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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education,_1817–1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education,_1817–1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early life and education, 1817–1837 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education,_1817–1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Concord,_1837–1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Concord,_1837–1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Return to Concord, 1837–1844 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Concord,_1837–1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Civil_Disobedience"_and_the_Walden_years,_1845–1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Civil_Disobedience"_and_the_Walden_years,_1845–1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 "Civil Disobedience" and the Walden years, 1845–1850 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Civil_Disobedience"_and_the_Walden_years,_1845–1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years,_1851–1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years,_1851–1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Later years, 1851–1862 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years,_1851–1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuberculosis_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuberculosis_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Tuberculosis and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuberculosis_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_and_human_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_human_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Nature and human existence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_human_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_interests,_influences,_and_affinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_interests,_influences,_and_affinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Intellectual interests, influences, and affinities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_interests,_influences,_and_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_sacred_texts_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_sacred_texts_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 Indian sacred texts and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_sacred_texts_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.2 Biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Critical reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Henry David Thoreau</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="هنري ديفد ثورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري ديفد ثورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Devid_Toro" title="Henri Devid Toro – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henri Devid Toro" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="হেনরি ডেভিড থরো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেনরি ডেভিড থরো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Генры Дэйвід Тора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генры Дэйвід Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Хенри Дейвид Торо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри Дейвид Торо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%98%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%89" title="Χένρι Ντέιβιντ Θόρω – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χένρι Ντέιβιντ Θόρω" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="هنری دیوید ثورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری دیوید ثورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%86%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="헨리 데이비드 소로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 데이비드 소로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8" title="Հենրի Դեյվիդ Թորո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի Դեյվիդ Թորո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="हेनरी डेविड थोरो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेनरी डेविड थोरो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95" title="הנרי דייוויד תורו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי דייוויד תורו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3" title="ჰენრი დეივიდ თოროუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრი დეივიდ თოროუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Генри Дэвид Торо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генри Дэвид Торо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thoreau" title="Henry Thoreau – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Henry Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Генри Дейвид Торо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генри Дейвид Торо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_David_Thoreau" title="Henricus David Thoreau – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrijs_Deivids_Toro" title="Henrijs Deivids Toro – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henrijs Deivids Toro" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="ഹെൻറി ഡേവിഡ് തോറോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെൻറി ഡേവിഡ് തോറോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="थोरो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थोरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ჰენრი ტორო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰენრი ტორო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="هنرى دافيد ثورو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى دافيد ثورو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="हेनरी डेभिड थोरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेनरी डेभिड थोरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ヘンリー・デイヴィッド・ソロー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・デイヴィッド・ソロー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਹੈਨਰੀ ਡੇਵਿਡ ਥੋਰੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਨਰੀ ਡੇਵਿਡ ਥੋਰੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ہنری ڈیوڈ تھوریو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنری ڈیوڈ تھوریو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%DB%90%D9%88%DB%90%DA%89_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="هنري ډېوېډ تورو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هنري ډېوېډ تورو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Торо, Генри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торо, Генри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ٿوريو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿوريو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86" title="ھێنری دەیڤید سۆرۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێنری دەیڤید سۆرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dejvid_Toro" title="Henri Dejvid Toro – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Henri Dejvid Toro" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="கென்றி டேவிட் தூரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கென்றி டேவிட் தூரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="เฮนรี เดวิด ทอโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮนรี เดวิด ทอโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Ҳенри Девид Торо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳенри Девид Торо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Генрі Девід Торо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі Девід Торо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ہنری ڈیوڈ تھورو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنری ڈیوڈ تھورو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henry David Thoreau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thoreau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thoreau (disambiguation)">Thoreau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Henry David Thoreau</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/220px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/330px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg/440px-Benjamin_D._Maxham_-_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Restored_-_greyscale_-_straightened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3027" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Thoreau in 1856</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Henry Thoreau</div> (1817-07-12)July 12, 1817 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 6, 1862(1862-05-06) (aged 44) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Ethics</li><li>poetry</li><li>religion</li><li>politics</li><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></li><li>philosophy</li><li>history</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Development_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Development criticism">development criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a></li><li>environmentalism</li><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg/150px-Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg/225px-Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg/300px-Henry_D_Thoreau_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="135" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg/150px-American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg/225px-American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg/300px-American_Anarchism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="291" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%E2%80%93Grottkau_debate" title="Most–Grottkau debate">Most–Grottkau debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act of 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Ferrer Center and Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club_and_League" title="Libertarian Book Club and League">Libertarian Book Club and League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">Battle of Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilombo" title="Qilombo">Qilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Occupied_Protest" title="Capitol Hill Occupied Protest">Capitol Hill Occupied Protest</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Abbott" title="Leonard Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Appleton_(anarchist)" title="Henry Appleton (anarchist)">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Austin" title="Kate Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Bari" title="Judi Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cornell" title="Tom Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Czologsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Dolgoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Duffy_Turner" title="Ethel Duffy Turner">Duffy Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fielden" title="Samuel Fielden">Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Fischer" title="Adolph Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Haldeman-Julius" title="E. Haldeman-Julius">Haldeman-Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hammond" title="Jeremy Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Harman" title="Moses Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Holmes" title="Lizzie Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_K._Ingalls" title="Joshua K. Ingalls">Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lingg" title="Louis Lingg">Lingg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Lloyd" title="J. William Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Milstein" title="Cindy Milstein">Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Schwab" title="Justus Schwab">Schwab (Justus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwab" title="Michael Schwab">Schwab (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Spies" title="August Spies">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Waisbrooker" title="Lois Waisbrooker">Waisbrooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Walker" title="James L. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lamborn_Wilson" title="Peter Lamborn Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Winn" title="Ross Winn">Winn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_No_Rio" title="ABC No Rio">ABC No Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-Syndicalist_Review" title="Anarcho-Syndicalist Review">Anarcho-Syndicalist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Design_Collective" title="Beehive Design Collective">Beehive Design Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_Collective" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Ground Collective">Common Ground Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_George_Brigade" title="Curious George Brigade">Curious George Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Anarchist_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Anarchist Studies">Institute for Anarchist Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Anarchist_Coordinating_Council" title="Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council">Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)" title="MOVE (Philadelphia organization)">MOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Anarchist_Road_Care" title="Portland Anarchist Road Care">Portland Anarchist Road Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profane_Existence" title="Profane Existence">Profane Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Emma%27s" title="Red Emma's">Red Emma's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruckus_Society" title="Ruckus Society">Ruckus Society</a></li></ul> <hr /> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Just_Vote,_Get_Active" title="Don't Just Vote, Get Active">Don't Just Vote, Get Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Ferrer Center and Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Applied_Autonomy" title="Institute for Applied Autonomy">Institute for Applied Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club_and_League" title="Libertarian Book Club and League">Libertarian Book Club and League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Non-Resistance_Society" title="New England Non-Resistance Society">New England Non-Resistance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Social_Revolutionary_Club" title="New York Social Revolutionary Club">New York Social Revolutionary Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilombo" title="Qilombo">Qilombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Camp" title="Spanish Camp">Spanish Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenacious_Unicorn_Ranch" title="Tenacious Unicorn Ranch">Tenacious Unicorn Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Workers" title="Union of Russian Workers">Union of Russian Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Group_(anarchist)" title="Vanguard Group (anarchist)">Vanguard Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why%3F_Group" title="Why? Group">Why? Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Publications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blast_(magazine)" title="The Blast (magazine)">The Blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronaca_Sovversiva" title="Cronaca Sovversiva">Cronaca Sovversiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Society" title="Free Society">Free Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiheit_(1879)" title="Freiheit (1879)">Freiheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golos_Truda" title="Golos Truda">Golos Truda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908_periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908 periodical)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loompanics" title="Loompanics">Loompanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_(magazine)" title="Mother Earth (magazine)">Mother Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneraci%C3%B3n" title="Regeneración">Regeneración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(journal)" title="Vanguard (journal)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_(US_magazine)" title="The Word (US magazine)">The Word</a></li></ul> <hr /> Works <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Resistance to Civil Government</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Manifesto" title="Pittsburgh Manifesto">To the Workingmen of America</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Anarchism" title="In Defense of Anarchism">In Defense of Anarchism</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future" title="Industrial Society and Its Future">Industrial Society and Its Future</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Bakunin_to_Lacan" title="From Bakunin to Lacan">From Bakunin to Lacan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Power" title="Understanding Power">Understanding Power</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragments_of_an_Anarchist_Anthropology" title="Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology">Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action:_An_Ethnography" title="Direct Action: An Ethnography">Direct Action: An Ethnography</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">in Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_idea" title="Chicago idea">Chicago idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleanisti" title="Galleanisti">Galleanisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_US" title="Template:Anarchism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_US" title="Template talk:Anarchism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A leading <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> he is best known for his book <a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a>, a reflection upon <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a> in natural surroundings, and his essay "<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a>" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument in favor of citizen disobedience against an unjust state. Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry amount to more than 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions are his <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">writings on natural history</a> and philosophy, in which he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental history</a>, two sources of modern-day environmentalism. His <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> style interweaves close observation of nature, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">austerity</a>, and attention to practical detail.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a> He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> in order to discover life's true essential needs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a> Thoreau was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, delivering lectures that attacked the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">fugitive slave law</a> while praising the writings of <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a> and defending the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>. Thoreau's philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> later influenced the political thoughts and actions of notable figures such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> Thoreau is sometimes referred to retrospectively as an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> but may perhaps be more properly regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Precursors_to_anarchism" title="Precursors to anarchism">proto-anarchist</a>. In his seminal essay, "Civil Disobedience", Thoreau wrote as follows: <blockquote> "I heartily accept the motto,—'That government is best which governs least;' and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe,—'That government is best which governs not at all;' and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have.... But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government."<a href="#cite_note-resistance-8">[8]</a> </blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_of_his_name">Pronunciation of his name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation of his name">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a> and Thoreau's aunt each wrote that "Thoreau" is pronounced like the word thorough (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈθʌroʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">THURR-oh</a>—in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but more precisely <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈθɔːroʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">THOR-oh</a>—in 19th-century New England). <a href="/wiki/Edward_Waldo_Emerson" title="Edward Waldo Emerson">Edward Waldo Emerson</a> wrote that the name should be pronounced "Thó-row", with the h sounded and stress on the first syllable.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Among modern-day American English speakers, it is perhaps more commonly pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/θəˈroʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">thə-ROH</a>—with stress on the second syllable.