"$18.5 million gift to help refurbish Lincoln Memorial"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%2418.5+million+gift+to+help+refurbish+Lincoln+Memorial&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Flincoln-memorial-refurbishment%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic_-_Nyce-440"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_-_Nyce_440-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_-_Nyce_440-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyce2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Nyce, Caroline Mimbs (May 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/15-most-visited-national-landmarks-in-washington-dc/451941/">"15 Most Visited National Landmarks in Washington, D.C."</a> <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=15+Most+Visited+National+Landmarks+in+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.aulast=Nyce&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Mimbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2015%2F05%2F15-most-visited-national-landmarks-in-washington-dc%2F451941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/foth/the-petersen-house.htm">"The Petersen House – Ford's Theatre"</a>. <i>U.S. National Park Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=The+Petersen+House+%E2%80%93+Ford%27s+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffoth%2Fthe-petersen-house.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincolnlibraryandmuseum.com/lincoln-tour.htm">"Abraham Lincoln Historical Tours in Springfield, Illinois"</a>. <i>lincolnlibraryandmuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lincolnlibraryandmuseum.com&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+Historical+Tours+in+Springfield%2C+Illinois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flincolnlibraryandmuseum.com%2Flincoln-tour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/index.htm">"Mount Rushmore National Memorial"</a>. U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001021548/http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressman+Darin+LaHood&rft.atitle=Legislation+to+Name+Room+in+US+Capitol+%22Lincoln+Room%22+Passes+House&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flahood.house.gov%2F2018%2F12%2Flegislation-name-room-us-capitol-lincoln-room-passes-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/L/LINCOLN,-Abraham-(L000313)/">"LINCOLN, Abraham | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"</a>. <i>history.house.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=LINCOLN%2C+Abraham+%7C+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FPeople%2FListing%2FL%2FLINCOLN%2C-Abraham-%28L000313%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNYeG7Qrw7UC"><i>Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff</i></a>. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5539-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-5539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halleck%3A+Lincoln%27s+Chief+of+Staff&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5539-4&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNYeG7Qrw7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_H._Baker" title="Jean H. Baker">Baker, Jean H.</a> (1989). <i>Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography</i>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30586-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30586-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30586-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Todd+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30586-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartelt2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bartelt" title="William Bartelt">Bartelt, William E.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed-NAAAAMAAJ"><i>There I Grew Up: Remembering Abraham Lincoln's Indiana Youth</i></a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-263-9"><bdi>978-0-87195-263-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+I+Grew+Up%3A+Remembering+Abraham+Lincoln%27s+Indiana+Youth&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-263-9&rft.aulast=Bartelt&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEd-NAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelz1998" class="citation book cs1">Belz, Herman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbztAAAAMAAJ"><i>Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War era</i></a>. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1768-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1768-7"><bdi>978-0-8232-1768-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%2C+Constitutionalism%2C+and+Equal+Rights+in+the+Civil+War+era&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1768-7&rft.aulast=Belz&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbztAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelz2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Belz, Herman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1yOAwAAQBAJ">"Lincoln, Abraham"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Frohnen" title="Bruce Frohnen">Frohnen, Bruce</a>; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O (eds.). <i>American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia</i>. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-43-9"><bdi>978-1-932236-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lincoln%2C+Abraham&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-932236-43-9&rft.aulast=Belz&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1yOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1968" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lerone_Bennett_Jr." title="Lerone Bennett Jr.">Bennett, Lerone Jr.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H84DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35">"Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?"</a>. <i>Ebony</i>. Vol. 23, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=Was+Abe+Lincoln+a+White+Supremacist%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Lerone+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH84DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue1987" class="citation book cs1">Blue, Frederick J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wyxj7Y3Fh7AC"><i>Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics</i></a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-340-0"><bdi>978-0-87338-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salmon+P.+Chase%3A+A+Life+in+Politics&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-340-0&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Frederick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyxj7Y3Fh7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorittPinsker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabor_Boritt" title="Gabor Boritt">Boritt, Gabor S.</a>; Pinsker, Matthew (2002). "Abraham Lincoln". In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Graff" title="Henry Graff">Graff, Henry</a> (ed.). <i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i> (7th ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80551-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Library+Reference+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80551-1&rft.aulast=Boritt&rft.aufirst=Gabor+S.&rft.au=Pinsker%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullaBorchard2010" class="citation book cs1">Bulla, David W.; Borchard, Gregory A. 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New York, New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0722-1"><bdi>978-1-4331-0722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism+in+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0722-1&rft.aulast=Bulla&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Borchard%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU67N0GsAUosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlingame2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burlingame_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Burlingame (historian)">Burlingame, Michael</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knox.edu/academics/research-and-creative-work/lincoln-studies-center/burlingame-abraham-lincoln-a-life"><i>Abraham Lincoln: A Life</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Burlingame&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knox.edu%2Facademics%2Fresearch-and-creative-work%2Flincoln-studies-center%2Fburlingame-abraham-lincoln-a-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> (2 vols.) One-volume edition edited and abridged by Jonathan W. White (2023).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bicknell_Carpenter" title="Francis Bicknell Carpenter">Carpenter, F. B.</a>, <i>Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture</i>, New York: Hurd and Houghton (1866); also published as <i><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73522" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:73522">The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House</a></i>, New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867, pubdate 1868.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarwardine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carwardine" title="Richard Carwardine">Carwardine, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrAOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lincoln</i></a>. London, England: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03279-8"><bdi>978-0-582-03279-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-03279-8&rft.aulast=Carwardine&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrAOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashin2002" class="citation book cs1">Cashin, Joan E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XDGYzuPW3PoC"><i>The War was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09174-7"><bdi>978-0-691-09174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+was+You+and+Me%3A+Civilians+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09174-7&rft.aulast=Cashin&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXDGYzuPW3PoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesebrough1994" class="citation book cs1">Chesebrough, David B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHRNdDC54ooC"><i>No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln</i></a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-491-9"><bdi>978-0-87338-491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Sorrow+Like+Our+Sorrow%3A+Northern+Protestant+Ministers+and+the+Assassination+of+Lincoln&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-491-9&rft.aulast=Chesebrough&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHRNdDC54ooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollea2018" class="citation book cs1">Collea, Joseph D. Collea Jr. (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>New York and the Lincoln Specials: The President's Pre-Inaugural and Funeral Trains Cross the Empire State</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3324-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3324-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-3324-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+and+the+Lincoln+Specials%3A+The+President%27s+Pre-Inaugural+and+Funeral+Trains+Cross+the+Empire+State&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3324-4&rft.aulast=Collea&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D.