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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rise to fame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Héloïse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Héloïse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Héloïse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Héloïse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tragic_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tragic_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tragic events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tragic_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrolabe,_son_of_Abelard_and_Heloise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrolabe,_son_of_Abelard_and_Heloise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Astrolabe, son of Abelard and Heloise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrolabe,_son_of_Abelard_and_Heloise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_Bernard_of_Clairvaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_Bernard_of_Clairvaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Conflicts with Bernard of Clairvaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_Bernard_of_Clairvaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_resting_place/lovers'_pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_resting_place/lovers'_pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Disputed resting place/lovers' pilgrimage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_resting_place/lovers'_pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Health issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_letters_of_Abelard_and_Héloïse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_letters_of_Abelard_and_Héloïse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The letters of Abelard and Héloïse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_letters_of_Abelard_and_Héloïse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The letters of Abelard and Héloïse subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_letters_of_Abelard_and_Héloïse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lost_love_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_love_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lost love letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_love_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comments_from_Pope_Benedict_XVI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_from_Pope_Benedict_XVI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Comments from Pope Benedict XVI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_from_Pope_Benedict_XVI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Poetry and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onstage_and_onscreen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onstage_and_onscreen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Onstage and onscreen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onstage_and_onscreen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_editions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_editions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Modern editions and translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_editions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Abelard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Abaelardus" title="Petrus Abaelardus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Petrus Abaelardus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بيار أبيلار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيار أبيلار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পীয়েৰ এবেলাৰ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পীয়েৰ এবেলাৰ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Abelardo" title="Pedro Abelardo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pedro Abelardo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyer_Abelyar" title="Pyer Abelyar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyer Abelyar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পিটার এবেলার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটার এবেলার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="П’ер Абеляр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пиер Абелар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер Абелар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Abelard" title="Pere Abelard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pere Abelard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Peter Abélard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Abélard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Abaelardus" title="Petrus Abaelardus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petrus Abaelardus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πέτρος Αβελάρδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτρος Αβελάρδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Abelardo" title="Pedro Abelardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedro Abelardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelardo" title="Abelardo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abelardo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_Abelardo" title="Petri Abelardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petri Abelardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پیر آبلار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر آبلار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4" title="피에르 아벨라르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 아벨라르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Պիեռ Աբելար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Աբելար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पीटर अबेलार्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर अबेलार्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Abelard" title="Petar Abelard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Petar Abelard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Abelardus" title="Petrus Abelardus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Petrus Abelardus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Abelardo" title="Pietro Abelardo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro Abelardo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="פייר אבלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר אבלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პიერ აბელარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიერ აბელარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Пьер Абеляр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пьер Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Пьер Абеляр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пьер Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Abaelardus" title="Petrus Abaelardus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Abaelardus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_Abel%C4%81rs" title="Pjērs Abelārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjērs Abelārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelard" title="Abelard – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abelard" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പീറ്റർ അബലാർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീറ്റർ അബലാർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بيار ابيلار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيار ابيلار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပီယဲ အဗေလား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီယဲ အဗေလား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Abaelardus" title="Petrus Abaelardus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petrus Abaelardus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ピエール・アベラール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・アベラール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peter Abelard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelyar_Pyer" title="Abelyar Pyer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abelyar Pyer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Abelard" title="Piotr Abelard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Abelard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Abelardo" title="Pedro Abelardo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedro Abelardo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_Abelard" title="Petru Abelard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Petru Abelard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Пьер Абеляр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пьер Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjer_Abelardi" title="Pjer Abelardi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pjer Abelardi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_Abbilardu" title="Petru Abbilardu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Petru Abbilardu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پیتەر ئەبیلارد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەر ئەبیلارد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пјер Абелар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер Абелар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பியேர் அபேலார்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியேர் அபேலார்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Пьер Абеляр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пьер Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Пйер Абеляр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пйер Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80" title="П'єр Абеляр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Абеляр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" title="Pierre Abélard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pierre Abélard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="皮埃尔·阿伯拉尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮埃尔·阿伯拉尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Peter Abelard" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" title="亞伯拉德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞伯拉德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="皮埃尔·阿伯拉尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮埃尔·阿伯拉尔" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French philosopher (c. 1079–1142)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abelard" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abelard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abelard (disambiguation)">Abelard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Peter Abelard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Piotr_Abelard_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Piotr_Abelard_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Piotr_Abelard_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Piotr_Abelard_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Piotr_Abelard_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Piotr_Abelard_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Piotr_Abelard_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Depiction by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Oleszczy%C5%84ski" title="Antoni Oleszczyński">Antoni Oleszczyński</a>, before 1841</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1079<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1079</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Le_Pallet" title="Le Pallet">Le Pallet</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1142-04-21</span>)</span>21 April 1142 (age 62 or 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Marcel-l%C3%A8s-Chalon" title="Abbey of Saint-Marcel-lès-Chalon">Abbey of Saint-Marcel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Sic_et_Non" title="Sic et Non">Sic et Non</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory of atonement</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peter Abelard</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; French: <i lang="fr">Pierre Abélard</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[abelaʁ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Petrus Abaelardus</i> or <i>Abailardus</i>; 12 February 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> French <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, leading <a href="/wiki/Logician" class="mw-redirect" title="Logician">logician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In philosophy he is celebrated for his logical solution to the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">problem of universals</a> via <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">conceptualism</a> and his pioneering of <a href="/wiki/Intent" class="mw-redirect" title="Intent">intent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> of the twelfth century", he is considered a forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is sometimes credited as a chief forerunner of modern <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>, he is best known for his development of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>, and his introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory of atonement</a>. He is considered (alongside <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>) to be the most significant forerunner of the modern self-reflective <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiographer</a>. He paved the way and set the tone for later <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novels</a> and celebrity tell-alls with his publicly distributed letter, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Calamitatum" title="Historia Calamitatum">The History of My Calamities</a></i> and public correspondence. </p><p>In history and popular culture he is best known for his passionate, tragic love affair and intense philosophical exchange with his brilliant student and eventual wife, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse_d%27Argenteuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Héloïse d'Argenteuil">Héloïse d'Argenteuil</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career,_philosophical_thought,_and_achievements"><span id="Career.2C_philosophical_thought.2C_and_achievements"></span>Career, philosophical thought, and achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career, philosophical thought, and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abelard_and_Heloise.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Abelard_and_Heloise.jpeg/220px-Abelard_and_Heloise.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Abelard_and_Heloise.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Abelard and <a href="/wiki/Helo%C3%AFse" class="mw-redirect" title="Heloïse">Heloïse</a> in a manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Abelard is considered one of the founders of the secular university and pre-Renaissance secular philosophical thought.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abelard argued for <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">conceptualism</a> in the theory of <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a>. (A universal is a quality or property which every individual member of a class of things must possess if the same word is to apply to all the things in that class. Blueness, for example, is a universal property possessed by all blue objects.) According to Abelard scholar David Luscombe, "Abelard logically elaborated an independent philosophy of language...