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical appearance">edit</a>]</div> Thoreau had a distinctive appearance, with a nose that he called his "most prominent feature".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Of his appearance and disposition, <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Channing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellery Channing">Ellery Channing</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <blockquote>His face, once seen, could not be forgotten. The features were quite marked: the nose <a href="/wiki/Aquiline_nose" title="Aquiline nose">aquiline</a> or very Roman, like one of the portraits of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> (more like a beak, as was said); large overhanging brows above the deepest set blue eyes that could be seen, in certain lights, and in others gray,—eyes expressive of all shades of feeling, but never weak or near-sighted; the forehead not unusually broad or high, full of concentrated energy and purpose; the mouth with prominent lips, pursed up with meaning and thought when silent, and giving out when open with the most varied and unusual instructive sayings.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education,_1817–1837">Early life and education, 1817–1837</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life and education, 1817–1837">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse,_Concord_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse%2C_Concord_MA.jpg/220px-Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse%2C_Concord_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse%2C_Concord_MA.jpg/330px-Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse%2C_Concord_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse%2C_Concord_MA.jpg/440px-Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse%2C_Concord_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Thoreau's birthplace, the <a href="/wiki/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse" title="Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse">Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> Henry David Thoreau was born David Henry Thoreau<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, into the "modest <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> family"<a href="#cite_note-McElroy-17">[17]</a> of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar. His father was of French Protestant descent.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His paternal grandfather had been born on the UK <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependency">crown dependency</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> His maternal grandfather, Asa Dunbar, led <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard's</a> 1766 student "<a href="/wiki/Butter_rebellion" title="Butter rebellion">Butter Rebellion</a>",<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the first recorded student protest in the American colonies.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> David Henry was named after his recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. He began to call himself Henry David after he finished college; he never petitioned to make a legal name change.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He had two older siblings, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Thoreau" title="Helen Thoreau">Helen</a> and John Jr., and a younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Thoreau" title="Sophia Thoreau">Sophia Thoreau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> None of the children married.<a href="#cite_note-:7-24">[24]</a> Helen (1812–1849) died at age 37,<a href="#cite_note-:7-24">[24]</a> from tuberculosis. John Jr. (1814–1842) died at age 27,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> after cutting himself while shaving.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Henry David (1817–1862) died at age 44, of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Sophia (1819–1876) survived him by 14 years, dying at age 56,<a href="#cite_note-:7-24">[24]</a> of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He studied at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> between 1833 and 1837. He lived in <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollis Hall">Hollis Hall</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and took courses in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, classics, philosophy, mathematics, and science.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> He was a member of the Institute of 1770<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club" title="Hasty Pudding Club">Hasty Pudding Club</a>). According to legend, Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee (approximately equivalent to $153 in 2023) for a Harvard master's diploma, which he described thus: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> offered it to graduates "who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Five Dollars to give the college".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He commented, "Let every sheep keep its own skin",<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> a reference to the tradition of using <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepskin (material)">sheepskin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> for diplomas. <a href="/wiki/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse" title="Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse">Thoreau's birthplace</a> still exists on Virginia Road in Concord. The house has been restored by the Thoreau Farm Trust,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> a nonprofit organization, and is now open to the public. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Concord,_1837–1844">Return to Concord, 1837–1844</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Concord, 1837–1844">edit</a>]</div> The traditional professions open to college graduates—law, the church, business, medicine—did not interest Thoreau,<a href="#cite_note-sattelmeyer-35">[35]</a>: 25  so in 1835 he took a leave of absence from Harvard, during which he taught at a school in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton, Massachusetts</a>, living for two years at an earlier version of today's <a href="/wiki/Concord%27s_Colonial_Inn" title="Concord's Colonial Inn">Colonial Inn</a> in Concord. His grandfather owned the earliest of the three buildings that were later combined.<a href="#cite_note-hudson311-36">[36]</a> After he graduated in 1837, Thoreau joined the faculty of the Concord public school, but he resigned after a few weeks rather than administer <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sattelmeyer-35">[35]</a>: 25  He and his brother John then opened the Concord Academy, a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> in Concord, in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-sattelmeyer-35">[35]</a>: 25  They introduced several progressive concepts, including nature walks and visits to local shops and businesses. The school closed when John became fatally ill from <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> in 1842 after cutting himself while shaving.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> He died in Henry's arms.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Upon graduation Thoreau returned home to Concord, where he met <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> through a mutual friend.<a href="#cite_note-McElroy-17">[17]</a> Emerson, who was 14 years his senior, took a paternal and at times patron-like interest in Thoreau, advising the young man and introducing him to a circle of local writers and thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)" title="William Ellery Channing (poet)">Ellery Channing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Bronson Alcott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hawthorne" title="Julian Hawthorne">Julian Hawthorne</a>, who was a boy at the time. Emerson urged Thoreau to contribute essays and poems to a quarterly periodical, <a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a>, and lobbied the editor, Margaret Fuller, to publish those writings. Thoreau's first essay published in The Dial was "Aulus Persius Flaccus",<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> an essay on the Roman poet and satirist, in July 1840.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It consisted of revised passages from his journal, which he had begun keeping at Emerson's suggestion. The first journal entry, on October 22, 1837, reads, "'What are you doing now?' he asked. 'Do you keep a journal?' So I make my first entry to-day."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>, a loose and eclectic <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealist</a> philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, expressing the "radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts", as Emerson wrote in Nature (1836). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoreau1967stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Thoreau1967stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring Thoreau, designed by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Baskin" title="Leonard Baskin">Leonard Baskin</a></figcaption></figure> On April 18, 1841, Thoreau moved in with the <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_House" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson House">Emersons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cheever-43">[43]</a> There, from 1841 to 1844, he served as the children's tutor; he was also an editorial assistant, repairman and gardener. For a few months in 1843, he moved to the home of William Emerson on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and tutored the family's sons while seeking contacts among literary men and journalists in the city who might help publish his writings, including his future literary representative <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>: 68  Thoreau returned to Concord and worked in his family's <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencil</a> factory, which he would continue to do alongside his writing and other work for most of his adult life. He resurrected the process of making good pencils with inferior <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> by using clay as a binder.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The process of mixing graphite and clay, known as the Conté process, had been first patented by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Jacques_Cont%C3%A9" title="Nicolas-Jacques Conté">Nicolas-Jacques Conté</a> in 1795. Thoreau made profitable use of a graphite source found in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> that had been purchased in 1821 by his uncle, Charles Dunbar. The company's other source of graphite had been <a href="/wiki/Tantiusques" title="Tantiusques">Tantiusques</a>, a mine operated by Native Americans in <a href="/wiki/Sturbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Sturbridge, Massachusetts">Sturbridge, Massachusetts</a>. Later, Thoreau converted the pencil factory to produce plumbago, a name for graphite at the time, which was used in the <a href="/wiki/Electrotyping" title="Electrotyping">electrotyping</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Once back in Concord, Thoreau went through a restless period. In April 1844 he and his friend Edward Hoar accidentally set a fire that consumed 300 acres (120 hectares) of Walden Woods.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Civil_Disobedience"_and_the_Walden_years,_1845–1850">"Civil Disobedience" and the Walden years, 1845–1850</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Civil Disobedience" and the Walden years, 1845–1850">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg/220px-Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg/330px-Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg/440px-Thoreau_sites_in_Walden_Pond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Thoreau sites at Walden Pond</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Henry David Thoreau, "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For", in <a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Thoreau felt a need to concentrate and work more on his writing. In 1845, <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)" title="William Ellery Channing (poet)">Ellery Channing</a> told Thoreau, "Go out upon that, build yourself a hut, & there begin the grand process of devouring yourself alive. I see no other alternative, no other hope for you."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacker2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFBHgfLqH_RUCpgPA183_183]-50">[50]</a> Thus, on July 4, 1845, Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>, moving to a small house he had built on land owned by Emerson in a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">second growth forest</a> around the shores of <a href="/wiki/Walden_Pond" title="Walden Pond">Walden Pond</a>, having had a request to build a hut on <a href="/wiki/Flints_Pond" title="Flints Pond">Flints Pond</a>, near that of his friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stearns_Wheeler" title="Charles Stearns Wheeler">Charles Stearns Wheeler</a>, denied by the landowners due to the <a href="/wiki/Fairhaven_Bay" title="Fairhaven Bay">Fairhaven Bay</a> incident.<a href="#cite_note-:02-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The house was in "a pretty pasture and woodlot" of 14 acres (5.7 hectares) that Emerson had bought,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometers) from his family home.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Whilst there, he wrote his only extended piece of literary criticism, "<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_and_His_Works" title="Thomas Carlyle and His Works">Thomas Carlyle and His Works</a>".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walden_Thoreau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Walden_Thoreau.jpg/220px-Walden_Thoreau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Walden_Thoreau.jpg/330px-Walden_Thoreau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Walden_Thoreau.jpg/440px-Walden_Thoreau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Original title page of Walden, with an illustration from a drawing by Thoreau's sister Sophia</figcaption></figure> On July 24 or July 25, 1846, Thoreau ran into the local <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collector</a>, Sam Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>. Thoreau refused because of his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, and he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. The next day Thoreau was freed when someone, likely to have been his aunt, paid the tax, against his wishes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> The experience had a strong impact on Thoreau. In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government",<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> explaining his tax resistance at the <a href="/wiki/Concord_Lyceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord Lyceum">Concord Lyceum</a>. Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January 26: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Heard Thoreau's lecture before the Lyceum on the relation of the individual to the State—an admirable statement of the rights of the individual to self-government, and an attentive audience. His allusions to the Mexican War, to Mr. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoar" title="Samuel Hoar">Hoar</a>'s expulsion from Carolina, his own imprisonment in Concord Jail for refusal to pay his tax, Mr. Hoar's payment of mine when taken to prison for a similar refusal, were all pertinent, well considered, and reasoned. I took great pleasure in this deed of Thoreau's.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bronson Alcott, Journals<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Thoreau revised the lecture into an essay titled "<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Resistance to Civil Government</a>" (also known as "Civil Disobedience"). It was published by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peabody" title="Elizabeth Peabody">Elizabeth Peabody</a> in the Aesthetic Papers in May 1849. Thoreau had taken up a version of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley</a>'s principle in the political poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mask of Anarchy">The Mask of Anarchy</a>" (1819), which begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of authority of his time and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> At Walden Pond, Thoreau completed a first draft of <a href="/wiki/A_Week_on_the_Concord_and_Merrimack_Rivers" title="A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers">A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a> to his brother John, describing their trip to the <a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountains (New Hampshire)">White Mountains</a> in 1839. Thoreau did not find a publisher for the book and instead printed 1,000 copies at his own expense; fewer than 300 were sold.<a href="#cite_note-Cheever-43">[43]</a>: 234  He self-published on the advice of Emerson, using Emerson's publisher, Munroe, who did little to publicize the book. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg/225px-Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg/338px-Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg/450px-Thoreau%27s_cabin_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4319" data-file-height="2698" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Reconstruction of the interior of Thoreau's cabin</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg/225px-Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg/338px-Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg/450px-Replica_of_Thoreau%27s_cabin_near_Walden_Pond_and_his_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Replica of Thoreau's cabin and a statue of him near Walden Pond</div></div></div></div></div> In August 1846, Thoreau briefly left Walden to make a trip to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Katahdin" title="Mount Katahdin">Mount Katahdin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, a journey that was later recorded in "Ktaadn", the first part of The Maine Woods. Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, 1847.<a href="#cite_note-Cheever-43">[43]</a>: 244  At Emerson's request, he immediately moved back to the Emerson house to help Emerson's wife, Lidian, manage the household while her husband was on an extended trip to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Over several years, as he worked to pay off his debts, he continuously revised the manuscript of what he eventually published as <a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden, or Life in the Woods</a> in 1854, recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond. The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of the four seasons to symbolize human development. Part <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a> and part spiritual quest, Walden at first won few admirers, but later critics have regarded it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions. The American poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The American author <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> said of the book, "A century and a half after its publication, Walden has become such a totem of the back-to-nature, preservationist, anti-business, civil-disobedience mindset, and Thoreau so vivid a protester, so perfect a crank and hermit saint, that the book risks being as revered and unread as the Bible."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Thoreau moved out of Emerson's house in July 1848 and stayed at a house on nearby Belknap Street. In 1850, he moved into a house at <a href="/wiki/Thoreau-Alcott_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoreau-Alcott House">255 Main Street</a>, where he lived until his death.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the summer of 1850, Thoreau and Channing journeyed from Boston to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. These would be Thoreau's only travels outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It is as a result of this trip that he developed lectures that eventually became A Yankee in Canada. He jested that all he got from this adventure "was a cold".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In fact, this proved an opportunity to contrast American civic spirit and democratic values with a colony apparently ruled by illegitimate religious and military power. Whereas his own country had had its revolution, in Canada history had failed to turn.