+Collea+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XFuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Hank H. (2005). <i>Lincoln and the Sioux Uprising of 1862</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-457-5"><bdi>978-1-58182-457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Sioux+Uprising+of+1862&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Cumberland+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58182-457-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Hank+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrent1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Current, Richard N.</a> (July 28, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-Lincoln/Early-political-career">"Abraham Lincoln - Early political career"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+-+Early+political+career&rft.date=1999-07-28&rft.aulast=Current&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbraham-Lincoln%2FEarly-political-career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6JhDwAAQBAJ"><i>Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar</i></a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2370-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-2370-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red%2C+White%2C+and+Blue+Letter+Days%3A+An+American+Calendar&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-2370-4&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6JhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggins1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">Diggins, John P.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3vYavMFE2MC"><i>The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14877-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14877-9"><bdi>978-0-226-14877-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Soul+of+American+Politics%3A+Virtue%2C+Self-Interest%2C+and+the+Foundations+of+Liberalism&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14877-9&rft.aulast=Diggins&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3vYavMFE2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirck2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dirck, Brian (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/315139">"<i>Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery</i>, and: <i>Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War</i>, and: <i>Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment</i> (review)"</a>. <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 382–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0090">10.1353/cwh.0.0090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143986160">143986160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Father+Abraham%3A+Lincoln%27s+Relentless+Struggle+to+End+Slavery%2C+and%3A+Act+of+Justice%3A+Lincoln%27s+Emancipation+Proclamation+and+the+Law+of+War%2C+and%3A+Lincoln+and+Freedom%3A+Slavery%2C+Emancipation%2C+and+the+Thirteenth+Amendment+%28review%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=382-385&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143986160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dirck&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F315139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dirck, Brian R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1FEs-pDrT8C"><i>Lincoln the Lawyer</i></a>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07614-5"><bdi>978-0-252-07614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+the+Lawyer&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07614-5&rft.aulast=Dirck&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1FEs-pDrT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">Donald, David Herbert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuTY3mxs9awC"><i>Lincoln</i></a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82535-9"><bdi>978-0-684-82535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82535-9&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfuTY3mxs9awC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass, Frederick</a> (2008). <i>The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</i>. New York, New York: Cosimo Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-399-7"><bdi>978-1-60520-399-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Frederick+Douglass&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cosimo+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-399-7&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edgar" title="Walter Edgar">Edgar, Walter B.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFSbwGk2szgC"><i>South Carolina: A History</i></a>. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-255-4"><bdi>978-1-57003-255-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Carolina%3A+A+History&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-255-4&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFSbwGk2szgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Ellenberg" title="Jordan Ellenberg">Ellenberg, Jordan</a> (May 23, 2021). "What Honest Abe Learned from Geometry". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Vol. 278, no. 119. pp. C3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=What+Honest+Abe+Learned+from+Geometry&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=119&rft.pages=C3&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft.aulast=Ellenberg&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span> Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, <i>Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else</i>, Penguin Press. ISBN 9781984879059</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish1902" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Russell_Fish" title="Carl Russell Fish">Fish, Carl Russell</a> (1902). "Lincoln and the Patronage". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832574">10.2307/1832574</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832574">1832574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Patronage&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832574%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Carl+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2010). <i>The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery</i>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06618-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fiery+Trial%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+American+Slavery&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06618-0&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich2005" class="citation book cs1">Goodrich, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fv6ngEACAAJ"><i>The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy</i></a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34567-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkest+Dawn%3A+Lincoln%2C+Booth%2C+and+the+Great+American+Tragedy&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34567-7&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Fv6ngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MS3BQAAQBAJ"><i>Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82490-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MS3BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1959" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Norman (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlxKAAAAMAAJ">"Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roy_Basler" title="Roy Basler">Basler, Roy Prentice</a> (ed.). <i>The enduring Lincoln: Lincoln sesquicentennial lectures at the University of Illinois</i>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428674">428674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Conservative+Statesman&rft.btitle=The+enduring+Lincoln%3A+Lincoln+sesquicentennial+lectures+at+the+University+of+Illinois&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428674&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlxKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimsleySimpson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Grimsley" title="Mark Grimsley">Grimsley, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brooks_D._Simpson" title="Brooks D. Simpson">Simpson, Brooks D.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joh3AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Collapse of the Confederacy</i></a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2170-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-2170-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Confederacy&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2170-3&rft.aulast=Grimsley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Brooks+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoh3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Guelzo, Allen C.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmB3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3872-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3872-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Redeemer+President&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3872-8&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmB3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span>. Second edition, 2022. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7858-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7858-8">978-0-8028-7858-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2004" class="citation book cs1">Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJmTUq9hYUoC"><i>Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America</i></a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2182-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-2182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Emancipation+Proclamation%3A+The+End+of+Slavery+in+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2182-5&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJmTUq9hYUoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1935" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, J. Houston (1935). <i>Settlers by the Long Grey Trail</i>. Joseph K. Ruebush Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlers+by+the+Long+Grey+Trail&rft.pub=Joseph+K.+Ruebush+Co.&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=J.+Houston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lowell_H._Harrison" title="Lowell H. Harrison">Harrison, Lowell</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYNsQ7iky2MC"><i>Lincoln of Kentucky</i></a>. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2940-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2940-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+of+Kentucky&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2940-2&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYNsQ7iky2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Harris_(historian)" title="William C. Harris (historian)">Harris, William C.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bbt2AAAAMAAJ"><i>Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency</i></a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1520-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-1520-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Rise+to+the+Presidency&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1520-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBbt2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Harris_(historian)" title="William C. Harris (historian)">Harris, William C.</a> (2011). <i>Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Border+States%3A+Preserving+the+Union&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidlerColes2002" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IhZngEACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5"><bdi>978-0-393-04758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04758-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IhZngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2006" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9hD60q4MsQC"><i>The Mexican War</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32792-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32792-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+War&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32792-6&rft.aulast=Heidler&rft.aufirst=David+Stephen&rft.au=Heidler%2C+Jeanne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9hD60q4MsQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodes2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Hodes" title="Martha Hodes">Hodes, Martha</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59ZtBgAAQBAJ"><i>Mourning Lincoln</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21356-0"><bdi>978-0-300-21356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mourning+Lincoln&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21356-0&rft.aulast=Hodes&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59ZtBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Richard</a> (1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 50–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1840850">10.2307/1840850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840850">1840850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Tariff+Issue+on+the+Eve+of+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-55&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1840850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1840850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holzer" title="Harold Holzer">Holzer, Harold</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQmUab8SnhQC"><i>Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President</i></a>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9964-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-9964-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+at+Cooper+Union%3A+The+Speech+That+Made+Abraham+Lincoln+President&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQmUab8SnhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffa2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa, Harry V.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SzA4Zdd6mJoC"><i>A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9952-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Birth+of+Freedom%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9952-0&rft.aulast=Jaffa&rft.aufirst=Harry+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzA4Zdd6mJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyLewis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley, Robin D. 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Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804006-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Make+Our+World+Anew%3A+Volume+I%3A+A+History+of+African+Americans+to+1880&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804006-4&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robin+D.+G.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dua0dld3camgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambSwain2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Swain" title="Susan Swain">Swain, Susan</a>, eds. 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New York, New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-676-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-676-1"><bdi>978-1-58648-676-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Great+American+Historians+on+Our+Sixteenth+President&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-676-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabrahamlincolngr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lupton, John A. 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Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8"><bdi>978-0-253-01308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers%3A+A+New+History+of+Indiana&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01308-8&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DvwnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansch2005" class="citation book cs1">Mansch, Larry D. 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Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2026-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%2C+President-elect%3A+The+Four+Critical+Months+from+Election+to+Inauguration&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2026-1&rft.aulast=Mansch&rft.aufirst=Larry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMt-yrjVE50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Paul (April 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221216/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html">"Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. 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New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8345-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-8345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+16th+President%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoytingEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. 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New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507606-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Second+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507606-6&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFNppNaal6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. 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New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029142532/https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Liberty%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+Civil+Liberties&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F79055660%2Fthe-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Neely_Jr." title="Mark E. 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New York, New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10416-4"><bdi>978-0-684-10416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Union&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10416-4&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88PUvgEACAAJ"><i>The War for the Union and Ordeal of the Union, and the Emergence of Lincoln</i></a>. New York, New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Union+and+Ordeal+of+the+Union%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88PUvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1974" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, David Allen (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf">"The Other Civil War: Lincoln and the Indians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minnesota History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=The+Other+Civil+War%3A+Lincoln+and+the+Indians&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=David+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2FMNHistoryMagazine%2Farticles%2F44%2Fv44i01p002-015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGF3wbzzy9QC&pg=PA322"><i>A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0651-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0651-2&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGF3wbzzy9QC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2002" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Mark A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4kRDAAAQBAJ"><i>America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515111-4"><bdi>978-0-19-515111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+God%3A+From+Jonathan+Edwards+to+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515111-4&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4kRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Oates" title="Stephen B. Oates">Oates, Stephen B.