[in which] he stressed that language itself is not able to demonstrate the truth of things (res) that lie in the domain of physics."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing with the influence of his wife Heloise, he stressed the subjective intention as determining, if not the moral character, at least the moral value, of human action. With his wife, he is the first significant philosopher of the middle ages to push for this interpretation before <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. </p><p>He helped establish the philosophical authority of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, which became firmly established in the half-century after his death. It was at this time that Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></i> first became available, and gradually all of Aristotle's other surviving works. Before this, the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> formed the basis of support for philosophical realism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abelard is considered one of the greatest twelfth-century Catholic theologians, arguing that God and the universe can and should be known via logic as well as via the emotions. He coined the term "theology" for the religious branch of philosophical tradition. He should not be read as a heretic, as his charges of heresy were dropped and rescinded by the Church after his death, but rather as a cutting-edge philosopher who pushed theology and philosophy to their limits. He is described as "the keenest thinker and boldest theologian of the 12th century"<sup id="cite_ref-CBD_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the greatest logician of the Middle Ages. "His genius was evident in all he did"; as the first to use 'theology' in its modern sense, he championed "reason in matters of faith", and "seemed larger than life to his contemporaries: his quick wit, sharp tongue, perfect memory, and boundless arrogance made him unbeatable in debate"--"the force of his personality impressed itself vividly on all with whom he came into contact."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the un<a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> who die in <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a>, Abelard — in <i>Commentaria in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos</i> — emphasized the goodness of God and interpreted <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>'s "mildest punishment" as the pain of loss at being denied the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a> (<i>carentia visionis Dei</i>), without hope of obtaining it, but with no additional punishments. His thought contributed to the forming of <a href="/wiki/Limbo_of_Infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbo of Infants">Limbo of Infants</a> theory in the 12th–13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg/220px-Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg/440px-Jean-Baptiste_Goyet--Heloise_et_Abeilard--1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Goyet" title="Jean-Baptiste Goyet">Jean-Baptiste Goyet</a>, <i>Héloïse et Abailard</i>, oil on copper, c. 1829.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abelard was concerned with the concept of intent and inner life, developing an elementary theory of cognition in his <i>Tractabus De Intellectibus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later developing the concept that human beings "speak to God with their thoughts".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the developers of the <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a>, writing in <i>Sito te ipsum</i>, "Of this [sin], small children and of course insane people are untouched...lack[ing] reason....nothing is counted as sin for them".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spearheaded the idea that mental illness was a natural condition and "debunked the idea that the devil caused insanity", a point of view which Thomas F. Graham argues Abelard was unable to separate himself from objectively to argue more subtly "because of his own mental health."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotes">Quotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Logic has made me hated in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The key to wisdom is in doubting and questioning. In doubting we come to skepticism, and in skepticism we come to investigation, and via investigation we come to the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Indeed, how cruel and wicked it seems that anyone should demand the blood of an innocent person as the price for anything, or that it should in any way please him that an innocent man should be slain--still less that God should consider the death of his Son so agreeable that by it he should be reconciled to the whole world."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"A humble prostitute is better than a prideful chaste woman." - Carmen Ad Astralabium (Advice to My Son)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The Jews [involved in Christ's death] did less wrong by killing Jesus than if they had shown him mercy against their convictions."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abelard, originally called "Pierre le Pallet", was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1079</span> in <a href="/wiki/Le_Pallet" title="Le Pallet">Le Pallet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 10 miles (16 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, the eldest son of a minor noble <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> family. As a boy, he learned quickly. His father, a knight called Berenger, encouraged Pierre to study the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>, wherein he excelled at the art of <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> (a branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>). Instead of entering a military career, as his father had done, Abelard became an academic. </p><p>During his early academic pursuits, Abelard wandered throughout France, debating and learning, so as (in his own words) "he became such a one as the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripatetics">Peripatetics</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calamitatum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first studied in the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> area, where the <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, who had been accused of heresy by <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a>, was his teacher during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-CBD_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_fame">Rise to fame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise to fame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1100, Abelard's travels brought him to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Around this time he changed his surname to "Abelard", sometimes written "Abailard" or "Abaelardus". The etymological root of Abelard could be the Middle French <i>abilite</i> (ability), the Hebrew name <i>Abel/Habal</i> (breath/vanity/figure in Genesis), the English "apple" or the Latin <i>ballare,</i> (to dance). The name is jokingly referenced as relating to "lard", as in excessive ("fatty") learning, in a secondary anecdote referencing <a href="/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath" title="Adelard of Bath">Adelard of Bath</a> and Peter Abelard (and in which they are confused to be one person).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the great <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (before the construction of the current cathedral there), he studied under Paris archdeacon and Notre Dame master <a href="/wiki/William_of_Champeaux" title="William of Champeaux">William of Champeaux</a>, later bishop of Chalons, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Saint Anselm</a>), a leading proponent of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">philosophical realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBD_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retrospectively, Abelard portrays William as having turned from approval to hostility when Abelard proved soon able to defeat his master in argument. This resulted in a long duel that eventually ended in the downfall of the theory of realism which was replaced by Abelard's theory of <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">conceptualism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a>. While Abelard's thought was closer to William's thought than this account might suggest,<sup id="cite_ref-Marenbon-15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marenbon-15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William thought Abelard was too <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">arrogant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sellner2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellner2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this time that Abelard would provoke quarrels with both William and Roscellinus.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against opposition from the metropolitan teacher, Abelard set up his own school, first at <a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a>, a favoured royal residence, then, around 1102–4, for more direct competition, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Corbeil-Essonnes">Corbeil</a>, nearer Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calamitatum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His teaching was notably successful, but the stress taxed his constitution, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> and a trip home to Brittany for several years of recovery. </p><p>On his return, after 1108, he found William lecturing at the hermitage of Saint-Victor, just outside the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a>, and there they once again became rivals, with Abelard challenging William over his theory of universals. Abelard was once more victorious, and Abelard was almost able to attain the position of master at Notre Dame. For a short time, however, William was able to prevent Abelard from lecturing in Paris. Abelard accordingly was forced to resume his school at Melun, which he was then able to move, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1110-12</span>, to Paris itself, on the heights of <a href="/wiki/Montagne_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve" title="Montagne Sainte-Geneviève">Montagne Sainte-Geneviève</a>, overlooking Notre-Dame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191140_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191140-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his success in dialectic, he next turned to <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and in 1113 moved to <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> to attend the lectures of <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm</a> on Biblical <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> and Christian doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unimpressed by Anselm's teaching, Abelard began to offer his own lectures on the book of Ezekiel. Anselm forbade him to continue this teaching. Abelard returned to Paris where, in around 1115, he became master of the cathedral school of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> and a canon of <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a> (the cathedral of the archdiocese to which Paris belonged).<sup id="cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calamitatum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Héloïse"><span id="H.C3.A9lo.C3.AFse"></span>Héloïse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Héloïse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helo%C3%AFse_et_d%27Ab%C3%A9lard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Helo%C3%AFse_et_d%27Ab%C3%A9lard.jpg/220px-Helo%C3%AFse_et_d%27Ab%C3%A9lard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Helo%C3%AFse_et_d%27Ab%C3%A9lard.jpg/330px-Helo%C3%AFse_et_d%27Ab%C3%A9lard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Helo%C3%AFse_et_d%27Ab%C3%A9lard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>"Abaelardus and Heloïse surprised by Master Fulbert", by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticist</a> painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Vignaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Vignaud (page does not exist)">Jean Vignaud</a> (1819)</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse_d%27Argenteuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Héloïse d'Argenteuil">Héloïse d'Argenteuil</a> lived within the precincts of Notre-Dame, under the care of her uncle, the secular <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> Fulbert. She was famous as the most well-educated and intelligent woman in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renowned for her knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical letters</a>, including not only <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. </p><p>At the time Heloise met Abelard, he was surrounded by crowds — supposedly thousands of students — drawn from all countries by the fame of his teaching. Enriched by the offerings of his pupils, and entertained with universal admiration, he came to think of himself as the only undefeated philosopher in the world. But a change in his fortunes was at hand. In his devotion to science, he claimed to have lived a very straight and narrow life, enlivened only by philosophical debate: now, at the height of his fame, he encountered romance. </p><p>Upon deciding to pursue Héloïse, Abelard sought a place in Fulbert's house, and in 1115 or 1116 began an affair. While in his autobiography he describes the relationship as a seduction, Heloise's letters contradict this and instead depict a relationship of equals kindled by mutual attraction. Abelard boasted of his conquest using example phrases in his teaching such as "Peter loves his girl" and writing popular poems and songs of his love that spread throughout the country. Once Fulbert found out, he separated them, but they continued to meet in secret. Héloïse became pregnant and was sent by Abelard to be looked after by his family in Brittany, where she gave birth to a son, whom she named Astrolabe, after the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">scientific instrument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calamitatum-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragic_events">Tragic events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tragic events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abelard_castration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Abelard_castration.jpg/220px-Abelard_castration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Abelard_castration.jpg/330px-Abelard_castration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Abelard_castration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Abelard, attacked