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<span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-al-Muqaddima_and_the_rest_of_Kitāb_al-ʻIbar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#al-Muqaddima_and_the_rest_of_Kitāb_al-ʻIbar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>al-Muqaddima</i> and the rest of <i>Kitāb al-ʻIbar</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-al-Muqaddima_and_the_rest_of_Kitāb_al-ʻIbar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Social thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religious thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Minor works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Modern historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Public recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Non-English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chaldun" title="Ibn Chaldun – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ibn Chaldun" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%BB%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B1%E1%8A%95" title="እብን ኻልዱን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እብን ኻልዱን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Jaldún – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ibn Jaldún" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Jaldún – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ibn Jaldún" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_X%C9%99ldun" title="İbn Xəldun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Xəldun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="ইবনে খালদুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে খালদুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Ибн Хәлдүн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ибн Хәлдүн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Хальдун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Хальдун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ібн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="इब्न खाल्दून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इब्न खाल्दून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Haldun" title="Ibn-Haldun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ibn-Haldun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Chaldún – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ibn Chaldún" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="بن خلدون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بن خلدون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Chaldūn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn Chaldūn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A8_%DE%9A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިބްނި ޚަލްދޫން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިބްނި ޚަލްދޫން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Khaldūn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibn Khaldūn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Jaldún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn Jaldún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_%C4%A4aldun" title="Ibn Ĥaldun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ibn Ĥaldun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn Khaldoun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C3%BBn" title="Ibn Chaldûn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ibn Chaldûn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Khaldún – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ibn Khaldún" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%AE%A2%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·客敦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊本·客敦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%ED%95%A0%EB%91%94" title="이븐 할둔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 할둔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kaldun" title="Ibn Kaldun – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Kaldun" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իբն Խալդուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իբն Խալդուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="इब्न खल्दून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न खल्दून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ibn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אבן ח'לדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן ח'לדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ხალდუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ ხალდუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ibn Khaldoun" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Xeld%C3%BBn" title="Îbn Xeldûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Xeldûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldunus" title="Ibn Khaldunus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ibn Khaldunus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hald%C5%ABns" title="Ibn Haldūns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ibn Haldūns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABnas" title="Ibn Chaldūnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ibn Chaldūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Khaldún – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibn Khaldún" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ibn Khaldoun" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇബ്നു ഖൽദൂൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്നു ഖൽദൂൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ხალდუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბნ ხალდუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="イブン・ハルドゥーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・ハルドゥーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Хальдун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ибн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Khaldūn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn Khaldūn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xaldun" title="Ibn Xaldun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਇਬਨ ਖ਼ਲਦੂਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਨ ਖ਼ਲਦੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABn" title="Ibn Chaldūn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ibn Chaldūn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chaldun" title="Ibn Chaldun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ibn Chaldun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιμπν Χαλντούν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibne_Caldune" title="Ibne Caldune – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibne Caldune" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Haldun" title="İbn Haldun – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İbn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Халдун – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ібн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Хальдун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱩᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱫᱩᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Halduni" title="Ibn Halduni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn Halduni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C3%BAn" title="Ibn Chaldún – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ibn Chaldún" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ibn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khalduun" title="Ibn Khalduun – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibn Khalduun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئیبن خەلدوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن خەلدوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இப்னு கல்தூன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்னு கல்தூன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xaldun" title="Ibn Xaldun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ibn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xeldun" title="Ibn Xeldun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ibn Xeldun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибн Халдун – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ибн Халдун" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86_%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇబ్నె ఖుల్దూన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇబ్నె ఖుల్దూన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อิบน์ ค็อลดูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิบน์ ค็อลดูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ибни Халдун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Халдун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Haldun" title="İbn Haldun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Haldun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ібн Хальдун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ібн Хальдун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="ابن خلدون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن خلدون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Xhaldoun" title="Ben Xhaldoun – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ben Xhaldoun" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊本·赫勒敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="איבן כאלדון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבן כאלדון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ibn Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊本·赫勒敦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Xaldun" title="İbn Xaldun – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İbn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Chald%C5%ABns" title="Ibn Chaldūns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ibn Chaldūns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊本·赫勒敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Haldun" title="Ibnu Haldun – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibnu Haldun" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Khaldun" title="Ibnu Khaldun – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibnu Khaldun" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Xaldun" title="Ibn Xaldun – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ibn Xaldun" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the horse, see <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun_(horse)" title="Ibn Khaldun (horse)">Ibn Khaldun (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ibn Khaldun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_(Casbah_of_Bejaia,_Algeria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Ibn_Khaldun_%28Casbah_of_Bejaia%2C_Algeria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="4168" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bust of Ibn Khaldun in the entrance of the Kasbah of Bejaia, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1332<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Sultanate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1406<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1406-03-18</span>)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable idea(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation#Conflict_theories" title="State formation">Conquest theory of state formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Cyclical theory of empires</a></li> <li>Economic growth theory<sup id="cite_ref-Muqaddimah_2_1995_p_30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muqaddimah_2_1995_p_30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a><sup id="cite_ref-MPhilosophy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPhilosophy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maydan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maydan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a><sup id="cite_ref-maydan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maydan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-din_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr al-din al-Razi">Al-Razi</a><sup id="cite_ref-maydan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maydan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At-Turtushi" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Turtushi">At-Turtushi</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd</a><sup id="cite_ref-maydan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maydan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina</a><sup id="cite_ref-maydan_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maydan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Ibn Jarir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_ibn_al-Sakkak" title="Abu Yahya ibn al-Sakkak">Ibn al-Sakkak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_al-Din_bin_Ghurab" title="Saad al-Din bin Ghurab">Ibn Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Azraq" title="Ibn al-Azraq">Ibn al-Azraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naima" title="Mustafa Naima">Mustafa Naima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">20th-century traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Toynbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Orowan" title="Egon Orowan">Orowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Amel" title="Mahdi Amel">Amel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ibn Khaldun</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">IH</span>-bun hal-<span style="font-size:90%">DOON</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي</span>, <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī</i></i></span>, <small>Arabic:</small> <span class="IPA" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ibn xalduːn]</a></span>; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) was an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barakat1993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barakat1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IslamEncyc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IslamEncyc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndSociology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndSociology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economics_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economics-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His best-known book, the <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></i> or <i>Prolegomena</i> ("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naima" title="Mustafa Naima">Mustafa Naima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet Pasha</a>, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Khaldun interacted with <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. </p><p>He has been called one of the most prominent Muslim and Arab scholars and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> as well as the economists <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, suggesting that their ideas found precedent (although not direct influence) in his. He has also been influential on certain modern Islamic thinkers (e.g. those of the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist school">traditionalist school</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TCCKhaldun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TCCKhaldun.jpg/200px-TCCKhaldun.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TCCKhaldun.jpg/300px-TCCKhaldun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TCCKhaldun.jpg/400px-TCCKhaldun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Khaldun – Life-size bronze bust sculpture of Ibn Khaldun that is part of the collection at the Arab American National Museum (Catalog Number 2010.02). Commissioned by The Tunisian Community Center and Created by Patrick Morelli of Albany, NY in 2009. It was inspired by the statue of Ibn Khaldun erected at the Avenue Habib Bourguiba in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا</span></span>, <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan</i></span></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East</i>) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word. </p><p>Abū Zayd 'Abdu r-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, was born in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> in AD 1332 (732 <a href="/wiki/Anno_hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno hegirae">AH</a>) into an upper-class <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> family of Arab descent;<sup id="cite_ref-Barakat1993_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barakat1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IslamEncyc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IslamEncyc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the family's ancestor was a <a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a> who shared kinship with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%27il_ibn_Hujr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wa'il ibn Hujr (page does not exist)">Wa'il ibn Hujr</a>, a companion of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. His family, which held many high offices in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, had emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> in AD 1248. Although some of his family members had held political office in the Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a>, his father and grandfather later withdrew from political life and joined a <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">mystical order</a>. His brother, Yahya Khaldun, was also a <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> who wrote a book on the <a href="/wiki/Abdalwadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdalwadid">Abdalwadid</a> dynasty and was assassinated by a rival for being the official <a href="/wiki/Historiographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographer">historiographer</a> of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his autobiography, Khaldun traces his descent back to the time of Muhammad through an Arab tribe from the south of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>, which came to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 8th century, at the beginning of the Islamic conquest: "And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Arabian Peninsula, via Wa'il ibn Hujr also known as <a href="/wiki/Hujr_ibn_%27Adi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujr ibn 'Adi">Hujr ibn 'Adi</a>, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected." (p. 2429, Al-Waraq's edition). </p><p>Ibn Khaldun's insistence and attachment to his claim of Arab ancestry at a time of Berber dynasties domination is a valid reason to believe his claim of Arab descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Hozien_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hozien-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with prominent teachers in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. He received a classical <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Islamic education</a>, studying the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which he <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">memorized by heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic linguistics</a>; the basis for understanding the Qur'an, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (law) and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (jurisprudence). He received certification (<a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazah</a>) for all of those subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mathematician and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Abili" title="Al-Abili">Al-Abili</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>, and he studied especially the works of <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr al-Din Razi">Razi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Tusi</a>. At the age of 17, Ibn Khaldūn lost both his parents to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, an intercontinental <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a> that hit Tunis in 1348–1349.