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKHAAAAMAAJ">"Abraham Lincoln 1861–1865"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, Comer Vann</a> (ed.). <i>Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct</i>. New York, New York: Dell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3"><bdi>978-0-440-05923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dell+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-440-05923-3&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecKHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_S._Paludan" title="Phillip S. Paludan">Paludan, Phillip Shaw</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi4aAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0671-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-0671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQi4aAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrillo2000" class="citation journal cs1">Parrillo, Nicholas (2000). "Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War". <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 227–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2000.0073">10.1353/cwh.2000.0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-6271">1533-6271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143755083">143755083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Lincoln%27s+Calvinist+Transformation%3A+Emancipation+and+War&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-253&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143755083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1533-6271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.2000.0073&rft.aulast=Parrillo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">Potter, David M.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7Qk9nIwk14C"><i>The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848–1861</i></a>. New York, New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131929-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131929-7"><bdi>978-0-06-131929-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impending+Crisis%3A+America+Before+the+Civil+War%2C+1848%E2%80%931861&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-131929-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7Qk9nIwk14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">Randall, James Garfield</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHUqAAAAYAAJ"><i>Lincoln: The Liberal Statesman</i></a>. New York, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0051VUQXO">B0051VUQXO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%3A+The+Liberal+Statesman&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0051VUQXO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=James+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHUqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandallCurrent1955" class="citation book cs1">Randall, James Garfield; <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Current, Richard Nelson</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBrdeG8hMhwC"><i>Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure</i></a>. Vol. IV. New York, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950556947">950556947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+the+President%3A+Last+Full+Measure&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950556947&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=James+Garfield&rft.au=Current%2C+Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBrdeG8hMhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2015" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uEUswEACAAJ"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Lawyer-Statesman (Classic Reprint)</i></a>. London, England: Fb&c Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-331-28158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-331-28158-0"><bdi>978-1-331-28158-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Lawyer-Statesman+%28Classic+Reprint%29&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Fb%26c+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-331-28158-0&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uEUswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandburg1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg, Carl</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deFCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years</i></a>. San Diego, California: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6579822">6579822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Prairie+Years&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6579822&rft.aulast=Sandburg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeFCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandburg2002" class="citation book cs1">Sandburg, Carl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPmfzxRags0C"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602752-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602752-6"><bdi>978-0-15-602752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Prairie+Years+and+the+War+Years&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-15-602752-6&rft.aulast=Sandburg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPmfzxRags0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Schwartz_(sociologist)" title="Barry Schwartz (sociologist)">Schwartz, Barry</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZwX9ANHHbUC"><i>Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74197-0"><bdi>978-0-226-74197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Forge+of+National+Memory&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74197-0&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZwX9ANHHbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2008" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Barry (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1p9T8drMHeYC"><i>Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74188-8"><bdi>978-0-226-74188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+in+the+Post-Heroic+Era%3A+History+and+Memory+in+Late+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74188-8&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1p9T8drMHeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman, William T.</a> (1990). <i>Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman</i>. Charleston, South Carolina: BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-174-63172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-174-63172-6"><bdi>978-1-174-63172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+General+W.T.+Sherman&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-174-63172-6&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Simon, Paul</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSm1wQEACAAJ"><i>Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Legislative Years</i></a>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00203-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00203-8"><bdi>978-0-252-00203-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Preparation+for+Greatness%3A+The+Legislative+Years&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-252-00203-8&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSm1wQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Smith_(political_scientist)" title="Robert C. Smith (political scientist)">Smith, Robert C.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueQjmQEACAAJ"><i>Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same</i></a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3233-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-3233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+and+Racism%2C+and+Why+in+America+They+Are+the+Same&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueQjmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteers2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steers_Jr." title="Edward Steers Jr.">Steers, Edward Jr.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XbXsdrLwn8C"><i>The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York, New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-178775-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-178775-1"><bdi>978-0-06-178775-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Assassination+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-178775-1&rft.aulast=Steers&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XbXsdrLwn8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStriner2006" class="citation book cs1">Striner, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuR2AAAAMAAJ"><i>Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery</i></a>. England, London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518306-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518306-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518306-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+Abraham%3A+Lincoln%27s+Relentless+Struggle+to+End+Slavery&rft.place=England%2C+London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518306-1&rft.aulast=Striner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuR2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarantoLeo2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Taranto" title="James Taranto">Taranto, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo, Leonard</a>, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myl2AAAAMAAJ"><i>Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House</i></a>. New York, New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5433-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Leadership%3A+Rating+the+Best+and+the+Worst+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmyl2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegeder1948" class="citation journal cs1">Tegeder, Vincent G. (1948). "Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 77–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1895140">10.2307/1895140</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895140">1895140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Territorial+Patronage%3A+The+Ascendancy+of+the+Radicals+in+the+West&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-90&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1895140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1895140%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tegeder&rft.aufirst=Vincent+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P._Thomas" title="Benjamin P. Thomas">Thomas, Benjamin P.