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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物理學研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理學研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>物理學研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理學研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生理學研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生理學研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>生理學研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生理學研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亥姆霍兹方程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亥姆霍兹方程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>亥姆霍兹方程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亥姆霍兹方程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。71种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Герман Людвіг Фердынанд Гельмгольц – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герман Людвіг Фердынанд Гельмгольц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Херман фон Хелмхолц – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херман фон Хелмхолц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гельмгольц Герман Людвиг Фердинанд – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гельмгольц Герман Людвиг Фердинанд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%82" title="Χέρμαν φον Χέλμχολτς – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέρμαν φον Χέλμχολτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرمان فون هلمهولتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A5" title="הרמן פון הלמהולץ – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמן פון הלמהולץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="हेल्महोल्ज़ – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेल्महोल्ज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%81" title="Հերման Հելմհոլց – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերման Հելմհոլց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84" title="ヘルマン・フォン・ヘルムホルツ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘルマン・フォン・ヘルムホルツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ჰერმან ჰელმჰოლცი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერმან ჰელმჰოლცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Герман Гельмгольц – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герман Гельмгольц" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0" title="헤르만 폰 헬름홀츠 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤르만 폰 헬름홀츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Герман фон Гельмгольц – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Герман фон Гельмгольц" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanis_fon_Helmholcs" title="Hermanis fon Helmholcs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hermanis fon Helmholcs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Херман фон Хелмолц – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Херман фон Хелмолц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെർമൻ വോൺ ഹെൽംഹോൾട്സ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെർമൻ വോൺ ഹെൽംഹോൾട്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B2" title="ہرمن فان ہیلمہولٹز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرمن فان ہیلمہولٹز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гельмгольц, Герман Людвиг Фердинанд – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гельмгольц, Герман Людвиг Фердинанд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_Ferdinand_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86" title="Херман фон Хелмхолц – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херман фон Хелмхолц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แฮร์มัน ฟ็อน เฮ็ล์มฮ็อลทซ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮร์มัน ฟ็อน เฮ็ล์มฮ็อลทซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Герман фон Гельмгольц – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герман фон Гельмгольц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hermann von Helmholtz" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ჰერმან ფონ ჰელმჰოლცი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰერმან ფონ ჰელმჰოლცი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2" title="亥姆霍茲 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亥姆霍茲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected 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href="/zh-tw/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">赫爾曼·馮·亥姆霍茲<br />Hermann von Helmholtz</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg/225px-Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Hermann_von_Helmholtz.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1821-08-31</span>)</span>1821年8月31日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="波茨坦">波茨坦</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1894年9月8日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1894歲—09—08</span>)</span>（73歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%B4%9B%E6%BB%95%E5%A0%A1" title="夏洛滕堡">夏洛滕堡</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母校</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苗圃学院" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Pépinière"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%97%E5%9C%83%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苗圃学院（页面不存在）">腓特烈·威廉皇家学院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9pini%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="de:Pépinière"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Pépinière</span></a></span>）</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">知名于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恒定律">能量守恒定律</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A5%E6%AF%8D%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亥母霍茲條件（页面不存在）">亥母霍茲條件</a><br /><a 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title="亥母霍茲共振（页面不存在）">亥母霍茲共振</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmholtz_temperament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmholtz temperament（页面不存在）">Helmholtz temperament</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A5%E6%AF%8D%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亥母霍茲定理 (古典力學)（页面不存在）">亥母霍茲定理 (古典力學)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86_(%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="亥姆霍兹定理 (流体力学)">亥姆霍兹定理</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%A5%E6%AF%8D%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣義亥母霍茲定理 (古典力學)（页面不存在）">廣義亥母霍茲定理 (古典力學)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯－亥姆霍茲方程">吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmholtz-Ellis_notation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmholtz-Ellis notation（页面不存在）">Helmholtz-Ellis notation</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2-%E6%9F%AF%E5%8B%9E%E8%A8%B1%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亥姆霍茲-柯勞許效應（页面不存在）">亥姆霍茲-柯勞許效應</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmholtz-Smoluchowski_equation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation（页面不存在）">Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E4%B8%8D%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性">开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B" title="克赫歷程">克赫歷程</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%8A-%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楊-亥姆霍茲理論（页面不存在）">楊-亥姆霍茲理論</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="加法合成">加法合成</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="感知副本">感知副本</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="流体动力稳定性">流體動力穩定性</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%92%E8%86%9C%E6%9B%B2%E7%8E%87%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="角膜曲率計（页面不存在）">角膜曲率計</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E9%9F%B3" title="纯音">纯音</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%94%B5%E5%B1%82%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" title="双电层电容器">双电层电容器</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">信仰</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">None. <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Agnostic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">奖项</th><td class="infobox-data note" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利獎章</a>（1873年）</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><b>科学生涯</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">研究领域</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="柯尼斯堡大学">柯尼斯堡大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="波恩大学">波恩大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="海德堡大学">海德堡大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="柏林洪堡大學">柏林大学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%8E%E5%B8%AB" title="博士導師">博士導師</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%B9%86%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰內斯·彼得·繆勒">约翰内斯·彼得·缪勒</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">博士生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·维恩">威廉·维恩</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB" title="威廉·詹姆士">威廉·詹姆士</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E5%8D%9C%E5%B9%B3" title="米海洛·卜平">米海洛·卜平</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC" title="加布里埃尔·李普曼">加布里埃爾·李普曼</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">其他著名學生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰">亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·冯特</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">施影响于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">路德维希·维特根斯坦</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">签名</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png/150px-Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png/225px-Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png/300px-Hermann.von.Helmholtz.Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>赫尔曼·路德维希·费迪南德·冯·亥姆霍兹</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz</span>，<small>德语发音：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:德语国际音标">[ˈhɛʁman ˈluːtvɪç ˈfɛʁdinant fɔn ˈhɛlmˌhɔlts]</a></span>；1821年8月31日—1894年9月8日），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>物理學家、医生。他在多个科学领域做出了重大贡献，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="流体动力稳定性">流体动力稳定性</a>。德国最大的研究机构协会<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="亥姆霍兹联合会">亥姆霍兹联合会</a>即以其命名。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹1821年出生於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="波茨坦">波茨坦</a>，父親為當地文法中學的教師。從小愛好自然科學，但為生活計，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>的医学和外科研究所唸了<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="醫科">醫科</a>，由于该研究所的毕业生必须参加8年的兵役，亥姆霍兹1843年起在波茨坦擔任軍醫。1848年在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="亚历山大·冯·洪堡">亚历山大·冯·洪堡</a>的推荐下，提前结束兵役，開始了漫長的教學生涯，先是在柏林艺术学院教<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="解剖學">解剖學</a>，1849年前往<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="柯尼斯堡">柯尼斯堡</a>（时属<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士王国">普鲁士王国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="东普鲁士">东普鲁士</a>省，今为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒">加里寧格勒</a>）担任<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生理學">生理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a>教授，1855年接手<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9" title="波恩">波恩</a>的解剖学和生理学教席，1858年转去<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="海德堡">海德堡</a>的生理学教席，1870年成为普鲁士科学学会的会员。1871年亥姆霍兹任<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="柏林洪堡大學">柏林大学</a>物理学教授，1888年成为新成立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="夏洛特堡">夏洛特堡</a>帝国物理学工程研究所的第一任主席。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物理學研究"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>物理學研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：物理學研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmholtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Helmholtz.jpg/200px-Helmholtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Helmholtz.jpg/300px-Helmholtz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Helmholtz.jpg/400px-Helmholtz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>柏林洪堡大學的亥姆霍兹雕像</figcaption></figure> <p>1847年，亥姆霍兹出版了《力量的保存》（<span lang="de"><i>Erhaltung der Kraft</i></span>）一書，闡明了<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律">能量守恆</a>的原理，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="亥姆霍兹自由能">亥姆霍兹自由能</a>即以他來命名。他也研究過<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>，他的研究預測了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>中的電磁辐射，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="亥姆霍兹方程">相關的方程式</a>以他來命名。 </p><p>除了物理，亥姆霍茲也對<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="感知">感知</a>的研究作出貢獻。