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following family tradition, he strove for a political career. In the face of a tumultuous political situation in North Africa, that required a high degree of skill in developing and dropping alliances prudently to avoid falling with the short-lived regimes of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Khaldūn's autobiography is the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Special:EditPage/Ibn Khaldun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg/220px-Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg/330px-Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg/440px-Dar_Ibn_Khaldoun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Birth home of Ibn Khaldun at <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tunisia588.jpg/220px-Tunisia588.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tunisia588.jpg/330px-Tunisia588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tunisia588.jpg/440px-Tunisia588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The mosque in which Ibn Khaldun studied</figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of 20, he began his political career in the chancellery of the Tunisian ruler Ibn Tafrakin with the position of <i>Kātib al-'Alāmah</i> (seal-bearer),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consisted of writing in fine <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> the typical introductory notes of official documents. In 1352, Abū Ziad, the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, marched on Tunis and defeated it. Ibn Khaldūn, in any case unhappy with his respected but politically meaningless position, followed his teacher Abili to <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>. There, the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> sultan, Abū Inan Fares I, appointed him as a writer of royal proclamations, but Ibn Khaldūn still schemed against his employer, which, in 1357, got the 25-year-old a 22-month prison sentence. Upon the death of Abū Inan in 1358, Vizier al-Hasān ibn-Umar granted him freedom and reinstated him to his rank and offices. Ibn Khaldūn then schemed against Abū Inan's successor, Abū Salem Ibrahim III, with Abū Salem's exiled uncle, Abū Salem. When Abū Salem came to power, he gave Ibn Khaldūn a ministerial position, the first position to correspond with Ibn Khaldūn's ambitions. </p><p>The treatment that Ibn Khaldun received after the fall of Abū Salem through Ibn-Amar ʻAbdullah, a friend of Ibn Khaldūn's, was not to his liking, as he received no significant official position. At the same time, Amar successfully prevented Ibn Khaldūn, whose political skills he knew well, from allying with the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Abd al-Wadids</a> in Tlemcen. Ibn Khaldūn, therefore, decided to move to <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. He could be sure of a positive welcome there since at Fez, he had helped the Sultan of Granada, the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_V_of_Granada" title="Muhammad V of Granada">Muhammad V</a>, regain power from his temporary exile. In 1364, Muhammad entrusted him with a diplomatic mission to the king of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro of Castile">Pedro the Cruel</a>, to endorse a peace treaty. Ibn Khaldūn successfully carried out this mission and politely declined Pedro's offer to remain at his court and have his family's Spanish possessions returned to him. </p><p>In Granada, Ibn Khaldūn quickly came into competition with Muhammad's vizier, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a>, who viewed the close relationship between Muhammad and Ibn Khaldūn with increasing mistrust. Ibn Khaldūn tried to shape the young Muhammad into his ideal of a wise ruler, an enterprise that Ibn al-Khatib thought foolish and a danger to peace in the country. As a result of al-Khatib's influence, Ibn Khaldūn was eventually sent back to North Africa. Al-Khatib himself was later accused by Muhammad of having unorthodox philosophical views and murdered despite an attempt by Ibn Khaldūn to intercede on behalf of his old rival. </p><p>In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldūn tells little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. Orientalist <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Mahdi" title="Muhsin Mahdi">Muhsin Mahdi</a> interprets that as showing that Ibn Khaldūn later realised that he had completely misjudged Muhammad V. </p><p>Back in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_Beja%C3%AFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids of Bejaïa">Hafsid</a> sultan of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, Abū ʻAbdallāh, who had been his companion in prison, received him with great enthusiasm and made Ibn Khaldūn his prime minister. Ibn Khaldūn carried out a daring mission to collect taxes among the local Berber tribes. After the death of Abū ʻAbdallāh in 1366, Ibn Khaldūn changed sides once again and allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Tlemcen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Tlemcen">Sultan of Tlemcen</a>, Abū l-Abbas. A few years later, he was taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Faris_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Faris Abdul Aziz">Abu Faris Abdul Aziz</a>, who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the throne. He then entered a monastic establishment and occupied himself with scholastic duties until 1370. In that year, he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan. After the death of ʻAbdu l-Azīz, he resided at Fez, enjoying the patronage and confidence of the regent. </p><p>Ibn Khaldūn's political skills and, above all, his good relationship with the wild Berber tribes were in high demand among the North African rulers, but he had begun to tire of politics and constantly switching allegiances. In 1375, he was sent by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_II" title="Abu Hammu II">Abū Hammu</a>, the Abd al-Wadid Sultan of Tlemcen, on a mission to the Dawadida Arabs tribes of Biskra. After his return to the West, Ibn Khaldūn sought refuge with one of the Berber tribes in the west of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Qalat_Ibn_Salama" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalat Ibn Salama">Qalat Ibn Salama</a>. He lived there for over three years under their protection, taking advantage of his seclusion to write the <i>Muqaddimah</i> "Prolegomena", the introduction to his planned history of the world. In Ibn Salama, however, he lacked the necessary texts to complete the work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in 1378, he returned to his native Tunis, which had meanwhile been conquered by Abū l-Abbas, who took Ibn Khaldūn back into his service. There, he devoted himself almost exclusively to his studies and completed his history of the world. His relationship with Abū l-Abbas remained strained, as the latter questioned his loyalty. That was brought into sharp contrast after Ibn Khaldūn presented him with a copy of the completed history that omitted the usual <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> to the ruler. Under pretence of going on the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, something for which a Muslim ruler could not simply refuse permission, Ibn Khaldūn was able to leave Tunis and to sail to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Special:EditPage/Ibn Khaldun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square,_Mohandesin,_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square%2C_Mohandesin%2C_Cairo.jpg/220px-Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square%2C_Mohandesin%2C_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square%2C_Mohandesin%2C_Cairo.jpg/330px-Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square%2C_Mohandesin%2C_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square%2C_Mohandesin%2C_Cairo.jpg/440px-Ibn_Khaldoun_Statue_and_Square%2C_Mohandesin%2C_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Khaldun Statue and Square, <a href="/wiki/Mohandessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandessin">Mohandessin</a>, Cairo</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Khaldun said of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, "He who has not seen it does not know the power of Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other Islamic regions had to cope with border wars and inner strife, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk Egypt</a> enjoyed prosperity and high culture. In 1384, the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir <a href="/wiki/Barquq" title="Barquq">Barquq</a>, made Khaldun professor of the <i>Qamhiyyah <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Madrasah</a></i> and appointed him as the Grand <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i> (one of four schools, the Maliki school was widespread primarily in <a href="/wiki/Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Africa">Western Africa</a>). His efforts at reform encountered resistance, however, and within a year, he had to resign his judgeship. Also in 1384, a ship carrying Khaldun's wife and children sank off of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. </p><p>After his return from a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage</a> to Mecca in May 1388, Ibn Khaldūn concentrated on teaching at various Cairo madrasas. At the Mamluk court he fell from favor because during revolts against Barquq, he had, apparently under duress, with other Cairo jurists, issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> against Barquq. Later relations with Barquq returned to normal, and he was once again named the Maliki <i>qadi</i>. Altogether, he was called six times to that high office, which, for various reasons, he never held long. </p><p>In 1401, under Barquq's successor, his son <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Faraj" title="An-Nasir Faraj">Faraj</a>, Ibn Khaldūn took part in a military campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> conqueror, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, who besieged <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1400)" title="Siege of Damascus (1400)">Damascus</a> in 1400. Ibn Khaldūn cast doubt upon the viability of the venture and really wanted to stay in Egypt. His doubts were vindicated, as the young and inexperienced Faraj, concerned about a revolt in Egypt, left his army to its own devices in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and hurried home. Ibn Khaldūn remained at the besieged city for seven weeks, being lowered over the city wall by ropes to negotiate with Timur, in a historic series of meetings that he reported extensively in his autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the Maghreb. At his request, Ibn Khaldūn even wrote a long report about it. As he recognized Timur's intentions, he did not hesitate, on his return to Egypt, to compose an equally-extensive report on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, together with a character study of Timur, sending them to the Merinid rulers in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>. </p><p>Ibn Khaldūn spent the next five years in Cairo completing his autobiography and his history of the world and acting as teacher and judge. Meanwhile, he was alleged to have joined an underground party, <i>Rijal Hawa Rijal</i>, whose <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reform</a>-oriented ideals attracted the attention of local political authorities. The elderly Ibn Khaldun was placed under arrest. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki <i>qadi</i> (Judge). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn,_al-Muqaddima,_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936,_f._7a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/220px-Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/330px-Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png/440px-Handwriting_of_Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn%2C_al-Muqaddima%2C_MS_At%C4%B1f_Efendi_1936%2C_f._7a.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Handwriting of Ibn Khaldūn certifying a manuscript copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddima" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddima">al-Muqaddima</a></i>, MS <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atif_Efendi_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atif Efendi Library (page does not exist)">Atif Efendi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:مكتبة عاطف أفندي">ar</a>]</span> 1936, f. 7a</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="al-Muqaddima_and_the_rest_of_Kitāb_al-ʻIbar"><span id="al-Muqaddima_and_the_rest_of_Kit.C4.81b_al-.CA.BBIbar"></span><i>al-Muqaddima</i> and the rest of <i>Kitāb al-ʻIbar</i></h3></div> <ul><li><i><b>Kitāb al-ʻIbar</b></i>, (full title: <i>Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār</i> "Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries"); begun as a history of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> and expanded to a <a href="/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)" title="Universal history (genre)">universal history</a> in seven books.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Book 1; <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Al-Muqaddima</a></i> ('The Introduction'), a socio-economic-geographical universal history of empires, and the best known of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Books 2–5; <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World History</a> up to the author's own time.</dd> <dd>Books 6–7; Historiography of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> and the Maghreb. Khaldun departs from the classical style of Arab historians<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by synthesising multiple, sometimes contradictory, sources without citations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reproduces some errors originating probably from his 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> source, the work <i><a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawḍ al-Qirṭās</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a>, yet <i>Al-'Ibar</i> remains an invaluable source of <a href="/wiki/Berber_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber history">Berber history</a>.</dd></dl> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Businesses owned by responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass those owned by wealthy rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><i><b>Ibn Khaldun on <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Concerning the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, he described the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the inevitable loss of power that occurs when warriors conquer a city. According to the Arab scholar <a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a>, the <i>Muqaddimah</i> may be read as a sociological work. The work is based around Ibn Khaldun's central concept of <i><a href="/wiki/%27a%E1%B9%A3abiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="'aṣabiyyah">'aṣabiyyah</a></i>, translated as "<a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">group cohesiveness</a>" or "solidarity".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion. Some of Ibn Khaldun's views, particularly those concerning the <i><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></i> people of sub-Saharan Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been cited as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they were not uncommon for their time. According to the scholar Abdelmajid Hannoum, Ibn Khaldun's description of the distinctions between <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> and Arabs were misinterpreted by the translator <a href="/wiki/William_McGuckin_de_Slane" title="William McGuckin de Slane">William McGuckin de Slane</a>, who wrongly inserted a "racial ideology that sets Arabs and Berbers apart and in opposition" into his translation of part of<i>`Ibar</i> translated under the title Histoire des Berbères.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most frequently cited observation drawn from Ibn Khaldūn's work is the notion that when a society becomes a great civilization, its high point is followed by a period of decay. This means that the next cohesive group that conquers the diminished civilization is, by comparison, a group of <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>. Once the barbarians solidify their control over the conquered society, however, they become attracted to its more refined aspects, such as literacy and arts, and either assimilate into or appropriate such cultural practices. Then, eventually, the former barbarians will be conquered by a new set of barbarians, who will repeat the process. </p><p>Georgetown University Professor <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Oweiss" title="Ibrahim Oweiss">Ibrahim Oweiss</a>, an economist and historian, argues that Ibn Khaldun was a major forerunner of modern economists and, in particular, originated the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> long before better known proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, although Khaldun did not refer to it as either a labor theory of value or theory.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun also called for the creation of a science to explain society and went on to outline these ideas in his major work, the <i>Muqaddimah</i>, which states that “Civilization and its well-being, as well as business prosperity, depend on productivity and people’s efforts in all directions in their own interest and profit”.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun diverged from norms that Muslim historians followed and rejected their focus on the credibility of the transmitter and focused instead on the validity of the stories and encouraged critical thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun also outlines early theories of division of labor, taxes, scarcity, and economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He argued that poverty was a result of the destruction of morality and human values. He also looked at what factors contribute to wealth, such as consumption, government, and investment. Khaldun also argued that poverty was not necessarily a result of poor financial decision-making but of external consequences and therefore the government should be involved in alleviating poverty. Researchers from Malaysia's Insaniah University College and Indonesia's Tazkia University College of Islamic Economics created a <a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">dynamics model</a> based upon Ibn Khaldun's writings to measure poverty in the Muslim nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun also believed that the currency of an Islamic monetary system should have <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intrinsic" class="extiw" title="wikt:intrinsic">intrinsic</a> value and therefore be made of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a>). He emphasized that the weight and purity of these coins should be strictly followed: the weight of one dinar should be one <i>mithqal</i> (the weight of 72 grains of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, roughly 4.25 grams) and the weight of 7 dinar should be equal to weight of 10 dirhams (7/10 of a <i>mithqal</i> or 2.96 grams).