and castrated</figcaption></figure> <p>To appease Fulbert, Abelard proposed a marriage. Héloïse initially opposed marriage, but to appease her worries about Abelard's career prospects as a married philosopher, the couple were married in secret. (At this time, clerical celibacy was becoming the standard at higher levels in the church orders.) To avoid suspicion of involvement with Abelard, Heloise continued to stay at the house of her uncle. When Fulbert publicly disclosed the marriage, Héloïse vehemently denied it, arousing Fulbert's wrath and abuse. Abelard rescued her by sending her to the convent at <a href="/wiki/Argenteuil" title="Argenteuil">Argenteuil</a>, where she had been brought up, to protect her from her uncle. Héloïse dressed as a nun and shared the nun's life, though she was not veiled. </p><p>Fulbert, infuriated that Heloise had been taken from his house and possibly believing that Abelard had disposed of her at Argenteuil in order to be rid of her, arranged for a band of men to break into Abelard's room one night and <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrate</a> him. In legal retribution for this vigilante attack, members of the band were punished, and Fulbert, scorned by the public, took temporary leave of his canon duties (he does not appear again in the Paris cartularies for several years). </p><p>In shame of his injuries, Abelard retired permanently as a Notre Dame canon, with any career as a priest or ambitions for higher office in the church shattered by his loss of manhood. He effectively hid himself as a monk at the monastery of St Denis, near Paris, avoiding the questions of his horrified public. <a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a> and Fulk of Deuil ridiculed and belittled Abelard for being castrated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon joining the monastery at St. Dennis, Abelard insisted that Héloïse take vows as a nun (she had few other options at the time<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Héloïse protested her separation from Abelard, sending numerous letters re-initiating their friendship and demanding answers to theological questions concerning her new vocation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrolabe,_son_of_Abelard_and_Heloise"><span id="Astrolabe.2C_son_of_Abelard_and_Heloise"></span>Astrolabe, son of Abelard and Heloise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Astrolabe, son of Abelard and Heloise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the birth of their child, Astrolabe, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse" class="mw-redirect" title="Héloïse">Heloise</a> and Abelard were both cloistered. Their son was thus brought up by Abelard's sister (<i>soror</i>), Denise, at Abelard's childhood home in Le Pallet. His name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>, a Persian astronomical instrument said to elegantly model the universe<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which was popularized in France by <a href="/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath" title="Adelard of Bath">Adelard</a>. He is mentioned in Abelard's poem to his son, the Carmen Astralabium, and by Abelard's protector, Peter the Venerable of Cluny, who wrote to Héloise: "I will gladly do my best to obtain a prebend in one of the great churches for your Astrolabe, who is also ours for your sake". </p><p>'Petrus Astralabius' is recorded at the Cathedral of Nantes in 1150, and the same name appears again later at the Cistercian abbey at Hauterive in what is now Switzerland. Given the extreme eccentricity of the name, it is almost certain these references refer to the same person. Astrolabe is recorded as dying in the Paraclete necrology on 29 or 30 October, year unknown, appearing as "Petrus Astralabius magistri nostri Petri filius".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Now in his early forties, Abelard sought to bury himself as a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Denis">Abbey of Saint-Denis</a> with his woes out of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding no respite in the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>, and having gradually turned again to study, he gave in to urgent entreaties, and reopened his school at an unknown priory owned by the monastery. His lectures, now framed in a devotional spirit, and with lectures on theology as well as his previous lectures on logic, were once again heard by crowds of students, and his old influence seemed to have returned. Using his studies of the Bible and — in his view — inconsistent writings of the leaders of the church as his basis, he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Sic_et_Non" title="Sic et Non">Sic et Non</a></i> (<i>Yes and No</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No sooner had he published his theological lectures (the <i>Theologia Summi Boni</i>) than his adversaries picked up on his rationalistic interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarian</a> dogma. Two pupils of <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberich_of_Reims" title="Alberich of Reims">Alberich of Reims</a> and Lotulf of Lombardy, instigated proceedings against Abelard, charging him with the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellius</a> in a provincial <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a> in 1121. They obtained through irregular procedures an official condemnation of his teaching, and Abelard was made to burn the <i>Theologia</i> himself. He was then sentenced to perpetual confinement in a monastery other than his own, but it seems to have been agreed in advance that this sentence would be revoked almost immediately, because after a few days in the convent of St. Medard at Soissons, Abelard returned to St. Denis.<sup id="cite_ref-Marenbon-15_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marenbon-15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life in his own monastery proved no more congenial than before. For this Abelard himself was partly responsible. He took a sort of malicious pleasure in irritating the monks. As if for the sake of a joke, he cited <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> to prove that the believed founder of the monastery of St Denis, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius the Areopagite</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Corinth">Bishop of Corinth</a>, while the other monks relied upon the statement of the Abbot <a href="/wiki/Hilduin" title="Hilduin">Hilduin</a> that he had been <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Athens">Bishop of Athens</a>. When this historical heresy led to the inevitable persecution, Abelard wrote a letter to the Abbot Adam in which he preferred to the authority of Bede that of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a></i> and St. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, according to whom <a href="/wiki/Dionysius,_Bishop_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth">Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth</a>, was distinct from Dionysius the Areopagite, bishop of Athens and founder of the abbey; although, in deference to Bede, he suggested that the Areopagite might also have been bishop of Corinth. Adam accused him of insulting both the monastery and the Kingdom of France (which had Denis as its patron saint); life in the monastery grew intolerable for Abelard, and he was finally allowed to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abelard initially lodged at St Ayoul of Provins, where the prior was a friend. Then, after the death of Abbot Adam in March 1122, Abelard was able to gain permission from the new abbot, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Suger</a>, to live "in whatever solitary place he wished". In a deserted place near <a href="/wiki/Nogent-sur-Seine" title="Nogent-sur-Seine">Nogent-sur-Seine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(historical_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (historical province)">Champagne</a>, he built a cabin of stubble and reeds, and a simple oratory dedicated to the Trinity and became a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a>. When his retreat became known, students flocked from Paris, and covered the wilderness around him with their tents and huts. He began to teach again there. The oratory was rebuilt in wood and stone and rededicated as the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_the_Paraclete" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratory of the Paraclete">Oratory of the Paraclete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/220px-Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/330px-Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg/440px-Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="3444" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Abelard at <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a> in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Cavelier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Cavelier">Jules Cavelier</a></figcaption></figure><p> Abelard remained at the Paraclete for about five years. His combination of the teaching of secular arts with his profession as a monk was heavily criticized by other men of religion, and Abelard contemplated flight outside Christendom altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Luscombe_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luscombe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abelard therefore decided to leave and find another refuge, accepting sometime between 1126 and 1128 an invitation to preside over the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys" title="Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys">Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys</a> on the far-off shore of Lower Brittany. The region was inhospitable, the domain a prey to outlaws, the house itself savage and disorderly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, too, his relations with the community deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-Luscombe_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luscombe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png/220px-France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png/330px-France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png/440px-France_illustr%C3%A9e_I_p473.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Abelard receives the monastery of the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> Héloïse (1129)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lack of success at St Gildas made Abelard decide to take up public teaching again (although he remained for a few more years, officially, Abbot of St Gildas). It is not entirely certain what he then did, but given that <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a> heard Abelard lecture on dialectic in 1136, it is presumed that he returned to Paris and resumed teaching on the <a href="/wiki/Montagne_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve" title="Montagne Sainte-Geneviève">Montagne Sainte-Geneviève</a>. His lectures were dominated by logic, at least until 1136, when he produced further drafts of his <i>Theologia</i> in which he analyzed the sources of belief in the Trinity and praised the pagan philosophers of classical antiquity for their virtues and for their discovery by the use of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> of many fundamental aspects of Christian revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-Luscombe_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luscombe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Roscellin accused Abelard of having maintained ties with Heloise for some time, it is at this point that Abelard came back into significant contact with Héloïse. In April 1129, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> of St Denis succeeded in his plans to have the nuns, including Héloïse, expelled from the convent at Argenteuil, in order to take over the property for St Denis. Héloïse had meanwhile become the head of a new foundation of nuns called the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a>. Abelard became the abbot of the new community and provided it with a rule and with a justification of the nun's way of life; in this he emphasized the virtue of literary study. He also provided books of hymns he had composed, and in the early 1130s he and Héloïse composed a collection of their own love letters and religious correspondence<sup id="cite_ref-Luscombe_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luscombe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing, amongst other notable pieces, Abelard's most famous letter containing his autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Calamitatum" title="Historia Calamitatum">Historia Calamitatum</a></i> (<i>The History of My Calamities</i>). This moved Héloïse to write her first Letter;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first being followed by the two other Letters, in which she finally accepted the part of resignation, which, now as a brother to a sister, Abelard commended to her. Sometime before 1140, Abelard published his masterpiece, <i>Ethica</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Scito_te_ipsum" class="mw-redirect" title="Scito te ipsum">Scito te ipsum</a></i> (Know Thyself), where he analyzes the idea of sin and that actions are not what a man will be judged for but intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, he also wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialogus_inter_Philosophum,_Judaeum_et_Christianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialogus inter Philosophum, Judaeum et Christianum (page does not exist)">Dialogus inter Philosophum, Judaeum et Christianum</a></i> (Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew, and a Christian), and also <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expositio_in_Epistolam_ad_Romanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expositio in Epistolam ad Romanos (page does not exist)">Expositio in Epistolam ad Romanos</a></i>, a commentary on <a href="/wiki/St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul">St. Paul</a>'s epistle to the Romans, where he expands on the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s life.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_with_Bernard_of_Clairvaux">Conflicts with Bernard of Clairvaux</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conflicts with Bernard of Clairvaux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1136, it is not clear whether Abelard had stopped teaching, or whether he perhaps continued with all except his lectures on logic until as late as 1141. Whatever the exact timing, a process was instigated by <a href="/wiki/William_of_St-Thierry" title="William of St-Thierry">William of St Thierry</a>, who discovered what he considered to be heresies in some of Abelard's teaching. In spring 1140 he wrote to the Bishop of Chartres and to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> denouncing them. Another, less distinguished, theologian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_of_Morigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas of Morigny (page does not exist)">Thomas of Morigny</a>, also produced at the same time a list of Abelard's supposed heresies, perhaps at Bernard's instigation. Bernard's complaint mainly is that Abelard has applied logic where it is not applicable, and that is illogical.