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years,_1851–1862">Later years, 1851–1862</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years, 1851–1862">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VII._Rowse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/VII._Rowse.jpg/220px-VII._Rowse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/VII._Rowse.jpg/330px-VII._Rowse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/VII._Rowse.jpg/440px-VII._Rowse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Thoreau in 1854</figcaption></figure> In 1851, Thoreau became increasingly fascinated with <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> and narratives of travel and expedition. He read avidly on <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and often wrote observations on this topic into his journal. He admired <a href="/wiki/William_Bartram" title="William Bartram">William Bartram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">Voyage of the Beagle</a>. He kept detailed observations on Concord's nature lore, recording everything from how the fruit ripened over time to the fluctuating depths of Walden Pond and the days certain birds migrated. The point of this task was to "anticipate" the seasons of nature, in his word.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> He became a <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">land surveyor</a> and continued to write increasingly detailed observations on the natural history of the town, covering an area of 26 square miles (67 square kilometers), in his journal, a two-million-word document he kept for 24 years. He also kept a series of notebooks, and these observations became the source of his late writings on natural history, such as "Autumnal Tints", "The Succession of Trees", and "Wild Apples", an essay lamenting the destruction of the local <a href="/wiki/Wild_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild apple">wild apple</a> species. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">ecocriticism</a> as academic disciplines, several new readings of Thoreau began to emerge, showing him to have been both a philosopher and an analyst of ecological patterns in fields and woodlots.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> For instance, "The Succession of Forest Trees", shows that he used experimentation and analysis to explain how forests regenerate after fire or human destruction, through the dispersal of seeds by winds or animals. In this lecture, first presented to a cattle show in Concord, and considered his greatest contribution to ecology, Thoreau explained why one species of tree can grow in a place where a different tree did previously. He observed that <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a> often carry nuts far from the tree from which they fell to create stashes. These seeds are likely to germinate and grow should the squirrel die or abandon the stash. He credited the squirrel for performing a "great service ... in the economy of the universe."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walden_Pond,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Walden_Pond%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Walden_Pond%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Walden_Pond%2C_2010.jpg/330px-Walden_Pond%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Walden_Pond%2C_2010.jpg/440px-Walden_Pond%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walden_Pond" title="Walden Pond">Walden Pond</a></figcaption></figure> He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> once, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> four times, and Maine three times; these landscapes inspired his "excursion" books, <a href="/wiki/A_Yankee_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="A Yankee in Canada">A Yankee in Canada</a>, Cape Cod, and The Maine Woods, in which travel itineraries frame his thoughts about geography, history and philosophy. Other travels took him southwest to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and New York City in 1854 and west across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes region</a> in 1861, when he visited <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, Detroit, Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He was provincial in his own travels, but he read widely about travel in other lands. He devoured all the first-hand travel accounts available in his day, at a time when the last unmapped regions of the earth were being explored. He read <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic explorer">arctic explorers</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Parry_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Parry (explorer)">William Parry</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> on Africa; <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark">Lewis and Clark</a>; and hundreds of lesser-known works by explorers and literate travelers.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Astonishing amounts of reading fed his endless curiosity about the peoples, cultures, religions and natural history of the world and left its traces as commentaries in his voluminous journals. He processed everything he read, in the local laboratory of his Concord experience. Among his famous aphorisms is his advice to "live at home like a traveler".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> After <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a>, many prominent voices in the abolitionist movement distanced themselves from Brown or <a href="/wiki/Damn_with_faint_praise" class="mw-redirect" title="Damn with faint praise">damned him with faint praise</a>. Thoreau was disgusted by this, and he composed a key speech, "<a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a>", which was uncompromising in its defense of Brown and his actions. Thoreau's speech proved persuasive: the abolitionist movement began to accept Brown as a martyr, and by the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> entire armies of the North were <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">literally singing Brown's praises</a>. As a biographer of Brown put it, "If, as Alfred Kazin suggests, without John Brown there would have been no Civil War, we would add that without the Concord Transcendentalists, John Brown would have had little cultural impact."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg/220px-Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg/330px-Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg/440px-Henry_David_Thoreau_-_Dunshee_ambrotpe_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>Thoreau in his second and final photographic sitting, August 1861.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuberculosis_and_death">Tuberculosis and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tuberculosis and death">edit</a>]</div> Thoreau contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1835 and suffered from it sporadically afterwards. In 1860, following a late-night excursion to count the rings of tree stumps during a rainstorm, he became ill with <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> His health declined, with brief periods of remission, and he eventually became bedridden. Recognizing the terminal nature of his disease, Thoreau spent his last years revising and editing his unpublished works, particularly The Maine Woods and <a href="/wiki/Excursions_(anthology)" title="Excursions (anthology)">Excursions</a>, and petitioning publishers to print revised editions of A Week and Walden. He wrote letters and journal entries until he became too weak to continue. His friends were alarmed at his diminished appearance and were fascinated by his tranquil acceptance of death. When his aunt Louisa asked him in his last weeks if he had made his peace with God, Thoreau responded, "I did not know we had ever quarreled."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg/220px-Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg/330px-Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg/440px-Grave_of_Henry_David_Thoreau.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Thoreau at <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery_(Concord,_Massachusetts)" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a> in Concord</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg/220px-David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg/330px-David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg/440px-David_Henry_Thoreau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Geodetic Marker at Thoreau's gravesite</figcaption></figure> Aware he was dying, Thoreau's last words were "Now comes good sailing", followed by two lone words, "moose" and "Indian".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He died on May 6, 1862, at age 44. <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a> planned the service and read selections from Thoreau's works, and Channing presented a hymn.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Emerson wrote the eulogy spoken at the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Thoreau was buried in the Dunbar family plot; his remains and those of members of his immediate family were eventually moved to <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery_(Concord,_Massachusetts)" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a> in Concord, Massachusetts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_and_human_existence">Nature and human existence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nature and human existence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thoreau<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Thoreau was an early advocate of recreational hiking and <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a>, of conserving natural resources on private land, and of preserving wilderness as public land. He was himself a highly skilled canoeist; <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, after a ride with him, noted that "Mr. Thoreau managed the boat so perfectly, either with two paddles or with one, that it seemed instinct with his own will, and to require no physical effort to guide it."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> He was not a strict vegetarian, though he said he preferred that diet<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and advocated it as a means of self-improvement. He wrote in Walden, "The practical objection to animal food in my case was its uncleanness; and besides, when I had caught and cleaned and cooked and eaten my fish, they seemed not to have fed me essentially. It was insignificant and unnecessary, and cost more than it came to. A little bread or a few potatoes would have done as well, with less trouble and filth."<a href="#cite_note-Cheever241-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site,_Walden_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site%2C_Walden_Pond.jpg/220px-Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site%2C_Walden_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site%2C_Walden_Pond.jpg/330px-Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site%2C_Walden_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site%2C_Walden_Pond.jpg/440px-Thoreaus_quote_near_his_cabin_site%2C_Walden_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Thoreau's famous quotation, near his cabin site at Walden Pond</figcaption></figure> Thoreau neither rejected civilization nor fully embraced wilderness. Instead he sought a middle ground, the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> realm that integrates nature and culture. His philosophy required that he be a didactic arbitrator between the wilderness he based so much on and the spreading mass of humanity in North America. He decried the latter endlessly but felt that a teacher needs to be close to those who needed to hear what he wanted to tell them. The wildness he enjoyed was the nearby swamp or forest, and he preferred "partially cultivated country". His idea of being "far in the recesses of the wilderness" of Maine was to "travel the logger's path and the Indian trail", but he also hiked on pristine land. In an essay titled, "Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher", <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Nash" title="Roderick Nash">Roderick Nash</a> wrote, "Thoreau left Concord in 1846 for the first of three trips to northern Maine. His expectations were high because he hoped to find genuine, primeval America. But contact with real wilderness in Maine affected him far differently than had the idea of wilderness in Concord. Instead of coming out of the woods with a deepened appreciation of the wilds, Thoreau felt a greater respect for civilization and realized the necessity of balance."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Of alcohol, Thoreau wrote, "I would fain keep sober always. ... I believe that water is the only drink for a wise man; wine is not so noble a liquor. ... Of all ebriosity, who does not prefer to be intoxicated by the air he breathes?"<a href="#cite_note-Cheever241-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> Thoreau <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">never married</a> and was childless. In 1840, when he was 23, he proposed to eighteen-year old <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sewall_Osgood" title="Ellen Sewall Osgood">Ellen Sewall</a>, but she refused him, on the advice of her father.<a href="#cite_note-Sewall-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Foord" title="Sophia Foord">Sophia Foord</a> proposed to him, but he rejected her.<a href="#cite_note-sophia-88">[88]</a> Thoreau's sexuality has long been the subject of speculation, including by his contemporaries. Critics have called him <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harding-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> There is no evidence to suggest he had physical relations with anyone, man or woman. Bronson Alcott wrote that Thoreau "seemed to have no temptations. All those strong wants that do battle with other men's nature, he knew not."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Some scholars have suggested that homoerotic sentiments run through his writings and concluded that he was homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-harding-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The elegy "Sympathy" was inspired by the eleven-year-old Edmund Sewall, who had just spent five days in the Thoreau household in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> One scholar has suggested that he wrote the poem to Edmund because he could not bring himself to write it to Edmund's sister Anna,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and another that Thoreau's "emotional experiences with women are memorialized under a camouflage of masculine pronouns",<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> but other scholars dismiss this.<a href="#cite_note-harding-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> It has been argued that the long <a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">paean</a> in Walden to the French-Canadian woodchopper Alek Therien, which includes allusions to <a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Achilles and Patroclus</a>, is an expression of conflicted desire.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In some of Thoreau's writing there is the sense of a secret self.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 1840 he writes in his journal: "My friend is the apology for my life. In him are the spaces which my orbit traverses".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Thoreau was strongly influenced by the moral reformers of his time, and this may have instilled anxiety and guilt over sexual desire.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Green_anarchism" title="Category:Green anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Green" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_and_Black_flag.svg/100px-Green_and_Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_and_Black_flag.svg/150px-Green_and_Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_and_Black_flag.svg/200px-Green_and_Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and practice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">Bioregionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">Deindustrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_nature" title="Back to nature">Return to nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">Unity in diversity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Green_anarchists" title="Category:Green anarchists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Bari" title="Judi Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Camenisch" title="Marco Camenisch">Camenisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Carter_(philosopher)" title="Alan Carter (philosopher)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellis_Glendinning" title="Chellis Glendinning">Glendinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Jensen" title="Derrick Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Næss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jaime Semprún">Semprún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Books and publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden, or life in the woods</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom">The Ecology of Freedom</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchist" title="Green Anarchist">Green Anarchist</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a> (1994)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Brown_-_Treason_broadside%2C_1859.png/220px-John_Brown_-_Treason_broadside%2C_1859.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Brown_-_Treason_broadside%2C_1859.png/330px-John_Brown_-_Treason_broadside%2C_1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Brown_-_Treason_broadside%2C_1859.png/440px-John_Brown_-_Treason_broadside%2C_1859.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>John Brown "Treason" Broadside, 1859</figcaption></figure> Thoreau was fervently against <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and actively supported the abolitionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a> He participated as a conductor in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, delivered lectures that attacked the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law</a>, and in opposition to the popular opinion of the time, supported radical abolitionist militia leader <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> and his party.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a> Two weeks after the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Harpers Ferry">raid on Harpers Ferry</a> and in the weeks leading up to Brown's execution, Thoreau delivered a speech to the citizens of Concord, Massachusetts, in which he compared the American government to <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> and likened Brown's execution to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion of Jesus Christ">crucifixion of Jesus Christ</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Some eighteen hundred years ago Christ was crucified; this morning, perchance, Captain Brown was hung. These are the two ends of a chain which is not without its links. He is not Old Brown any longer; he is an angel of light.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a></blockquote> In "<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a>", Thoreau described the words and deeds of John Brown as noble and an example of heroism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a> In addition, he lamented the newspaper editors who dismissed Brown and his scheme as "crazy".<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a> Thoreau was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>. Although he was hopeful that mankind could potentially have, through self-betterment, the kind of government which "governs not at all", he distanced himself from contemporary "no-government men" (<a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>), writing: "I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government."<a href="#cite_note-resistance-8">[8]</a> Thoreau deemed the evolution from <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Limited_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited monarchy">limited monarchy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as "a progress toward true respect for the individual" and theorized about further improvements "towards recognizing and organizing the rights of man".<a href="#cite_note-resistance-8">[8]</a> Echoing this belief, he went on to write: "There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power, from which all its power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly."<a href="#cite_note-resistance-8">[8]</a> It is on this basis that Thoreau could so strongly inveigh against the British administration and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in A Yankee in Canada. Despotic authority, Thoreau argued, had crushed the people's sense of ingenuity and enterprise; the Canadian habitants had been reduced, in his view, to a perpetual childlike state. Ignoring the recent rebellions, he argued that there would be no revolution in the St. Lawrence River valley.