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun's writings regarding the division of labor are often compared to Adam Smith's writings on the topic. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The individual being cannot by himself obtain all the necessities of life. All human beings must co-operate to that end in their civilization. But what is obtained by the cooperation of a group of human beings satisfies the need of a number many times greater than themselves. For instance, no one by himself can obtain the share of the wheat he needs for food. But when six or ten persons, including a smith and a carpenter to make the tools, and others who are in charge of the oxen, the ploughing of, the harvesting of the ripe grain, and all other agricultural activities, undertake to obtain their food and work toward that purpose either separately or collectively and thus obtain through their labour a certain amount of food, that amount will be food for a number of people many times their own. The combined labour produces more than the needs and necessities of the workers (Ibn Khaldun 1958, vol. II 271–272)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one [pin production]; though, in many of them, the labour can either be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation. The division of labour, however, so far as it can be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour (Smith 1976a, vol. I, 13–24)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Both Ibn Khaldun and Smith shared the idea that the division of labor is fundamental to economic growth, however, the motivations and context for such division differed between them. For Ibn Khaldun, <i>asabiyyah</i> or social solidarity was the underlying motive and context behind the division of labor; for Smith it was self-interest and the market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_thought">Social thought</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Special:EditPage/Ibn Khaldun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. He further classified the non-religious sciences into intellectual sciences such as logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, etc. and auxiliary sciences such as language, literature, poetry, etc. He also suggested that possibly more divisions will appear in the future with different societies. He tried to adapt to all possible societies’ cultural behavior and influence in education, economics and politics. Nonetheless, he didn't think that laws were chosen by just one leader or a small group of individual but mostly by the majority of the individuals of a society.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Ibn Khaldun, the state was a necessity of human society to restrain injustice within the society, but the state means is force, thus itself an injustice. All societies must have a state governing them in order to establish a society. He attempted to standardize the history of societies by identifying ubiquitous phenomena present in all societies. To him, civilization was a phenomenon that will be present as long as humans exist. He characterized the fulfillment of basic needs as the beginning of civilization. At the beginning, people will look for different ways of increasing productivity of basic needs and expansion will occur. Later the society starts becoming more sedentary and focuses more on crafting, arts and the more refined characteristics. By the end of a society, it will weaken, allowing another small group of individuals to come into control. The conquering group is described as an unsatisfied group within the society itself or a group of desert bandits that constantly attack other weaker or weakened societies. </p><p>In the Muqaddimah, his most important work, he discusses an introduction of philosophy to history in a general manner, based on observable patterns within a theoretical framework of known historical events of his time. He described the beginnings, development, cultural trends and the fall of all societies, leading to the rise of a new society which would then follow the same trends in a continuous cycle. Also, he recommended the best political approaches to develop a society according to his knowledge of history. He heavily emphasized that a good society would be one in which a tradition of education is deeply rooted in its culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Khaldun (1987) introduced the word <i>asabiya</i> (solidarity, group feeling, or group consciousness), to explain tribalism. The concept of asabiya has been translated as "social cohesion," "group solidarity," or "tribalism." This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups (Rashed,2017). </p><p>Ibn Khaldun believed that too much bureaucracy, such as taxes and legislations, would lead to the decline of a society, since it would constrain the development of more specialized labor (increase in scholars and development of different services). He believed that bureaucrats cannot understand the world of commerce and do not possess the same motivation as a businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his work the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun emphasizes human beings' faculty to think (<i>fikr</i>) as what determines human behavior and ubiquitous patterns. This faculty is also what inspires human beings to form into a social structure to co-operate in division of labor and organization. According to Zaid Ahmand in <i>Epistemology and the Human Dimension in Urban Studies</i>, the <i>fikr</i> faculty is the supporting pillar for all philosophical aspects of Ibn Khaldun's theory related to human beings’ spiritual, intellectual, physical, social and political tendencies. </p><p>Another important concept he emphasizes in his work is the mastery of crafts, habits and skills. This takes place after a society is established and according to Ibn Khaldun the level of achievement of a society can be determined by just analyzing these three concepts. A society in its earliest stages is nomadic and primarily concerned with survival, while a society at a later stage is sedentary, with greater achievement in crafts. A society with a sedentary culture and stable politics would be expected to have greater achievements in crafts and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun also emphasized in his epistemology the important aspect that educational tradition plays to ensure the new generations of a civilization continuously improve in the sciences and develop culture. Ibn Khaldun argued that without the strong establishment of an educational tradition, it would be very difficult for the new generations to maintain the achievements of the earlier generations, let alone improve them. </p><p>Another way to distinguish the achievement of a society would be the language of a society, since for him the most important element of a society would not be land, but the language spoken. He was surprised that many non-Arabs were really successful in the Arabic society, had good jobs and were well received by the community. "These people were non-Arab by descent, but they grew up among the Arabs who possessed the habit of Arabic," Ibn Khaldun once recalled, "[b]ecause of this, they were able to master Arabic so well that they cannot be surpassed."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that the reason why non-Arabs were accepted as part of Arab society was due to their mastery of the Arabic language. </p><p>Advancements in literary works such as poems and prose were another way to distinguish the achievement of a civilization, but Ibn Khaldun believed that whenever the literary facet of a society reaches its highest levels it ceases to indicate societal achievements anymore, but is an embellishment of life. For logical sciences he established knowledge at its highest level as an increase of scholars and the quality of knowledge. For him the highest level of literary productions would be the manifestation of prose, poems and the artistic enrichment of a society.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_thought">Religious thought</h3></div> <p>Ibn Khaldun believes that communication between the tangible and intangible world is the basis of every <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and the credit for its occurrence is the human spirit, as it is the mediator between God and humans. It is immortal by nature and does not perish, and has characteristics that enable it to communicate with God. However, most souls have lost their hidden ability and are connected to the sensory world only. A small number of them still maintain their full ability to communicate with God. These are the ones God chose and they became <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a>, so their souls leave the sensory world to receive from God. Their souls abandon the sensory world in order to receive from God what they should convey to humans. Religions arise only from this connection. He believes that religions that rely on institutions of prediction and reconnaissance are false, but they partly contain some truth. A person’s concentration on a specific thing for a long period makes him forget everything and become attached to what he focused on. Only, this focus makes him see the non-sensory world very quickly and in a very imperfect way, and these are <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun agrees with <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and believes that if a person maintains his good faith and is stripped of the desire to create a new religion and strives to separate himself from the sensory world, he will be able to approach the divine essence and the ideas of scholars will appear to him clearly. But if he strives in this detachment and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> out of a desire to excel over others, he will not communicate with God, but with <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>. Also, the human spirit is able to see some things of the future through vision, but on the condition that this spirit be completely upright and very pious and pure, otherwise the vision will come from the devils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_works">Minor works</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ash%27ari" title="Category:Ash'ari">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg/260px-The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg/390px-The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg/520px-The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><small>Rock carved with <i><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:العقيدة المرشدة">al-'Aqida al-Murshida</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Kullabiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0F8FF; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris" title="List of Ash'aris">Eminent scholars</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background: #fdfdfd; width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">3rd AH/9th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> <small>(d. 324/936)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafif" title="Ibn Khafif">Ibn Khafif</a> <small>(d. 371/982)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">4th AH/10th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a> <small>(d. 403/1013)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a> <small>(d. 406/1015)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfarayini" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini</a> <small>(d. 418/1027)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Qahir_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi">'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi</a> <small>(d. 429/1037)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Imran_al-Fasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu 'Imran al-Fasi">Abu 'Imran al-Fasi</a> <small>(d. 430/1038-9)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Harawi" title="Abu Dharr al-Harawi">Abu Dharr al-Harawi</a> <small>(d. 434/1043)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> <small>(d. 450/1058)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a> <small>(d. 458/1066)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> <small>(d. 463/1071)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a> <small>(d. 465/1072)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a> <small>(d. 474/1081)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shirazi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi">Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi</a> <small>(d. 476/1083)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a> <small>(d. 478/1085)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">5th AH/11th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a> <small>(d. 502/1108)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(d. 505/1111)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Ansari" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari">Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari</a> <small>(d. 511 or 512/1117-19)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Aqil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Aqil">Ibn 'Aqil</a> <small>(d. 513/1119)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rushd_al-Jadd" title="Ibn Rushd al-Jadd">Ibn Rushd al-Jadd</a> <small>(d. 520/1126)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazari" title="Al-Mazari">Al-Mazari</a> <small>(d. 536/1141)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a> <small>(d. 543/1148)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_%27Iyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi 'Iyad">Al-Qadi 'Iyad</a> <small>(d. 544/1149)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> <small>(d. 548/1153)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Asakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Asakir">Ibn 'Asakir</a> <small>(d. 571/1176)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> <small>(d. 578/1182)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">6th AH/12th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(d. 606/1209)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> <small>(d. 630/ 1233)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a> <small>(d. 631/1233)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajib" title="Ibn al-Hajib">Ibn al-Hajib</a> <small>(d. 646/1248)</small><br /></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a> <small>(d. 660/1262)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a> <small>(d. 671/1272)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a> <small>(d. 676/1277)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a> <small>(d. 684/1285)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a> <small>(d. c. 685/1286)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> <small>(d. 687/1288)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">7th AH/13th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> <small>(d. 702/1302)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Ata%27_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Ata' Allah">Ibn 'Ata' Allah</a> <small>(d. 709/1309)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Hindi" title="Safi al-Din al-Hindi">Safi al-Din al-Hindi</a> <small>(d. 715/1315)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a> <small>(d. 741/1340)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a> <small>(d. 745/1344)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a> <small>(d. 756/1355)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adud_al-Din_al-Iji" title="Adud al-Din al-Iji">'Adud al-Din al-'Iji</a> <small>(d. 757/1355)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taj al-Din al-Subki">Taj al-Din al-Subki</a> <small>(d. 771/1370)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Shams al-Din al-Kirmani">Shams al-Din al-Kirmani</a> <small>(d. 786/1384)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a> <small>(d. 793/1390)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Zarkashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi">Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi</a> <small>(d. 794/1392)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">8th AH/14th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Arafa" title="Ibn 'Arafa">Ibn 'Arafa</a> <small>(d. 803/1401)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Bulqini" title="Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini">Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini</a> <small>(d. 805/1405)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi" title="Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi">Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi</a> <small>(d. 806/1404)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Haythami" title="Nur al-Din al-Haythami">Nur al-Din al-Haythami</a> <small>(d. 807/1404-5)</small><br /></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a> <small>(d. 808/1406)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a> <small>(d. 816/1413)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a> <small>(d. 833/1429)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-%27Asqalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani</a> <small>(d. 852/1449)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Mahalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli">Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli</a> <small>(d. 864/1459)</small><br /></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a> <small>(d. 875/1470)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a> <small>(d. 899/1493)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">9th AH/15th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a> <small>(d. 902/1497)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a> (d. 907/1501 or 908/1502)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a> <small>(d. 911/1505)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastallani" title="Al-Qastallani">Al-Qastallani</a> <small>(d. 923/1517)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a> <small>(d. 926/1520)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a> <small>(d. 973/1565)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a> <small>(d. 974/1567)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Shirbini" title="Al-Khatib al-Shirbini">Al-Khatib al-Shirbini</a> <small>(d. 977/1570)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">10th AH/16th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Ashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Ashir">Ibn 'Ashir</a> <small>(d. 1040/1631)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Maqqari" title="Ahmad al-Maqqari">Ahmad al-Maqqari</a> <small>(d. 1041/1632)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Laqqani" title="Ibrahim al-Laqqani">Ibrahim al-Laqqani</a> <small>(d. 1041/1631)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a> <small>(d. 