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<span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Declaration of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progress_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Progress of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Indies" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire_and_Treaty_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ceasefire and Treaty of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire_and_Treaty_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarta_Guerra_anglo-neerlandesa" title="Cuarta Guerra anglo-neerlandesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuarta Guerra anglo-neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ctvrt%C3%A1_anglo-nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Čtvrtá anglo-nizozemská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čtvrtá anglo-nizozemská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englisch-Niederl%C3%A4ndischer_Krieg_(1780%E2%80%931784)" title="Englisch-Niederländischer Krieg (1780–1784) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englisch-Niederländischer Krieg (1780–1784)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarta_guerra_anglo-neerlandesa" title="Cuarta guerra anglo-neerlandesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuarta guerra anglo-neerlandesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_guerre_anglo-n%C3%A9erlandaise" title="Quatrième guerre anglo-néerlandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatrième guerre anglo-néerlandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Inggris%E2%80%93Belanda_Keempat" title="Perang Inggris–Belanda Keempat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Inggris–Belanda Keempat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta_guerra_anglo-olandese" title="Quarta guerra anglo-olandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quarta guerra anglo-olandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%E2%80%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלחמת הולנד–אנגליה הרביעית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הולנד–אנגליה הרביעית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierde_Engels-Nederlandse_Oorlog" title="Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%98%AD%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第四次英蘭戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第四次英蘭戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjerde_anglo-nederlandske_krig" title="Fjerde anglo-nederlandske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjerde anglo-nederlandske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fjerde_engelsk-nederlandske_krigen" title="Den fjerde engelsk-nederlandske krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den fjerde engelsk-nederlandske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%E2%80%98rtinchi_Anglya-Gollandiya_urushi" title="To‘rtinchi Anglya-Gollandiya urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="To‘rtinchi Anglya-Gollandiya urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_wojna_angielsko-holenderska" title="IV wojna angielsko-holenderska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IV wojna angielsko-holenderska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta_Guerra_Anglo-Holandesa" title="Quarta Guerra Anglo-Holandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quarta Guerra Anglo-Holandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Четвёртая англо-голландская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четвёртая англо-голландская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="สงครามอังกฤษ-เนเธอร์แลนด์ครั้งที่สี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามอังกฤษ-เนเธอร์แลนด์ครั้งที่สี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Четверта англо-голландська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Четверта англо-голландська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierde_Iengels-Nederlandse_O%C3%B4rlog" title="Vierde Iengels-Nederlandse Oôrlog – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vierde Iengels-Nederlandse Oôrlog" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_the_Dogger_Bank_5_August_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><br /><i>The Battle of Dogger Bank</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1780–1784</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> cedes <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapatnam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Dutch Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">France</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></b></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blue_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1800%29.svg/23px-Blue_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blue_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1800%29.svg/35px-Blue_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blue_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1800%29.svg/46px-Blue_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hyde_Parker,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet">Hyde Parker</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Hughes</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">George Rodney</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)">George Johnstone</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_van_Kinsbergen" title="Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen">Jan Kinsbergen</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iman_Willem_Falck" title="Iman Willem Falck">Iman Falck</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Dutch War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_February_1781" title="Action of 4 February 1781">Sombrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1781)" title="Battle of Elmina (1781)">Elmina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Essequibo_and_Demerara_(1781)" title="Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781)">Essequibo and Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_May_1781" title="Action of 30 May 1781">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saldanha_Bay_(1781)" title="Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781)">Saldanha Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1781)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)">Dogger Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Dutch_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Dutch Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Dutch Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Dutch Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Dutch_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars"><span