他發明了眼底鏡，以及以他命名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E9%B3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="共鳴">共鳴</a>器（<span lang="de">Helmholtz-Resonator</span>），他兩部<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a>的著作，《作為樂理的生理學基礎的音調感受的研究》（<span lang="de"><i>Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik</i></span>）、《生理光學手冊》（<span lang="de"><i>Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik</i></span>），對後世影響很大。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生理學研究"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>生理學研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：生理學研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helmholz是第一位將物理方法運用到神經傳導速度測量的人。1849年，他測量出神經傳導速率是24.6~38.4 m/s，然後他開始測量生物的反應速度，發現神經傳導到大腦後還要許久才會有反應，於是他推測，在感官資訊變成有意識的知覺之前，大腦必然在我們意識不到的範圍裡先做了許多事去處理感官資訊，對神經訊號做評估、轉換、與重新導向。這就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a>中所稱｢無意識認知歷程｣的最初發現。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="亥姆霍兹方程"><span id=".E4.BA.A5.E5.A7.86.E9.9C.8D.E5.85.B9.E6.96.B9.E7.A8.8B"></span>亥姆霍兹方程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：亥姆霍兹方程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>形如 </p> <dl><dd><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi +k^{2}\varphi =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi +k^{2}\varphi =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45b3ee42c81e11d351fec837cfa488e4365aa9bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.343ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \varphi +k^{2}\varphi =0}"></span></center></dd></dl> <p>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="偏微分方程">偏微分方程</a>被以亥姆霍兹的名字命名为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="亥姆霍兹方程">亥姆霍兹方程</a>”（亥姆霍兹偏微分方程），其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32769037c408874e1890f77554c65f39c523ebe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta }"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90" title="拉普拉斯算子">拉普拉斯算子</a>。 </p><p>适合<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%8B%A2" title="向量勢">向量势</a>的亥姆霍兹偏微分方程是： </p> <dl><dd><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \triangle {\underline {A}}-j\omega \mu \kappa \cdot {\underline {A}}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">△</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mi>A</mi> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mi>A</mi> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \triangle {\underline {A}}-j\omega \mu \kappa \cdot {\underline {A}}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2217afc54008fcb9c3f803bb7dc0d824d1b1f39" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.511ex; margin-bottom: -0.827ex; width:19.482ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \triangle {\underline {A}}-j\omega \mu \kappa \cdot {\underline {A}}=0}"></span></center></dd></dl> <p>该方程出现在物理和理论电子学中，如在假设满足时谐性的条件下，用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="变量分离（页面不存在）">变量分离</a>求解<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="波动方程">波动方程</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="亥姆霍兹方程">亥姆霍兹方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E7%B7%9A%E5%9C%88" title="亥姆霍茲線圈">亥姆霍茲線圈</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patton, Lydia, 2009, "Signs, Toy Models, and the A Priori: from Helmholtz to Wittgenstein," <i>Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science</i>, <b>40</b> (3): 281–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Joseph McCabe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html">A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers</a>. Haldeman-Julius Publications. 1945 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FKlqP9mW?url=http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html">存档</a>于2013-03-23）. <q>He was equally distinguished in physics and physiology and was the discoverer of the law of the conservatism of energy. Although he was the most eminent and most honored of German scientists, he was all his life an outspoken agnostic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&rft.au=Joseph+McCabe&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern+Freethinkers&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Haldeman-Julius+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistorical%2Fjoseph_mccabe%2Fdictionary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul Hertz, Moritz Schlick, Malcolm F. Lowe, Robert Sonné Cohen, Yehúda Elkana (编). Epistemological Writings: The Paul Hertz/Moritz Schlick Centenary Edition of 1921 with Notes and Commentary by the Editors. Springer. 1977: xxv. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789027705822" title="Special:网络书源/9789027705822"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789027705822</a>. <q>Lenin found Helmholtz to be inconsistent, at one place a materialist about human knowledge, at another place agnostic and sceptic, and at yet other place a Kantian idealist, in sum a 'shame-faced materialist'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&rft.au=Paul+Hertz%2C+Moritz+Schlick%2C+Malcolm+F.+Lowe%2C+Robert+Sonn%C3%A9+Cohen%2C+Yeh%C3%BAda+Elkana&rft.btitle=Epistemological+Writings%3A+The+Paul+Hertz%2FMoritz+Schlick+Centenary+Edition+of+1921+with+Notes+and+Commentary+by+the+Editors&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789027705822&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"Kandel, Eric R.". "From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal Representation of Space and Action". New York, NY. 2013: 370–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9&rft.au=%22Kandel%2C+Eric+R.%22&rft.btitle=%22From+Nerve+Cells+to+Cognition%3A+The+Internal+Representation+of+Space+and+Action%22&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=370-391&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|journal=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>: p. 383</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲學工程（页面不存在）">聲學工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Acoustical engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acoustical engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑声学">建筑声学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="钢琴声学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Piano acoustics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%A2%E7%90%B4%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钢琴声学（页面不存在）">钢琴声学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_acoustics" class="extiw" title="en:Piano acoustics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Piano