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Although Thoreau believed resistance to unjustly exercised authority could be both violent (exemplified in his support for John Brown) and nonviolent (his own example of <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a> as described in "Resistance to Civil Government"), he regarded <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> as temptation to passivity,<a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a> writing: "Let not our Peace be proclaimed by the rust on our swords, or our inability to draw them from their scabbards; but let her at least have so much work on her hands as to keep those swords bright and sharp."<a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a> Furthermore, in a formal lyceum debate in 1841, he debated the subject "Is it ever proper to offer forcible resistance?", arguing the affirmative.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Likewise, his condemnation of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> did not stem from pacifism, but rather because he considered Mexico "unjustly overrun and conquered by a foreign army" as a means to expand the slave territory.<a href="#cite_note-:5-106">[106]</a> Thoreau was <a href="/wiki/Ambivalence" title="Ambivalence">ambivalent</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. On one hand he regarded commerce as "unexpectedly confident and serene, adventurous, and unwearied"<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a> and expressed admiration for its associated <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, writing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am refreshed and expanded when the freight train rattles past me, and I smell the stores which go dispensing their odors all the way from Long Wharf to Lake Champlain, reminding me of foreign parts, of coral reefs, and Indian oceans, and tropical climes, and the extent of the globe. I feel more like a citizen of the world at the sight of the palm-leaf which will cover so many flaxen New England heads the next summer<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a></blockquote> On the other hand, he wrote disparagingly of the factory system: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I cannot believe that our factory system is the best mode by which men may get clothing. The condition of the operatives is becoming every day more like that of the English; and it cannot be wondered at, since, as far as I have heard or observed, the principal object is, not that mankind may be well and honestly clad, but, unquestionably, that the corporations may be enriched.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a></blockquote> Thoreau also favored the protection of animals and wild areas, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, and taxation for schools and highways,<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a> and espoused views that at least in part align with what is today known as <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a>. He disapproved of the subjugation of Native Americans, slavery, <a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">philistinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">technological utopianism</a>, and what can be regarded in today's terms as <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, mass entertainment, and frivolous applications of technology.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_interests,_influences,_and_affinities">Intellectual interests, influences, and affinities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intellectual interests, influences, and affinities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_sacred_texts_and_philosophy">Indian sacred texts and philosophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian sacred texts and philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Thoreau was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Indian spiritual thought</a>. In Walden, there are many overt references to the sacred texts of India. For example, in the first chapter ("Economy"), he writes: "How much more admirable the <a href="/wiki/Bhagvat-geeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagvat-geeta">Bhagvat-Geeta</a> than all the ruins of the East!"<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a> American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia classes him as one of several figures who "took a more <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeist</a> approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world",<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> also a characteristic of Hinduism. Furthermore, in "The Pond in Winter", he equates Walden Pond with the sacred <a href="/wiki/Ganges_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges in Hinduism">Ganges river</a>, writing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagvat Geeta since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the Brahmin, priest of Brahma and Vishnu and Indra, who still sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The pure Walden water is mingled with the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred water</a> of the Ganges.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a></blockquote> Thoreau was aware his Ganges imagery could have been factual. He wrote about ice harvesting at Walden Pond. And he knew that New England's <a href="/wiki/Ice_trade" title="Ice trade">ice merchants</a> were shipping ice to foreign ports, including <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Additionally, Thoreau followed various <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> customs, including a diet largely consisting of rice ("It was fit that I should live on rice, mainly, who loved so well the philosophy of India."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Flute_playing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute playing">flute playing</a> (reminiscent of the favorite musical pastime of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>),<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In an 1849 letter to his friend H.G.O. Blake, he wrote about yoga and its meaning to him: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Free in this world as the birds in the air, disengaged from every kind of chains, those who practice yoga gather in Brahma the certain fruits of their works. Depend upon it that, rude and careless as I am, I would fain practice the yoga faithfully. The yogi, absorbed in contemplation, contributes in his degree to creation; he breathes a divine perfume, he hears wonderful things. Divine forms traverse him without tearing him, and united to the nature which is proper to him, he goes, he acts as animating original matter. To some extent, and at rare intervals, even I am a yogi.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biology">Biology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggs_BSNH_1930.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Eggs_BSNH_1930.png/220px-Eggs_BSNH_1930.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Eggs_BSNH_1930.png/330px-Eggs_BSNH_1930.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Eggs_BSNH_1930.png/440px-Eggs_BSNH_1930.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Bird eggs found by Thoreau and given to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Society_of_Natural_History" title="Boston Society of Natural History">Boston Society of Natural History</a>. Those in the nest are of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_warbler" title="Yellow warbler">yellow warbler</a>, the other two of <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a>.</figcaption></figure> Thoreau read contemporary works in the new science of biology, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> (Charles Darwin's staunchest American ally).<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a> Thoreau was deeply influenced by Humboldt, especially his work <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt_book)" title="Cosmos (Humboldt book)">Cosmos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1859, Thoreau purchased and read Darwin's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>. Unlike many natural historians at the time, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> who publicly opposed Darwinism in favor of a static view of nature, Thoreau was immediately enthusiastic about the theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution_by_natural_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution by natural selection">evolution by natural selection</a> and endorsed it,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The development theory implies a greater vital force in Nature, because it is more flexible and accommodating, and equivalent to a sort of constant new creation. (A quote from On the Origin of Species follows this sentence.)<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThoreauBust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ThoreauBust.jpg/220px-ThoreauBust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ThoreauBust.jpg/330px-ThoreauBust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ThoreauBust.jpg/440px-ThoreauBust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Thoreau from the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_College" title="Bronx Community College">Bronx Community College</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thoreau's careful observations and devastating conclusions have rippled into time, becoming stronger as the weaknesses Thoreau noted have become more pronounced ... Events that seem to be completely unrelated to his stay at Walden Pond have been influenced by it, including the national park system, the British labor movement, the creation of India, the civil rights movement, the hippie revolution, the environmental movement, and the wilderness movement. Today, Thoreau's words are quoted with feeling by liberals, socialists, anarchists, libertarians, and conservatives alike.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ken Kifer, Analysis and Notes on Walden: Henry Thoreau's Text with Adjacent Thoreauvian Commentary<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Thoreau's political writings had little impact during his lifetime, as "his contemporaries did not see him as a theorist or as a radical", viewing him instead as a naturalist. They either dismissed or ignored his political essays, including "Civil Disobedience". The only two complete books (as opposed to essays) that were published in his lifetime, Walden and A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849), both dealt with <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Nature</a>, in which he "loved to wander".<a href="#cite_note-McElroy-17">[17]</a> His obituary was lumped in with others, rather than as a separate article, in an 1862 yearbook.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Critics and the public continued either to disdain or to ignore Thoreau for years, but the publication of extracts from his journal in the 1880s by his friend H.G.O. Blake, and of a definitive set of Thoreau's works by the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Insights" title="Riverside Insights">Riverside Press</a> between 1893 and 1906, led to the rise of what <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">literary historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lewis_Pattee" title="Fred Lewis Pattee">F. L. Pattee</a> called a "Thoreau cult".<a href="#cite_note-Pattee-117">[117]</a> Thoreau's writings went on to influence many public figures. Political leaders and reformers like <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, American civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_(citizen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian (citizen)">Russian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> all spoke of being strongly affected by Thoreau's work, particularly "Civil Disobedience", as did "<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> theorist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Frank Chodorov</a> [who] devoted an entire issue of his monthly, Analysis, to an appreciation of Thoreau".<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-118">[118]</a> Thoreau also influenced many artists and authors including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Edward Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey" title="Alexander Posey">Alexander Posey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stickley" title="Gustav Stickley">Gustav Stickley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Thoreau also influenced naturalists like <a href="/wiki/John_Burroughs" title="John Burroughs">John Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Way_Teale" title="Edwin Way Teale">Edwin Way Teale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wood_Krutch" title="Joseph Wood Krutch">Joseph Wood Krutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loren_Eiseley" title="Loren Eiseley">Loren Eiseley</a>, who Publishers Weekly called "the modern Thoreau".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Thoreau's friend <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)" title="William Ellery Channing (poet)">William Ellery Channing</a> published his first biography, Thoreau the Poet-Naturalist, in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> English writer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a> wrote a biography of Thoreau in 1890, which popularized Thoreau's ideas in Britain: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blatchford" title="Robert Blatchford">Robert Blatchford</a> were among those who became Thoreau enthusiasts as a result of Salt's advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> first read Walden in 1906, while working as a civil rights activist in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa. Gandhi first read "<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a>" while he sat in a South African prison for the crime of nonviolently protesting discrimination against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> population in the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a>. The essay galvanized Gandhi, who wrote and published a synopsis of Thoreau's argument, calling what he termed its "incisive logic ... unanswerable" and referring to Thoreau as "one of the greatest and most moral men America has produced."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> He told American reporter <a href="/wiki/Webb_Miller_(journalist)" title="Webb Miller (journalist)">Webb Miller</a>, "[Thoreau's] ideas influenced me greatly. I adopted some of them and recommended the study of Thoreau to all of my friends who were helping me in the cause of <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian Independence</a>. Why I actually took the name of my movement from Thoreau's essay 'On the Duty of Civil Disobedience', written about 80 years ago."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> noted in his autobiography that his first encounter with the idea of nonviolent resistance was reading "On Civil Disobedience" in 1944 while attending <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>. He wrote in his autobiography that it was, <blockquote>Here, in this courageous New Englander's refusal to pay his taxes and his choice of jail rather than support a war that would spread slavery's territory into Mexico, I made my first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance. Fascinated by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system, I was so deeply moved that I reread the work several times. I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. No other person has been more eloquent and passionate in getting this idea across than Henry David Thoreau. As a result of his writings and personal witness, we are the heirs of a legacy of creative protest. The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement; indeed, they are more alive than ever before. Whether expressed in a sit-in at lunch counters; a freedom ride into Mississippi; a peaceful protest in Albany, Georgia; a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama; these are outgrowths of Thoreau's insistence that evil must be resisted and that no moral man can patiently adjust to injustice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></blockquote> American psychologist <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a> wrote that he carried a copy of Thoreau's Walden with him in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Walden_Two" title="Walden Two">Walden Two</a> (published in 1948), Skinner wrote about a fictional <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">utopian community</a> of about 1,000 members inspired by the life of Henry Thoreau.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Thoreau and his fellow <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalists">Transcendentalists</a> from <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a> were also a major inspiration for the American composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, whose 1915 <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Ives)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Ives)">Piano Sonata No. 2</a>, known as the Concord Sonata, features "impressionistic pictures of Emerson and Thoreau", and includes a part for flute, Thoreau's instrument, in its 4th movement.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Actor <a href="/wiki/Ron_Thompson_(actor)" title="Ron Thompson (actor)">Ron Thompson</a> did a dramatic portrayal of Henry David Thoreau in the 1976 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> television series <a href="/wiki/The_Rebels_(TV_series)" title="The Rebels (TV series)">The Rebels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Thoreau's ideas have impacted and resonated with various strains in the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> movement, with <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> referring to him as "the greatest American anarchist".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a> in particular have both derived inspiration and ecological points-of-view from the writings of Thoreau. <a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a> included Thoreau's text "Excursions" (1863) in his edited compilation of works in the anarcho-primitivist tradition titled Against civilization: Readings and reflections.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>, has opined that Thoreau was one of the "great intellectual heroes" of his movement.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-118">[118]</a> Thoreau was also an important influence on late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturist">naturism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naturismolibertario-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-ortega-139">[139]</a> Globally, Thoreau's concepts also held importance within <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> circles<a href="#cite_note-spanishind-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-aujourdhui-141">[141]</a> in Spain,<a href="#cite_note-naturismolibertario-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-ortega-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-spanishind-140">[140]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-spanishind-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-france-142">[142]</a> and Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-portugal-143">[143]</a> For the 200th anniversary of his birth, publishers released several new editions of his work: a recreation of Walden's 1902 edition with illustrations, a picture book with excerpts from Walden, and an annotated collection of Thoreau's essays on slavery.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Thoreau on May 23, 2017, in Concord, MA.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> Thoreau's work and career received little attention from his contemporaries until 1865, when the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a> published <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>'s review of various papers of Thoreau's that Emerson had collected and edited.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Lowell's essay, Letters to Various Persons,<a href="#cite_note-NAR-147">[147]</a> which he republished as a chapter in his book, My Study Windows,<a href="#cite_note-Lowell-148">[148]</a> derided Thoreau as a humorless <a href="/wiki/Wikt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikt">poseur</a> trafficking in commonplaces, a <a href="/wiki/Wikt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikt">sentimentalist</a> lacking in imagination, a "<a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a> in his barrel", resentfully criticizing what he could not attain.<a href="#cite_note-Pattee,_p.138-149">[149]</a> Lowell's caustic analysis influenced Scottish author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pattee,_p.138-149">[149]</a> who criticized Thoreau as a "skulker", saying "He did not wish virtue to go out of him among his fellow-men, but slunk into a corner to hoard it for himself."