1072/1662)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">11th AH/17th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Yusi" title="Al-Hasan al-Yusi">Al-Hasan al-Yusi</a> <small>(d. 1102/1691)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zurqani" title="Muhammad al-Zurqani">Muhammad al-Zurqani</a> (d. 1122/1710)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abdallah_ibn_%27Alawi_al-Haddad" title="'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad">'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad</a> <small>(d. 1132/1720)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> <small>(d. 1176/1762)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">12th AH/18th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a> <small>(d. 1204/1786)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> <small>(d. 1224/1809)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kiran" title="Ibn Kiran">Ibn Kiran</a> <small>(d. 1227/1812)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a> <small>(d. 1230/1815)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a> <small>(d. 1276/1859-60)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ilish">Muhammad 'Ilish</a> <small>(d. 1299/1882)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">13th AH/19th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a> <small>(d. 1304/1886)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Nabhani" title="Yusuf al-Nabhani">Yusuf al-Nabhani</a> <small>(d. 1350/1931)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedi%C3%BCzzaman_Said_Nursi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bediüzzaman Said Nursi">Bediüzzaman Said Nursi</a> <small>(d. 1379/1960)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-%27Arabi_al-Tabbani" title="Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani">Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani</a> <small>(d. 1390/1970)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_%27Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur</a> <small>(d. 1393/1973)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;background:lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">14th AH/20th AD</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mitwalli_al-Sha%27rawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Mitwalli al-Sha'rawi">Muhammad Mitwalli al-Sha'rawi</a> <small>(d. 1419/1998)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Alawi_al-Maliki" title="Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki">Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki</a> <small>(d. 1425/2004)</small><br /></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> <small>(d. 1429/2008)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuh_al-Qudah" title="Nuh al-Qudah">Nuh al-Qudah</a> <small>(d. 1432/2010)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_Ramadan_al-Buti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti">Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti</a> <small>(d. 1434/2013)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli" title="Wahbah al-Zuhayli">Wahbah al-Zuhayli</a> <small>(d. 1436/2015)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ali_al-Sabuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ali al-Sabuni">Muhammad 'Ali al-Sabuni</a> <small>(d. 1442/2021)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0F8FF; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ash%27ari_literature" title="Category:Ash'ari literature">Theological works</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Istihsan_al-Khawd_fi_%27Ilm_al-Kalam" title="Istihsan al-Khawd fi 'Ilm al-Kalam">Istihsan al-Khawd fi 'Ilm al-Kalam</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mujarrad_Maqalat_al-Ash%27ari" title="Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari">Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabyin_Kadhib_al-Muftari" title="Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari">Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqida_al-Tahawiyya" title="Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya">Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharh_al-%27Aqa%27id_al-Nasafiyya" title="Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya">Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Insaf_fima_Yajib_I%27tiqaduh" title="Al-Insaf fima Yajib I'tiqaduh">Al-Insaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">Al-Iqtisad</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">Tahafut al-Falasifa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%27_wa_al-Sifat" title="Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat">Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daf%27_Shubah_al-Tashbih" title="Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih">Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lubab_al-Muhassal" title="Lubab al-Muhassal">Lubab al-Muhassal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Murshid_al-Mu%27een" title="Al-Murshid al-Mu'een">Al-Murshid al-Mu'een</a></i><br /></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jawharat_al-Tawhid" title="Jawharat al-Tawhid">Jawharat al-Tawhid</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0F8FF; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Institutions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abi_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari_Center_for_Theological_Studies_and_Research" title="Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari Center for Theological Studies and Research">Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari Center</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nizamiyya_of_Baghdad" title="Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad">Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qarawiyyin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qarawiyyin University">Al-Qarawiyyin University</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a><br /></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Hadith_al-Aschrafiya" class="extiw" title="de:Dar al-Hadith al-Aschrafiya">Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyya</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Education_Movement" title="Islamic Education Movement">Islamic Education Movement</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia" title="International Islamic University Malaysia">International Islamic University Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0F8FF; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Events</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">2016 International Islamic Conference</a><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#F0F8FF; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_branches" title="Category:Sunni Islamic branches">Related groups</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maturidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidis">Maturidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandis">Deobandis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvis">Barelvis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ash%27ari" title="Category:Ash'ari">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ash%27arism" title="Template:Ash'arism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ash%27arism" title="Template talk:Ash'arism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ash%27arism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ash'arism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From other sources we know of several other works, primarily composed during the time he spent in North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. His first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Lub%C4%81bu_l-Muhassal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubābu l-Muhassal">Lubābu l-Muhassal</a></i>, a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, was written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher <a href="/wiki/Al-Abili" title="Al-Abili">Al-Abili</a> in Tunis. A work on <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <i>Shifā'u l-Sā'il</i>, was composed around 1373 in <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes, Morocco</a>. Whilst at the court of <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_V,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada">Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada</a>, Ibn Khaldūn composed a <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">work on logic</a>, <i>ʻallaqa li-s-Sulṭān</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LafferCurve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LafferCurve.svg/220px-LafferCurve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LafferCurve.svg/330px-LafferCurve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LafferCurve.svg/440px-LafferCurve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Laffer_Curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Laffer Curve">Laffer Curve</a> with a maximum revenue point at around a 70%, as estimated by Trabandt and Uhlig (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-howfar_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howfar-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer">Laffer</a> cites Ibn Khaldun's observation that "at the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments."<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brederode_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brederode-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3></div> <p>Ibn Khaldun's historical method had very few precedents or followers in his time. While Ibn Khaldun is known to have been a successful lecturer on jurisprudence within religious sciences, only very few of his students were aware of, and influenced by, his Muqaddimah.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such student, <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a>, praised the Muqaddimah, although some scholars have found his praise, and that of others, to be generally empty and lacking understanding of Ibn Khaldun's methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Khaldun also faced primarily criticism from his contemporaries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-%60Asqalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani</a>. These criticisms included accusations of inadequate historical knowledge, an inaccurate title, disorganization, and a style resembling that of the prolific Arab literature writer, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>. Al-Asqalani also noted that Ibn Khaldun was not well-liked in Egypt because he opposed many respected traditions, including the traditional judicial dress, and suggested that this may have contributed to the reception of Ibn Khaldun's historical works.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notable exception to this consensus was <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Azraq" title="Ibn al-Azraq">Ibn al-Azraq</a>, a jurist who lived shortly after Ibn Khaldun and quoted heavily from the first and fourth books of the Kitab al-‘Ibar, in developing a work of mirrors for princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <p>Ibn Khaldun's work found some recognition with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> intellectuals in the 17th century. The first references to Ibn Khaldun in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Ottoman writings</a> appeared in the middle of the 17th century, with historians such as <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a> naming him as a great influence, while another Turkish Ottoman historian, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naima" title="Mustafa Naima">Mustafa Naima</a>, attempted to use Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of empires to describe the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing perceptions of the decline of the Ottoman Empire also caused similar ideas to appear independently of Ibn Khaldun in the 16th century, and may explain some of the influence of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>In Europe, Ibn Khaldun was first brought to the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> in 1697, when a biography of him appeared in <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Herbelot_de_Molainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville">Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville</a>'s <i>Bibliothèque Orientale</i>. However, some scholars believe that Ibn Khaldun's work may have first been introduced to Europe via Ibn Arabshah's biography of Tamerlane, translated to Latin, which covers a meeting between Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane.<sup id="cite_ref-Alatas_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alatas-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ibn Arabshah, during this meeting, Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane discussed the Maghrib in depth, as well as Tamerlane's genealogy and place in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischel_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischel-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Khaldun began gaining more attention from 1806, when <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_de_Sacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre de Sacy">Silvestre de Sacy</a>'s <i>Chrestomathie Arabe</i> included his biography together with a translation of parts of the <i>Muqaddimah</i> as the <i>Prolegomena</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, de Sacy again published a biography with a more detailed description on the <i>Prolegomena</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More details on and partial translations of the <i>Prolegomena</i> emerged over the years until the complete Arabic edition was published in 1858. Since then, the work of Ibn Khaldun has been extensively studied in the Western world with special interest.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson" title="Reynold A. Nicholson">Reynold A. Nicholson</a> praised Ibn Khaldun as a uniquely brilliant Muslim sociologist, but discounted Khaldun's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Alatas_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alatas-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a> viewed the conflicts of North Africa as a problem that stemmed from a lack of African thought, and praised Ibn Khaldun for making sense of the conflict by simplifying it to the relationship between the nomadic and sedentary modes of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Alatas_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alatas-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_historians">Modern historians</h3></div> <p>British historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> has called Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah "the greatest work of its kind."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a>, once a professor of philosophy and logic at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, considered Khaldun's definition of government<sup id="cite_ref-Government_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the best in the history of political theory.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More moderate views on the scope of Ibn Khaldun's contributions have also emerged. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer">Arthur Laffer</a>, for whom the <a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a> is named, acknowledged that Ibn Khaldun's ideas, as well as others, precede his own work on that curve.<sup id="cite_ref-Laffter_at_Heritage_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laffter_at_Heritage-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> described Ibn Khaldun as "a 14th-century Islamic philosopher who basically invented what we would now call the social sciences".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>19th century Scottish theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Flint_(theologian)" title="Robert Flint (theologian)">Robert Flint</a> praised him strongly, "as a <a href="/wiki/Theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theorist">theorist</a> of history he had no equal in any age or country until <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a> appeared, more than three hundred years later. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> were not his peers, and all others were unworthy of being even mentioned along with him". Ibn Khaldun's work on evolution of societies also influenced <a href="/wiki/Egon_Orowan" title="Egon Orowan">Egon Orowan</a>, who introduced the concept of <i>socionomy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ibn Khaldun's record-keeping is usually passed over in favor of recognizing his contributions to the science of history, Abderrahmane Lakhsassi wrote "No historian of the Maghreb since and particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> can do without his historical contribution."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_recognition">Public recognition</h3></div> <p>Public recognition of Ibn Khaldun has increased in recent years. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Community_Center" title="Tunisian Community Center">Tunisian Community Center</a> launched the first Ibn Khaldun Award to recognize a Tunisian/American high achiever whose work reflects Ibn Khaldun's ideas of kinship and solidarity. The Award was named after Ibn Khaldun for the convergence of his ideas with the organization's objectives and programs. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Economic_Research_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Economic Research Foundation">Atlas Economic Research Foundation</a> launched an annual essay contest<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for students named in Ibn Khaldun's honor. The theme of the contest is "how individuals, think tanks, universities and entrepreneurs can influence government policies to allow the free market to flourish and improve the lives of its citizens based on Islamic teachings and traditions."<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun by orchestrating an exhibit titled "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Haldun_%C3%9Cniversitesi" class="mw-redirect" title="İbn Haldun Üniversitesi">İbn Haldun Üniversitesi</a> has opened in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to commemorate his name. The university promotes a policy of trilingualism. The languages in question are English, Modern Turkish, and Arabic and its emphasis is on teaching social sciences. </p><p>In 1981 U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> cited Ibn Khaldun as an influence on his <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply-side economic">supply-side economic</a> policies, also known as <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>. He paraphrased Ibn Khaldun, who said that "in the beginning of the dynasty, great tax revenues were gained from small assessments," and that "at the end of the dynasty, small tax revenues were gained from large assessments." Reagan said his goal is "trying to get down to the small assessments and the great revenues."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a> named <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_frigate_Ibn_Khaldun" title="Iraqi frigate Ibn Khaldun">a frigate</a> after Ibn Khaldun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār</li> <li>Lubābu-l-Muhassal fee Usūlu-d-Dīn</li> <li>Shifā'u-s-Sā'il</li> <li>ʻAl-Laqaw li-s-Sulṭān</li> <li>Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا <i>Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarbān wa Sharqān</i>. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic).</li> <li>Ibn Khaldūn. 1958 <i>The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history</i>. Translated from the Arabic by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal" title="Franz Rosenthal">Franz Rosenthal</a>. 3 vols. New York: Princeton.</li> <li>Ibn Khaldūn. 1967 <i>The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history</i>. Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. (Abridged).</li> <li>Ibn Khaldun, 1332–1406. 1905 '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionfrompro00ibnk/">A Selection from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldūn</a>'. Trans. Duncan Macdonald</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Al-Zahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">List of Muslim historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Arab_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars">List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Husayn_Ahlati" title="Sayyid Husayn Ahlati">Sayyid Husayn Ahlati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in medieval Islam">Science in medieval Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Inabah" title="Ibn Inabah">Ibn Inabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sufi" title="Ibn Sufi">Ibn Sufi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HistoryAndSociology-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndSociology_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>"...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".(<a href="#CITEREFBoulakia1971">Boulakia 1971</a>)</li> <li>"The founding father of Eastern Sociology".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Economics-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economics_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>"He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. The Western world recognizes Khaldun as the father of sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a great economist who laid its very foundations. He was the first to systematically analyze the functioning of an economy, the importance of technology, specialization and foreign trade in economic surplus and the role of government and its stabilization policies to increase output and employment. Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ovidius-stec.ro/html/anale/ENG/cuprins%20rezumate/2009%20vol2.pdf">Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For classical style of Arab historians <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_ar-Raqiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqiq">Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqīq</a> (~d.1028) and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Maliki" title="Abu Bakr al-Maliki">al-Mālikī</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Government-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Government_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Muqaddimah_2_1995_p_30-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muqaddimah_2_1995_p_30_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muqaddimah 2:272–273 quoted in Weiss (1995) p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiss1995">Weiss 1995</a>, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPhilosophy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPhilosophy_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913010235/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm#Intro">"Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm#Intro">the original</a> on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun+%E2%80%93+His+Life+and+Work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2Fklf.htm%23Intro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ahmad, Zaid (2010). "Ibn Khaldun". In Oliver Leama (ed.). <i>The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199754731.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199754731.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975473-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopaedia+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199754731.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975473-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Zaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/82"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webstar Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Merriam-Webstar+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maydan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maydan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maydan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maydan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maydan_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maydan_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://themaydan.com/2017/11/myth-intellectual-decline-response-shaykh-hamza-yusuf/">https://themaydan.com/2017/11/myth-intellectual-decline-response-shaykh-hamza-yusuf/</a> "<b>Ibn Khaldun on Philosophy:</b> After clarifying what was meant precisely by philosophy in the Islamic tradition, namely the various schools of peripatetic philosophy represented either by Ibn Rushd or Ibn Sina, it should be clear why Ibn Khaldun was opposed to them. His critique of philosophy is an Ash’ari critique, completely in line with the Ash’aris before him, including Ghazali and Fakhr al-din al-Razi, both of whom Ibn Khaldun recommends for those who wish to learn how to refute the philosophers"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss1996" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Laurence S., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pmZ5FD_FBEC&pg=PA87"><i>Joseph A. Schumpeter: Historian of Economics: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought</i></a>. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78530-8"><bdi>978-1-134-78530-8</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Khaldun drited away from Al-Farabi's political idealism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+A.+Schumpeter%3A+Historian+of+Economics%3A+Perspectives+on+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-134-78530-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pmZ5FD_FBEC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shah, Muhammad Sultan. "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution." (2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun cites him as a pioneer in sociology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyub2015" class="citation book cs1">Ayub, Zulfiqar (2015). <i>The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters</i>. Zulfiqar Ayub Publications. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographies+of+the+Elite+Lives+of+the+Scholars%2C+Imams+%26+Hadith+Masters&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Zulfiqar+Ayub+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ayub&rft.aufirst=Zulfiqar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barakat1993-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barakat1993_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barakat1993_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarakat1993" class="citation book cs1">Barakat, Halim (1993). <i>The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State</i>. University of California Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520914421" title="Special:BookSources/9780520914421"><bdi>9780520914421</bdi></a>. <q>The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+World%3A+Society%2C+Culture%2C+and+State&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780520914421&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Halim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IslamEncyc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IslamEncyc_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IslamEncyc_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheddadi" class="citation web cs1">Cheddadi, Abdesselam. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-30943.xml?rskey=LtOeqI&result=2">"Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Brill Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%2C+%CA%BFAbd+al-Ra%E1%B8%A5m%C4%81n&rft.aulast=Cheddadi&rft.aufirst=Abdesselam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEI3O%2FCOM-30943.xml%3Frskey%3DLtOeqI%26result%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Hozien" class="citation web cs1">Muhammad Hozien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913010235/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm">"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work"</a>. <i>Islamic Philosophy Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm">the original</a> on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Philosophy+Online&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.au=Muhammad+Hozien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2Fklf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun">"Ibn Khaldūn – The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn+%E2%80%93+The+Muqaddimah%3A+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%27s+philosophy+of+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>: "Ibn Khaldun in Turkey", in: <i>Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires</i>, Foundation El Legado Andalusí, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96556-34-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96556-34-8">978-84-96556-34-8</a>, pp. 376–380 (376) S.M. Deen (2007) <i>Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival</i>. p. 157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84799-942-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84799-942-5">1-84799-942-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarid_Alatas2015" class="citation book cs1">Farid Alatas, Syed (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/914395509"><i>Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12596-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12596-4"><bdi>978-1-138-12596-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/914395509">914395509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applying+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%3A+The+Recovery+of+a+Lost+Tradition+in+Sociology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914395509&rft.isbn=978-1-138-12596-4&rft.aulast=Farid+Alatas&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F914395509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulkunen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sulkunen, Pekka (2 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1600910X.2014.897639">"The proto-sociology of Mandeville and Hume"</a>. <i>Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">361–</span>365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1600910X.2014.897639">10.1080/1600910X.2014.897639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1600-910X">1600-910X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144222817">144222817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distinktion%3A+Journal+of+Social+Theory&rft.atitle=The+proto-sociology+of+Mandeville+and+Hume&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144222817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1600-910X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1600910X.2014.897639&rft.aulast=Sulkunen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F1600910X.2014.897639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, 6(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/177577">268</a>–306.<br />  • (<a href="#CITEREFBoulakia1971">Boulakia 1971</a>, pp. 1105–1118)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Zaidi, <i>Islam, Modernity, and the Human Sciences</i>, Springer, 2011, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1986" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1986). "Ibn Khaldūn in Turkey". In Ayalon, David; Sharon, Moshe (eds.). <i>Studies in Islamic history and civilization: in honour of Professor David Ayalon</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">527–</span>530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-264-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-264-014-7"><bdi>978-965-264-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn+in+Turkey&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+history+and+civilization%3A+in+honour+of+Professor+David+Ayalon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E527-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-965-264-014-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbozeid2021" class="citation journal cs1">Abozeid, Ahmed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.43.2.0146">"Re-reading Ibn-Khaldun in the 21st Century: Traveling Theory and the Question of Authority, Legitimacy, and State Violence in the Modern Arab World"</a>. <i>Ahmed Abozeid</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">146–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.43.2.0146">10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F23143">10023/23143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146">10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235841623">235841623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahmed+Abozeid&rft.atitle=Re-reading+Ibn-Khaldun+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Traveling+Theory+and+the+Question+of+Authority%2C+Legitimacy%2C+and+State+Violence+in+the+Modern+Arab+World&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F23143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235841623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.43.2.0146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.43.2.0146&rft.aulast=Abozeid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Farabstudquar.43.2.0146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun">"Ibn Khaldun"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2018" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Robert (2018). <i>Ibn Khaldun</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23943%2F9781400889549">10.23943/9781400889549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400889549" title="Special:BookSources/9781400889549"><bdi>9781400889549</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239392974">239392974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239392974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23943%2F9781400889549&rft.isbn=9781400889549&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabamerican.pastperfect-online.com/33769cgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=A9A7FFF1-3E51-46CC-8C72-966442091673;type=101">"Arab American National Museum : Online Collections"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+American+National+Museum+%3A+Online+Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabamerican.pastperfect-online.com%2F33769cgi%2Fmweb.exe%3Frequest%3Drecord%3Bid%3DA9A7FFF1-3E51-46CC-8C72-966442091673%3Btype%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484">"Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Asiatique">Journal Asiatique</a></i> (in French). <b>3</b> (12). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Société asiatique">Société asiatique</a>: 491. 1841.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Lettre+%C3%A0+Monsieur+Garcin+de+Tassy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=491&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblQpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hozien-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hozien_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHozien" class="citation web cs1">Hozien, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/knts.htm#n1">"Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life"</a>. <i>Muslim philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+philosophy&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Ibn+Khaludn%27s+Life&rft.aulast=Hozien&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2Fknts.htm%23n1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnan2007" class="citation book cs1">Enan, Mohammad Abdullah (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQTNO3CWmpAC&pg=PA7"><i>Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works</i></a>. The Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-53-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-53-3"><bdi>978-983-9541-53-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-9541-53-3&rft.aulast=Enan&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQTNO3CWmpAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Hozien" class="citation web cs1">Muhammad Hozien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913010235/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm">"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Islamic+Philosophy+Online&rft.au=Muhammad+Hozien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2Fklf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/ibn.khaldun.and.the.rise.and.fall.of.empires.htm">"Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires"</a>. <i>archive.aramcoworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.aramcoworld.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+World%3A+Ibn+Khaldun+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+Empires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200605%2Fibn.khaldun.and.the.rise.and.fall.of.empires.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913010235/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm">"Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work"</a>. <i>www.muslimphilosophy.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm">the original</a> on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muslimphilosophy.com&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun+%E2%80%93+His+Life+and+Work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fik%2Fklf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135839/http://muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-khaldun-his-life-and-works">"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works | Muslim Heritage"</a>. <i>muslimheritage.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-khaldun-his-life-and-works">the original</a> on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslimheritage.com&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+His+Life+and+Works+%7C+Muslim+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimheritage.com%2Farticle%2Fibn-khaldun-his-life-and-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alhassanain.org/english/?com=book&id=1008"><i>Ibn Khaldun's Political and Economic Realism</i></a>. 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%27s+Political+and+Economic+Realism&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falhassanain.org%2Fenglish%2F%3Fcom%3Dbook%26id%3D1008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Khaldun#ref3458">"Ibn Khaldūn | Muslim historian"</a>. 