acoustics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E9%9F%BF" title="混響">混響</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%9F%B3" title="隔音">隔音</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弦振荡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="String vibration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%A6%E6%8C%AF%E8%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弦振荡（页面不存在）">弦振荡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_vibration" class="extiw" title="en:String vibration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">String vibration</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弦共振" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="string resonance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%A6%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弦共振（页面不存在）">弦共振</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/string_resonance" class="extiw" title="en:string resonance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">string resonance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/80px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/120px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/160px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="频谱">频谱图</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="声音">声音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%B0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="音调">音调</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%89%B2" title="音色">音色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8D%E9%A2%91" title="拍频">拍频</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E5%B3%B0" title="共振峰">共振峰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="基本頻率">基本頻率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="频谱">频谱</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="諧波頻譜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harmonic spectrum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%A7%E6%B3%A2%E9%A0%BB%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諧波頻譜（页面不存在）">諧波頻譜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_spectrum" class="extiw" title="en:Harmonic spectrum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harmonic spectrum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%90%E6%B3%A2" title="谐波">谐波</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9F%B3%E5%88%97" title="泛音列">泛音列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%E9%9F%B3" title="偏差音">偏差音</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9F%B3" title="泛音">泛音</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="音频共振" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acoustic resonance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E9%A2%91%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音频共振（页面不存在）">音频共振</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" class="extiw" title="en:Acoustic resonance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acoustic resonance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次諧波" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subharmonic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E8%AB%A7%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次諧波（页面不存在）">次諧波</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subharmonic" class="extiw" title="en:Subharmonic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subharmonic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">聲學家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="延斯·布劳尔特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jens Blauert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延斯·布劳尔特（页面不存在）">延斯·布劳尔特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Blauert" class="extiw" title="en:Jens Blauert"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jens Blauert</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="恩斯特·克拉德尼">恩斯特·克拉德尼</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维尔纳·迈尔-埃普勒尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Werner Meyer-Eppler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94-%E5%9F%83%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维尔纳·迈尔-埃普勒尔（页面不存在）">维尔纳·迈尔-埃普勒尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" class="extiw" title="en:Werner Meyer-Eppler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Werner Meyer-Eppler</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">約翰·斯特拉特，瑞利男爵III</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约瑟夫·索弗尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Sauveur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%97%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·索弗尔（页面不存在）">约瑟夫·索弗尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Sauveur" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Sauveur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Sauveur</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戴尔·万斯·霍利迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="D. Van Holliday"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%B8%87%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴尔·万斯·霍利迪（页面不存在）">戴尔·万斯·霍利迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Van_Holliday" class="extiw" title="en:D. Van Holliday"><span lang="en" dir="auto">D. Van Holliday</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="托马斯·杨">托马斯·杨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">聲學分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="次声学">次声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="超声学">超声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="量子声学">量子声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性声学">非线性声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="语言声学">语言声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="心理声学">心理声学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E5%88%BB%E5%BA%A6" title="梅尔刻度">梅尔刻度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E9%A0%BB" title="消失的基頻">消失的基頻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%81%B2" title="回聲">回聲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2" title="声波">声波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2" title="次声波">次声波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" title="超聲波">超聲波</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E9%80%8A%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅逊定律（页面不存在）">梅逊定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="音乐声学">音乐声学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="节点 (物理学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Node (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="节点 (物理学)（页面不存在）">节点 (物理学)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Node (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Node (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">聲學職業</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%A8%8A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="音訊工程師">音訊工程師</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="马泰乌奇奖章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:马泰乌奇奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:马泰乌奇奖章获得者（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:马泰乌奇奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="马泰乌奇奖章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0" title="马泰乌奇奖章">马泰乌奇奖章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1868年：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1875年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a></li> <li>1876年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森</a></li> <li>1877年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫">古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫</a></li> <li>1878年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼">古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼</a></li> <li>1879年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="威廉·爱德华·韦伯">威廉·爱德华·韦伯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1880年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A5%87%E8%AF%BA%E8%92%82" title="安东尼奥·帕奇诺蒂">安东尼奥·帕奇诺蒂</a></li> <li>1881年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C" title="埃米利奥·维拉里">埃米利奥·维拉里</a></li> <li>1882年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%90%89" title="奥古斯托·里吉">奥古斯托·里吉</a></li> <li>1887年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="托马斯·爱迪生">托马斯·爱迪生</a></li> <li>1888年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1894年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">約翰·斯特拉特，第三代瑞利男爵</a></li> <li>1895年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰">亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰</a></li> <li>1896年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴">威廉·伦琴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="菲利普·莱纳德">菲利普·莱纳德</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼">古列尔莫·马可尼</a></li> <li>1903年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a></li> <li>1904年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a></li> <li>1905年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A" title="亨利·龐加萊">儒勒·昂利·庞加莱</a></li> <li>1906年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%93%A6" title="詹姆斯·杜瓦">詹姆斯·杜瓦</a></li> <li>1907年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="威廉·拉姆齐">威廉·拉姆齐</a></li> <li>1908年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2" title="安东尼奥·加尔巴索">安东尼奥·加尔巴索</a></li> <li>1909年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%BA" title="奥尔索·马里奥·科尔比诺">奥尔索·马里奥·科尔比诺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AB%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF" title="海克·卡末林·昂內斯">海克·卡末林·昂內斯</a></li> <li>1911年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%85%B0" title="让·佩兰">让·佩兰</a></li> <li>1912年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼">彼得·塞曼</a></li> <li>1913年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a></li> <li>1914年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%8E%84" title="马克斯·冯·劳厄">马克斯·冯·劳厄</a></li> <li>1915年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="约翰内斯·斯塔克">约翰内斯·斯塔克</a></li> <li>1915年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·亨利·布拉格">威廉·亨利·布拉格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格">威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格</a></li> <li>1917年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A" title="安东尼诺·洛苏尔多">安东尼诺·洛苏尔多</a></li> <li>1918年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·威廉姆斯·伍德">罗伯特·威廉姆斯·伍德</a></li> <li>1919年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1" title="亨利·莫塞莱">亨利·莫塞莱</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li>1923年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a></li> <li>1924年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%AB%E8%8F%B2" title="阿諾·索末菲">阿諾·索末菲</a></li> <li>1925年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" title="罗伯特·密立根">罗伯特·密立根</a></li> <li>1926年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·费米</a></li> <li>1927年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">埃尔温·薛定谔</a></li> <li>1928年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼">钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼</a></li> <li>1929年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">维尔纳·海森堡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="阿瑟·康普顿">阿瑟·康普顿</a></li> <li>1931年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E5%93%A5%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E8%92%82" title="佛朗哥·拉塞蒂">佛朗哥·拉塞蒂</a></li> <li>1932年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里">弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9B%B7%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="伊雷娜·约里奥-居里">伊雷娜·约里奥-居里</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1956年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9" title="沃尔夫冈·泡利">沃尔夫冈·泡利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E9%99%B6%E8%88%8D%E5%85%8B" title="布鲁诺·陶舍克">布鲁诺·陶舍克</a></li> <li>1978年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆">阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆</a></li> <li>1979年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%AE%89%E5%B0%BC" title="盧西恩·梅安尼">盧西恩·梅安尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="吉安·卡罗·威克">吉安·卡罗·威克</a></li> <li>1982年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·佩爾斯">魯道夫·佩爾斯</a></li> <li>1985年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" title="亨德里克·卡西米爾">亨德里克·卡西米爾</a></li> <li>1987年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%AD%E7%BA%B3" title="皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳">皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳</a></li> <li>1988年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%98%86" title="列夫·奥昆">列夫·奥昆</a></li> <li>1989年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="弗里曼·戴森">弗里曼·戴森</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="杰克·施泰因贝格尔">杰克·施泰因贝格尔</a></li> <li>1991年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF" title="布鲁诺·罗西">布鲁诺·罗西</a></li> <li>1992年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="阿纳托尔·亚伯拉罕">阿纳托尔·亚伯拉罕</a></li> <li>