CINXE.COM

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</figcaption></figure></div> </div> <p>（纽约）－人权观察今天表示，联合国成员国在2023年10月10日联合国大会投票时应将俄罗斯和中国排除于人权理事会席位之外。俄中两国当局应为多宗危害人类罪及其他重大人权侵犯负责，因此远未达到担任联合国最高人权机构成员的标准。</p> <p>古巴和文莱也在竞选这个任期三年的席位，但两国都不符合成员标准。这两国都实施有系统的人权迫害，包括对异议人士的骚扰、任意拘禁和酷刑。联合国大会193个成员国的代表团在投票选举任期自2024至2026年的15席人权理事会成员时，应将前述四个国家的恶劣人权纪录纳入考量。</p> <p>“每一天，俄中两国都以规模庞大的暴行提醒我们，不该让这两个国家跻身联合国人权理事会成员之列，” 人权观察联合国分部主任路易斯・夏邦努（<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/about/people/louis-charbonneau">Louis Charbonneau</a>）说。 “没有任何人权理事会成员国拥有无可挑剔的人权纪录，但每一个联合国成员国都应明了该理事会对成员设有标准，而俄中两国无耻漠视这些标准。”</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/a.res.60.251_en.pdf">联合国大会第60/251号决议</a>，即2006年成立人权理事会的基础文件，要求各国在选举理事会成员时“应考虑候选国对促进和保护人权的贡献” 。该决议并要求理事会成员不分国内外“在促进和保护人权方面应坚持最高标准”且“与理事会充分合作” 。</p> <p>俄罗斯正寻求重返人权理事会。由于俄罗斯于2022年2月<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war">全面入侵乌克兰</a>后对乌国平民实施<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/03/ukraine-apparent-war-crimes-russia-controlled-areas">有计画的暴行</a>，联合国大会于2022年4月表决通过<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115782">暂停俄罗斯成员资格</a>。遭联合国停权后，俄罗斯政府随即宣布退出人权理事会。</p> <p>人权观察表示，俄罗斯至今仍不具备人权理事会成员资格。俄罗斯部队持续在乌克兰犯下显而易见的战争罪和危害人类罪行，前者包括非法攻击和不当对待囚犯，后者包括对平民实施酷刑、即审即决和强迫失踪。</p> <p>俄罗斯<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/25/fresh-details-russias-forcible-transfer-ukrainian-children">非法转移乌克兰儿童</a>，已导致国际刑事法院对总统普京及其儿童权利专员发出<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and#:~:text=Today%2C%2017%20March%202023%2C%20Pre,Ms%20Maria%20Alekseyevna%20Lvova%2DBelova.">拘捕令</a>。俄罗斯政府还<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/07/25/russia-bill-bans-work-most-foreign-groups">加强镇压公民社会</a>、控告数千名反战人士、关闭人权团体并对在野党领袖作不公正的起诉。</p> <p>中国的人权纪录也不够资格进入人权理事会。 2022年，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf">发表报告</a>，记录中国政府对新疆突厥裔穆斯林社群的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/31/china-unrelenting-crimes-against-humanity-targeting-uyghurs">暴行</a>，包括文化与宗教迫害、拆散家庭、大规模任意逮捕及拘禁、强暴、酷刑和强迫失踪。人权事务办事处结论<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/01/china-new-un-report-alleges-crimes-against-humanity">指出</a>，相关暴行“可能构成国际犯罪，特别是危害人类罪。”</p> <p>2023年亚洲、非洲和西方国家集团的候选名单都是不具竞争性的同额竞选，换言之，这几个区域集团的所有候选国都可能顺利当选。在东欧国家集团，阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚和俄罗斯等三国将角逐两个席位；拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团将由古巴、巴西、多米尼加和秘鲁等四国竞争三个席位；亚洲的四个席位由中国、日本、科威特和印尼等四国竞选；非洲的四个席位有布隆迪、马拉维、加纳和科特迪瓦等四国参选。法国和荷兰则将争取西方国家集团空出的两个席位。</p> <p>候选国必须获得过半票数才能当选。尽管亚洲是同额竞选，联合国成员国也不该把票投给中国。人权观察表示，与其让中国这样迫害人权的政府有机会利用人权理事会成员资格继续<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/09/05/costs-international-advocacy/chinas-interference-united-nations-human-rights">破坏联合国人权机制</a>，不如留下一席空缺待事后补选。</p> <p>“联合国所有区域集团都应提出具竞争性的人权理事会候选名单，以便成员国将其中人权纪录不佳的国家剔除，” 夏邦努说。 “联合国机构竟出现同额竞选，是对‘选举’一词的嘲讽。”</p> <p>关于古巴，美洲人权委员会在2022年报告中指出，古巴官方机构涉及“有计画的镇压” 和平示威者和异议人士，且该国政府犯下了“大规模、严重且有计画的人权侵害。” 多名联合国人权专家也曾报导古巴实施任意拘禁、不当对待和酷刑的模式。人权组织记录到数以百计的政治犯——包括示威者、批评人士、记者、艺术家和反对派领袖——因为行使基本人权而被拘捕。</p> <p>布隆迪是非洲国家集团同额竞选的候选国之一。严重侵犯人权和施暴者不受处罚的情况在布隆迪未尝稍歇。布隆迪当局拒绝与布隆迪人权问题特别报告员合作，充分显示其漠视国际人权体系的态度。 2023年7月，在接受负责监测《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的人权事务委员会审议时，布隆迪代表团<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/07/05/burundi-government-walks-out-un-review">中途退席</a>，目的疑似是抗议一名获适当认证的布隆迪人权捍卫者在场。</p> <p>在秘鲁，政府当局未能维护司法独立和权力分立，其安全部队在2022年底到2023年初<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406150227/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/26/peru-egregious-abuses-security-forces">以过度武力镇压</a>示威者导致49人死亡。在巴西，警方造成逾6,400人死亡，其中百分之83是黑人，从而使警察滥权问题成为2022年公众关注焦点。巴西政府应采取果决措施，终结警察暴力及施暴者免罚。</p> <p>2023年，多米尼加将数千名海地民众遣返暴力横行的海地，致使这些人面临生命危险。印尼政府应废除各地基于伊斯兰教法（Sharia）而歧视性别、宗教或性的少数群体的地方法规。马拉维政府拘捕并强迫迁移全国各地的难民和庇护寻求者。</p> <p>“联合国成员国应向世人表明态度，绝不容许最恶劣的人权侵犯者盘躆在联合国最高人权机构，” 夏邦努说。“即使这些侵犯人权的国家——无论是藉由同额竞选或其他手段——取得了席位，也不能阻挡人权理事会揭露这些国家本身的暴行。”</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="mb-8 md:mb-14"> <div class="donation-block"> <div class="donation-block__content bg-cover bg-top bg-black text-white border-t-4 border-orange-500 md:bg-center"> <div class="donation-block__content-inner p-6 background-vert md:background-horz"> <div class="donation-block__form-wrapper pt-40 sm:pt-48 md:pt-0 md:w-1/2"> <h2 class="donation-block__form-heading mb-6 text-xl sm:text-2xl leading-tight">Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the 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