class="wrap">Anglo-Dutch Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First</a> (1652–1654)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second</a> (1665–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third</a> (1672–1674)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fourth</a> (1780–1784)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog</i>; 1780–1784) was a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. The war, contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783), broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. </p><p>Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">rebelling American colonies</a> and their allies, American ambassador (and future <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>) <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognise the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in April 1782. In October 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded as well. </p><p>Most of the war consisted of a series of British operations against Dutch colonial economic interests, although British and Dutch naval forces also <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1781)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)">met once off the Dutch coast</a>. The war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war settled the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> and further cemented Great Britain as the leading <a href="/wiki/Commercial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial power">commercial power</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> had been allies since the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, the Dutch had become very much the junior partner in the alliance and had slowly lost their former dominance of world trade to the British. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a>, the Dutch Republic had more or less abdicated its pretences as a major power and this became painfully evident to the rest of Europe during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. Near the end of that war in 1747, an <a href="/wiki/Orangist_revolution" title="Orangist revolution">Orangist revolution</a> restored the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholderate</a> with vastly increased powers for the stadtholder and made the stadtholderate hereditary. This did not lead to a resurgence of the republic as a major power because of what many in the republic saw as the mismanagement of the stadtholderian regency during the minority of stadtholder <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V</a>, and subsequently during his own reign. Instead, the republic remained stubbornly neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which enabled it to greatly neglect both its army and navy. The stadtholderian regime was pro-British, with the stadtholder being a grandson of King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>, but his opponents for this reason favoured France, and those opponents were strong enough in the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> (the governing body of the Republic whose "first servant" the stadtholder was) to keep Dutch foreign policy neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the British considered the Dutch allies in their attempt to stamp out the rebellion in their North American <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. They attempted to "borrow" the mercenary <a href="/wiki/Scots_Brigade" title="Scots Brigade">Scots Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> for use in the Americas, in a similar manner to the <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswicker</a> contingents they hired and deployed. This was strongly opposed by the Dutch sympathizers of the American Revolution, led by Baron <a href="/wiki/Joan_van_der_Capellen_tot_den_Pol" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol">Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol</a>, who managed to convince the States General to refuse the British request.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More importantly, Dutch merchants, especially those from Amsterdam, became involved in the supply of arms and munitions to the American rebels soon after the outbreak of American Revolutionary War. This trade was mainly conducted via the Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Eustatius">St. Eustatius</a>, an island colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. There, American colonial wares, such as tobacco and indigo, were imported (in contravention of the British <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>) and re-exported to Europe. For their return cargo, the Americans purchased arms, munitions, and naval stores brought to the island by Dutch and French merchants. In 1776 the governor of the island, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Graeff" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Graeff">Johannes de Graeff</a>, was the first to salute the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States#First_flag" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a>, leading to growing British suspicions of the Dutch. In 1778, the Dutch refused take Britain's side in the war against France. The British invoked a number of old treaties (1678, 1689, 1716) to have the republic support them militarily, but as in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the Dutch government refused.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the French declared war on Britain, Amsterdam merchants also became heavily involved in the trade in naval stores with France. The French needed those supplies for their naval construction, but were prevented from obtaining those themselves, due to the blockade by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (France being the weaker naval power in that conflict). The Dutch were privileged by a concession obtained after their victory in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>, known as the principle of "free ship, free goods", which was enshrined in the Anglo-Dutch Commercial Treaty of 1668, reconfirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster (1674)</a>. This early formulation of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Navigation">Freedom of Navigation</a> exempted all but narrowly defined "<a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a>" goods carried in Dutch ships from confiscation by the British <a href="/wiki/Prize_court" title="Prize court">prize courts</a>, in wars in which the Dutch remained neutral. According to the treaty <a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">naval stores</a>, including ship's timbers, masts, spars, canvas, tar, rope, and pitch, were not contraband and the Dutch, therefore, were free to continue their trade with France in these goods. Because of the still-important role of the Dutch in the European carrying trade, this opened up a large loophole in the British <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a>. The British then unilaterally declared naval stores to be contraband and enforced their embargo by arresting Dutch and other neutral