1993年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92" title="約翰·惠勒">約翰·惠勒</a></li> <li>1994年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9-%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%BA%E5%AD%A3" title="克洛德·科恩-塔诺季">克洛德·科恩-塔诺季</a></li> <li>1995年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道">李政道</a></li> <li>1996年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="沃尔夫冈·帕诺夫斯基">沃尔夫冈·帕诺夫斯基</a></li> <li>1998年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%94%E5%B0%BC" title="奥雷斯特·皮乔尼">奥雷斯特·皮乔尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E6%96%BD" title="特奥多尔·亨施">特奥多尔·亨施</a></li> <li>2002年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%9A" title="尼古拉·卡比博">尼古拉·卡比博</a></li> <li>2003年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="曼努埃尔·卡多纳">曼努埃尔·卡多纳</a></li> <li>2004年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%92" title="达维德·吕埃勒">达维德·吕埃勒</a></li> <li>2005年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·李尔普罗斯">约翰·李尔普罗斯</a></li> <li>2006年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E8%8E%B1%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC" title="乔治·贝莱蒂尼">乔治·贝莱蒂尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2016年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E4%BD%90%E6%89%98" title="阿达尔贝托·贾佐托">阿达尔贝托·贾佐托</a></li> <li>2017年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC" title="马尔科·塔瓦尼">马尔科·塔瓦尼</a></li> <li>2018年：吉安路易吉·福吉</li> <li>2019年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%A2" title="费德里科·卡帕索">费德里科·卡帕索</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020年：马西莫·英古西奥</li> <li>2021年：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿莫斯·马里坦（页面不存在）">阿莫斯·马里坦</a></li> <li>2022年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔">约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Category:马泰乌奇奖章获得者">Category:马泰乌奇奖章获得者</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1851年至1900年科普利獎章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1851年至1900年科普利獎章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1851年至1900年<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利獎章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1851年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="理查德·欧文">理查德·欧文</a></li> <li>1852年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="亚历山大·冯·洪堡">亚历山大·冯·洪堡</a></li> <li>1853年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海因里希·威廉·多费" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E8%B4%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海因里希·威廉·多费（页面不存在）">海因里希·威廉·多费</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" class="extiw" title="en:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1854年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·彼得·米勒">约翰内斯·彼得·米勒</a></li> <li>1855年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%82%85%E7%A7%91" title="莱昂·傅科">莱昂·傅科</a></li> <li>1856年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henri Milne-Edwards"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%A9-%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹（页面不存在）">亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" class="extiw" title="en:Henri Milne-Edwards"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henri Milne-Edwards</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1857年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" title="米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔">米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔</a></li> <li>1858年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·萊爾">查尔斯·莱尔</a></li> <li>1859年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="威廉·爱德华·韦伯">威廉·爱德华·韦伯</a></li> <li>1860年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F" title="罗伯特·威廉·本生">罗伯特·威廉·本生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1861年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF" title="路易·阿加西">路易斯·阿加西</a></li> <li>1862年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="托馬斯·格雷姆">托马斯·格雷姆</a></li> <li>1863年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%A5%87%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="亚当·塞奇威克">亚当·塞奇威克</a></li> <li>1864年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查爾斯·達爾文</a></li> <li>1865年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%92" title="米歇尔·沙勒">米歇尔·沙勒</a></li> <li>1866年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%90%95%E5%85%8B" title="尤利乌斯·普吕克">尤利乌斯·普吕克</a></li> <li>1867年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔">卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔</a></li> <li>1868年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="查爾斯·惠斯通">查尔斯·惠斯通</a></li> <li>1869年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a></li> <li>1870年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">詹姆斯·焦耳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1871年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔">尤利乌斯·罗伯特·冯·迈尔</a></li> <li>1872年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a></li> <li>1873年：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a></li> <li>1874年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德">路易·巴斯德</a></li> <li>1875年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="奧古斯特·威廉·馮·霍夫曼">奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼</a></li> <li>1876年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="克洛德·贝尔纳">克洛德·贝尔纳</a></li> <li>1877年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E7%BA%B3" title="詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳">詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳</a></li> <li>1878年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE%E6%88%88" title="让-巴蒂斯特·布森戈">让-巴蒂斯特·布森戈</a></li> <li>1879年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·克勞修斯">鲁道夫·克劳修斯</a></li> <li>1880年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·約瑟夫·西爾維斯特">詹姆斯·约瑟夫·西尔维斯特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1881年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94-%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AD%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="夏尔-阿道夫·武尔茨">夏尔-阿道夫·武尔茨</a></li> <li>1882年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E8%90%8A" title="阿瑟·凱萊">阿瑟·凯莱</a></li> <li>1883年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">威廉·汤姆森</a></li> <li>1884年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C" title="卡尔·路德维希">卡尔·路德维希</a></li> <li>1885年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92" title="奥古斯特·凯库勒">奥古斯特·凯库勒</a></li> <li>1886年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franz