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn+%26%23124%3B+Muslim+historian&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Khaldun%23ref3458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBent2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bent, Josephine van den (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2016.1198535">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya:" The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn's Works"</a>. <i>Al-Masāq</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2016.1198535">10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3110">0950-3110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=%22None+of+the+Kings+on+Earth+is+Their+Equal+in+%CA%BFa%E1%B9%A3abiyya%3A%22+The+Mongols+in+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%27s+Works&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2016.1198535&rft.issn=0950-3110&rft.aulast=Bent&rft.aufirst=Josephine+van+den&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09503110.2016.1198535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldun the Muqaddimah. An Introduction to History. Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. In Three Volumes. First Volume. 606 pages. <a href="/wiki/Bollingen_Foundation" title="Bollingen Foundation">Bollingen Foundation</a> Series xliii. Princeton University Press. 1958. Prof. Dr. Darcy Carvalho. Feausp. Sao Paulo. Brazil. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/THEMUQADDIMAHVOLUME1">"The Muqaddimah Volume 1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muqaddimah+Volume+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTHEMUQADDIMAHVOLUME1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Nathaniel. Ibn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist and Philosopher. Universal Books, 1900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See articles by Modéran and Benabbès in <i>Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique</i>, University of Rouen, 2005 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87775-391-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-87775-391-3">2-87775-391-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muqaddimah 2 1995 p 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyza_Sümer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Beyza Sümer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esosder/issue/6155/82716">"Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya for Social Cohesion"</a>. <i>Electronic Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (41).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun%27s+Asabiyya+for+Social+Cohesion&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=41&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Beyza+S%C3%BCmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fesosder%2Fissue%2F6155%2F82716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthgate1984" class="citation journal cs1">Southgate, Minoo (1984). 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(2003). <i>Racism: A Global Reader</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1059-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-1059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+A+Global+Reader&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1059-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannoum2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2003). 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Muqaddimah – an Introduction to History. Princeton University Press, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evonomics.com/amazing-north-african-scholar-beat-adam-smith-half-millennium/">"The Amazing Arab Scholar Who Beat Adam Smith by Half a Millennium – Evonomics"</a>. <i>Evonomics</i>. 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evonomics&rft.atitle=The+Amazing+Arab+Scholar+Who+Beat+Adam+Smith+by+Half+a+Millennium+%E2%80%93+Evonomics&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevonomics.com%2Famazing-north-african-scholar-beat-adam-smith-half-millennium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin, Robert. Ibn Khaldun: an Intellectual Biography. Princeton University Press., 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Affandi, Akhmad, and Dewi Puji Astuti. “Dynamic Model of Ibn Khaldun Theory on Poverty.” Humanomics, vol. 30, no. 2, 2014, pp. 136–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030004808/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_34-35.htm">"index"</a>. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61275-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61275-3"><bdi>978-0-415-61275-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+epistemology+of+Ibn+Khaldun&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-61275-3&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Zaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar_Ibn_Al_Khattab_(2_Volumes)2017" class="citation book cs1">Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes), Umar Ibn Al Khattab (5 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UmarIbnAlKhattab2Volumes"><i>Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umar+Ibn+Al+Khattab+%282+Volumes%29&rft.date=2017-02-05&rft.aulast=Umar+Ibn+Al+Khattab+%282+Volumes%29&rft.aufirst=Umar+Ibn+Al+Khattab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUmarIbnAlKhattab2Volumes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/IbnKhaldunsHistoryalMuqaddimah/Ibn%20khaldun's%20History%20(al-muqaddimah)_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Ibn Khaldun's Historiography"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22Ibn+Khaldun%27s+Historiography%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FIbnKhaldunsHistoryalMuqaddimah%2FIbn%2520khaldun%27s%2520History%2520%28al-muqaddimah%29_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein1925" class="citation book cs1">Hussein, Taha (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foulabook.com/book/downloading/778740035"><i>Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy فلسفة ابن خلدون الاجتماعية</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%27s+Philosophy+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Hussein&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoulabook.com%2Fbook%2Fdownloading%2F778740035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howfar-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howfar_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w15343">"How Far Are We From The Slippery Slope? The Laffer Curve Revisited"</a> by Mathias Trabandt and Harald Uhlig, NBER Working Paper No. 15343, September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffer" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer">Laffer, Arthur</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315022243/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2004/06/The-Laffer-Curve-Past-Present-and-Future">"The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Laffer+Curve%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.aulast=Laffer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2004%2F06%2Fthe-laffer-curve-past-present-and-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brederode-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brederode_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrederode2009" class="citation book cs1">Brederode, Robert F. van (2009). <i>Systems of general sales taxation : theory, policy and practice</i>. Austin [Tex.]: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2832-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2832-4"><bdi>978-90-411-2832-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+of+general+sales+taxation+%3A+theory%2C+policy+and+practice&rft.place=Austin+%5BTex.%5D&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Law+%26+Business&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2832-4&rft.aulast=Brederode&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Simon" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Robert (2002). <i>Ibn Khaldun: History as Science and the Patrimonial Empire</i>. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>20, <span class="nowrap">22–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-7934-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-05-7934-6"><bdi>978-963-05-7934-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+History+as+Science+and+the+Patrimonial+Empire&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E20%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-963-05-7934-6&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alatas-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alatas_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alatas_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alatas_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlatas2013" class="citation book cs1">Alatas, Syed Farid (2013). <i>Ibn Khaldun</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-809045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-809045-8"><bdi>978-0-19-809045-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-809045-8&rft.aulast=Alatas&rft.aufirst=Syed+Farid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischel-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischel_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel1952" class="citation book cs1">Fischel, Walter (1952). <i>Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, A.D. 1401 (A.H. 803)</i>. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun+and+Tamerlane%3A+Their+Historic+Meeting+in+Damascus%2C+A.D.+1401+%28A.H.+803%29&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnan2007" class="citation book cs1">Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). <i>Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works</i>. The Other Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-53-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-53-3"><bdi>978-983-9541-53-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-9541-53-3&rft.aulast=Enan&rft.aufirst=Muhammed+Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnan2007" class="citation book cs1">Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). <i>Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works</i>. 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Lakhsassi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H024.htm">"25 – Ibn Khaldun"</a>. In S.H. Nasr; O. Leaman (eds.). <i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">350–</span>364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=25+%E2%80%93+Ibn+Khaldun&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.au=A.+Lakhsassi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fip%2Frep%2FH024.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912062823/http://www.atlasusa.org/V2/main/page.php?page_id=741">"2008 Ibn-Khaldun Essay Contest"</a>. <i>www.atlasusa</i>. Atlas Economic Research Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasusa.org/V2/main/page.php?page_id=741">the original</a> on 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atlasusa&rft.atitle=2008+Ibn-Khaldun+Essay+Contest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasusa.org%2FV2%2Fmain%2Fpage.php%3Fpage_id%3D741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/note6056.doc.htm">"Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun Exhibit Opens at Headquarters"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Encounter+of+Civilizations%3A+Ibn+Khaldun+Exhibit+Opens+at+Headquarters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2006%2Fnote6056.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden1981" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (2 October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/02/us/reagan-cites-islamic-scholar.html">"Reagan Cites Islamic Scholar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reagan+Cites+Islamic+Scholar&rft.date=1981-10-02&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F10%2F02%2Fus%2Freagan-cites-islamic-scholar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1967" class="citation journal cs1">Gates, Warren E. (1967). "The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">415–</span>422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708627">10.2307/2708627</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627">2708627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Ibn+Khald%C3%BBn%27s+Ideas+on+Climate+and+Culture&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Warren+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhaouadi1990" class="citation journal cs1">Dhaouadi, M. (1 September 1990). "Ibn Khaldun: The Founding Father Of Eastern Sociology". <i>International Sociology</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026858090005003007">10.1177/026858090005003007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143508326">143508326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Sociology&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+The+Founding+Father+Of+Eastern+Sociology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026858090005003007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143508326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dhaouadi&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad1977" class="citation journal cs1">Haddad, L. (1 May 1977). "A Fourteenth-Century Theory of Economic Growth And Development". <i>Kyklos</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x">10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyklos&rft.atitle=A+Fourteenth-Century+Theory+of+Economic+Growth+And+Development&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=1977-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Fuad Baali. 2005 <i>The science of human social organization : Conflicting views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm al-umran</i>. Mellen studies in sociology. Lewiston/NY: Edwin Mellen Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulakia1971" class="citation journal cs1">Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>79</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1105–</span>1118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F259818">10.1086/259818</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pss/1830276">pss/1830276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144078253">144078253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khald%C3%BBn%3A+A+Fourteenth-Century+Economist&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1105-%3C%2Fspan%3E1118&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144078253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpss%2F1830276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F259818&rft.aulast=Boulakia&rft.aufirst=Jean+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walter Fischel. 1967 <i>Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His public functions and his historical research, 1382–1406; a study in Islamic historiography</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Fromherz" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Fromherz">Allen Fromherz</a>. 2010 "Ibn Khaldun : Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010.</li> <li>Ana Maria C. Minecan, 2012 "El vínculo comunitario y el poder en Ibn Jaldún" in José-Miguel Marinas (Ed.), <i>Pensar lo político: Ensayos sobre comunidad y conflicto</i>, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid, 2012.</li> <li>Mahmoud Rabi'. 1967 <i>The political theory of Ibn Khaldun</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill.</li> <li>Róbert Simon. 2002 <i>Ibn Khaldūn : History as science and the patrimonial empire</i>. Translated by Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Original edition, 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1995" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">29–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800061560">10.1017/S0020743800061560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/176185">176185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162022220">162022220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khaldun+on+Economic+Transformation&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162022220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F176185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800061560&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Malise Ruthven</a>, "The Otherworldliness of Ibn Khaldun" (review of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(writer)" title="Robert Irwin (writer)">Robert Irwin</a>, <i>Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography</i>, Princeton University Press, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691174662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691174662">978-0691174662</a>, 243 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 23–24, 26. "More than six centuries after Ibn Khaldun's death the modern world has much to learn from studying him. After the <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddima" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddima">Muqaddima</a></i> itself, Irwin's intellectual biography... is an excellent place to begin."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830902289.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Khaldun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/">Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/">The Tunisian American Center (US)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416001413/http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/">Archived</a> 16 April 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040624080750/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/ibnkhaldun/">Ibn Khaldun on the Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040430064720/http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/KHALDUN.html">Muslim Scientists and Scholars – Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014162414/http://www.dinarstandard.com/management/IbnKhaldun_Mgmt100206.htm">Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Management and Work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831233452/http://home.online.no/~al-araki/index.html">Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013846/http://www.ibnjaldun.com/index.php?L=7">Ibn Khaldun. The Mediterranean in the 14th century: Rise and fall of Empires</a>. <i>Andalusian Legacy</i> exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Alcazar_of_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazar of Seville">Alcazar of Seville</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/wordpress/?page_id=834">The Ibn Khaldun Community Service Award©</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225160323/http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/wordpress/?page_id=834">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=151&Itemid=70">Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/wordpress/?page_id=249">The Ibn Khaldun Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140912195646/http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/wordpress/?page_id=249">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/wordpress/?page_id=246">The Tunisian American Day©</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161744/http://www.tunisiancommunity.org/wordpress/?page_id=246">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English">Non-English</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ibnkhaldun21/">Multilingual tunisian academic web site on Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526102936/http://www.at-tawhid.net/article-expose-simplifie-sur-la-theologie-scolastique-al-ilm-ul-kalam-ibn-khaldun-45868741.html">Exposé simplifié sur la théologie scolastique</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040507183818/http://membres.lycos.fr/benikou/">Chapters from the Muqaddimah and the History of Ibn Khaldun</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li>Ismail Küpeli: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grin.com/e-book/70021/ibn-khaldun-und-das-politische-system-syriens-eine-gegenueberstellung"><i>Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens – Eine Gegenüberstellung</i></a>, München, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-75458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-75458-3">978-3-638-75458-3</a> (German e-book about the politics of Syria with reference to the political theory of Ibn Khaldun)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8159/tde-03052018-091006/en.php"><i>Master's thesis on Ibn Khaldun published by FFLCH-USP in 2017</i></a> Roschel, Renato – São Paulo, 2017. In Portuguese.