ships on the high seas. </p><p>This led to strong protests by the affected Dutch merchants, who demanded institution of <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Navy" title="Dutch States Navy">Dutch States Navy</a>, to protect them against the Royal Navy and British <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>. According to customary international law, such convoys were (and still are) exempt from the right of <a href="/wiki/Visit_and_Search" title="Visit and Search">Visit and Search</a> by belligerents. Initially, the stadtholder managed to prevent this, but strong diplomatic pressure by France, that selectively applied economic sanctions to Dutch cities supporting the stadtholder in this policy, forced his hand in November 1779. The States General now ordered him to provide the escorts and the first convoy, under command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_van_Bylandt" title="Lodewijk van Bylandt">Lodewijk van Bylandt</a>, sailed in December. This led to the humiliating <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_Fielding_and_Bylandt" title="Affair of Fielding and Bylandt">Affair of Fielding and Bylandt</a> on 31 December, which enraged Dutch public opinion and further undermined the position of the stadtholder. The incident motivated the Dutch to seek admission to the <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">First League of Armed Neutrality</a>, which espoused the principle of "free ship, free goods", especially after Britain formally abrogated the Commercial Treaty of 1668. The Dutch hoped to gain the armed support of the other members of the league to maintain their neutral status.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Declaration of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British government saw the danger of this move (it might embroil Great Britain in war with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the Nordic powers <a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> also), so declared war on the republic shortly after it announced its intentions in December 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To forestall Russia from coming to the aid of the Dutch (something Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> was not keen on, either), the British government cited a number of grievances that were ostensibly unrelated to the Dutch accession to the league. One of these was the shelter the Dutch had (reluctantly) given to the American privateer <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a> in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, much was made of a draft treaty of commerce, secretly negotiated between the Amsterdam banker <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Neufville" title="Jean de Neufville">Jean de Neufville</a> and the American agent in <a href="/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix-la-Chapelle">Aix-la-Chapelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(diplomat)" title="William Lee (diplomat)">William Lee</a>, with the connivance of the Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Pensionary" title="Pensionary">pensionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Fran%C3%A7ois_van_Berckel" title="Engelbert François van Berckel">Van Berckel</a>, and found among the effects of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, an American diplomat who had been apprehended by the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vestal_(1779)" title="HMS Vestal (1779)">HMS <i>Vestal</i></a> in September 1780, on the high seas. He had been sent by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic. The draft treaty was cited as proof by the British of the non-neutral conduct of the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progress_of_the_war">Progress of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Progress of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutch naval power had been in decline since 1712. The fleet had been long neglected, and the Dutch navy, having only 20 ships of the line at the start of the conflict, was no match for the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Although the States General had decided on a substantial expansion of the fleet in 1779, just before the fateful decision to offer limited convoys, and had even voted the funds for such a naval-construction program, it progressed but slowly. Another reason for the slow expansion of the Dutch fleet was a lack of suitable recruits—the Dutch navy paid lower wages than the merchant marine and did not use <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> like the Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of available ships was diminished even more at the start of the war when several ships were captured by the British in the West Indies because they were unaware the war had started. A convoy under Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Willem_Krul" title="Willem Krul">Willem Krul</a> was lost this way near St. Eustatius in February 1781, and the admiral was killed in the short action;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a different action, Captain Bylandt (a nephew of the admiral of the same name) surrendered his ship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The pronounced inferiority of the Dutch fleet, and its state of "unreadiness" was a frequently reiterated excuse for the Dutch naval commanders, especially Vice Admiral Andries Hartsinck, who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a> squadron, to keep the fleet at anchor, thereby ceding dominance of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the blockading British fleet. Within a few weeks of the beginning of the war, more than 200 Dutch merchantmen, with cargo to the amount of 15 million guilders, had been captured by the British and 300 more were locked up in foreign ports.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another reason for the lack of activity of the Dutch navy was the fact that diplomatic activity never ceased and gave the Dutch government the illusion that the war would be of only short duration. Empress Catharine, though she refused to come to the aid of the Dutch, was very active in offering her services to mediate the dispute. Both the British and the Dutch, with varying amounts of sincerity, cooperated in these diplomatic manoeuvres, which came to nothing, but helped to keep military activities at a low level while they lasted.