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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Southern African Large Telescope</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suider-Afrikaanse_Groot_Teleskoop" title="Suider-Afrikaanse Groot Teleskoop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suider-Afrikaanse Groot Teleskoop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مقراب جنوب إفريقيا الكبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقراب جنوب إفريقيا الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Голям южноафрикански телескоп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голям южноафрикански телескоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Sudafricano" title="Gran Telescopio Sudafricano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Telescopio Sudafricano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoafrikako_Teleskopio_Handia" title="Hegoafrikako Teleskopio Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoafrikako Teleskopio Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="تلسکوپ بزرگ آفریقای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلسکوپ بزرگ آفریقای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_t%C3%A9lescope_d%27Afrique_australe" title="Grand télescope d'Afrique australe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand télescope d'Afrique australe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%ED%98%95_%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="남아프리카 공화국 대형 망원경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아프리카 공화국 대형 망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="南アフリカ大型望遠鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南アフリカ大型望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Teleskop_Po%C5%82udniowoafryka%C5%84ski" title="Wielki Teleskop Południowoafrykański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Teleskop Południowoafrykański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Telesc%C3%B3pio_do_Sul_da_%C3%81frica" title="Grande Telescópio do Sul da África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Telescópio do Sul da África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Большой южноафриканский телескоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большой южноафриканский телескоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Southern African Large Telescope" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Великий південноафриканський телескоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий південноафриканський телескоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&params=32.375918_S_20.810757_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°22′33″S</span> <span class="longitude">20°48′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.375918°S 20.810757°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-32.375918; 20.810757</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Astronomical optical telescope</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Southern African Large Telescope</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg/290px-Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg/435px-Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg/580px-Southern_African_Large_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="4048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">SALT <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Sutherland observatory <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639?uselang=en#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sutherland,_South_Africa" title="Sutherland, South Africa">Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Hoogland_Local_Municipality" title="Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality">Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namakwa_District_Municipality" title="Namakwa District Municipality">Namakwa District Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>, RSA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&params=32.375918_S_20.810757_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°22′33″S</span> <span class="longitude">20°48′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.375918°S 20.810757°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-32.375918; 20.810757</span></span></span></a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639#P625" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes" title="List of observatory codes">Observatory code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes#B31" title="List of observatory codes"> B31</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639?uselang=en#P717" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">1,798 m (5,899 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">320 nm (940 THz)–1,700 nm (180 THz)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telescope style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical observatory">astronomical observatory</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639?uselang=en#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">hexagonal array of ~<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001111000000000000♠"></span>11.1 m × 9.8 m</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000919999999999999♠"></span>9.2 m</span> (effective aperture)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">Angular resolution</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Encircled_energy" title="Encircled energy">EE(50)</a> ≤ 0.6"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Collecting area</th><td class="infobox-data">79 m<sup>2</sup> (91 × 0.87 m<sup>2</sup>)<br /> 66.5 m<sup>2</sup> (effective aperture)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telescope_mount" title="Telescope mount">Mounting</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45 ton steel structure</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enclosure</th><td class="infobox-data">25 m spherical</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salt.ac.za">www<wbr />.salt<wbr />.ac<wbr />.za</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern African Large Telescope is located in South Africa"><img alt="Southern African Large Telescope is located in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/240px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/360px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/480px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.925%;left:27.97%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Southern African Large Telescope"><img alt="Southern African Large Telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Southern African Large Telescope</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_African_Large_Telescope" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern African Large Telescope">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833639" class="extiw" title="d:Q833639">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Southern African Large Telescope</b> (<b>SALT</b>) is a 9.2-metre <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">optical telescope</a> designed mainly for spectroscopy. It consists of 91 hexagonal mirror segments each with a 1-metre inscribed diameter, resulting in a total hexagonal mirror of 11.1 by 9.8 m.