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslim_historians78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historians_of_Islam" title="Template:Historians of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historians_of_Islam" title="Template talk:Historians of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historians_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historians of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_historians78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">Muslim historians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aban_bin_Uthman_bin_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aban bin Uthman bin Affan"> Aban bin Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">Hisham ibn al-Kalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mikhnaf" title="Abu Mikhnaf">Abu Mikhnaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Umar" title="Sayf ibn Umar">Sayf ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27ini" title="Al-Mada'ini">Al-Mada'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Lahi%27a" title="Ibn Lahi'a">Ibn Lahi'a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%CA%BDAbd_al-Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam">Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifah_ibn_Khayyat" title="Khalifah ibn Khayyat">Khalifah ibn Khayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar" title="Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar">Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">Al-Azraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27ini" title="Al-Mada'ini">Al-Mada'ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Q%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Qūṭiyya">Ibn al-Qūṭiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">al-Suli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Arab" title="Abu al-Arab">Abu al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani"> Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">Al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Kindi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Faradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Faradi">Ibn Faradi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan" title="Ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Andalusi" title="Said al-Andalusi">Said al-Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Udri" title="Al-Udri">Al-Udri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_al-Sabi%27" title="Hilal al-Sabi'">Hilal al-Sabi'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quda%27i" title="Al-Quda'i">Al-Quda'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Gardezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sa'id Gardezi">Abu Sa'id Gardezi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Baydhaq" title="Mohammed al-Baydhaq">Mohammed al-Baydhaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%CA%BDAsakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn ʽAsakir">Ibn ʽAsakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hammad_(historian)" title="Ibn Hammad (historian)">Ibn Hammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawwani" title="Al-Jawwani">Al-Jawwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sam%27ani" title="Ibn al-Sam'ani">Ibn al-Sam'ani</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ali_Rawandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi">Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Wahid_al-Marrakushi" title="'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi">'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">Ibn Amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kardab%C5%ABs" title="Ibn al-Kardabūs">Ibn al-Kardabūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adim" title="Ibn al-Adim">Ibn al-Adim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Sibt ibn al-Jawzi">Sibt ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qifti" title="Al-Qifti">Al-Qifti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bibi" title="Ibn Bibi">Ibn Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi" title="Muhammad Aufi">Muhammad Aufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Isfandiyar" title="Ibn Isfandiyar">Ibn Isfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Minhaj-i-Siraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Idhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Idhari">Ibn Idhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari" title="Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari">Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tiqtaqa" title="Ibn al-Tiqtaqa">Ibn al-Tiqtaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Furat" title="Ibn al-Furat">Ibn al-Furat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Abi_al-Fada%27il" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il">Al-Mufaddal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-%CA%BDAsqalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hajar al-ʽAsqalani">al-ʽAsqalani</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassaf" title="Wassaf">Wassaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ibn Taghribirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ghazi_al-Miknasi" title="Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi">Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_ad-Din_Ali_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi">Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkhvand" title="Mirkhvand">Mirkhvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Nadiri" title="Mullah Nadiri">Mullah Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Din_Mar%27ashi" title="Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi">Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Khunji_Isfahani" title="Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani">Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi" title="Idris Bitlisi">Idris Bitlisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_bin_Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi">Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Bey" title="Oruç Bey">Oruç Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kpa%C5%9Fazade" title="Aşıkpaşazade">Aşıkpaşazade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enveri" title="Enveri">Enveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshri" class="mw-redirect" title="Neshri">Neshri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tursun_Beg" title="Tursun Beg">Tursun Beg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Iyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Iyas">Ibn Iyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Mujir al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_al-Fishtali" title="Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali">Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_al-Qadi" title="Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi"> Ibn al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_al-Karmi" title="Mar'i al-Karmi">Mar'i al-Karmi</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khwandamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Khwandamir">Muhammad Khwandamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDAbd_al-Qadir_Badayuni" title="ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni">ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Ahmad" title="Nizamuddin Ahmad">Nizamuddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Beg_Munshi" title="Iskandar Beg Munshi">Iskandar Beg Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharafkhan_Bidlisi" title="Sharafkhan Bidlisi">Sharafkhan Bidlisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%82l%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Âlî">Mustafa Âlî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_Pasha" title="Lütfi Pasha">Lûtfi Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh" title="Matrakçı Nasuh">Matrakçı Nasuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeddin_Effendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeddin Effendi">Sadeddin Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Selaniki" title="Mustafa Selaniki">Mustafa Selaniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BCzade" title="Taşköprüzade">Taşköprüzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katib_%C3%87elebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Katib Çelebi">Katib Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali" title="Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali">Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Inayat_Allah_Kamboh" title="Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh">Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saleh_Kamboh" title="Muhammad Saleh Kamboh">Muhammad Saleh Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Fattah_Fumani" title="Abd al-Fattah Fumani">Abd al-Fattah Fumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Fani" title="Mohsin Fani">Mohsin Fani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Petchevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Petchevi">Ibrahim Petchevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solakzade_Mehmed_Hemdemi" title="Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi">Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munejjim-bashi_Ahmed_Dede" title="Munejjim-bashi Ahmed Dede">Munejjim Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silahdar_Findiklili_Mehmed_Agha" title="Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha">Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Aga_of_Temesvar" title="Osman Aga of Temesvar">Osman Aga of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naima" title="Mustafa Naima">Mustafa Naima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burini" title="Al-Burini">Al-Hasan al-Burini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Abdi_Pasha_(court_historian)" title="Abdurrahman Abdi Pasha (court historian)">Abdi Pasha</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chagatai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Khani">Ahmad Khani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ifrani" title="Mohammed al-Ifrani">Mohammed al-Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Qadiri" title="Mohammed al-Qadiri">Mohammed al-Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Muradi" title="Khalil al-Muradi">Khalil al-Muradi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zayyani" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani">al-Zayyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">al-Jabarti</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mehdi_Khan_Astarabadi" title="Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi">Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Hasan_Golestaneh" title="Abol-Hasan Golestaneh">Abol-Hasan Golestaneh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Resm%C3%AE_Efendi" title="Ahmed Resmî Efendi">Ahmed Resmî Efendi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Khalid_al-Nasiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri">Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farid" title="Mohammad Farid">Mohammad Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Diyaf" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf">Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mirza_Qajar" title="Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar">Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Ahmad_Ali" title="Agha Ahmad Ali">Agha Ahmad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amiri_(Turkish_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Amiri (Turkish historian)">Ali Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevad Pasha">Ahmed Cevad Pasha</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Adigozal_bey" title="Mirza Adigozal bey">Mirza Adigozal bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bey_Javanshir" title="Ahmad bey Javanshir">Ahmad bey Javanshir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_agha_Shakikhanov" title="Karim agha Shakikhanov">Karim agha Shakikhanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Bayazidi" title="Mahmud Bayazidi">Mahmud Bayazidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoureh_Ardalan" title="Mastoureh Ardalan">Mastoureh Ardalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam al-Buldan">Mu'jam al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concise_History_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise History of Humanity">Concise History of Humanity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_History" title="The Complete History">The Complete History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidaya_wa%27l-Nihaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya">Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" title="Futuh al-Buldan">Futuh al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-I%27tibar" title="Kitab al-I'tibar">Kitab al-I'tibar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caliphs" title="History of the Caliphs">History of the Caliphs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Yaqubi" title="Tarikh al-Yaqubi">Tarikh al-Yaqubi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">Isnad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical dictionary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isra%27iliyyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'iliyyat">Isra'iliyyat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Maliki_school435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maliki_scholars" title="Template talk:Maliki scholars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maliki scholars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Maliki_school435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Muslim scholars of the Maliki school</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>by century (<a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd/8th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (founder of the school; 711–795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ali ibn Ziyad">Ali ibn Ziyad</a> (d. 799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahb" title="Ibn Wahb">Ibn Wahb</a> (743–813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim">Ibn al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Mosque of Kairouan in present day Tunisia"><img alt="The Great Mosque of Kairouan in present day Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG/125px-Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG/188px-Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG/250px-Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd/9th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_ibn_al-Furat" title="Asad ibn al-Furat">Asad ibn al-Furat</a> (759–828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Yahya_al-Laythi" title="Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi">Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi</a> (d. 848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnun" title="Sahnun">Sahnun</a> (d. 854/55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Zuhri" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri">Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri</a> (767–856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Abd_al-Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam">Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam</a> (801–871)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th/10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Arab" title="Abu al-Arab">Abu al-Arab</a> (d. 945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abi Zayd">Ibn Abi Zayd</a> (922–996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a> (950–1013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mahrez" title="Sidi Mahrez">Sidi Mahrez</a> (951–1022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_%27Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab">Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> (973–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Imran_al-Fasi" title="Abu Imran al-Fasi">Abu Imran al-Fasi</a> (d. 1039)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th/11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battal" title="Ibn Battal">Ibn Battal</a> (d. 1057)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Abd_al-Barr" title="Ibn 'Abd al-Barr">Ibn 'Abd al-Barr</a> (d. 1071)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Al-Baji</a> (1013–1081)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Lakhmi" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Lakhmi">Al-Lakhmi</a> (1006–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waggag_ibn_Zallu_al-Lamti" title="Waggag ibn Zallu al-Lamti">Al-Lamti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th/12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-Turtushi" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Turtushi">At-Turtushi</a> (1059–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a> (1061–1141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Barrajan" title="Ibn Barrajan">Ibn Barrajan</a> (d. 1141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a> (1076–1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a> (1083–1149)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suhayli" title="Al-Suhayli">Al-Suhayli</a> (1114–1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (1126–1198)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Qasim_al-Tamimi" title="Mohammed ibn Qasim al-Tamimi">Al-Tamimi</a> (d. 1207/08)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th/13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Qattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Qattan">Al-Qattan</a> (d. 1231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Azafi" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Azafi">Al-Azafi</a> (1162–1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajib" title="Ibn al-Hajib">Ibn al-Hajib</a> (d. 1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a> (1214–1273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Al-Qarafi</a> (1228–1285)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ata_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ata Allah">Ibn Ata Allah</a> (1259–1310)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_Ali_ibn_Mohammed_al-Zarwili" title="Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Mohammed al-Zarwili">Al-Zarwili</a> (d. 1319)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Rushayd" title="Muhammad ibn Rushayd">Ibn Rushayd</a> (1259–1321)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th/14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haj_al-Abdari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Haj