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkB_E9GM0XoC"><i>Abraham Lincoln: A Biography</i></a>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2887-1"><bdi>978-0-8093-2887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkB_E9GM0XoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrostel2002" class="citation book cs1">Trostel, Scott D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712183544/http://lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html"><i>The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Fletcher, Ohio: Cam-Tech Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-925436-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-925436-21-4"><bdi>978-0-925436-21-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html">the original</a> on July 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Funeral+Train%3A+The+Final+Journey+and+National+Funeral+for+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=Fletcher%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Cam-Tech+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-925436-21-4&rft.aulast=Trostel&rft.aufirst=Scott+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnfuneraltrain.com%2Fhtml%2Ffuneral_train.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVile2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vile, John R. (2003). "Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)". <i>Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments: Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues 1789–2002</i> (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-428-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-428-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-428-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lincoln%2C+Abraham+%281809%E2%80%931865%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Constitutional+Amendments%3A+Proposed+Amendments%2C+and+Amending+Issues+1789%E2%80%932002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-428-8&rft.aulast=Vile&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Vorenberg, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-UQWNPD5qgC"><i>Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65267-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65267-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War%2C+the+Abolition+of+Slavery%2C+and+the+Thirteenth+Amendment&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65267-4&rft.aulast=Vorenberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-UQWNPD5qgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2017" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Louis A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zo7tAEACAAJ"><i>Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One, 1816–1830 (Classic Reprint)</i></a>. London, England: Fb&c Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-282-90830-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-282-90830-0"><bdi>978-0-282-90830-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Youth%3A+Indiana+Years%2C+Seven+to+Twenty-One%2C+1816%E2%80%931830+%28Classic+Reprint%29&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Fb%26c+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-282-90830-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zo7tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._White" title="Ronald C. White">White, Ronald C.</a> (2009). <i>A. Lincoln: A Biography</i>. New York, New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-775-4"><bdi>978-1-58836-775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-775-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818082649/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/lincoln/essays/abraham-lincoln-and-jacksonian-democracy">"Abraham Lincoln and Jacksonian Democracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gilder_Lehrman_Institute_of_American_History" title="Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History">Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/242">the original</a> on August 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+Jacksonian+Democracy&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fnode%2F242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-aynIQRkYcC"><i>Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America</i></a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2645-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-2645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+at+Gettysburg%3A+The+Words+that+Remade+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2645-5&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-aynIQRkYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas L. (1997). <i>Lincoln Before Washington: New Perspectives on the Illinois Years</i>. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02331-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02331-5"><bdi>0-252-02331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Before+Washington%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Illinois+Years&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-252-02331-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas L.; Davis, Rodney O.; Wilson, Terry; Herndon, William Henry; Weik, Jesse William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2gilcp4yYQC&pg=PA35"><i>Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Univ of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02328-6"><bdi>978-0-252-02328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herndon%27s+Informants%3A+Letters%2C+Interviews%2C+and+Statements+about+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Univ+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02328-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Rodney+O.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Terry&rft.au=Herndon%2C+William+Henry&rft.au=Weik%2C+Jesse+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2gilcp4yYQC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_L._Wilson" title="Douglas L. Wilson">Wilson, Douglas L.</a> (1999). <i>Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76581-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76581-9"><bdi>978-0-307-76581-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honor%27s+Voice%3A+The+Transformation+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76581-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas L. (2007). <i>Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4039-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-4039-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Sword%3A+The+Presidency+and+the+Power+of+Words&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4039-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkle2001" class="citation book cs1">Winkle, Kenneth J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcEVAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3436-9"><bdi>978-1-4617-3436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Eagle%3A+The+Rise+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3436-9&rft.aulast=Winkle&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcEVAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarefsky1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Zarefsky" title="David Zarefsky">Zarefsky, David</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlCU9PS9VGcC"><i>Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97876-5"><bdi>978-0-226-97876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%2C+Douglas%2C+and+Slavery%3A+In+the+Crucible+of+Public+Debate&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-97876-5&rft.aulast=Zarefsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlCU9PS9VGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Abraham Lincoln</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="c:Abraham Lincoln">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="q:Abraham Lincoln">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Abraham_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Abraham Lincoln">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91" class="extiw" title="d:Q91">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Abraham Lincoln</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abraham+Lincoln&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abraham+Lincoln">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abraham+Lincoln&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Abraham Lincoln</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Abraham+Lincoln&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Abraham+Lincoln">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Abraham+Lincoln&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidentlincoln.illinois.gov/">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papersofabrahamlincoln.org/about">The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/">Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln – complete collected works as edited by Basler et al. (1958)</a> – an online edition available through University of Michigan Library Digital Collections</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamlincolnassociation.org/">Abraham Lincoln Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428030450/http://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/">Archived</a> April 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/">Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/abraham-lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000313">"Abraham Lincoln (id: L000313)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+%28id%3A+L000313%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DL000313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/">Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?125640-1/life-portrait-abraham-lincoln">"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i>American presidents: Life Portraits</i>, June 28, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?164439-1/writings-abraham-lincoln">"Writings of Abraham Lincoln"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/The-Lincoln-Collection">Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shapell_Manuscript_Foundation" title="Shapell Manuscript Foundation">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/">Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project</a> – Northern Illinois University Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470">Teaching Abraham Lincoln</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210055506/http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470">Archived</a> December 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3">Works by Abraham