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its effective aperture is only 9.2 m. It is located close to the town of <a href="/wiki/Sutherland,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutherland, Northern Cape">Sutherland</a> in the semi-desert region of the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It is a facility of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Astronomical_Observatory" title="South African Astronomical Observatory">South African Astronomical Observatory</a>, the national optical <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> of South Africa. </p><p>SALT is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">largest optical telescope</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enables <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">polarimetric</a> analysis and imaging of the radiation from astronomical objects that are out of reach of <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">northern hemisphere</a> telescopes. </p><p>It is closely based on the <a href="/wiki/Hobby%E2%80%93Eberly_Telescope" title="Hobby–Eberly Telescope">Hobby–Eberly Telescope</a> (HET) at <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Observatory" title="McDonald Observatory">McDonald Observatory</a>, with some changes in its design, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> corrector. The main purpose for these changes was to improve the telescope's <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>. It shares the same fixed mirror <a href="/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude (astronomy)">altitude</a> design, which limits access to 70% of the visible sky.<sup id="cite_ref-arm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">First light</a> with the full mirror was declared on 1 September 2005, with 1-arc-second resolution images of <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/47_Tucanae" title="47 Tucanae">47 Tucanae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">open cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_6152" title="NGC 6152">NGC 6152</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral galaxy</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_6744" title="NGC 6744">NGC 6744</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lagoon_Nebula" title="Lagoon Nebula">Lagoon Nebula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official opening by <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> took place during the inauguration ceremony on 10 November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> contributed about a third of the total of US$36 million that will finance SALT for its first 10 years (US$20 million for the construction of the telescope, US$6 million for instruments, and US$10 million for operations). The rest was contributed by the other partners: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_information">General information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SALT is located on a hilltop 1837 m above sea level in a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> in the Hantam, Karoo 370 km (230 mi) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, near the small town of <a href="/wiki/Sutherland,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutherland, Northern Cape">Sutherland</a>. In March 2004, installation of the massive <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> began. The last of the 91 smaller mirrored <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagon</a> segments was put in place in May 2005. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Could not find evidence of Google's telescope existing (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have telescopes at the site and South Africa has at least five optical telescopes there. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> has a solar telescope to help monitor the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. SALT will probe <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a> and enable scientists to view stars and galaxies a billion times too faint to be seen by the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_mirror">Primary mirror</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary mirror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Salt_Mirror.jpg/225px-Salt_Mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Salt_Mirror.jpg/338px-Salt_Mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Salt_Mirror.jpg/450px-Salt_Mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Salt_mirror.jpg/225px-Salt_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Salt_mirror.jpg/338px-Salt_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Salt_mirror.jpg/450px-Salt_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">SALT's <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/220px--Telescope_Cleaning.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Telescope_Cleaning.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Telescope_Cleaning.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/Telescope_Cleaning.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/Telescope_Cleaning.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/Telescope_Cleaning.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/Telescope_Cleaning.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/Telescope_Cleaning.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Telescope_Cleaning.webm/Telescope_Cleaning.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cleaning of the South African Large Telescope mirrors with <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both SALT and <a href="/wiki/Hobby%E2%80%93Eberly_Telescope" title="Hobby–Eberly Telescope">HET</a> have an unusual design for an optical telescope. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Keck_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck Telescope">Keck Telescopes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> is composed of an array of mirrors designed to act as a single larger mirror; however, the SALT mirrors produce a spherical primary, rather than the paraboloid shape associated with a classical Cassegrain telescope. Each SALT mirror is a 1-meter hexagon, and the array of 91 identical mirrors produces a hexagonally shaped primary 11 by 9.8 meters in size. To compensate for the spherical primary, the telescope has a four-mirror spherical aberration corrector (SAC) that provides a corrected, flat focal plane with a field of view of 8 arcminutes at prime focus. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg/200px-Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg/300px-Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg/400px-Comparison_optical_telescope_primary_mirrors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison: primary mirrors of some notable telescopes</figcaption></figure> <p>Each of the 91 mirrors is made of low-expansion <a href="/wiki/Sitall" title="Sitall">Sitall</a> glass and can be adjusted in tip, <a href="/wiki/Tilt_(optics)" title="Tilt (optics)">tilt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piston_(optics)" title="Piston (optics)">piston</a> in order to properly align them so as to act as a single mirror. Because the mirror is spherical, light emitted from a position corresponding to the center of curvature of the mirror is reflected and refocused to the same position. Therefore, the telescope employs a center-of-curvature alignment sensor (CCAS) situated at the top of a tall tower adjacent to the dome. Laser light is shone down on all the segments, and the position of the reflections from each mirror measured. A process called "stacking" thus allows the telescope operator to optimize the adjustments of the mirrors. </p><p>The telescope is also unusual in that during an observation, the mirror remains at a fixed altitude and azimuth, and the image of an astronomical target produced by the telescope is tracked by the "payload", which resides at the position of prime focus and includes the SAC and prime-focus instrumentation. This is similar in operation to the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Telescope" title="Arecibo Telescope">Arecibo Radio Telescope</a>. Although this results in only a limited observing window per target, it greatly simplifies the primary mirror mount, when compared to a fully steerable telescope, transferring the complexity to the smaller and lighter payload tracking system, providing for an overall reduction in total telescope construction cost. SALT has a fixed <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> angle of 37 degrees, optimised for the Magellanic clouds, but because of the full range of azimuths and the celestial rotation, SALT has access to a good fraction of the sky available at the Sutherland site. </p><p>Another consequence of this design is that the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a> varies in size during the tracking of a target. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first generation instrumentation for SALT includes the SALT Imaging Camera (SALTICAM), designed and built by the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO); the Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS) (née Prime Focus Imaging Spectrograph), a multi-purpose long-slit and multi-object imaging spectrograph and spectropolarimeter, designed and built by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers">Rutgers</a> University, and the SAAO; and a fiber-fed High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS), designed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> (New Zealand). SALTICAM was installed in early 2005, while the RSS was installed on 11 October 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_connectivity">Internet connectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internet connectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telescope is connected to the <a href="/wiki/SAAO" class="mw-redirect" title="SAAO">SAAO</a> site in Cape Town via a 1 Gbit/s fibre connection over the <a href="/wiki/SANREN" class="mw-redirect" title="SANREN">SANREN</a> network. The SAAO has a 1 Gbit/s connection to the <a href="/wiki/SANREN" class="mw-redirect" title="SANREN">SANREN</a> network with 30 Mbit/s of that link being the international portion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_working_group">Science working group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science working group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Membership of the SALT science working group: </p><p>David Buckley, Gerald Cecil, Brian Chaboyer, Richard Griffiths, Janusz Kałużny, Michael Albrow, Karen Pollard, Kenneth Nordsieck, Darragh O'Donoghue, Larry Ramsey, Anne Sansom, Pat Cote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partners">Partners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg-August-Universit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg-August-Universität">Georg-August-Universität</a> Göttingen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby-Eberly_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobby-Eberly Telescope">Hobby-Eberly Telescope</a> Board</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Foundation of South Africa">National Research Foundation of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Copernicus_Astronomical_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre (page does not exist)">Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers">Rutgers</a>, the State University of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_SALT_Consortium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Kingdom SALT Consortium (page does not exist)">United Kingdom SALT Consortium</a> (UKSC), comprising: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh_Observatory" title="Armagh Observatory">Armagh Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">University of Central Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>In 2007, the following new partners joined the SALT consortium: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMNH" class="mw-redirect" title="AMNH">American Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCAA">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> (India)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research using SALT at the South African Astronomical Observatory has led the facility to important discoveries. By using the Southern African Large Telescope, SAAO has the ability to take "snapshots" of stars in very quick succession. It is optimized for wavelengths and observing modes not available on other very large telescopes. As a result, astronomers can study rapidly changing properties of compact stars, primarily as they pull in gas from their companion stars or surroundings. The significance of this discovery allows us to detect black holes. The gravitational field of a compact star commonly pulls in gas from a companion star, thus <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>) is emitted. Scientists used this as an indirect way to locate black holes. Another phenomenon that SALT has helped astronomers investigate is the way that masses build up on some compact stars until supernova explosions blow them apart, which gives scientists a "Type 1a" supernovae used to show that the expansion of the universe is speeding up.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other note-worthy research the South African Astronomical Observatory has achieved using SALT include the discovery of a class of stars known as "polar", or a pair of stars. The "polar" binary star system, where a compactor star called a "white dwarf" whose volume has shrunk about one millionth of a star like the Sun. Studies using SALT concluded that these polar binary star systems take only an hour and a half to complete an orbit. Also, the SALT telescope allows scientists to study the rapid brightness changes in exotic stars. </p><p>More research using SALT has aided astronomers to investigate the structure and evolution of our <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magellanic_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellanic clouds">Magellanic clouds</a>, the galactic structure and stellar <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SALT released its first color images, which marked the achievement of the "first light". This also marked the debut of the fully operating SALTICAM, which is a $600,000 digital camera designed and built for SALT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite initial estimates by SAAO that SALT would bring up to 30,000 tourists to Sutherland, the telescope has so far only resulted in about 14,000 annual visitors, which has nevertheless resulted in the creation of at least 300 jobs in the town of 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Astronomical_Observatory" title="South African Astronomical Observatory">South African Astronomical Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories" title="List of astronomical observatories">List of astronomical observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEDS" class="mw-redirect" title="SEDS">SEDS</a> SEDS South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List of optical telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">List of largest optical reflecting telescopes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/03/15/safrica.telescopes.reut/index.html">South Africa looks to stars with super scope</a>. United Kingdom: <i>Reuters Limited</i>. 15 March 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news6159.html">South African Large Telescope Makes Its Debut</a>. <a href="/wiki/PhysOrg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="PhysOrg.com">PhysOrg.com</a>. 