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid pressure from Bernard, Abelard challenged Bernard either to withdraw his accusations, or to make them publicly at the important <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Councils of Sens">church council at Sens</a> planned for 2 June 1141. In so doing, Abelard put himself into the position of the wronged party and forced Bernard to defend himself from the accusation of slander. Bernard avoided this trap, however: on the eve of the council, he called a private meeting of the assembled bishops and persuaded them to condemn, one by one, each of the heretical propositions he attributed to Abelard. When Abelard appeared at the council the next day, he was presented with a list of condemned propositions imputed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Marenbon_2004_p17_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Marenbon_2004_p17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unable to answer to these propositions, Abelard left the assembly, appealed to the Pope, and set off for Rome, hoping that the Pope would be more supportive. However, this hope was unfounded. On 16 July 1141, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> issued a bull <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicating</a> Abelard and his followers and imposing perpetual silence on him, and in a second document he ordered Abelard to be confined in a monastery and his books to be burned. Abelard was saved from this sentence, however, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a>, abbot of <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a>. Abelard had stopped there, on his way to Rome, before the papal condemnation had reached France. Peter persuaded Abelard, already old, to give up his journey and stay at the monastery. Peter managed to arrange a reconciliation with Bernard, to have the sentence of excommunication lifted, and to persuade Innocent that it was enough if Abelard remained under the aegis of Cluny. </p><p>Abelard spent his final months at the priory of St Marcel, near <a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>, before he died on 21 April 1142.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Marenbon_2004_p17_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Marenbon_2004_p17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have uttered the last words "I don't know", before expiring.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died from a fever while suffering from a skin disorder, possibly <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heloise and Peter of Cluny arranged after his death with the Pope to clear his name of heresy charges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disputed_resting_place/lovers'_pilgrimage"><span id="Disputed_resting_place.2Flovers.27_pilgrimage"></span>Disputed resting place/lovers' pilgrimage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disputed resting place/lovers' pilgrimage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg/200px-Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg/300px-Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg/400px-Abelardtomb_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Dedicatory panel in the Père Lachaise Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Abelard was first buried at St. Marcel, but his remains were soon carried off secretly to the Paraclete, and given over to the loving care of Héloïse, who in time came herself to rest beside them in 1163. </p><p>The bones of the pair were moved more than once afterwards, but they were preserved even through the vicissitudes of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and now are presumed to lie in the well-known tomb in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in eastern Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer of their remains there in 1817 is considered to have considerably contributed to the popularity of that cemetery, at the time still far outside the built-up area of Paris. By tradition, lovers or lovelorn singles leave letters at the crypt, in tribute to the couple or in hope of finding true love. </p><p>This remains, however, disputed. The <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_the_Paraclete" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratory of the Paraclete">Oratory of the Paraclete</a> claims Abelard and Héloïse are buried there and that what exists in Père-Lachaise is merely a monument, or <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a>. According to Père-Lachaise, the remains of both lovers were transferred from the Oratory in the early 19th century and reburied in the famous crypt on their grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that while Abelard is buried in the tomb at Père-Lachaise, Heloïse's remains are elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abelard suffered at least two nervous collapses, the first around 1104-5, cited as due to the stresses of too much study. In his words: "Not long afterward, though, my health broke down under the strain of too much study and I had to return home to Brittany. I was away from France for several years, bitterly missed..."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second documented collapse took place in 1141 at the Council of Sens, where he was accused of heresy and was unable to speak in reply. In the words of Geoffrey of Auxerre: his "memory became very confused, his reason blacked out and his interior sense forsook him."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval understanding of mental health precedes development of modern psychiatric diagnosis. No diagnosis besides "ill health" was applied to Abelard at the time. His tendencies towards self-acclaim, <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Historia_Calamitatum_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Historia_Calamitatum-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are suggestive of possible latent <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (despite his great talents and fame), or—recently conjectured—in keeping with his breakdowns, overwork, loquaciousness and belligerence – mood-related mental health issues<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as mania related to <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, some of these characteristics were attributed disparagingly to his Breton heritage,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his difficult "indomitable" personality<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and overwork.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Historia_Calamitatum_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Historia_Calamitatum-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_letters_of_Abelard_and_Héloïse"><span id="The_letters_of_Abelard_and_H.C3.A9lo.C3.AFse"></span>The letters of Abelard and Héloïse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The letters of Abelard and Héloïse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg/220px-Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg/330px-Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg/440px-Heloise_and_Abelard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Heloise and Abelard, Achille Devaria, 19th c. engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of Abelard and Héloïse has proved immensely popular in modern European culture. This story is known almost entirely from a few sources: first, the <i>Historia Calamitatum; </i>secondly, the seven letters between Abelard and Héloïse which survive (three written by Abelard, and four by Héloïse), and always follow the <i>Historia Calamitatum</i> in the manuscript tradition; thirdly, four letters between Peter the Venerable and Héloïse (three by Peter, one by Héloïse).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are, in modern times, the best known and most widely translated parts of Abelard's work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is unclear quite how the letters of Abelard and Héloïse came to be preserved. There are brief and factual references to their relationship by 12th-century writers including William Godel and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Map" title="Walter Map">Walter Map</a>. While the letters were most likely exchanged by horseman in a public (open letter) fashion readable by others at stops along the way (and thus explaining Heloise's interception of the Historia), it seems unlikely that the letters were widely known outside of their original travel range during the period. Rather, the earliest manuscripts of the letters are dated to the late 13th century. It therefore seems likely that the letters sent between Abelard and Héloïse were kept by Héloïse at the Paraclete along with the 'Letters of Direction', and that more than a century after her death they were brought to Paris and copied.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the deaths of Abelard and Heloise, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretien_de_Troyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cretien de Troyes (page does not exist)">Cretien de Troyes</a> appears influenced by Heloise's letters and Abelard's castration in his depiction of the fisher king in his <a href="/wiki/Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail">grail</a> tales.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourteenth century, the story of their love affair was summarised by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roman de la Rose">Le Roman de la Rose</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> makes a brief reference in the Wife of Bath's Prologue (lines 677–8) and may base his character of the wife partially on Heloise. <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> owned an early 14th-century manuscript of the couple's letters (and wrote detailed approving notes in the margins).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first Latin publication of the letters was in Paris in 1616, simultaneously in two editions. These editions gave rise to numerous translations of the letters into European languages – and consequent 18th- and 19th-century interest in the story of the medieval lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the couple were revered as tragic lovers, who endured adversity in life but were united in death. With this reputation, they were the only individuals from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">pre-Revolutionary</a> period whose remains were given a place of honour at the newly founded cemetery of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Père Lachaise">Père Lachaise</a> in Paris. At this time, they were effectively revered as romantic saints; for some, they were forerunners of modernity, at odds with the ecclesiastical and monastic structures of their day and to be celebrated more for rejecting the traditions of the past than for any particular intellectual achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Historia</i> was first published in 1841 by John Caspar Orelli of Turici. Then, in 1849, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a> published <i>Petri Abaelardi opera</i>, in part based on the two Paris editions of 1616 but also based on the reading of four manuscripts; this became the standard edition of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, in 1855, Migne printed an expanded version of the 1616 edition under the title <i>Opera Petri Abaelardi</i>, without the name of Héloïse on the title page.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Critical editions of the <i>Historia Calamitatum</i> and the letters were subsequently published in the 1950s and 1960s. The most well-established documents, and correspondingly those whose authenticity has been disputed the longest, are the series of letters that begin with the Historia Calamitatum (counted as letter 1) and encompass four "personal letters" (numbered 2–5) and "letters of direction" (numbers 6–8). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most scholars today accept these works as having been written by Héloïse and Abelard themselves. John Benton is the most prominent modern skeptic of these documents. Etienne Gilson, Peter Dronke, and Constant Mews maintain the mainstream view that the letters are genuine, arguing that the skeptical viewpoint is fueled in large part by pre-conceived notions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_love_letters">Lost love letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lost love letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, it has been argued that an anonymous series of letters, the <i>Epistolae Duorum Amantium</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were in fact written by Héloïse and Abelard during their initial romance (and, thus, before the later and more broadly known series of letters). This argument has been advanced by Constant J. Mews, based on earlier work by Ewad Könsgen. These letters represent a significant expansion to the corpus of surviving writing by Héloïse, and thus open several new directions for further scholarship. However, because the attribution "is of necessity based on circumstantial rather than on absolute evidence," it is not accepted by all scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_theology">Contemporary theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contemporary theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Novelist and Abelard scholar George Moore referred to Abelard as the "first <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">protestant</a>" prior to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Abelard conflicted with the Church to point of (later cleared) heresy charges, he never denied his Catholic faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_from_Pope_Benedict_XVI">Comments from Pope Benedict XVI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comments from Pope Benedict XVI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his general audience on 4 November 2009, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> talked about <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> and Peter Abelard to illustrate differences in the <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> approaches to <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> in the 12th century. The Pope recalled that theology is the search for a rational understanding (if possible) of the mysteries of Christian <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, which is believed through <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> — faith that seeks intelligibility (<i>fides quaerens intellectum</i>). But St. Bernard, a representative of monastic theology, emphasized "faith" whereas Abelard, who is a scholastic, stressed "understanding through reason".