<a href="#cite_note-RLS-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> had mixed feelings about Thoreau. He noted that "He is a keen and delicate observer of nature—a genuine observer—which, I suspect, is almost as rare a character as even an original poet; and Nature, in return for his love, seems to adopt him as her especial child, and shows him secrets which few others are allowed to witness."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On the other hand, he also wrote that Thoreau "repudiated all regular modes of getting a living, and seems inclined to lead a sort of Indian life among civilized men".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In a similar vein, poet <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a> detested what he deemed to be the "wicked" and "heathenish" message of Walden, claiming that Thoreau wanted man to "lower himself to the level of a <a href="/wiki/Woodchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodchuck">woodchuck</a> and walk on four legs".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In response to such criticisms, the English novelist <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, writing decades later for the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a>, characterized such critics as uninspired and narrow-minded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">People—very wise in their own eyes—who would have every man's life ordered according to a particular pattern, and who are intolerant of every existence the utility of which is not palpable to them, may pooh-pooh Mr. Thoreau and this episode in his history, as unpractical and dreamy.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></blockquote> Thoreau himself also responded to the criticism in a paragraph of his work Walden by highlighting what he felt was the irrelevance of their inquiries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I should not obtrude my affairs so much on the notice of my readers if very particular inquiries had not been made by my townsmen concerning my mode of life, which some would call impertinent, though they do not appear to me at all impertinent, but, considering the circumstances, very natural and pertinent. Some have asked what I got to eat; if I did not feel lonesome; if I was not afraid; and the like. Others have been curious to learn what portion of my income I devoted to charitable purposes; and some, who have large families, how many poor children I maintained. ... Unfortunately, I am confined to this theme by the narrowness of my experience. Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has heard of other men's lives; ... I trust that none will stretch the seams in putting on the coat, for it may do good service to him whom it fits.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></blockquote> Recent criticism has accused Thoreau of hypocrisy, <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">misanthropy</a>, and being <a href="/wiki/Wikt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikt">sanctimonious</a>, based on his writings in Walden,<a href="#cite_note-neworker1-157">[157]</a> although these criticisms have been regarded as highly selective.<a href="#cite_note-medium1-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-newrepublic-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-newrepublic2-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> Many of Thoreau's works were not published during his lifetime, including his journals and numerous unfinished manuscripts. <ul><li>"Aulus Persius Flaccus" (1840)<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Service" title="The Service">The Service</a> (1840)<a href="#cite_note-:4-104">[104]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walk_to_Wachusett" title="A Walk to Wachusett">A Walk to Wachusett</a>" (1842)<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Paradise_(to_be)_Regained" title="Paradise (to be) Regained">Paradise (to be) Regained</a>" (1843)<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>"The Landlord" (1843)<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_(essay)" title="Sir Walter Raleigh (essay)">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Herald_of_Freedom_(essay)" title="Herald of Freedom (essay)">Herald of Freedom</a>" (1844)<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips_Before_the_Concord_Lyceum" title="Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum">Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum</a>" (1845)<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reform_and_the_Reformers" title="Reform and the Reformers">Reform and the Reformers</a>" (1846–48)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_and_His_Works" title="Thomas Carlyle and His Works">Thomas Carlyle and His Works</a>" (1847)<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Week_on_the_Concord_and_Merrimack_Rivers" title="A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers">A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers</a> (1849)<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Resistance to Civil Government</a>", or "Civil Disobedience"", or "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience"" (1849)<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>"An Excursion to Canada" (1853)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="Slavery in Massachusetts">Slavery in Massachusetts</a>" (1854)<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a> (1854)<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a>" (1859)<a href="#cite_note-:3-173">[173]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a>" (1859)<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a>" (1860)<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Walking_(Thoreau)" title="Walking (Thoreau)">Walking</a>" (1862)<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>"Autumnal Tints" (1862)<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>"Wild Apples: The History of the Apple Tree" (1862)<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>"The Fall of the Leaf" (1863)<a href="#cite_note-:5-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursions_(anthology)" title="Excursions (anthology)">Excursions</a> (1863)<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life_Without_Principle" title="Life Without Principle">Life Without Principle</a>" (1863)<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>"Night and Moonlight" (1863)<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>"The Highland Light" (1864)<a href="#cite_note-u_of_adelaide-182">[182]</a></li> <li>"The Maine Woods" (1864)<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Fully Annotated Edition. <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_S._Cramer" title="Jeffrey S. Cramer">Jeffrey S. Cramer</a>, ed., Yale University Press, 2009</li> <li>"Cape Cod" (1865)<a href="#cite_note-:9-185">[185]</a></li> <li>"Letters to Various Persons" (1865)<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Yankee_in_Canada,_with_Anti-Slavery_and_Reform_Papers" title="A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers">A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers</a> (1866)<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li>"Early Spring in Massachusetts" (1881)</li> <li>"Summer" (1884)<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>"Winter" (1888)<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>"Autumn" (1892)<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Miscellanies (1894)<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau (1894)<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>Poems of Nature (1895)<a href="#cite_note-u_of_adelaide-182">[182]</a></li> <li>Some Unpublished Letters of Henry D. and Sophia E. Thoreau (1898)<a href="#cite_note-u_of_adelaide-182">[182]</a></li> <li>The First and Last Journeys of Thoreau (1905)<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Journal of Henry David Thoreau (1906)<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1958)<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li>"I Was Made Erect and Lone"<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>"The Bluebird Carries the Sky on His Back" (Stanyan, 1970)<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>"The Dispersion of Seeds" published as Faith in a Seed (Island Press, 1993)<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>The Indian Notebooks (1847–1861) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walden.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IndianNotebooks-1.pdf">selections by Richard F. Fleck</a></li> <li>Wild Fruits (Unfinished at his death, W.W. Norton, 1999)<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoreau_Society" title="Thoreau Society">Thoreau Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Woods_Project" title="Walden Woods Project">Walden Woods Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFurtak" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Furtak, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thoreau/">"Henry David Thoreau"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813055226/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thoreau/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Furtak&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fthoreau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-David-Thoreau">"Henry David Thoreau | Biography & Works"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316155013/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-David-Thoreau">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau+%7C+Biography+%26+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenry-David-Thoreau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Howe, Daniel Walker, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7">978-0-19-507894-7</a>, p. 623. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-8">i</a> Thoreau, Henry David. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers / Walden / The Maine Woods / Cape Cod. Library of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940450-27-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-940450-27-5">0-940450-27-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1">b</a> Rosenwald, Lawrence. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/theory.html">The Theory, Practice and Influence of Thoreau's Civil Disobedience</a>". William Cain, ed. (2006). A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau. Cambridge: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131014012153/http://thoreau.eserver.org/theory.html">Archived</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived October 14, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson; Johnson, Alvin Saunders, eds. (1937). Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Gross, David, ed. The Price of Freedom: Political Philosophy from Thoreau's Journals. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4348-0552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4348-0552-2">978-1-4348-0552-2</a>. "The Thoreau of these journals distrusted doctrine, and, though it is accurate I think to call him an anarchist, he was by no means doctrinaire in this either." </li> <li id="cite_note-resistance-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resistance_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resistance_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resistance_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resistance_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau" class="citation web cs1">Thoreau, Henry David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/71/71-h/71-h.htm">"On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, 1849, original title: Resistance to Civil Government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Project_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="The Project Gutenberg">The Project Gutenberg</a>. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=On+the+Duty+of+Civil+Disobedience%2C+1849%2C+original+title%3A+Resistance+to+Civil+Government&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F71%2F71-h%2F71-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/pronounce">THUR-oh or Thor-OH? And How Do We Know?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323203856/http://thoreau.eserver.org/pronounce">Archived</a> March 23, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Thoreau Reader. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/walden/">Thoreau's Walden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030102741/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/walden/">Archived</a> October 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, under the sidebar "Pronouncing Thoreau". </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> See the note on pronouncing the name at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Thoreau#Name">the Thoreau Institute at Walden Woods</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727140857/https://www.walden.org/thoreau/#Name">Archived</a> July 27, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/thoreau">"Thoreau"</a>. 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Essex, UK: Longman. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1865" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822113030/http://thoreau.eserver.org/capecd10.html">"Chapter 10-A. Provincetown"</a>. Cape Cod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org:80/capecd10.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10-A.+Provincetown&rft.btitle=Cape+Cod&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthoreau.eserver.org%3A80%2Fcapecd10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding,_Walter" class="citation web cs1">Harding, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/images.html">"The Days of Henry Thoreau"</a>. thoreau.eserver.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114183837/http://thoreau.eserver.org/images.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thoreau.eserver.org&rft.atitle=The+Days+of+Henry+Thoreau&rft.au=Harding%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthoreau.eserver.org%2Fimages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Nelson, Randy F. (1981). The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann. p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86576-008-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86576-008-X">0-86576-008-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McElroy-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McElroy_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McElroy_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McElroy_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_McElroy2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a> (July 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.lewrockwell.com/mcelroy/mcelroy86.html">"Henry David Thoreau and 'Civil Disobedience'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620145129/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/mcelroy/mcelroy86.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2015. 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The Concord Saunterer. 13 (3): 5–12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1068-5359">1068-5359</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23393396">23393396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concord+Saunterer&rft.atitle=Sophia+Thoreau+%E2%80%93+%22Cara+Sophia%22&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-12&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23393396%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1068-5359&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=Gerri+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23393396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2021" class="citation web cs1">Roman, John (June 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electrummagazine.com/2021/06/the-homes-of-henry-david-thoreau/">"The Homes of Henry David Thoreau"</a>. 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Retrieved June 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organizations+Thoreau+Joined&rft.pub=Thoreau+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoreausociety.org%2F_membership.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "Thoreau's Diploma". American Literature. Vol. 17, May 1945. pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Harding1984" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Harding" title="Walter Harding">Walter Harding</a> (June 4, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060129085602/http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/about2/H/WalterHarding/LiveYourOwnLife.htm">"Live Your Own Life"</a>. Geneseo Summer Compass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/about2/H/WalterHarding/LiveYourOwnLife.htm">the original</a> on January 29, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geneseo+Summer+Compass&rft.atitle=Live+Your+Own+Life&rft.date=1984-06-04&rft.au=Walter+Harding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walden.org%2FInstitute%2Fthoreau%2Fabout2%2FH%2FWalterHarding%2FLiveYourOwnLife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreaufarm.org/">"Thoreau Farm"</a>. thoreaufarm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030230744/https://thoreaufarm.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thoreaufarm.org&rft.atitle=Thoreau+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthoreaufarm.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sattelmeyer-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sattelmeyer_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sattelmeyer_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sattelmeyer_35-2">c</a> Sattelmeyer, Robert (1988). Thoreau's Reading: A Study in Intellectual History with Bibliographical Catalogue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/about2/S/Sattelmeyer_Robert/Reading2.pdf">Chapter 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908031952/http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/about2/S/Sattelmeyer_Robert/Reading2.pdf">Archived</a> September 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-hudson311-36"><a href="#cite_ref-hudson311_36-0">^</a> The History of Concord, Massachusetts, Vol. I, Colonial Concord, Volume 1, Alfred Sereno Hudson (1904), p. 311 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Dean, Bradley P. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/wfchron.html">A Thoreau Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620133904/http://thoreau.eserver.org/wfchron.html">Archived</a> June 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyerson,_Joel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Myerson, Joel (1994). "Barzillai Frost's Funeral Sermon on the Death of John Thoreau Jr". Huntington Library Quarterly. 57 (4): 367–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3817844">10.2307/3817844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3817844">3817844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huntington+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Barzillai+Frost%27s+Funeral+Sermon+on+the+Death+of+John+Thoreau+Jr.&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=367-376&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3817844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3817844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Woodlief, Ann. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/thoreau/">Henry David Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009005716/https://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/thoreau/">Archived</a> October 9, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925021512/http://www.walden.org/documents/file/Library/About%20Thoreau/D/Dial/AulusPersiusFlaccus.pdf">"Aulus Persius Flaccus"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/documents/file/Library/About%20Thoreau/D/Dial/AulusPersiusFlaccus.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aulus+Persius+Flaccus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walden.org%2Fdocuments%2Ffile%2FLibrary%2FAbout%2520Thoreau%2FD%2FDial%2FAulusPersiusFlaccus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018151944/http://www.walden.org/Library/About_Thoreau%27s_Life_and_Writings%3A_The_Research_Collections/The_Dial">"The Dial"</a>. Walden.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walden.org/Library/About_Thoreau's_Life_and_Writings:_The_Research_Collections/The_Dial">the original</a> on October 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dial&rft.pub=Walden.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walden.org%2FLibrary%2FAbout_Thoreau%27s_Life_and_Writings%3A_The_Research_Collections%2FThe_Dial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Thoreau, Henry David (2007). I to Myself: An Annotated Selection from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau. Jeffrey S. Cramer, ed. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheever-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheever_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheever_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheever_43-2">c</a> Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7862-9521-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7862-9521-X">0-7862-9521-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalt1890" class="citation book cs1">Salt, H. S. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_t_0RAAAAYAAJ">The Life of Henry David Thoreau</a>. London: Richard Bentley & Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_t_0RAAAAYAAJ/page/n83">69</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Henry+David+Thoreau&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley+%26+Son&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Salt&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_t_0RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sanborn, F. B., ed. (1906). The Writings of Henry David Thoreau. Vol. VI, Familiar Letters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/writings/Writings1906/06FamiliarLetters/Years%20of%20Discipline.pdf">Chapter 1, "Years of Discipline"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907235501/http://www.walden.org/Institute/thoreau/writings/Writings1906/06FamiliarLetters/Years%20of%20Discipline.pdf">Archived</a> September 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetroski1992" class="citation book cs1">Petroski, Henry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pencilhistoryofd00petr">The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance</a>. New York: Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pencilhistoryofd00petr/page/104">104</a>–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679734154" title="Special:BookSources/9780679734154"><bdi>9780679734154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pencil%3A+A+History+of+Design+and+Circumstance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=104-125&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780679734154&rft.aulast=Petroski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpencilhistoryofd00petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Conrad, Randall. (Fall 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/pencils.html">"Machine in the Wetland: Re-imagining Thoreau's Plumbago-Grinder"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609102739/http://thoreau.eserver.org/pencils.html">Archived</a> June 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoreausociety.org/_activities_tsb.htm">Thoreau Society Bulletin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223191911/http://www.thoreausociety.org/_activities_tsb.htm">Archived</a> December 23, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calliope.org/thoreau/thorotime.html">A Chronology of Thoreau's Life, with Events of the Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001457/http://www.calliope.org/thoreau/thorotime.html">Archived</a> February 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Thoreau Project, Calliope Film Resources. Accessed June 11, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Grammardog Guide to Walden. Grammardog. p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60857-084-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-60857-084-3">1-60857-084-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacker2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFBHgfLqH_RUCpgPA183_183]-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPacker2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFBHgfLqH_RUCpgPA183_183]_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPacker2007">Packer 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FBHgfLqH_RUC&pg=PA183">183</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-51"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lincolnconservation.org/tws_holding/flints-pond/">"Flint's Pond"</a>. 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American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 241. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7862-9521-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7862-9521-X">0-7862-9521-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind: Henry David Thoreau: Philosopher. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sewall-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Sewall_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoles2016" class="citation web cs1">Knoles, Thomas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605162219/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/sewall-intro">"Introduction"</a>. American Antiquarian Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/sewall-intro">the original</a> on June 5, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2021. <q>She was in Watertown when Henry wrote to her with his own proposal, probably in early November [1840]...'I wrote to H. T. that evening. I never felt so badly at sending a letter in my life.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Knoles&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fsewall-intro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophia-88"><a href="#cite_ref-sophia_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/sophia-ford-great-love-henry-david-thoreau-never-wanted/">""Sophia Ford: The Great Love Henry David Thoreau Didn't Want""</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England Historical Society (page does not exist)">New England Historical Society</a>. 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Times of India. July 12, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418213408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/simplicity-day-2020-how-bhagwat-geeta-inspired-american-philosopher-henry-david-thoreau/articleshow/76918441.cms">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021. 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Common Knowledge. 24 (1): 56–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F0961754X-4253822">10.1215/0961754X-4253822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-754X">0961-754X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148836840">148836840</a> – via Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau%2C+Yogi&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-89&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148836840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0961-754X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F0961754X-4253822&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%2F0961754X-4253822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Miller, Barbara S. "Why Did Henry David Thoreau Take the Bhagavad-Gita to Walden Pond?" Parabola 12.1 (Spring 1986): 58–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-1">b</a> Berger, Michael Benjamin. Thoreau's Late Career and The Dispersion of Seeds: The Saunterer's Synoptic Vision. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157113168X" title="Special:BookSources/157113168X">157113168X</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Wulf, Andrea. The Invention of Nature: Alexander Humboldt's New World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Cain, William E. A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195138635" title="Special:BookSources/0195138635">0195138635</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenkifer.com/Thoreau/">Analysis and Notes on Walden: Henry Thoreau's Text with Adjacent Thoreauvian Commentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318110150/http://www.kenkifer.com/Thoreau/">Archived</a> March 18, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ken Kifer, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n673/mode/1up">Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862</a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 666.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopaedia+and+register+of+important+events+of+the+year%3A+1862&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=666&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1862appletonsan02newyuoft%23page%2Fn673%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pattee-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Pattee_117-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/42593/pg42593-images.html">Pattee, Fred Lewis, A History of American Literature Since 1870, Ch.VII, pp.138–139 (Appleton: New York, London, 1915).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_118-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard77.html">Confessions of a Right-Wing Liberal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618045209/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard77.html">Archived</a> June 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramparts_(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)">Ramparts</a>, VI, 4, June 15, 1968 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Maynard, W. Barksdale, Walden Pond: A History. Oxford University Press, 2005. p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Mumford, Lewis, The Golden Day: A Study in American Experience and Culture. Boni and Liveright, 1926. pp. 56–59, </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Posey, Alexander. Lost Creeks: Collected Journals. (Edited by Matthew Wynn Sivils) University of Nebraska Press, 2009. p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Saunders, Barry. A Complex Fate: Gustav Stickley and the Craftsman Movement. Preservation Press, 1996. p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Kifer, Ken <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenkifer.com/Thoreau/">Analysis and Notes on Walden: Henry Thoreau's Text with Adjacent Thoreauvian Commentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318110150/http://www.kenkifer.com/Thoreau/">Archived</a> March 18, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanningMerrymount_PressSanbornUpdike1902" class="citation book cs1">Channing, William Ellery; Merrymount Press; Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin); Updike, Daniel Berkeley (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/poetnatthoreau00chanrich">Thoreau, the poet-naturalist, with Memorial verses</a>. University of California Libraries. Boston, C. E. Goodspeed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoreau%2C+the+poet-naturalist%2C+with+Memorial+verses&rft.pub=Boston%2C+C.+E.+Goodspeed&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Channing&rft.aufirst=William+Ellery&rft.au=Merrymount+Press&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+F.+B.+%28Franklin+Benjamin%29&rft.au=Updike%2C+Daniel+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoetnatthoreau00chanrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Hendrick, George and Oehlschlaeger, Fritz (eds.) Toward the Making of Thoreau's Modern Reputation, University of Illinois Press, 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy, Wendy</a> (May 4, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/5250/Here-the-State-Is-Nowhere-to-Be-Seen">Here, the State Is Nowhere to Be Seen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913214409/http://mises.org/daily/5250/Here-the-State-Is-Nowhere-to-Be-Seen">Archived</a> September 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> "Although he was practicing civil disobedience before he read Thoreau's essay, Gandhi was quick to point out the debt he owed to Thoreau and other thinkers like him". Shawn Chandler Bingham, Thoreau and the sociological imagination : the wilds of society. Lanham, Md. : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742560581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742560581">978-0742560581</a> p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Miller, Webb. I Found No Peace. Garden City, 1938. 238–239 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> King, M.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/King//publications/autobiography/chp_2.htm">Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308023614/http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/autobiography/chp_2.htm">Archived</a> March 8, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> chapter two </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Skinner, B. F., A Matter of Consequences </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Skinner, B. F., Walden Two (1948) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Burkholder, James Peter. Charles Ives and His World. Princeton University Press, 1996 (pp. 50–51) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/30664120/">"Tele-Vues, Sunday, June 6, 1976"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Press-Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Press-Telegram">Independent Press-Telegram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>. June 6, 1976. p. 170. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105214432/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/30664120/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Press-Telegram&rft.atitle=Tele-Vues%2C+Sunday%2C+June+6%2C+1976&rft.pages=170&rft.date=1976-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F30664120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/15447614/">"TV Log"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Redlands_Daily_Facts" title="Redlands Daily Facts">Redlands Daily Facts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Redlands,_California" title="Redlands, California">Redlands, California</a>. June 5, 1976. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929050424/http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/15447614/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redlands+Daily+Facts&rft.atitle=TV+Log&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1976-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F15447614%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FdGBFTxkHY">Actor Ron Thompson as Henry David Thoreau in The Rebels</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>. June 6, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3FdGBFTxkHY">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actor+Ron+Thompson+as+Henry+David+Thoreau+in+The+Rebels&rft.date=1976-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3FdGBFTxkHY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_Emma1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman, Emma</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U5ZYAAAAMAAJ">Anarchism and Other Essays</a>. Mother Earth Publishing Association. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U5ZYAAAAMAAJ/page/n67">62</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Mother+Earth+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_U5ZYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerzan" class="citation book cs1">Zerzan, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.fr/dp/toc/0922915989">Against Civilization: Readings And Reflections</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807043841/https://www.amazon.fr/dp/toc/0922915989">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2017 – via Amazon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Civilization%3A+Readings+And+Reflections&rft.aulast=Zerzan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.fr%2Fdp%2Ftoc%2F0922915989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naturismolibertario-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naturismolibertario_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturismolibertario_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102181805/http://www.soliobrera.org/pdefs/cuaderno4.pdf">"El naturismo libertario en la Península Ibérica (1890–1939) by Jose Maria Rosello"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soliobrera.org/pdefs/cuaderno4.pdf#search=%22Antonia%20Maym%C3%B3n%22">the original</a> (PDF) on January 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+naturismo+libertario+en+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica+%281890%E2%80%931939%29+by+Jose+Maria+Rosello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soliobrera.org%2Fpdefs%2Fcuaderno4.pdf%23search%3D%2522Antonia%2520Maym%25C3%25B3n%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ortega-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ortega_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ortega_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega" class="citation web cs1">Ortega, Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturismo.org/adn/ediciones/2003/invierno/7e.html">"Anarchism, Nudism, Naturism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909150845/https://www.naturismo.org/adn/ediciones/2003/invierno/7e.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchism%2C+Nudism%2C+Naturism&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturismo.org%2Fadn%2Fediciones%2F2003%2Finvierno%2F7e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spanishind-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spanishind_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spanishind_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spanishind_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526224800/http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html">""La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista Español durante la dictadura y la segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22La+insumisi%C3%B3n+voluntaria.+El+anarquismo+individualista+Espa%C3%B1ol+durante+la+dictadura+y+la+segunda+Rep%C3%BAblica+%281923%E2%80%931938%29%22+by+Xavier+Diez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acracia.org%2Fxdiez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aujourdhui-141"><a href="#cite_ref-aujourdhui_141-0">^</a> "Les anarchistes individualistes du début du siècle l'avaient bien compris, et intégraient le naturisme dans leurs préoccupations. Il est vraiment dommage que ce discours se soit peu à peu effacé, d'antan plus que nous assistons, en ce moment, à un retour en force du puritanisme (conservateur par essence)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ytak.club.fr/natytak.html">"Anarchisme et naturisme, aujourd'hui." by Cathy Ytak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225212442/http://ytak.club.fr/natytak.html">Archived</a> February 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-france-142"><a href="#cite_ref-france_142-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ytak.club.fr/natbiblioarmand.html">Recension des articles de l'En-Dehors consacrés au naturisme et au nudisme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014165702/http://ytak.club.fr/natbiblioarmand.html">Archived</a> October 14, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-portugal-143"><a href="#cite_ref-portugal_143-0">^</a> Freire, João. "Anarchisme et naturisme au Portugal, dans les années 1920" in Les anarchistes du Portugal. [Bibliographic data necessary for this ref.] </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation news cs1">Williams, John (July 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/07/books/review/alcoholism-in-america.html">"Alcoholism in America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804204030/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/07/books/review/alcoholism-in-america.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alcoholism+in+America&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F07%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Falcoholism-in-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stamps.org/US-New-Issues-2017">"American Philatelic Society"</a>. stamps.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210814/https://stamps.org/US-New-Issues-2017">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stamps.org&rft.atitle=American+Philatelic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstamps.org%2FUS-New-Issues-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Pattee, A History of American Literature Since 1870, pp.137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-NAR-147"><a href="#cite_ref-NAR_147-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25107873">Lowell, James Russell, "Letters to Various Persons", in The North American Review, Vol.CI, No.209, pp.597–608 (October 1865).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowell-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Lowell_148-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mystudywindow00loweiala/page/193/mode/1up?view=theater">Lowell, James Russell, My Study Windows, Ch.VII, pp.193–209 (Osgood: Boston 1871).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pattee,_p.138-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pattee,_p.138_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pattee,_p.138_149-1">b</a> Pattee, A History of American Literature Since 1870, p.138. </li> <li id="cite_note-RLS-150"><a href="#cite_ref-RLS_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Robert_Louis1880" class="citation web cs1">Stevenson, Robert Louis (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012063926/http://thoreau.eserver.org/stevens1.html">"Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions"</a>. Cornhill Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/stevens1.