1 September 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1">[2013 "SALT Key Design & Performance Characteristics"]. <q>Operational wavelengths: 320nm to 1700nm</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SALT+Key+Design+%26+Performance+Characteristics&rft_id=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salt.ac.za/telescope/subsystems/mirror/segments/">"Mirror Segments"</a>. <i>Southern African Large Telescope website</i>. SOAA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>The spherical primary mirror has a master radius of curvature of 26 165 mm. It consists of 91 interchangeable hexagonal mirror segments, each of 1 m inscribed diameter, forming a hexagon of ~11.1 x ~9.8 m.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Large+Telescope+website&rft.atitle=Mirror+Segments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salt.ac.za%2Ftelescope%2Fsubsystems%2Fmirror%2Fsegments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetoday.org/DeepSpace/Telescopes/SALT.html">"Deep Space Observatories: The Southern African Large Telescope"</a>. Space Today Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep+Space+Observatories%3A+The+Southern+African+Large+Telescope&rft.pub=Space+Today+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetoday.org%2FDeepSpace%2FTelescopes%2FSALT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physikinstrumente.com/en/news/fullnews.php?newsid=31">"273 Precision Actuators for the Largest Telescope in the Southern Hemisphere"</a>. Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG. May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=273+Precision+Actuators+for+the+Largest+Telescope+in+the+Southern+Hemisphere&rft.pub=Physik+Instrumente+%28PI%29+GmbH+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physikinstrumente.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffullnews.php%3Fnewsid%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arm_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406203321/http://www.arm.ac.uk/SALT/">"Southern African Large Telescope"</a>. Armagh Observatory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arm.ac.uk/SALT/">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+African+Large+Telescope&rft.pub=Armagh+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arm.ac.uk%2FSALT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pix_elate/2609507073/">"S.a.l.t"</a>. May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.a.l.t&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fpix_elate%2F2609507073%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925092341/http://www.dst.gov.za/media-room/speeches/archived/speech.2007-05-23.5742658471">"SALT Inauguration Ceremony. Address by the Honourable Minister of Science and Technology, Mr Mosibudi Mangena"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_African_Department_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Department of Science and Technology">South African Department of Science and Technology</a>. 10 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dst.gov.za/media-room/speeches/archived/speech.2007-05-23.5742658471">the original</a> on 25 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SALT+Inauguration+Ceremony.+Address+by+the+Honourable+Minister+of+Science+and+Technology%2C+Mr+Mosibudi+Mangena&rft.pub=South+African+Department+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dst.gov.za%2Fmedia-room%2Fspeeches%2Farchived%2Fspeech.2007-05-23.5742658471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BusinessLive-WishingUponAStar_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2018" class="citation news cs1">Kahn, Tamar (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2018-06-01-sutherland-wishing-on-a-rising-star/">"Sutherland: Wishing on a rising star"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sutherland%3A+Wishing+on+a+rising+star&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesslive.co.za%2Ffm%2Ffeatures%2F2018-06-01-sutherland-wishing-on-a-rising-star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121225012828/http://www.saao.ac.za/public-info/news/news/article/126/16/">"First Science with SALT: Observations of eclipsing polar: SAAO"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Science+with+SALT%3A+Observations+of+eclipsing+polar%3A+SAAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saao.ac.za%2Fpublic-info%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F126%2F16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224141226/http://www.nrf.ac.za/facilities/saao/">"NRF - the South African Astronomical Observatory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrf.ac.za/facilities/saao/">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRF+-+the+South+African+Astronomical+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrf.ac.za%2Ffacilities%2Fsaao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+African+Large+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Large_Telescope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">Timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">Astronomical object</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_astronomy" title="Sidewalk astronomy">Sidewalk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Celestial subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Local system</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Solar</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">Far-infrared</a></span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light <span style="font-size:85%;">(optical)</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic rays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational radiation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">Radar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spherical_astronomy" title="Spherical astronomy">Spherical</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">Multi-messenger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Inuit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Maya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_Serbia" title="Astronomy in Serbia">Serbian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">folk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_astronomy" title="Tibetan astronomy">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical<br />telescopes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telescopes" title="Category:Telescopes">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">Extremely large telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">Extremely Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern African Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroinformatics" title="Astroinformatics">Astroinformatics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">Astrology and astronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">Astroparticle physics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">IAU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomers" title="List of astronomers">List of astronomers</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_astronomers" title="List of French astronomers">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Notable_astronomers" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists" title="List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers" title="List of women astronomers">Women</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_telescopes" title="Lists of telescopes">lists</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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