Lincoln</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20Abraham%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20Abraham%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20Abraham%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1865%22%20AND%20Lincoln%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Abraham Lincoln</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2233">Works by Abraham Lincoln</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200002063/default.html">In Popular Song: Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mchistory.org/perch/resources/Finding%20Aid%20PDFs/lincoln-abraham-miscellaneous-publications-1.pdf">Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113063456/http://www.mchistory.org/perch/resources/Finding%20Aid%20PDFs/lincoln-abraham-miscellaneous-publications-1.pdf">Archived</a> November 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, McLean County Museum of History</li> <li>Digitized items in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/">the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abraham_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Template:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Template talk:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abraham_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">16th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">IL–7</a> (1847–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Lincoln Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">War based income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan#Origin_of_the_plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Seaports blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">RMS <i>Trent</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863">Habeas Corpus suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia#Separation_from_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia statehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign#Background_and_opposing_forces" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War#Evacuation_and_Capture_of_Richmond" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Tour of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment abolishing slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Northwest" title="Department of the Northwest">Department of the Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Banking Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)#Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Fanny_McCullough" title="Letter to Fanny McCullough">Fanny McCullough letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchard_Letter" title="Birchard Letter">Birchard Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixby_letter" title="Bixby letter">Bixby letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences#Origins" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture#Formation_and_subsequent_history" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_enactments">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Lyceum_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address">Lyceum address (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Peoria_speech" title="Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech">Peoria speech (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Lost_Speech" title="Lincoln's Lost Speech">"Lost Speech" (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided speech (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union Address (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Farewell_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln's Farewell Address">Farewell Address (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">First inaugural address (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address (1863,</a> <a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_the_National_Cemetery_at_Gettysburg" title="Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg">event)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Second inaugural address (1865)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life<br />and views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matson_Trial" title="Matson Trial">Matson Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent" title="Abraham Lincoln's patent">Boat lifting patent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurd_v._Rock_Island_Bridge_Co." title="Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.">Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">Baltimore Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Bedell" title="Grace Bedell">Lincoln's beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Medical and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Poetry of Abraham Lincoln">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1849%E2%80%931861)" title="Political career of Abraham Lincoln (1849–1861)">Political career, 1849–1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Religious views of Abraham Lincoln">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes<br />and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historical_Park" title="Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park">Lincoln Birthplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knob_Creek_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Knob Creek Farm">Knob Creek Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Boyhood_National_Memorial" title="Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial">Lincoln Boyhood Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_State_Park" title="Lincoln State Park">Lincoln State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pigeon_Creek_Community" title="Little Pigeon Creek Community">Little Pigeon Creek Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_Homestead_State_Memorial" title="Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial">Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">Lincoln's New Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Berry_General_Store" title="Lincoln-Berry General Store">Lincoln-Berry General Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">Lincoln Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Cottage at the Soldier's Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom" title="Lincoln Bedroom">Lincoln Bedroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sitting_Room" title="Lincoln Sitting Room">Lincoln Sitting Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Pioneer_Village" title="Lincoln Pioneer Village">Lincoln Pioneer Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Log_Cabin_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site">Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Liberty" title="Lincoln and Liberty">1860 campaign song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford's Theater">Ford's Theater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin" title="Our American Cousin">Our American Cousin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin_(opera)" title="Our American Cousin (opera)">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_catafalque" title="Lincoln catafalque">Lincoln catafalque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Captain!_My_Captain!" title="O Captain! My Captain!">O Captain! My Captain!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Lilacs_Last_in_the_Dooryard_Bloom%27d" title="When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd">When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="The Papers of Abraham Lincoln">Papers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln/Net" title="Lincoln/Net">Lincoln/Net</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Abraham_Lincoln_artifacts_and_relics" title="List of Abraham Lincoln artifacts and relics">Artifacts and relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln">Photographs of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln_on_film" title="Category:Depictions of Abraham Lincoln on film">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham_Lincoln_in_art" title="Category:Abraham Lincoln in art">Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Illinois Centennial half dollar">Illinois Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">Lincoln penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">Five-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Association" title="Abraham Lincoln Association">Abraham Lincoln Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Institute" title="Abraham Lincoln Institute">Abraham Lincoln Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Lincoln_Presenters" title="Association of Lincoln Presenters">Association of Lincoln Presenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(SSBN-602)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (1960,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">1988)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_I_Grew_Up" title="Here I Grew Up">Here I Grew Up</a></i> mosaic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park (Chicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Lincoln Park (Washington, D.C.)">Lincoln Park (D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Prize" title="Lincoln Prize">Lincoln Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Heritage_Trail" title="Lincoln Heritage Trail">Lincoln Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_State_Memorial" title="Lincoln Trail State Memorial">Lincoln Trail State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moments_with_Mr._Lincoln" title="Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln">Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_ghost" title="Lincoln's ghost">White House ghost</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of statues of Abraham Lincoln">Statues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">reflecting pool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Man" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Man"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Man</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Head_of_State" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_the_Lawyer" title="Lincoln the Lawyer"><i>Lincoln the Lawyer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Abe_Lincoln" title="Young Abe Lincoln"><i>Young Abe Lincoln</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Arch" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch">Brooklyn relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Cincinnati)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Cincinnati)">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(District_of_Columbia_City_Hall)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)">D.C. City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Hodgenville,_Kentucky)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Hodgenville, Kentucky)">Hodgenville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(relief_by_Schwarz)" title="Abraham Lincoln (relief by Schwarz)">Indianapolis relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Memorial_Monument" title="Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument">Laramie, Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln,_Nebraska)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Nebraska)">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Lincoln" title="The Young Lincoln">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_at_Waterfront_Park" title="Lincoln Memorial at Waterfront Park">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Lincoln_(Borglum)" title="Seated Lincoln (Borglum)">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (New York City)">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square#Lincoln" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Philadelphia)" title="Lincoln Monument (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Rochester,_New_York)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Rochester, New York)">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Borglum)" title="Bust of Abraham Lincoln (Borglum)">U.S. Capitol bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Wabash,_Indiana)" title="Lincoln Monument (Wabash, Indiana)">Wabash, Indiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward Baker Lincoln</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">William Wallace Lincoln</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Lincoln_Isham" title="Mamie Lincoln Isham">Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Harlan_Lincoln" title="Jessie Harlan Lincoln">Jessie Harlan Lincoln</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks Lincoln</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bush_Lincoln" title="Sarah Bush Lincoln">Sarah Bush Lincoln</a> (stepmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lincoln_Grigsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Lincoln Grigsby">Sarah Lincoln Grigsby</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(captain)" title="Abraham Lincoln (captain)">Abraham Lincoln</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Lincoln" title="Mordecai Lincoln">Mordecai Lincoln</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lincoln_Crume" title="Mary Lincoln Crume">Mary Lincoln Crume</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanks" title="John Hanks">John Hanks</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hanks" title="Joseph Hanks">Joseph Hanks</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" title="Samuel Lincoln">Samuel Lincoln</a> (17th-century ancestor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Mary Lincoln Beckwith">Mary Lincoln Beckwith</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith">Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bob" title="Old Bob">Old Bob</a> (horse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fido_(Lincoln_dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fido (Lincoln dog)">Fido</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">← James Buchanan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Category:Abraham Lincoln">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Outline of Abraham Lincoln">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(representative)" title="John Henry (representative)">John Henry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">Illinois's 7th congressional district</a> </b><br />1847–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Harris" title="Thomas L. Harris">Thomas Harris</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John Frémont</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>, <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses Grant</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1861–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> </b><br />1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Abraham_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Abraham_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Abraham Lincoln</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lincoln–Douglas_debates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Template:Lincoln–Douglas debates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Template talk:Lincoln–Douglas debates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln–Douglas debates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lincoln–Douglas_debates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1858_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1858 United States Senate elections">1858 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport_Doctrine" title="Freeport Doctrine">Freeport Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_Debates_(1994_reenactments)" title="The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments)">1994 reenactments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debate_format" title="Lincoln–Douglas debate format">Lincoln–Douglas debate format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_30th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_30th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s delegation(s) to the 30th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/30th_United_States_Congress" title="30th United States Congress">30th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Breese" title="Sidney Breese">S. Breese</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">S. Douglas</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Orlando_B._Ficklin" title="Orlando B. Ficklin">O. Ficklin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander McClernand">J. McClernand</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#F8F9FA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Illinois_politician)" title="Robert Smith (Illinois politician)">R. Smith</a> (ID)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Wentworth_(Illinois_politician)" title="John Wentworth (Illinois politician)">J. Wentworth</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. Lincoln</a> (W)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Turner" title="Thomas J. Turner">T. Turner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson" title="William Alexander Richardson">W. Richardson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lincoln_cabinet" title="Template:Lincoln cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lincoln_cabinet" title="Template talk:Lincoln cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Abraham_Lincoln_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> (1861–1865)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/100px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/150px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3742" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> (1862–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a> (1864–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a> (1864–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> (1861–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleb Blood Smith">Caleb Blood Smith</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a> (1863–1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals" title="Team of Rivals">Team of Rivals</a></i> <small>(2005 book)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">← 1852</a>) <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew J. Donelson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Law_(financier)" title="George Law (financier)">George Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1856 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">← 1856</a>) <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4F990C;"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic Party (Southern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions#“Breckinridge_Democrats”_convention" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b> (incumbent VP)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William C. Rives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (Northern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Conventions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1860 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1860)_1864_United_States_presidential_election_(1868_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1860)_1864_United_States_presidential_election_(1868_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">← 1860</a>) <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B22222;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovell_Rousseau" title="Lovell Rousseau">Lovell Rousseau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Seymour" title="Thomas H. Seymour">Thomas H. Seymour</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cass" title="George Washington Cass">George W. Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Augustus C. Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Daniel W. Voorhees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1864 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1864_and_1865_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_and_1865_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reconstruction_era" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reconstruction_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Apr.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Nov.