<sup id="cite_ref-NCR_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Bernard of Clairvaux, faith is based on the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a> and on the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a>. Thus, Bernard found it difficult to agree with Abelard and, in a more general way, with those who would subject the truths of faith to the critical examination of reason — an examination which, in his opinion, posed a grave danger: <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectualism</a>, the relativizing of truth, and the questioning of the truths of faith themselves. Theology for Bernard could be nourished only in <a href="/wiki/Contemplative_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemplative prayer">contemplative prayer</a>, by the affective union of the heart and mind with God, with only one purpose: to promote the living, intimate experience of God; an aid to loving God ever more and ever better.<sup id="cite_ref-NCR_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Pope Benedict XVI, an excessive use of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> rendered Abelard's <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> fragile and, thus, his idea of God. In the field of morals, his teaching was vague, as he insisted on considering the intention of the subject as the only basis for describing the goodness or evil of moral acts, thereby ignoring the objective meaning and moral value of the acts, resulting in a dangerous <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a>. But the Pope recognized the great achievements of Abelard, who made a decisive contribution to the development of scholastic theology, which eventually expressed itself in a more mature and fruitful way during the following century. And some of Abelard's insights should not be underestimated, for example, his affirmation that non-Christian religious traditions already contain some form of preparation for welcoming Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-NCR_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Benedict XVI concluded that Bernard's "theology of the heart" and Abelard's "theology of reason" represent the importance of healthy theological discussion and <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humble</a> obedience to the authority of the Church, especially when the questions being debated have not been defined by the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a>. St. Bernard, and even Abelard himself, always recognized without any hesitation the authority of the magisterium. Abelard showed <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a> in acknowledging his errors, and Bernard exercised great <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/benevolence" class="extiw" title="wikt:benevolence">benevolence</a>. The Pope emphasized, in the field of theology, there should be a balance between <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectonic</a> principles, which are given through Revelation and which always maintain their primary importance, and the interpretative principles proposed by philosophy (that is, by reason), which have an important function, but only as a tool. When the balance breaks down, theological reflection runs the risk of becoming marred by error; it is then up to the magisterium to exercise the needed service to truth, for which it is responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-NCR_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry_and_music">Poetry and music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poetry and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abelard was also long known as an important <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>. He composed some celebrated love songs for Héloïse that are now lost, and which have not been identified in the anonymous repertoire. (One known romantic poem / possible lyric remains, "Dull is the Star".)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Héloïse praised these songs in a letter: "The great charm and sweetness in language and music, and a soft attractiveness of the melody obliged even the unlettered".<sup id="cite_ref-grove_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His education in music was based in his childhood learning of the traditional quadrivium studied at the time by almost all aspiring medieval scholars. </p><p>Abelard composed a hymnbook for the religious community that Héloïse joined. This hymnbook, written after 1130, differed from contemporary hymnals, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, in that Abelard used completely new and homogeneous material. The songs were grouped by metre, which meant that it was possible to use comparatively few melodies. Only one melody from this hymnal survives, <i>O quanta qualia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abelard also wrote six biblical <i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">planctus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">laments</a>): </p> <ul><li>Planctus Dinae filiae Iacob; inc.: Abrahae proles Israel nata (Planctus I)</li> <li>Planctus Iacob super filios suos; inc.: Infelices filii, patri nati misero (Planctus II)</li> <li>Planctus virginum Israel super filia Jepte Galadite; inc.: Ad festas choreas celibes (Planctus III)</li> <li>Planctus Israel super Samson; inc.: Abissus vere multa (Planctus IV)</li> <li>Planctus David super Abner, filio Neronis, quem Ioab occidit; inc.: Abner fidelissime (Planctus V)</li> <li>Planctus David super Saul et Jonatha; inc.: Dolorum solatium (Planctus VI).</li></ul> <p>In surviving manuscripts these pieces have been notated in diastematic <a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">neumes</a> which resist reliable transcription. Only Planctus VI was fixed in square notation. Planctus as genre influenced the subsequent development of the <a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">lai</a>, a song form that flourished in northern Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. </p><p>Melodies that have survived have been praised as "flexible, expressive melodies [that] show an elegance and technical adroitness that are very similar to the qualities that have been long admired in Abelard's poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Julie,_ou_la_nouvelle_H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse">Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse</a></i>, refers to the history of Héloïse and Abélard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s comedic travelogue <i><a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_Abroad" title="The Innocents Abroad">The Innocents Abroad</a></i> (1869) tells a satirical version of the story of Abélard and Héloïse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etienne_Gilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Gilson">Etienne Gilson</a>'s historical and philosophical account of their lives, "Héloïse et Abélard", was published in France, 1938, and translated into English for a 1960 edition by the University of Michigan Press, as "Heloise and Abelard".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Groff" title="Lauren Groff">Lauren Groff</a>'s short story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=L._DeBard_and_Aliette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. DeBard and Aliette (page does not exist)">L. DeBard and Aliette</a>" from her collection <a href="/wiki/Delicate_Edible_Birds" title="Delicate Edible Birds">Delicate Edible Birds</a> recreates the story of Héloïse and Abélard, set in 1918 New York.</li> <li>George Moore's 1921 novel, <i>Heloise and Abelard</i>, treats their entire relationship from first meeting through final parting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(British_writer)" title="Charles Williams (British writer)">Charles Williams</a>' 1931 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Place_of_the_Lion" title="The Place of the Lion">The Place of the Lion</a></i> features a character Damaris who focuses her research on Peter Abelard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Waddell" title="Helen Waddell">Helen Waddell</a>'s novel <i>Peter Abelard</i> depicts the romance between the two.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Meade" title="Marion Meade">Marion Meade</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Stealing_Heaven" title="Stealing Heaven">Stealing Heaven</a></i> depicts the romance and was adapted into a film.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharan_Newman" title="Sharan Newman">Sharan Newman</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_LeVendeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine LeVendeur (page does not exist)">Catherine LeVendeur</a> series of medieval mysteries feature Héloïse, Abélard, and Astrolabe as occasional characters, mentors and friends of the main character, formerly a novice at the Paraclete.</li> <li>Sherry Jones's 2014 novel, "The Sharp Hook of Love," is a fictional account of Abélard and Héloïse.</li> <li>Mandy Hager's 2017 novel, "Heloise", tells Heloise's story from childhood to death, with frequent reference to their writings.</li> <li>Rick Riordan's 2017 book, "Trials of Apollo: The Dark Prophesy" has a pair of gryphons named Heloise and Abelard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rinser" title="Luise Rinser">Luise Rinser</a>'s novel <i>Abaelard's Liebe</i> (German) depicts the love story of Héloïse and Abelard from the perspective of their son, Astrolabe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodie_Smith" title="Dodie Smith">Dodie Smith</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/I_Capture_the_Castle" title="I Capture the Castle">I Capture the Castle</a></i> features a dog and a cat named Héloïse and Abélard.</li> <li>Abelard and Héloïse are referenced throughout <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rebel_Angels" title="The Rebel Angels">The Rebel Angels</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> devotes a chapter to Abelard's life in <i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint_Michel_and_Chartres" title="Mont Saint Michel and Chartres">Mont Saint Michel and Chartres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">James Carroll</a>'s 2017 novel <i>The Cloister</i> retells the story of Abelard and Héloïse, interweaving it with the friendship of a Catholic priest and a French Jewish woman in the post-Holocaust twentieth century.</li> <li>Melvyn Bragg's 2019 novel "Love Without End" intertwines the legendary medieval romance of Héloïse and Abélard with a modern-day historian’s struggle to reconcile with his daughter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Héloïse et Abeilard</i>, oil on copper, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Goyet" title="Jean-Baptiste Goyet">Jean-Baptiste Goyet</a>, 1830.</li> <li><i>Abaelardus and Heloïse surprised by Master Fulbert</i>, oil, by Romanticist painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Vignaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Vignaud (page does not exist)">Jean Vignaud</a>, 1819</li> <li><i>Abelard, teaching</i>, mural at the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> by Francois Flameng</li> <li>Monument to Abelard and Heloise at <a href="/wiki/Le_Pallet" title="Le Pallet">Le Pallet</a> by Sylviane and Bilal Hassan-Courgeau</li> <li><i>Abelard & Heloise</i>, painting by Salvador Dali</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Heloise and Abelard", a song written by <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism" title="Society for Creative Anachronism">SCA</a> bard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efenwealt_Wystle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efenwealt Wystle (page does not exist)">Efenwealt Wystle</a> (aka Scott Vaughan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abelard_and_Heloise_(album)" title="Abelard and Heloise (album)">Abelard and Heloise</a></i> is a 1970 soundtrack album by the British <a href="/wiki/Third_Ear_Band" title="Third Ear Band">Third Ear Band</a>.</li> <li>The lyrics of "Abelard and Heloise", featured on <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Angel" title="Seventh Angel">Seventh Angel</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dust_of_Years" title="The Dust of Years">The Dust of Years</a></i>, are based on the couple's famous correspondence.</li> <li>The song "Heloise" by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Black">Frank Black</a>, from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Workshop" title="Devil's Workshop">Devil's Workshop</a></i>, refers to this story.</li> <li>Scritti Politti's song, "The World You Understand (Is Over + Over + Over)", refers to this story and the interment of the two lovers at Pere Lachaise cemetery.</li> <li>The intro to the Cole Porter song "Just One of Those Things" includes "As Abelard said to Heloise, Don't forget to drop a line to me please".</li> <li>The song "World Without" by <a href="/wiki/A_Fine_Frenzy" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fine Frenzy">A Fine Frenzy</a> (Alison Sudol) references them: "And Heloise, gave her whole heart to Pete, now eternally sleeps by his side"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_poetry">In poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon" title="François Villon">François Villon</a> mentions Héloïse and Abelard in his most famous poem "<a href="/wiki/Ballade_des_dames_du_temps_jadis" title="Ballade des dames du temps jadis">Ballade des dames du temps jadis</a>".</li> <li>Their story is referenced in the poem "The Convent Threshold", by the Victorian English poet <a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a>.</li> <li>Their story is referenced in "<a href="/wiki/Eloisa_to_Abelard" title="Eloisa to Abelard">Eloisa to Abelard</a>", by the English poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a>'s poem "Eloise and Abelard" in his poetry collection <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell#Poetry_collections" title="Robert Lowell"><i>History</i> (1973)</a> portrays the lovers post-separation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onstage_and_onscreen">Onstage and onscreen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Onstage and onscreen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Millar" title="Ronald Millar">Ronald Millar</a>'s play <i>Abelard & Heloise</i> was a 1971 Broadway production at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, starring <a href="/wiki/Diana_Rigg" title="Diana Rigg">Diana Rigg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Michell" title="Keith Michell">Keith Michell</a>, script published by Samuel French, Inc, London, 1970.</li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Being_John_Malkovich" title="Being John Malkovich">Being John Malkovich</a></i>, the character Craig Schwartz (played by John Cusack), a failed <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteer</a>, stages a sidewalk puppet show on a street corner, depicting correspondence between Héloïse and Abélard; the puppeteer is beaten by an irate father, due to its sexual suggestiveness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brenton" title="Howard Brenton">Howard Brenton</a>'s play, <i><a href="/wiki/In_Extremis_(play)" title="In Extremis (play)">In Extremis: The Story of Abelard and Heloise</a></i>, premiered at <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> in as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.