al-Abdari">Ibn al-Haj</a> (d. 1336)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a> (d. 1340)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Jundi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi">Khalil ibn-Ishaq</a> (d. 1365)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Marzuq" title="Ibn Marzuq">Ibn Marzuq</a> (d. 1379)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi">Ash-Shatibi</a> (1320–1388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Farhun" title="Ibn Farhun">Ibn Farhun</a> (d. 1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn 'Arafa</a> (1316–1401)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_ibn_al-Sakkak" title="Abu Yahya ibn al-Sakkak">Al-Sakkak</a> (d. 1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Fasi" title="Taqi al-Din al-Fasi">Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi</a> (1373–1429)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th/15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boushaki" title="Sidi Boushaki">Ibn Faïd</a> (1394–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a> (1384–1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Azraq" title="Ibn al-Azraq">Ibn al-Azraq</a> (1427–1491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a> (1442–1493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Hilal_al-Sijilmasi" title="Ibrahim ibn Hilal al-Sijilmasi">Ibn Hilal al-Sijilmasi</a> (d. 1497/98)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th/16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Qasim_al-Zaqqaq" title="Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq">Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq</a> (d. 1506/07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi" title="Ahmad al-Wansharisi">Al-Wansharisi</a> (d. 1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Jum%27ah" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah">Ibn Abi Jum'ah</a> (d. 1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ghazi_al-Miknasi" title="Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi">Al-Miknasi</a> (1437–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hattab" title="Al-Hattab">Al-Hattab</a> (1497–1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdari" title="Al-Akhdari">Al-Akhdari</a> (1512–1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Mandjur" title="Ahmed al-Mandjur">Al-Mandjur</a> (1520–1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-l-Hasan_al-Tamgruti" title="Abu-l-Hasan al-Tamgruti">Al-Tamgruti</a> (d. 1594/95)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th/17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a> (1582–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Laqani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Laqani">Al-Laqani</a> (d. 1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Mayyara</a> (1591–1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_al-Murabit_al-Dila%27i" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed al-Murabit al-Dila'i">Al-Dila'i</a> (d. 1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Fasi">Al-Qadir al-Fasi</a> (1599–1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Al-Rahman al-Fasi</a> (1631–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Baqi_al-Zurqani" title="Abd-al-Baqi al-Zurqani">Az-Zurqani</a> (1611–1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zurqani" title="Muhammad al-Zurqani">Muhammad al-Zurqani</a> (1645–1710)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th/18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_al-Tayyib" title="Mohammed ibn al-Tayyib">Ibn al-Tayyib</a> (1698–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bannani" title="Al-Bannani">Al-Bannani</a> (1727–1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dardir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Dardir">Ad-Dardir</a> (1715–1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">M'Hamed Al-Azhari</a> (d. 1793/94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Tawudi_ibn_Suda" title="Mohammed al-Tawudi ibn Suda">Al-Tawudi ibn Suda</a> (1700–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abu_al-Qasim_al-Sijilmasi" title="Mohammed ibn Abu al-Qasim al-Sijilmasi">Al-Qasim al-Sijilmasi</a> (d. 1800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th/19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (1747–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Desouki">Ad-Desouki</a> (d. 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a> (1754–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdun_ibn_al-Hajj_al-Fasi" title="Hamdun ibn al-Hajj al-Fasi">Al-Hajj al-Fasi</a> (1760–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_dan_Fodio" title="Abdullahi dan Fodio">Abdullahi dan Fodio</a> (1766–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ilish">Muhammad 'Ilish</a> (1802–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_At_Tij%C3%A2n%C3%AE_Ibn_B%C3%A2ba_Al_%27Alaw%C3%AE" title="Ahmad At Tijânî Ibn Bâba Al 'Alawî">Al Alawi</a> (d. 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_al-Bishri" title="Salim al-Bishri">Salim al-Bishri</a> (1832–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Harrak_Srifi" title="Ahmed Harrak Srifi">Ahmed Harrak Srifi</a> (d. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Skirej" title="Ahmed Skirej">Ahmed Skirej</a> (1878–1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th/20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-%27Arabi_al-Tabbani" title="Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani">Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani</a> (1897–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Fadhel_Ben_Achour" title="Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour">Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour</a> (1909–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur</a> (1879–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_%27Alawi_al-Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki">Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki</a> (1944–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th/21st</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Othman_Battikh" title="Othman Battikh">Othman Battikh</a> (1941–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Bayyah" title="Abdallah bin Bayyah">Abdallah bin Bayyah</a> (b. 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a> (b. 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Karima" title="Ahmad Karima">Ahmad Karima</a> (b. 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf" title="Hamza Yusuf">Hamza Yusuf</a> (b. 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi" title="Muhammad al-Yaqoubi">Muhammad al-Yaqoubi</a> (b. 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Al_Marikhi" title="Rashid Al Marikhi">Rashid Al Marikhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Ash'ari school of Sunni theology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a></span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Malikis">Malikis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a> (d. 403 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Imran_al-Fasi" title="Abu Imran al-Fasi">Abu Imran al-Fasi</a> (d. 430 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sidah" title="Ibn Sidah">Ibn Sidah</a> (d. 458 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a> (d. 474 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Turtushi" title="Abu Bakr al-Turtushi">Abu Bakr al-Turtushi</a> (d. 520 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Barrajan" title="Ibn Barrajan">Ibn Barrajan</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a> (d. 543 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Al-Qadi 'Ayyad</a> (d. 544 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suhayli" title="Al-Suhayli">Al-Suhayli</a> (d. 581 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qattan" title="Ibn al-Qattan">Ibn al-Qattan</a> (d. 628 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Malik" title="Ibn Malik">Ibn Malik</a> (d. 672 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a> (d. 684 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> (d. 702 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ata_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ata Allah">Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari</a> (d. 709 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Adjurrum" title="Ibn Adjurrum">Ibn Adjurrum</a> (d. 723 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajj_al-Abdari" title="Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari">Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari</a> (d. 737 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a> (d. 741 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Jundi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi</a> (d. 776 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi">Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi</a> (d. 790 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn 'Arafa</a> (d. 803 AH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a> (d. 808 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a> (d. 876 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a> (d. 899 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi" title="Ahmad al-Wansharisi">Ahmad al-Wansharisi</a> (d. 914 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdari" title="Al-Akhdari">Al-Akhdari</a> (d. 953 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hattab" title="Al-Hattab">Al-Hattab</a> (d. 954 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti" title="Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti">Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti</a> (d. 1036 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani</a> (d. 1041 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Laqani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Laqani">Ibrahim al-Laqani</a> (d. 1041 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a> (d. 1072 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn 'Ashir</a> (d. 1090 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Yusi" title="Al-Hasan al-Yusi">Al-Hasan al-Yusi</a> (d. 1102 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zurqani" title="Muhammad al-Zurqani">Muhammad al-Zurqani</a> (d. 1122 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a> (d. 1201 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">M'Hamed al-Azhari</a> (d. 1208 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (d. 1224 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Sanusi" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi">Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi</a> (d. 1276 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ilish">Muhammad 'Ilish</a> (d. 1299 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Ghumari" title="Ahmad al-Ghumari">Ahmad al-Ghumari</a> (d. 1380 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur</a> (d. 1393 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel-Halim_Mahmoud" title="Abdel-Halim Mahmoud">Abdel-Halim Mahmoud</a> (d. 1397 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha%27rawi" title="Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi">Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi</a> (d. 1419 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Alawi_al-Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki">Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki</a> (d. 1425 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf" title="Hamza Yusuf">Hamza Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'is">Shafi'is</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hibban" title="Ibn Hibban">Ibn Hibban</a> (d. 354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafif" title="Ibn Khafif">Ibn Khafif</a> (d. 371 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri</a> (d. 405 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a> (d. 406 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfarayini" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini</a> (d. 418 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha'labi">Al-Tha'labi</a> (d. 427 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 429 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nu%27aym_al-Isfahani" title="Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani">Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani</a> (d. 430 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a> (d. 458 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 463 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shirazi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi">Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi</a> (d. 476 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qahir_al-Jurjani" title="Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani">Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani</a> (d. 471 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a> (d. 478 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a> (d. 502 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> (d. 505 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Al-Baghawi</a> (d. 516 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> (d. 548 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Asakir" title="Ibn Asakir">Ibn 'Asakir</a> (d. 571 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> (d. 578 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> (d. 606 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah" title="Ibn al-Salah">Ibn al-Salah</a> (d. 643 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a> (d. 660 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a> (d. 676 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a> (d. 685 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> (d. 702 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a> (d. 728 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Mizzi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi">Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi</a> (d. 742 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 756 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Safadi" title="Al-Safadi">Al-Safadi</a> (d. 764 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taj al-Din al-Subki">Taj al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 771 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Shams al-Din al-Kirmani">Shams al-Din al-Kirmani</a> (d. 786 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zarkashi" title="Al-Zarkashi">Al-Zarkashi</a> (d. 794 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi" title="Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi">Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi</a> (d. 806 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Haythami" title="Nur al-Din al-Haythami">Nur al-Din al-Haythami</a> (d. 807 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a> (d. 833 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> (d. 845 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> (d. 852 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a> (d. 902 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a> (d. 911 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Samhudi" title="Nur al-Din al-Samhudi">Nur al-Din al-Samhudi</a> (d. 911 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a> (d. 918 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastallani" title="Al-Qastallani">Al-Qastallani</a> (d. 923 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a> (d. 926 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a> (d. 973 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a> (d. 974 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Shirbini" title="Al-Khatib al-Shirbini">Al-Khatib al-Shirbini</a> (d. 977 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munawi" title="Al-Munawi">Al-Munawi</a> (d. 1031 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad</a> (d. 1132 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Attar" title="Hasan al-Attar">Hasan al-Attar</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a> (d. 1304 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursî">Bediuzzaman Said Nursi</a> (d. 1379 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_al-Qudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah al-Qudah">Noah al-Qudah</a> (d. 1432 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">'Abdallah al-Harari</a> (d. 1432 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Said_Ramadan_al-Bouti" title="Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti">Al-Bouti</a> (d. 1434 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Jifri" title="Ali al-Jifri">Ali al-Jifri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibril_Haddad" title="Gibril Haddad">Gibril Haddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanbalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalis">Hanbalis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Aqil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Aqil">Ibn 'Aqil</a> (d. 508 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (d. 534 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zahiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiris">Zahiris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> (d. 524 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mada%27" title="Ibn Mada'">Ibn Mada'</a> (d. 592 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Andalusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi">Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi</a> (d. 745 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/150px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/225px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ash'ari leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> (d. 485 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> (d. 500 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali</a> (d. 558 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub</a> (d. 615 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a> (d. 635 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">Al-Ashraf Musa</a> (d. 635 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a> (d. 658 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun</a> (d. 741 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader_al-Jazairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi">Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi</a> (d. 1382 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Al-Muwahhidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Theology books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabyin_Kadhib_al-Muftari" title="Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari">Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayf_al-Saqil_fi_al-Radd_ala_Ibn_Zafil" title="Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil">Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF"><div>Ash'ari-related templates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maturidi" title="Template:Maturidi"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Orange">Maturidi</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Hanafi</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Maliki</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Shafi'i</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Islamic theology</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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