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Appalachia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appalachian_people" title="Template:Appalachian people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appalachian_people" title="Template talk:Appalachian people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appalachian_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appalachian people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appalachia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>People of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in the Eastern United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-Dutch">Black-Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li>formerly <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_Valley_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanawha Valley people">Kanawha Valley people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koasati" class="mw-redirect" title="Koasati">Koasati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Coal strike of 1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Eversole_feud" title="French–Eversole feud">French–Eversole feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield%E2%80%93McCoy_feud" title="Hatfield–McCoy feud">Hatfield–McCoy feud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grapevine_Creek" title="Battle of the Grapevine Creek">Battle of the Grapevine Creek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_feud" title="Lincoln County feud">Lincoln County feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Highway" title="Hillbilly Highway">Hillbilly Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Appalachian_people_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Appalachian people in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Appalachian_people_in_Chicago" title="History of the Appalachian people in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Appalachian_people_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Appalachian people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Men" title="Overmountain Men">Overmountain Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_Creek%E2%80%93Cabin_Creek_strike_of_1912" title="Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912">Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Appalachia" title="Trans-Appalachia">Trans-Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_coal_wars" title="West Virginia coal wars">West Virginia coal wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">1920 Alabama coal strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_economic_stratification_in_Appalachia" title="Social and economic stratification in Appalachia">Social and economic stratification in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Americans" title="Appalachian Americans">Appalachian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_rural_Appalachia" title="Childbirth in rural Appalachia">Childbirth in rural Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_school" title="Settlement school">Settlement school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Appalachians" title="Urban Appalachians">Urban Appalachians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_folk_art" title="Appalachian folk art">Appalachian folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_cuisine" title="Appalachian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fried_steak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken fried steak">chicken fried steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chow-chow_(food)" title="Chow-chow (food)">chow-chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_ham" title="Country ham">country ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goo_Goo_Cluster" title="Goo Goo Cluster">Goo Goo Clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shucky_beans" title="Shucky beans">Shucky beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum syrup">sorghum syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_beans" title="Soup beans">soup beans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">Appalachian dulcimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry_Blossom_(tune)" title="Blackberry Blossom (tune)">Blackberry Blossom (tune)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_fiddle" title="Bluegrass fiddle">Bluegrass fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">Clogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_(folk_song)" title="Cripple Creek (folk song)">Cripple Creek (folk song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap_(folk_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Gap (folk song)">Cumberland Gap (folk song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_Blues" title="East Tennessee Blues">East Tennessee Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hootenanny" title="Hootenanny">Hootenanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Pines" title="In the Pines">In the Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottamun_Town" title="Nottamun Town">Nottamun Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shady_Grove_(song)" title="Shady Grove (song)">Shady Grove (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dooley_(song)" title="Tom Dooley (song)">Tom Dooley (song)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_(militia_captain)" title="John Gordon (militia captain)">John Gordon (militia captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_Anse_Hatfield" title="Devil Anse Hatfield">Devil Anse Hatfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_studies" title="Appalachian studies">Appalachian studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deliverance" title="Deliverance">Deliverance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine_in_popular_culture" title="Moonshine in popular culture">Moonshine in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_joke" title="Redneck joke">Redneck joke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hatfields_and_the_McCoys_(film)" title="The Hatfields and the McCoys (film)">The Hatfields and the McCoys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Hill_people" title="Hill people">hill people</a> around the world</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mount_Rushmore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template talk:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mount_Rushmore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Shrine of Democracy</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_Mount_Rushmore" title="Construction of Mount Rushmore">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> (sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a> (assistant sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Del_Bianco" title="Luigi Del Bianco">Luigi Del Bianco</a> (chief carver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Long" title="Walter K. Long">Walter K. Long</a> (assisted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a> (conceived idea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck" title="Peter Norbeck">Peter Norbeck</a> (political promoter, <a href="/wiki/Norbeck-Williamson_Act_of_1929" title="Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929">Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountrushmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/150px-Mountrushmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/225px-Mountrushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/300px-Mountrushmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum_Museum" title="Lincoln Borglum Museum">Lincoln Borglum Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills of South Dakota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rushmore" title="Charles E. Rushmore">Charles E. Rushmore</a> (namesake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 fireworks celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monument Syndrome">Mount Rushmore Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-14)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-14)">USS <i>Rushmore</i> (LSD-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-47)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-47)">USS <i>Rushmore</i> (LSD-47)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/000000040814421X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76349832">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/300575765">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30184/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrthWYQm4fwPkQhrhrbd">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjB49K9C6Kd8jwb6XQwJym">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11857308X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006779">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121247734">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121247734">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00470511">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lincoln, Abraham"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV083660">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35306082">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005088&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000003339&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1000362">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/184592">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068982224">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90365838">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000043901&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000137695&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000044248&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035105">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=109873">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tz44c1">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67703">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/51012166">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln&oldid=1259536366">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln&oldid=1259536366</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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= 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend0\"] = 5,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lincoln cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Lincoln–Douglas debates\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Mount Rushmore\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 2,\n [\"New York Times topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Reconstruction Era\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republican Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 4,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 281,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USCongRep-end\"] = 1,\n [\"USCongRep-start\"] = 1,\n [\"USCongRep/IL/30\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1856\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1860\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1864\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n3\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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