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British government also made overtures to the Dutch to come to a speedy conclusion of hostilities, especially after the cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a> had been replaced by that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a> in March 1782. Fox immediately proposed a separate peace on favourable conditions to the Dutch government. Unfortunately for the Dutch, they had just bound themselves closer to France by agreeing to act "in concert" with France in naval actions, so a separate peace was no longer an option. A real military alliance with France was, however, still blocked by the stadtholder, despite the fact that many in the republic favoured it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war, as far as it went, was fought in three main theatres. Britain blockaded Dutch ports in Europe, and embarked on expeditions to seize Dutch colonial properties throughout the world. These were almost entirely successful; only an <a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">attempt to capture</a> the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a> on the Africa's Gold Coast (modern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) failed. While many Dutch territories in the West Indies were taken by the British, some, like <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, were not attacked due to their defensive strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Indies">West Indies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_(haute_r%C3%A9solution).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg/240px-%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg/360px-%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg/480px-%C3%8Ele_de_Saint_Eustache_en_1781_%28haute_r%C3%A9solution%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The capture of <a href="/wiki/St_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="St Eustatius">St Eustatius</a> by the British fleet in February 1781. The island is sacked by the British.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg/240px-Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg/360px-Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg/480px-Prise_de_Saint_Eustache_par_les_troupes_de_Bouille_sept_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>The same year, the island is issued by a French landing troops.</figcaption></figure> <p>As far as the Dutch were concerned, the war in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> was over almost before it had begun. Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> station of the Royal Navy, attacked the Dutch colonies in that part of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>: St. Eustatius, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Saint Martin</a>, as soon as he had received word of the declaration of war, in the process surprising a number of Dutch naval and merchant ships, which were still unaware of the start of hostilities. St. Eustatius (<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">captured on 3 February 1781</a>), that had played such a large role in the supply of the American rebels with arms, was completely devastated by him. He proved himself especially vengeful against the Jewish merchants on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All goods on the island were confiscated and all merchants, Dutch, American, French, even British, deported. Part of the loot was auctioned off on the spot, but an appreciable amount was put on a convoy destined for Britain. However, much of the convoy was captured in the English Channel by a French squadron under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Toussaint-Guillaume_Picquet_de_la_Motte" title="Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte">Picquet de la Motte</a>. The French did not return the goods to the Dutch, however.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though an attempt was made to likewise capture the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a>, these remained in Dutch hands, as did <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, though neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> were rapidly taken by the British early in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were retaken by the French captain <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Kersaint" title="Armand de Kersaint">Armand de Kersaint</a> in 1782, and restored to the Dutch after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_waters">European waters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Admiral Hartsinck at first proved himself highly reluctant to risk his fleet. However, political pressure to venture outside the safety of the <a href="/wiki/Texel_roadstead" class="mw-redirect" title="Texel roadstead">Texel roadstead</a> mounted and several cautious attempts were made to capture British convoys, or escort Dutch convoys. In one of those forays, an unusually strong squadron, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoutman" title="Johan Zoutman">Johan Zoutman</a> and his second-in-command, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_van_Kinsbergen" title="Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen">Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen</a>, encountered in August 1781 a British squadron of about equal strength under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hyde_Parker,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet">Hyde Parker</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1781)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)">Battle of Dogger Bank</a>, which ended in a tactical draw.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another promising venture seemed to be what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Affair" title="Brest Affair">Brest Affair</a>. In September 1782, after the Dutch politicians had hesitantly agreed to coordinate their actions with the French, acting "in concert", an opportunity seemed to exist to combine a Dutch squadron of 10 <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a> with the French squadron at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, as the British fleet in the channel had suddenly sailed south. However, Hartsinck, as usual, made objections, based on intelligence that British ships lay in ambush. When this proved false, the stadtholder ordered him to send the squadron, under command of Vice Admiral Count <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_van_Bylandt" title="Lodewijk van Bylandt">Lodewijk van Bylandt</a> to Brest. However, as had happened countless times before, Bylandt, after having inspected the ships, declared them "unready" to put out to sea. In this refusal, he was supported by the other flag officers. The incident caused a political storm that threatened to engulf the stadtholder himself, as he was responsible as commander-in-chief for both the state of readiness of the fleet and its strategic decisions (though the officers were tactically and operationally responsible, and could not decline responsibility for the alleged state of "unreadiness" themselves). The opponents of the stadtholder demanded an investigation that was, however, very long drawn out, and quietly terminated after the stadtholder was restored in his full powers after 1787, long after the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though, except for the Dogger-Bank skirmish, no major battles were fought in European