Ernst Neumann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼（页面不存在）">弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" class="extiw" title="en:Franz Ernst Neumann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franz Ernst Neumann</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1887年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克">约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克</a></li> <li>1888年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎">托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎</a></li> <li>1889年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E8%92%99" title="乔治·萨蒙">乔治·萨蒙</a></li> <li>1890年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E5%BA%B7" title="西蒙·紐康">西蒙·纽康</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1891年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%B3%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97" title="斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗">斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗</a></li> <li>1892年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E8%82%96" title="鲁道夫·魏尔肖">鲁道夫·菲尔绍</a></li> <li>1893年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯">乔治·斯托克斯</a></li> <li>1894年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="爱德华·弗兰克兰">爱德华·弗兰克兰</a></li> <li>1895年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·魏尔施特拉斯">卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯</a></li> <li>1896年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%A0%BC%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·根格包尔">卡尔·根格包尔</a></li> <li>1897年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔贝特·冯·克利克">阿尔贝特·冯·克利克</a></li> <li>1898年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯</a></li> <li>1899年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">约翰·斯特拉特</a></li> <li>1900年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B" title="马塞兰·贝特洛">马塞兰·贝特洛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1731%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31750%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1731年至1750年科普利奖章获得者">1731–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1751%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31800%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1751年至1800年科普利奖章获得者">1751–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1801%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31850%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1801年至1850年科普利奖章获得者">1801–1850</a></li> <li>1851–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1901%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31950%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%80%85" title="Template:1901年至1950年科普利奖章获奖者">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1951%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32000%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1951年至2000年科普利奖章获得者">1951–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2001%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32050%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:2001年至2050年科普利奖章获得者">2001年至今</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60024#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60024#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60024#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43375/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121326382">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51690801">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hermann von Helmholtz"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX8rQwGmkhjM48kvHHmd">WorldCat</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90273718">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000196808">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1302973">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119071971">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119071971">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514345606706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Helmholtz, Hermann von"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11854893X">德国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262423505171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14079237">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79112262">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnr28s2htm865">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072519&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00518409">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720103&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35186200">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record158309">希腊</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018F7760">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000289175&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070546452">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811565560605606">波兰</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653942505606">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/240166">葡萄牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/76308">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01295293?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/203/3848">DBLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/84020">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=49057">数学谱系计划</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56907714800">Scopus</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:von-helmholtz.hermann">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/186319">攝影師身份目錄</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (preußischer Adel 1883)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11854893X.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/856589">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Helmholtz, Hermann von"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/8102499">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qf9187">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031053130">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹&oldid=84183374">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹&oldid=84183374</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" title="Category:1821年出生">1821年出生</a></li><li><a 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