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2006. Retrieved December 3, 2021. <q>Now Thoreau's content and ecstasy in living was, we may say, like a plant that he had watered and tended with womanish solicitude; for there is apt to be something unmanly, something almost dastardly, in a life that does not move with dash and freedom, and that fears the bracing contact of the world. In one word, Thoreau was a skulker</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornhill+Magazine&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau%3A+His+Character+and+Opinions&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Robert+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthoreau.eserver.org%2Fstevens1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Nathaniel Hawthorne, Passages From the American Note-Books, entry for September 2, 1842. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Hawthorne, The Heart of Hawthorne's Journals, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Borst, Raymond R. The Thoreau Log: A Documentary Life of Henry David Thoreau, 1817–1862. New York: G.K. Hall, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Wagenknecht, Edward. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Portrait in Paradox. 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Retrieved October 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau%2C+Hypocrite&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F10%2F19%2Fpond-scum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medium1-158"><a href="#cite_ref-medium1_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019170355/https://medium.com/%40TheNewThoreau/why-do-we-love-thoreau-because-he-was-right-175251814c">"Why do we love Thoreau? Because he was right"</a>. Medium. October 19, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@TheNewThoreau/why-do-we-love-thoreau-because-he-was-right-175251814c">the original</a> on October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+we+love+Thoreau%3F+Because+he+was+right.&rft.pub=Medium&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40TheNewThoreau%2Fwhy-do-we-love-thoreau-because-he-was-right-175251814c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newrepublic-159"><a href="#cite_ref-newrepublic_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalesic2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Malesic, Jonathan (October 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019204535/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/123151/defense-thoreau">"Henry David Thoreau's Radical Optimism"</a>. New Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/123151/defense-thoreau">the original</a> on October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Republic&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau%27s+Radical+Optimism&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Malesic&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F123151%2Fdefense-thoreau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newrepublic2-160"><a href="#cite_ref-newrepublic2_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohn2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Hohn, Donovan (October 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026134755/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/123162/everybody-hates-henry-david-thoreau">"Everybody Hates Henry"</a>. New Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/123162/everybody-hates-henry-david-thoreau">the original</a> on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Republic&rft.atitle=Everybody+Hates+Henry&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.aulast=Hohn&rft.aufirst=Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F123162%2Feverybody-hates-henry-david-thoreau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Aulus Persius Flaccus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">A Walk to Wachusett</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Paradise (to be) Regained</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.library.cornell.edu/moa_new/browse.html?frames=1&cite=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AGD1642-0013-6&coll=moa&root=/moa/usde/usde0013/&tif=00445.TIF&view=100">"Browse | Cornell University Library Making of America Collection"</a>. collections.library.cornell.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.library.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Browse+%26%23124%3B+Cornell+University+Library+Making+of+America+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.library.cornell.edu%2Fmoa_new%2Fbrowse.html%3Fframes%3D1%26cite%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DAGD1642-0013-6%26coll%3Dmoa%26root%3D%2Fmoa%2Fusde%2Fusde0013%2F%26tif%3D00445.TIF%26view%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Herald of Freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Thomas Carlyle and His Works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?title=A+Week+on+the+Concord+and+Merrimack+Rivers&tmode=start&c=x">"A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers from Project Gutenberg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073558/https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?title=A+Week+on+the+Concord+and+Merrimack+Rivers&tmode=start&c=x">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Week+on+the+Concord+and+Merrimack+Rivers+from+Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fbook%2Fsearch%3Ftitle%3DA%2BWeek%2Bon%2Bthe%2BConcord%2Band%2BMerrimack%2BRivers%26tmode%3Dstart%26c%3Dx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeabodyEmersonHawthorneThoreau1849" class="citation book cs1">Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer; Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Hawthorne, Nathaniel; Thoreau, Henry David (January 1, 1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticpapers00peabrich">Aesthetic papers</a>. Boston, : The editor; New York, : G.P. Putnam – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+papers&rft.pub=Boston%2C+%3A+The+editor%3B+New+York%2C+%3A+G.P.+Putnam&rft.date=1849-01-01&rft.aulast=Peabody&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Palmer&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Ralph+Waldo&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Thoreau%2C+Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faestheticpapers00peabrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/A_Yankee_in_Canada">A Yankee in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617002714/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/A_Yankee_in_Canada">Archived</a> June 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Slavery in Massachusetts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Walden">Walden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926152652/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Walden">Archived</a> September 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-173"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_173-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">After the Death of John Brown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Thoreau&amode=words&title=Walking&tmode=start&c=x">"Walking"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073511/https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Thoreau&amode=words&title=Walking&tmode=start&c=x">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fbook%2Fsearch%3Fauthor%3DThoreau%26amode%3Dwords%26title%3DWalking%26tmode%3Dstart%26c%3Dx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Autumnal Tints</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222023007/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Essays">Archived</a> December 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4066">"Wild Apples, from Project Gutenberg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226192031/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4066">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Apples%2C+from+Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fgutbook%2Flookup%3Fnum%3D4066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_David_ThoreauBradford_TorreyFranklin_Benjamin_Sanborn1863" class="citation book cs1">Henry David Thoreau; Bradford Torrey; Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407">The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Excursions, translations, and poems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Publishing">The Riverside Press, Cambridge</a>. pp. 407–408. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235017/https://books.google.com/books?id=wpA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Henry+David+Thoreau%3A+Excursions%2C+translations%2C+and+poems&rft.pages=407-408&rft.pub=The+Riverside+Press%2C+Cambridge&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Henry+David+Thoreau&rft.au=Bradford+Torrey&rft.au=Franklin+Benjamin+Sanborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwpA9AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1863" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/excursionhenry00thorrich">Excursions</a>. Boston: Ticknor and Fields – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excursions&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexcursionhenry00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0012-65">"The Atlantic Monthly Volume 0012 Issue 71 (September 1863)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707023632/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0012-65">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly+Volume+0012+Issue+71+%28September+1863%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABK2934-0012-65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0012-77">"The Atlantic Monthly Volume 0012 Issue 72 (November 1863)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708171335/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0012-77">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly+Volume+0012+Issue+72+%28November+1863%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABK2934-0012-77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-u_of_adelaide-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-u_of_adelaide_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-u_of_adelaide_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-u_of_adelaide_182-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824024207/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/thoreau/henry_david/">"Henry David Thoreau, 1817–1862"</a>. ebooks.adelaide.edu. The University of Adelaide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/thoreau/henry_david/">the original</a> on August 24, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebooks.adelaide.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau%2C+1817%E2%80%931862&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Ft%2Fthoreau%2Fhenry_david%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/mewoods.html">The Maine Woods</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080811060820/http://thoreau.eserver.org/mewoods.html">Archived</a> August 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from The Thoreau Reader </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauThoreauChanning1864" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Thoreau, Sophia E.; Channing, William Ellery (January 1, 1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mainewoods00thorrich">The Maine woods</a>. Boston, Ticknor and Fields – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maine+woods&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.date=1864-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Thoreau%2C+Sophia+E.&rft.au=Channing%2C+William+Ellery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmainewoods00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-185"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenat" class="citation web cs1">Lenat, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/capecd00.html">"Thoreau's Cape Cod – an annotated edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822133026/http://thoreau.eserver.org/capecd00.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thoreau%27s+Cape+Cod+%E2%80%93+an+annotated+edition&rft.aulast=Lenat&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthoreau.eserver.org%2Fcapecd00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1865" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David (January 1, 1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersvarpersons00thorrich">Letters to various persons</a>. Boston : Ticknor and Fields – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+various+persons&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.date=1865-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersvarpersons00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1866" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David (January 1, 1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yankeeincanada00thorrich">A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-slavery and reform papers</a>. Boston, Ticknor and Fields – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Yankee+in+Canada%2C+with+Anti-slavery+and+reform+papers&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.date=1866-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyankeeincanada00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauBlake1884" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Blake, H. G. O. (Harrison Gray Otis) (January 1, 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/summerjournal00thorrich">Summer : from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau</a>. London : T. Fisher Unwin – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summer+%3A+from+the+Journal+of+Henry+D.+Thoreau&rft.pub=London+%3A+T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1884-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Blake%2C+H.+G.+O.+%28Harrison+Gray+Otis%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsummerjournal00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauBlake1888" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Blake, H. G. O. (January 1, 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winterjournal00thorrich">Winter : from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau</a>. Boston : Houghton, Mifflin – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winter+%3A+from+the+Journal+of+Henry+D.+Thoreau&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1888-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Blake%2C+H.+G.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinterjournal00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauBlake1892" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Blake, Harrison Gray Otis (December 3, 1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autumnjournal00thorrich">Autumn. From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau</a>. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autumn.+From+the+Journal+of+Henry+D.+Thoreau&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1892-12-03&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Blake%2C+Harrison+Gray+Otis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautumnjournal00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walden.org/work/cape-cod/">Miscellanies</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauSanborn1894" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin) (January 1, 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familiarletters00thorrich">Familiar letters of Henry David Thoreau</a>. Boston : Houghton, Mifflin – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+letters+of+Henry+David+Thoreau&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1894-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+F.+B.+%28Franklin+Benjamin%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamiliarletters00thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauBibliophile_Society_(BostonBibliophile_Society_(BostonSanborn1905" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Bibliophile Society (Boston, Mass ); Bibliophile Society (Boston, Mass ); Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin) (January 1, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstlastjourneys01thorrich">The first and last journeys of Thoreau : lately discovered among his unpublished journals and manuscripts</a>. Boston : Printed exclusively for members of the Bibliophile Society – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+and+last+journeys+of+Thoreau+%3A+lately+discovered+among+his+unpublished+journals+and+manuscripts&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Printed+exclusively+for+members+of+the+Bibliophile+Society&rft.date=1905-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Bibliophile+Society+%28Boston%2C+Mass+%29&rft.au=Bibliophile+Society+%28Boston%2C+Mass+%29&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+F.+B.+%28Franklin+Benjamin%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstlastjourneys01thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreauBibliophile_Society_(BostonBibliophile_Society_(Boston)Sanborn1905" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David; Bibliophile Society (Boston, Mass ); Bibliophile Society (Boston), Mass ); Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin) (January 1, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstlastjourneys02thorrich">The first and last journeys of Thoreau : lately discovered among his unpublished journals and manuscripts</a>. Boston : Printed exclusively for members of the Bibliophile Society – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+and+last+journeys+of+Thoreau+%3A+lately+discovered+among+his+unpublished+journals+and+manuscripts&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Printed+exclusively+for+members+of+the+Bibliophile+Society&rft.date=1905-01-01&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft.au=Bibliophile+Society+%28Boston%2C+Mass+%29&rft.au=Bibliophile+Society+%28Boston%29%2C+Mass+%29&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+F.+B.+%28Franklin+Benjamin%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstlastjourneys02thorrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Journal">The Journal of Henry D. Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505210829/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Journal">Archived</a> May 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau:_The_Digital_Collection/Correspondence">The Correspondence of Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617003655/http://www.walden.org/Library/The_Writings_of_Henry_David_Thoreau%3A_The_Digital_Collection/Correspondence">Archived</a> June 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Writings of Henry David Thoreau: The Digital Collection </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/184857">"I Was Made Erect and Lone"</a>. December 3, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215180100/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/184857">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Was+Made+Erect+and+Lone&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoem%2F184857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRastogi2015" class="citation web cs1">Rastogi, Gaurav (May 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@alpharust/the-bluebird-carries-the-sky-on-his-back-ac96daf58a4d">"The bluebird carries the sky on his back"</a>. Medium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115123427/https://medium.com/@alpharust/the-bluebird-carries-the-sky-on-his-back-ac96daf58a4d">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+bluebird+carries+the+sky+on+his+back&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.aulast=Rastogi&rft.aufirst=Gaurav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40alpharust%2Fthe-bluebird-carries-the-sky-on-his-back-ac96daf58a4d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1996" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithinseeddispe00thor">Faith in a Seed: The Dispersion of Seeds and Other Late Natural History Writings</a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559631822" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559631822"><bdi>978-1559631822</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+in+a+Seed%3A+The+Dispersion+of+Seeds+and+Other+Late+Natural+History+Writings&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1559631822&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithinseeddispe00thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau2000" class="citation book cs1">Thoreau, Henry David (2000). Bradley P. Dean (ed.). Wild fruits: Thoreau's rediscovered last manuscript (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04751-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04751-2"><bdi>0-393-04751-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41404600">41404600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+fruits%3A+Thoreau%27s+rediscovered+last+manuscript&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41404600&rft.isbn=0-393-04751-2&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard" class="citation web cs1">Richard, Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cabinetmagazine.org/issues/23/richard.php">"Thoreau's "Wild Fruits" | Frances Richard"</a>. cabinetmagazine.