</li> <li>The film, <i><a href="/wiki/Stealing_Heaven" title="Stealing Heaven">Stealing Heaven</a></i> (1988), chronicles their story and stars <a href="/wiki/Derek_de_Lint" title="Derek de Lint">Derek de Lint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thomson" title="Kim Thomson">Kim Thomson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denholm_Elliott" title="Denholm Elliott">Denholm Elliott</a>.</li> <li>In the 58th episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carmela_Soprano" title="Carmela Soprano">Carmela Soprano</a> finds a copy of <i>The Letters of Abelard & Héloïse</i> while using Mr. Wegler's bathroom. The book alludes both to the impossibility of Carmela and Mr. Wegler's romantic affair, and arguably, and ironically, to the doomed platonic love between Carmela and her daughter, Meadow: for many years it was a mother-daughter tradition to have tea under the portrait of Eloise at the Plaza Hotel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Anne Carson</a>'s 2005 collection <i>Decreation</i> includes a screenplay about Abelard and Héloïse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a> uses Abelard's "Foreword to Historia Calamitatum" as the motto of <i><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn_(novel)" title="Tropic of Capricorn (novel)">Tropic of Capricorn</a></i> (1938).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stealing_Heaven" title="Stealing Heaven">Stealing Heaven</a></i> (1988) starring <a href="/wiki/Derek_de_Lint" title="Derek de Lint">Derek de Lint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thomson" title="Kim Thomson">Kim Thomson</a> is based on Marion Meade's 1979 novel of same name about the couple.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brenton" title="Howard Brenton">Howard Brenton</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/In_Extremis_(play)" title="In Extremis (play)">In Extremis: The Story Of Abelard & Heloise</a></i> was premiered at <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the HBO series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, the character <a href="/wiki/Carmela_Soprano" title="Carmela Soprano">Carmela Soprano</a> finds the letters of "Abelard and Heloise" in the bathroom of her extramarital lover, various parallels are drawn through the 5th season.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Shenefelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Shenefelt (page does not exist)">Michael Shenefelt</a>'s stage play, <i>Heloise</i>, 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_works">List of works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Logica ingredientibus</i> ("Logic for Advanced") completed before 1121</li> <li><i>Petri Abaelardi Glossae in Porphyrium</i> ("The Glosses of Peter Abailard on Porphyry"), c. 1120</li> <li><i>Dialectica</i>, before 1125 (1115–1116 according to John Marenbon, <i>The Philosophy of Peter Abelard</i>, Cambridge University Press 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Logica nostrorum petitioni sociorum</i> ("Logic in response to the request of our comrades"), c. 1124–1125</li> <li><i>Tractatus de intellectibus</i> ("A treatise on understanding"), written before 1128.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sic_et_Non" title="Sic et Non">Sic et Non</a></i> ("Yes and No") (A list of quotations from Christian authorities on philosophical and theological questions)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Theologia 'Summi Boni',</i><sup id="cite_ref-CCCM13_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCCM13-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> Theologia christiana,</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> and Theologia 'scholarium'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCCM13_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCCM13-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main work on systematic theology, written between 1120 and 1140, and which appeared in a number of versions under a number of titles (shown in chronological order)</li> <li><i>Dialogus inter philosophum, Judaeum, et Christianum</i>, (Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian) 1136–1139.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ethica</i> or <i>Scito Te Ipsum </i>("Ethics" or "Know Yourself"), before 1140.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_editions_and_translations">Modern editions and translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbelard1995" class="citation book cs1">Abelard, Peter (1995). <i>Peter Abelard: Ethical Writings</i>. Translated by Spade, P.V. Indianapolis: Hackett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Abelard%3A+Ethical+Writings.&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Abelard&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Logica Ingredientibus, Commentary of Porphyry's Isagoge". <i>Five Texts on the Medieval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham</i>. Translated by Spade, P.V. Indianapolis: Hackett. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Logica+Ingredientibus%2C+Commentary+of+Porphyry%27s+Isagoge&rft.btitle=Five+Texts+on+the+Medieval+Problem+of+Universals%3A+Porphyry%2C+Boethius%2C+Abelard%2C+Duns+Scotus%2C+Ockham&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Abelard & Héloïse: The Letters and other Writings</i>. Translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Levitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Levitan (page does not exist)">Levitan, William</a> (introduction and notes by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Levitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Levitan (page does not exist)">William Levitan</a> ed.). 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-875-9"><bdi>978-0-87220-875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abelard+%26+H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse%3A+The+Letters+and+other+Writings&rft.edition=introduction+and+notes+by+William+Levitan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-875-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadice1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Radice" title="Betty Radice">Radice, Betty</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofabelard00abel"><i>The Letters of Abelard and Héloïse</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044297-7"><bdi>978-0-14-044297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Abelard+and+H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044297-7&rft.aulast=Radice&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofabelard00abel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Abelard, Peter and Heloise. (2009) The Letters of Heloise and Abelard. Translated by Mary McGlaughlin and Bonnie Wheeler.</li> <li><i>Planctus</i>. <i>Consolatoria</i>, <i>Confessio fidei</i>, by M. Sannelli, La Finestra editrice, Lavis 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8895925-47-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8895925-47-9">978-8895925-47-9</a></li> <li>Carmen Ad Astralabium, in: Ruys J.F. (2014) Carmen ad Astralabium—English Translation. The Repentant Abelard. The New Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137051875_5">https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137051875_5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse" class="mw-redirect" title="Héloïse">Héloïse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stealing_Heaven" title="Stealing Heaven">Stealing Heaven</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2001" class="citation cs2">Weaver, J. Denny (2001), <i>The Nonviolent Atonement</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonviolent+Atonement&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=J.+Denny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009" class="citation cs2">Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (2009), <i>The Nature of the Atonement: Four Views</i>, InterVarsity Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Atonement%3A+Four+Views&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beilby&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_King,_Andrew_Arlig2018" class="citation web cs1">Peter King, Andrew Arlig (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abelard/">"Peter Abelard"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Peter+Abelard&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Peter+King%2C+Andrew+Arlig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fabelard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span> This source has a detailed description of his philosophical work.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marenbon, John. The Philosophy of Peter Abelard. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLeahWCX8BkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Philosophy+of+Peter+Abelard&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq1seRutHuAhWbLc0KHaE5B58Q6AEwAHoECAUQAg">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLeahWCX8BkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Philosophy+of+Peter+Abelard&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq1seRutHuAhWbLc0KHaE5B58Q6AEwAHoECAUQAg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenasse2018" class="citation web cs1">Menasse, Robert (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.versopolis.com/long-read/587/enlightenment-as-a-harmonious-strategy">"Enlightenment as a Harmonious Strategy"</a>. <i>Versopolis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004614/http://www.versopolis.com/long-read/587/enlightenment-as-a-harmonious-strategy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Versopolis&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+as+a+Harmonious+Strategy&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Menasse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.versopolis.com%2Flong-read%2F587%2Fenlightenment-as-a-harmonious-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gans, Eric. Abelard and Heloise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/views/vw13/">http://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/views/vw13/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compayre, Gabriel. Abelard and the Early History of Universities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Abelard_and_the_Origin_and_Early_History">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Abelard_and_the_Origin_and_Early_History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luscombe, David. Peter Abelard: French Logician and Poet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Abelard/">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Abelard/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBD-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBD_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBD_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBD_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Chambers Biographical Dictionary">Chambers Biographical Dictionary</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2">0-550-18022-2</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2004">Marenbon 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Peter and Andrew Arlig, "Peter Abelard", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/abelard/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/abelard/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission,_the_Vatican" class="citation web cs1">International Theological Commission, the Vatican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html">"The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptised"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222011157/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hope+of+Salvation+for+Infants+Who+Die+Without+Being+Baptised&rft.au=International+Theological+Commission%2C+the+Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fcti_documents%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marenbon, John. The Philosophy of Peter Abelard, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Susan R. (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We Speak to God with our Thoughts': Abelard and the Implications of Private Communication with God". <i>Church History</i>. <b>69</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170578">10.2307/3170578</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170578">3170578</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/217517814">217517814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=%27We+Speak+to+God+with+our+Thoughts%27%3A+Abelard+and+the+Implications+of+Private+Communication+with+God&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3170578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Susan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Wendy Joe. Madness in Medieval Law and Custom. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas F. Graham, Medieval Minds: Mental Health in the Middle Ages, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abelard, Peter. Letters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/188.html">https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/188.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovikoff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Novikoff, Alex J. (1 November 2014). "Peter Abelard and Disputation". <i>Rhetorica</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frh.2014.32.4.323">10.1525/rh.2014.32.4.323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetorica&rft.atitle=Peter+Abelard+and+Disputation&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frh.2014.32.4.323&rft.aulast=Novikoff&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Thomas. Sin, Grace and Redemption in Abelard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~thomasw/abelard.htm">http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~thomasw/abelard.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuys2014" class="citation book cs1">Ruys, J. (2014). <i>The Repentant Abelard: Family, Gender, and Ethics in Peter Abelard's Carmen ad Astralabium and Planctus</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-05187-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-05187-5"><bdi>978-1-137-05187-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Repentant+Abelard%3A+Family%2C+Gender%2C+and+Ethics+in+Peter+Abelard%27s+Carmen+ad+Astralabium+and+Planctus&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-05187-5&rft.aulast=Ruys&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abelard, Peter (paraphrased) in <i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: "Peter Abelard." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/225-abelard-peter">https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/225-abelard-peter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/25">"Abelard, Peter"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/25">25–26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abelard%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=25-26&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calamitatum-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calamitatum_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelard" class="citation book cs1">Abelard, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/abelard-histcal.html"><i>Historia Calamitatum</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204063034/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/abelard-histcal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Calamitatum&rft.aulast=Abelard&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fabelard-histcal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMews1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mews, Constant J. (1988). "In Search of a Name and Its Significance: A Twelfth-Century Anecdote about Thierry and Peter Abaelard". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>44</b>: <span class="nowrap">171–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900007054">10.1017/S0362152900007054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+a+Name+and+Its+Significance%3A+A+Twelfth-Century+Anecdote+about+Thierry+and+Peter+Abaelard&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900007054&rft.aulast=Mews&rft.aufirst=Constant+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marenbon-15-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marenbon-15_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marenbon-15_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2004">Marenbon 2004</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sellner2008-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sellner2008_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Cletus_Sellner2008" class="citation book cs1">Edward Cletus Sellner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xR7cxJ6mnboC&pg=PA238"><i>Finding the Monk Within: Great Monastic Values for Today</i></a>. Paulist Press. pp. 238–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-048-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-048-9"><bdi>978-1-58768-048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Monk+Within%3A+Great+Monastic+Values+for+Today&rft.pages=238-&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58768-048-9&rft.au=Edward+Cletus+Sellner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxR7cxJ6mnboC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191140-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191140_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertsonShotwell1911">Robertson & Shotwell 1911</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Peter the Venerable to Heloise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/190.html">https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/190.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Bertrand. <i>The History of Western Philosophy</i>. Simon & Schuster, 1945, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulk, Prior of Deuil, Letter to Peter Abelard. Internet History Sourcebooks Projects. Fordham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/fulk-abelard.asp">https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/fulk-abelard.asp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bovey, Alixe. Women in Medieval Society, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/women-in-medieval-society#:~:text=Once%20widowed%2C%20such%20women%20had,veil'%20and%20become%20a%20nun">https://www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/women-in-medieval-society#:~:text=Once%20widowed%2C%20such%20women%20had,veil'%20and%20become%20a%20nun</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, Bonnie and Mary McLaughlin. The Letters of Heloise and Abelard. Palgrave. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Harold. The Universe in Your Hand: Teaching Astronomy Using an Astrolabe. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996ASPC...89..292W">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996ASPC...89..292W</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Necrology of the Paraclete, in Enid McLeod, Héloise, London: Chatto & Windus, 2nd edn., 1971, pp. 253, 283-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Guilfoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Guilfoy, Jeffrey E. Brower (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaj-JMThB4MC&q=abelard+became+a+monk&pg=PA25"><i>The Cambridge Companion To Abelard</i></a>. Abelard and monastic reform: Cambridge University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77596-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+To+Abelard&rft.place=Abelard+and+monastic+reform&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77596-0&rft.aulast=Kevin+Guilfoy&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+E.+Brower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djaj-JMThB4MC%26q%3Dabelard%2Bbecame%2Ba%2Bmonk%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsonShotwell191141_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertsonShotwell1911">Robertson & Shotwell 1911</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luscombe-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luscombe_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luscombe_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luscombe_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luscombe_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Edward_Luscombe" class="citation web cs1">David Edward Luscombe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1041/Peter-Abelard">"Peter Abelard"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502174804/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1041/Peter-Abelard">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Abelard&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.au=David+Edward+Luscombe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1041%2FPeter-Abelard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2000" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Bonnie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ETQPKFVwoC&q=H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse+first+letter+passion&pg=PA150"><i>Listening to Héloïse: the voice of a twelfth-century woman</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21354-1"><bdi>978-0-312-21354-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+to+H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse%3A+the+voice+of+a+twelfth-century+woman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21354-1&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4ETQPKFVwoC%26q%3DH%25C3%25A9lo%25C3%25AFse%2Bfirst%2Bletter%2Bpassion%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Sommerfeldt2004" class="citation book cs1">John R. Sommerfeldt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj_CNqojMV8C"><i>Bernard of Clairvaux on the Life of the Mind</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4203-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4203-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-4203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernard+of+Clairvaux+on+the+Life+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4203-3&rft.au=John+R.+Sommerfeldt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlj_CNqojMV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Marenbon_2004_p17-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Marenbon_2004_p17_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Marenbon_2004_p17_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2004">Marenbon 2004</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0"><i>Europe: A history</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/687">687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+history&rft.pages=687&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1980" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). <i>How Did They Die?</i>. Greenwich House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-40302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-40302-0"><bdi>978-0-517-40302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Did+They+Die%3F&rft.pub=Greenwich+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-517-40302-0&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Norman+and+Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge2006">Burge 2006</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge2006">Burge 2006</a>, pp. 276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levitan, William. <i>Abelard and Heloise: The Letters and Other Writings</i>. 2007. Page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey of Auxerres. Qtd in: Clanchy, MT. A Medieval Life, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey of Auxerres. Qtd in: Burge, James. <i>Heloise and Abelard: A New Biography</i>, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Historia_Calamitatum-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Historia_Calamitatum_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Historia_Calamitatum_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Historia Calamitatum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madigan, Kevin. <i>Medieval Christianity: A New History</i>, 2015, page 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Matthew, <i>The Shame of Abelard</i>, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wp.cune.edu/matthewphillips/2019/05/20/the-shame-of-peter-abelard/">https://wp.cune.edu/matthewphillips/2019/05/20/the-shame-of-peter-abelard/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPies2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pies, Ronald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071092">"How To Eliminate Narcissism Overnight"</a>. <i>Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071092">3071092</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21468294">21468294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovations+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=How+To+Eliminate+Narcissism+Overnight&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071092%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21468294&rft.aulast=Pies&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, Thomas F. Medieval Minds: Mental health in the Middle Ages, Taylor & Francis, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janega, Eleanor. <i>Kanye West is the Modern Day Peter Abelard</i> (Academic Blog of Medievalist Dr. Eleanor Janega). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://going-medieval.com/2017/05/26/first-blog-post/">https://going-medieval.com/2017/05/26/first-blog-post/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krueger, Zachary. Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&contex.t=jur">https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&contex.t=jur</a> , p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flaver, Christopher.<i>Construction of Feminine Identity in the Catholic Tradition</i>. Lexington Books, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hager, Mandy. Introducing Heloise (Discussion of published work: Hager, Mandy. Heloise. 2017.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mandyhager.com/2017/04/05/introducing-heloise-2/">https://mandyhager.com/2017/04/05/introducing-heloise-2/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Abelard."The National Repository, Volume 7, 1880</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clanchy, Michael T. Abelard: A Medieval Life, Blackwell, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Latin categorising of Abelard's work, these are numbered <i>Epistolae</i> 2-8, because the <i>Historia calamitatum</i> (which takes the form of a letter) is termed <i>Epistolae </i>1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadice1947">Radice 1947</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heloise: a source for Chretien de Troves?' Studi Med. 3a serie, XXVII (1986). 123-46. 12 Letter 1, ed. Muckle, Med.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadice1947">Radice 1947</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constant J Mews, <i>Abelard and Héloïse</i>, (Oxford: OUP, 2005), p4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadice1947">Radice 1947</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewald Könsgen: <i>Epistolae duorum amantium: Briefe Abaelards und Heloises?</i> (Mittellateinische Studien und Texte, viii.) Pp. xxxiii + 137. Leiden: Brill, 1974. Cloth, fl. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/28.html">"Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013215012/http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/woman/28.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters,</i> ed. Joan M. Ferrante (Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning), published online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, Peggy. Heloise and Abelard. Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/heloise-and-abelard-the-more-the-story-is-retold-the-deeper-their-grave-in-paris-grows-1.3855724">https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/heloise-and-abelard-the-more-the-story-is-retold-the-deeper-their-grave-in-paris-grows-1.3855724</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCR-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCR_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCR_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCR_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCR_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/st._bernard_and_peter_abelard">"St. Bernard and Peter Abelard"</a>. National Catholic Register – <a href="/wiki/EWTN_News,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="EWTN News, Inc.">EWTN News, Inc.</a> 13 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619153341/http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/st._bernard_and_peter_abelard">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Bernard+and+Peter+Abelard&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Register+%E2%80%93+EWTN+News%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fsite%2Farticle%2Fst._bernard_and_peter_abelard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dull is the Star", translated by Stanley Lombardo, in Levitan, William, Abelard and Heloise.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinrich2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weinrich, Lorenz (2001). "Peter Abelard". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Abelard&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Weinrich&rft.aufirst=Lorenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1995" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209235712/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/gramofilereview.asp?reviewID=9503094&mediaID=38977&issue=Reviewed%3A+Gramophone+3%2F1995">"Review: a CD of Abelard's music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.co.uk/gramofilereview.asp?reviewID=9503094&mediaID=38977&issue=Reviewed%3A+Gramophone+3%2F1995">the original</a></span> on 9 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Review%3A+a+CD+of+Abelard%27s+music&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Fgramofilereview.asp%3FreviewID%3D9503094%26mediaID%3D38977%26issue%3DReviewed%253A%2BGramophone%2B3%252F1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeares-globe.org/docs/press_release_comedy_07-06.pdf">"Press Release Comedy July 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216215113/http://www.shakespeares-globe.org/docs/press_release_comedy_07-06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release+Comedy+July+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakespeares-globe.org%2Fdocs%2Fpress_release_comedy_07-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin text in L. M. De Rijk, ed, <i>Petrus Abaelardus: Dialectica</i>, 2nd edn, (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation in Peter King, <i>Peter Abailard and the Problem of Universals in the Twelfth Century</i>, (Princeton, 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Latin text is printed in Blanche Boyer and Richard McKeon, eds, <i>Peter Abailard: Sic et Non. A Critical Edition, (</i>University of Chicago Press 1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCCM13-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCCM13_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCCM13_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin text in Eligius M. Buytaert and Constant Mewsin Petri, eds, <i>Abaelardi opera theologica.</i> CCCM13, (Brepols: Turnholt, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin text in Eligius M. Buytaert, ed, <i>Petri Abaelardi opera theologica</i>. CCCM12, (Brepols: Turnholt 1969). Substantial portions are translated into English in James Ramsay McCallum, <i>Abelard's Christian Theology,</i> (Oxford: Blackwell, 1948).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translations in Pierre Payer, <i>Peter Abelard: A Dialogue of a Philosopher with aJew and a Christian,</i> (Toronto: The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies Publications, 1979), and Paul Spade, <i>Peter Abelard: Ethical Writings,</i> (Indianapolis: HackettPublishing Company, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translations in David Luscombe, <i>Ethics</i>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), and in Paul Spade, <i>Peter Abelard: Ethical Writings,</i> (Indianapolis: HackettPublishing Company, 1995).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurge2006" class="citation book cs1">Burge, James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mshQ2HLIksC&q=H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse+and+abelard+tomb+cemetery+of+P%C3%A8re+Lachaise&pg=PA276"><i>Héloïse & Abelard: A New Biography</i></a>. HarperOne. pp. <span class="nowrap">276–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-081613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-081613-1"><bdi>978-0-06-081613-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse+%26+Abelard%3A+A+New+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-081613-1&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mshQ2HLIksC%26q%3DH%25C3%25A9lo%25C3%25AFse%2Band%2Babelard%2Btomb%2Bcemetery%2Bof%2BP%25C3%25A8re%2BLachaise%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2004" class="citation book cs1">Marenbon, John (2004). "Life, milieu and intellectual contexts". In Brower, Jeffrey E; Guilfoy, Kevin (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00brow_311"><i><span></span>'The Cambridge Companion to Abelard</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00brow_311/page/n13">14</a>–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life%2C+milieu+and+intellectual+contexts&rft.btitle=%27The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Abelard&rft.pages=14-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00brow_311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadice1947" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Letters of Abelard and Héloïse</i>. Translated by Radice, Betty. Penguin. 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Abelard+and+H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonShotwell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Croom_Robertson" title="George Croom Robertson">Robertson, George Croom</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_T._Shotwell" title="James T. Shotwell">Shotwell, James Thomson</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abelard, Peter"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abelard,_Peter">"Abelard, Peter" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abelard%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=George+Croom&rft.au=Shotwell%2C+James+Thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bell, Thomas J. <i>Peter Abelard after Marriage. The Spiritual Direction of Héloïse and Her Nuns through Liturgical Song, </i>Cistercian Studies Series 21, (Kalamazoo, Michigan, Cistercian Publications. 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowerKevin_Guilfoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Brower, Jeffrey; Kevin Guilfoy (2004). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Abelard</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77247-1"><bdi>978-0-521-77247-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Abelard&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77247-1&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Kevin+Guilfoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClanchy1997" class="citation book cs1">Clanchy, M. (1997). <i>Abelard: A Medieval Life</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21444-1"><bdi>978-0-631-21444-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abelard%3A+A+Medieval+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21444-1&rft.aulast=Clanchy&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilson1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson, Étienne</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heloiseabelard0000gils_i1u7"><i>Héloïse and Abelard</i></a></span>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06038-2"><bdi>978-0-472-06038-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse+and+Abelard&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06038-2&rft.aulast=Gilson&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheloiseabelard0000gils_i1u7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon1997" class="citation book cs1">Marenbon, John (1997). <i>The Philosophy of Peter Abelard</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66399-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66399-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66399-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Peter+Abelard&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66399-1&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMews2005" class="citation book cs1">Mews, Constant (2005). <i>Abelard and Héloïse</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515689-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515689-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515689-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abelard+and+H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515689-8&rft.aulast=Mews&rft.aufirst=Constant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir_Abulafia1995" class="citation book cs1">Sapir Abulafia, Anna (1995). <i>Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00012-3"><bdi>978-0-415-00012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Twelfth-Century+Renaissance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00012-3&rft.aulast=Sapir+Abulafia&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Abelard&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Abelard&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fabelard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilfoy" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Guilfoy, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/abelard">"Peter Abelard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Abelard&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Guilfoy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fabelard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Abelard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01036b.htm">New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia: Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/225-abelard-peter">Jewish Encyclopedia: Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyoflogic.com/abelard.htm">Abelard: Logic, Semantics, Ontology and His Theories of the Copula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20050505.shtml">Abelard and Héloïse</a> from <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/pking/miscellaneous/Abelard.DLB.pdf">Peter King's biography of Abelard in <i>The Dictionary of Literary Biography</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aah/index.htm"><i>The Love Letters of Abelard and Héloïse</i></a>. Trans. by Anonymous (1901).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Abelard,+Peter">Works by Peter Abelard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Abelard%2C%20Peter%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Peter%20Abelard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Abelard%2C%20Peter%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peter%20Abelard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Abelard%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Peter%20Abelard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Abelard%2C%20Peter%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Peter%20Abelard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221079-1142%22%20AND%20Abelard%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Peter Abelard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2399">Works by Peter Abelard</a> at <a 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Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology809" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology809" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music861" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music861" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" title="Medieval music">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" title="Medieval music">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" class="mw-redirect" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" title="Medieval music">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento59" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carmina_Burana60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carmina_Burana" title="Template:Carmina Burana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carmina_Burana" title="Template talk:Carmina Burana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carmina_Burana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carmina Burana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carmina_Burana60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archpoet" title="Archpoet">Archpoet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Primas" title="Hugh Primas">Hugh Primas of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Walter of Châtillon">Walter of Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Blois" title="Peter of Blois">Peter of Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/70px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/105px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/140px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems and songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dum_Diane_vitrea" title="Dum Diane vitrea">Dum Diane vitrea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna" title="O Fortuna">O Fortuna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ecce_gratum" title="Ecce gratum">Ecce gratum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_taberna_quando_sumus" title="In taberna quando sumus">In taberna quando sumus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Phyllis_and_Flora" title="Phyllis and Flora">Phyllis and Flora</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)" title="Carmina Burana (Orff)">Carmina Burana</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna_(Orff)" title="O Fortuna (Orff)">O Fortuna</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benediktbeuern_Abbey" title="Benediktbeuern Abbey">Benediktbeuern Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Fortuna_(album)" title="O Fortuna (album)">O Fortuna</a></i> (album by <a href="/wiki/Rhydian_Roberts" title="Rhydian Roberts">Rhydian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_According_to_the_Mark_of_Silver" title="Gospel According to the Mark of Silver">Gospel According to the Mark of Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4295#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4356" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4295#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4356" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4295#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012102945X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88995118">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46961/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTmwbRX9RTmprTby8t8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11850004X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79142562">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885557w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885557w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00519419">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abaelardus, Petrus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV044517">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36472241">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1149497">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/528">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069165149">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90056339">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000079780&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000032554&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000943361">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=124493">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201512955">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhh3sm1wr68vn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810599495205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/23240">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257314105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000090160">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521382206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14828654">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01125748?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:abelard.peter">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500356788">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/77551fb6-2d8a-41f5-ac31-5142bb413502">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11850004X">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1259137">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11850004X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11850004X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02664777X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mk6j3h">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30025924">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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