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424050556/https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/23/richard.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cabinetmagazine.org&rft.atitle=Thoreau%27s+%22Wild+Fruits%22+%7C+Frances+Richard&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcabinetmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F23%2Frichard.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Balthrop‐Lewis, Alda. "Exemplarist Environmental Ethics: Thoreau's Political Ascetism against Solution Thinking." Journal of Religious Ethics 47.3 (2019): 525–550.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bode" title="Carl Bode">Bode, Carl</a>. Best of Thoreau's Journals. Southern Illinois University Press. 1967.</li> <li>Botkin, Daniel. No Man's Garden</li> <li>Buell, Lawrence. The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (Harvard UP, 1995)</li> <li>Cafaro, Philip. Thoreau's Living Ethics: "Walden" and the Pursuit of Virtue (U of Georgia Press, 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov, Frank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/5033/The-Disarming-Honesty-of-Henry-David-Thoreau">The Disarming Honesty of Henry David Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914003039/https://mises.org/daily/5033/The-Disarming-Honesty-of-Henry-David-Thoreau">Archived</a> September 14, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Conrad, Randall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/whowhy.html">Who He Was & Why He Matters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012062735/http://thoreau.eserver.org/whowhy.html">Archived</a> October 12, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cramer, Jeffrey S. Solid Seasons: The Friendship of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson (Counterpoint Press, 2019).</li> <li>Dean, Bradley P. ed., Letters to a Spiritual Seeker. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.</li> <li>Finley, James S., ed. Henry David Thoreau in Context (Cambridge UP, 2017).</li> <li>Furtak, Rick, Ellsworth, Jonathan, and Reid, James D., eds. Thoreau's Importance for Philosophy. New York: Fordham University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Gionfriddo, Michael. "Thoreau, the Work of Breathing, and Building Castles in the Air: Reading Walden's 'Conclusion'." The Concord Saunterer 25 (2017): 49–90 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44652797">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417023523/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44652797">Archived</a> April 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Guhr, Sebastian. Mr. Lincoln & Mr. Thoreau. S. Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2021.</li> <li>Harding, Walter. The Days of Henry Thoreau. Princeton University Press, 1982.</li> <li>Hendrick, George. "The Influence of Thoreau's 'Civil Disobedience' on Gandhi's Satyagraha." The New England Quarterly 29, no. 4 (December 1956). 462–471.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Scott (2019). "Walden Pond as Thoreau's Landscape of Genius". Nineteenth-Century Literature. 74 (2): 224–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fncl.2019.74.2.224">10.1525/ncl.2019.74.2.224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-9356">0891-9356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204481348">204481348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Literature&rft.atitle=Walden+Pond+as+Thoreau%27s+Landscape+of+Genius&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-250&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204481348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-9356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fncl.2019.74.2.224&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Howarth, William. The Book of Concord: Thoreau's Life as a Writer. Viking Press, 1982</li> <li>Judd, Richard W. Finding Thoreau: The Meaning of Nature in the Making of an Environmental Icon (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Finding-Thoreau-Meaning-Nature-Environmental/dp/1625343884/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723101739/https://www.amazon.com/Finding-Thoreau-Meaning-Nature-Environmental/dp/1625343884">Archived</a> July 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>McGregor, Robert Kuhn. A Wider View of the Universe: Henry Thoreau's Study of Nature (U of Illinois Press, 1997).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Russell_Marble" title="Annie Russell Marble">Marble, Annie Russell</a>. Thoreau: His Home, Friends and Books. New York: AMS Press. 1969 [1902]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Myerson" title="Joel Myerson">Myerson, Joel</a> et al. The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau. Cambridge University Press. 1995</li> <li>Nash, Roderick. Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher</li> <li>Paolucci, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16692328/The_Foundations_of_Thoreaus_Castles_in_the_Air_">"The Foundations of Thoreau's 'Castles in the Air'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827194255/https://www.academia.edu/16692328/The_Foundations_of_Thoreaus_Castles_in_the_Air_">Archived</a> August 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thoreau Society Bulletin, No. 290 (Summer 2015), 10. (See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25773131/Stefano_Paolucci_The_Foundations_of_Thoreaus_Castles_in_the_Air_Full_Uncensored_Version_">Full Unedited Version</a> of the same article.)</li> <li>Parrington, Vernon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/parrington/vol2/bk03_03_ch03.html">Main Current in American Thought</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901091713/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/Parrington/vol2/bk03_03_ch03.html">Archived</a> September 1, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. V 2 online. 1927</li> <li>Parrington, Vernon L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/currents.html">Henry Thoreau: Transcendental Economist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612042458/http://thoreau.eserver.org/currents.html">Archived</a> June 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Petroski, Henry. "H. D. Thoreau, Engineer." American Heritage of Invention and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 8–16</li> <li>Petrulionis, Sandra Harbert, ed., Thoreau in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn From Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60938-087-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-60938-087-8">1-60938-087-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Richardson" title="Robert D. Richardson">Richardson, Robert D.</a> Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06346-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06346-5">0-520-06346-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggenbach2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Riggenbach, Jeff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Thoreau, Henry David (1817–1862)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California" title="Thousand Oaks, California">Thousand Oaks, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 506–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n309">10.4135/9781412965811.n309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100756/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC%2F">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thoreau%2C+Henry+David+%281817%E2%80%931862%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=506-507&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n309&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Riggenbach&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggenbach2010" class="citation journal cs1">Riggenbach, Jeff (July 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/4562/Henry-David-Thoreau-Founding-Father-of-American-Libertarian-Thought">"Henry David Thoreau: Founding Father of American Libertarian Thought"</a>. Mises Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914000502/https://mises.org/daily/4562/Henry-David-Thoreau-Founding-Father-of-American-Libertarian-Thought">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Daily&rft.atitle=Henry+David+Thoreau%3A+Founding+Father+of+American+Libertarian+Thought&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Riggenbach&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F4562%2FHenry-David-Thoreau-Founding-Father-of-American-Libertarian-Thought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ridl, Jack. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.scintillapress.com/moose-indian.html">Moose. Indian.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827194541/https://www.facebook.com/v2.3/plugins/share_button.php?app_id=249643311490&channel=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticxx.facebook.com%2Fx%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2F%3Fversion%3D46%23cb%3Df1bcdc517dd912c%26domain%3Dmagazine.scintillapress.com%26is_canvas%3Dfalse%26origin%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fmagazine.scintillapress.com%252Ff3686018c8f8d2%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=0&href=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.scintillapress.com%2Fmoose-indian.html&layout=button_count&locale=en_US&sdk=joey">Archived</a> August 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Scintilla (poem on Thoreau's last words)</li> <li>Schneider, Richard Civilizing Thoreau: Human Ecology and the Emerging Social Sciences in the Major Works <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. Camden House. 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-960-3">978-1-57113-960-3</a></li> <li>Smith, David C. "The Transcendental Saunterer: Thoreau and the Search for Self." <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>: Frederic C. Beil, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913720-74-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-913720-74-7">0-913720-74-7</a></li> <li>Sullivan, Mark W. "Henry David Thoreau in the American Art of the 1950s." The Concord Saunterer: A Journal of Thoreau Studies, New Series, Vol. 18 (2010), pp. 68–89.</li> <li>Sullivan, Mark W. Picturing Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau in American Visual Culture. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: Lexington Books, 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._Tauber" title="Alfred I. Tauber">Tauber, Alfred I</a>. Henry David Thoreau and the Moral Agency of Knowing. University of California, Berkeley. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23915-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23915-6">0-520-23915-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/thoreau/">Henry David Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121233/http://www.iep.utm.edu/thoreau/">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thoreau/">Henry David Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204075542/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thoreau/">Archived</a> December 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li>Thorson, Robert M. The Boatman: Henry David Thoreau's River Years (Harvard UP, 2017), on his scientific study of the Concord River in the late 1850s.</li> <li>Thorson, Robert M. Walden's Shore: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-Century Science (2015).</li> <li>Thorson, Robert M. The Guide to Walden Pond: An Exploration of the History, Nature, Landscape, and Literature of One of America's Most Iconic Places (2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraub2015" class="citation journal cs1">Traub, Courtney (2015). "'First-Rate Fellows': Excavating Thoreau's Radical Egalitarian Reflections in a Late Draft of "Allegash"". The Concord Saunterer: A Journal of Thoreau Studies. 23: 74–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concord+Saunterer%3A+A+Journal+of+Thoreau+Studies&rft.atitle=%27First-Rate+Fellows%27%3A+Excavating+Thoreau%27s+Radical+Egalitarian+Reflections+in+a+Late+Draft+of+%22Allegash%22&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=74-96&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Traub&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+David+Thoreau" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Walls" title="Laura Walls">Walls, Laura Dassow</a>. Seeing New Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and 19th Century Science. University of Wisconsin. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-14744-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-14744-4">0-299-14744-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Walls" title="Laura Walls">Walls, Laura Dassow</a>. Henry David Thoreau: A Life. The University of Chicago Press. 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34469-0">978-0-226-34469-0</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Ward_(professor)" title="John William Ward (professor)">Ward, John William</a>. 1969 Red, White, and Blue: Men, Books, and Ideas in American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" class="extiw" title="commons:Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thoreau,_Henry_David" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thoreau, Henry David">Thoreau, Henry David</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Henry David Thoreau <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Henry+David+Thoreau&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Henry+David+Thoreau">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Henry+David+Thoreau&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Henry David Thoreau <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Henry+David+Thoreau&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Henry+David+Thoreau">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Henry+David+Thoreau&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoreausociety.org/">The Thoreau Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.ucsb.edu/thoreau/">The Thoreau Edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?164015-1/writings-emerson-thoreau">"Writings of Emerson and Thoreau"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Texts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau">Works by Henry David Thoreau in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/54">Works by Henry David Thoreau</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20D.">Works by Henry D. Thoreau</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20H%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20David%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20David%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20David%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20H%2E%20D%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20H%2E%20David%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20David%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20David%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20D%2E%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20David%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%20D%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20Thoreau%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thoreau%2C%20Henry%22%29%20OR%20%28%221817-1862%22%20AND%20Thoreau%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Henry David Thoreau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/371">Works by Henry David Thoreau</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/search?q=henry+david+thoreau&author_key=OL19690A">Works by Thoreau</a> at Open Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poems/45769">Poems by Thoreau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019154300/https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poems/45769">Archived</a> October 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Academy of American Poets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoreau.eserver.org/">The Thoreau Reader</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060405032000/http://thoreau.eserver.org/">Archived</a> April 5, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thoreau_Society" title="Thoreau Society">The Thoreau Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walden.org/thoreau/the-writings-of-henry-david-thoreau-the-digital-collection/">The Writings of Henry David Thoreau</a> at The Walden Woods Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_Surveys/Thoreau_Surveys.htm">Scans of Thoreau's Land Surveys</a> at the Concord Free Public Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoreau-online.org/">Henry David Thoreau Online</a> – The Works and Life of Henry D. Thoreau</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henry_David_Thoreau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Template:Henry David Thoreau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Template talk:Henry David Thoreau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Henry David Thoreau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henry_David_Thoreau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry David Thoreau</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Category:Books by Henry David Thoreau">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Week_on_the_Concord_and_Merrimack_Rivers" title="A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers">A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a> (1854)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg/100px-Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg/150px-Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg/200px-Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a> (1859)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Essays_by_Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Category:Essays by Henry David Thoreau">Essays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Service" title="The Service">The Service</a>" (1840)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walk_to_Wachusett" title="A Walk to Wachusett">A Walk to Wachusett</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Paradise_(to_be)_Regained" title="Paradise (to be) Regained">Paradise (to be) Regained</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_(essay)" title="Sir Walter Raleigh (essay)">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Herald_of_Freedom_(essay)" title="Herald of Freedom (essay)">Herald of Freedom</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips_Before_the_Concord_Lyceum" title="Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum">Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reform_and_the_Reformers" title="Reform and the Reformers">Reform and the Reformers</a>" (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_and_His_Works" title="Thomas Carlyle and His Works">Thomas Carlyle and His Works</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Resistance to Civil Government (Civil Disobedience)</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="Slavery in Massachusetts">Slavery in Massachusetts</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a> (1860)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Walking_(Thoreau)" title="Walking (Thoreau)">Walking</a>" (1861)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life_Without_Principle" title="Life Without Principle">Life Without Principle</a>" (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursions_(anthology)" title="Excursions (anthology)">Excursions anthology</a> (1863)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoreau_Society" title="Thoreau Society">Thoreau Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Writings_of_Henry_D._Thoreau" title="The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau">The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse" title="Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse">Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse</a> (birthplace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoreau%E2%80%93Alcott_House" title="Thoreau–Alcott House">Thoreau–Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_Museum" title="Concord Museum">Concord Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Pond" title="Walden Pond">Walden Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Woods_Project" title="Walden Woods Project">Walden Woods Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Thoreau_Spent_in_Jail" title="The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail">The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail</a> (1969 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoreau:_A_Sublime_Life" title="Thoreau: A Sublime Life">Thoreau: A Sublime Life</a> (2012 comic book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li>Thoreau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)">Harijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a>) (<a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00344779?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500229765">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/47c0ed92-ba15-468c-ae77-4f9426297a82">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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