waters, and the British blockade encountered little opposition from the Dutch fleet, the blockade itself exacted its toll on the British seamen, who were at sea for long times at a stretch (which even exposed them to the danger of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>) and the ships that suffered from severe wear and tear. Also, because an appreciable number of ships had to be detached to maintain naval superiority in the North Sea, the already overstretched Royal Navy was even more strained after 1781. Ships that were needed to blockade the Dutch coast could not be used against the French, Americans, and Spaniards in other theatres of war. This may have contributed to a number of the naval defeats the British suffered after 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_waters">Asian waters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asian waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg/320px-Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg/480px-Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg/640px-Battaille_Gondelour_1783_gravure_hollandaise_imaginaire_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><i>Glorious action of the French Admiral Suffren against the British Admiral Hughes in the seas of Ceylon.</i> The intervention of the French navy attempted to rescue the Dutch colonies in Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) had been responsible for defending its own colonies east of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, but for the first time, had to request assistance from the Dutch navy. However, ships were lacking at first and what naval forces were available were unable to prevent Britain from taking full control of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a>. In early 1782 British Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hughes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Hughes</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">captured Trincomalee</a> on the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a>, considered to be the finest harbour in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1781, British Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)">George Johnstone</a> was sent to capture the Cape Colony. France, which had already planned to send a fleet to India, received intelligence of this, and directed its commander, the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren_de_Saint_Tropez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez">Bailli de Suffren</a>, to try to reach the Cape before Johnstone. After Johnstone and Suffren met in a happenstance <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Praya" title="Battle of Porto Praya">battle in the Cape Verde Islands</a>, Suffren was able to arrive before Johnstone, and the strength of French troops he left dissuaded Johnstone from attacking the colony. After capturing a number of VOC ships in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Saldanha_Bay" title="Saldanha Bay">Saldanha Bay</a>, he returned to North Atlantic waters. </p><p>Suffren had continued on to <a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>) and then India. There, he arrived and fought a number of actions against Hughes. Suffren attempted to take the Dutch port of <a href="/wiki/Negapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Negapatam">Negapatam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">taken by the British in 1781</a>), but was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negapatam_(1782)" title="Battle of Negapatam (1782)">frustrated by Hughes</a>. In August, the French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trincomalee" title="Battle of Trincomalee">recaptured Trincomalee</a>, and Suffren fought Hughes to a standstill in a naval battle several days later. The two fleets withdrew and the British repaired in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> while the French refitted in the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Hughes and Suffren <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1783)" title="Battle of Cuddalore (1783)">met again</a> in 1783, but news of preliminary peace between France and Britain ended hostilities in India. </p><p>In August 1781, word of the war reached Sumatra, where both the Dutch and British companies had trading outposts. The directors of the British company at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Marlborough" title="Fort Marlborough">Fort Marlborough</a> received instructions from Bombay to destroy all of the Dutch outposts on the west coast of Sumatra. Quite fortuitously, a fleet of five East Indiamen arrived not long after, and the directors seized the opportunity for action. Henry Botham, one of the directors, commandeered the fleet, and with 100 company soldiers sailed for <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 August, Jacob van Heemskerk, the VOC chief resident at Padang, surrendered all of the west coast outposts without a fight, unaware that Botham's force was relatively weak. The capture netted the British 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">florins</a> in goods and money.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortress at Padang was destroyed before the town was returned to VOC control in 1784. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire_and_Treaty_of_Paris">Ceasefire and Treaty of Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceasefire and Treaty of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1784)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Paris (1784)">Treaty of Paris (1784)</a></div> <p>The republic did not form a formal military alliance with France and her allies before the end of the war. A treaty of amity and commerce was, however, concluded with the Americans in October 1782, after John Adams, who succeeded Henry Laurens, had managed to obtain diplomatic recognition of the American republic from the States General in April 1782. The republic was the second European power (after France, but before Spain) to recognise the United States. Adams also succeeded in raising a substantial loan for the Americans on the still-significant Dutch capital market. </p><p>The republic involved itself in the peace congress that the French foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a>, organised, negotiating separately with the British commissioners. The Dutch demands were not supported by the French, and this put them into an untenable position when the French and their allies went ahead with the signing of the general peace. The Dutch, therefore, were forced to sign a preliminary peace just before that general treaty was signed. The republic joined the armistice between Britain and France in January 1783. The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783–1784)</a> made <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Negapatnam</a>, in India, a British colony. <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> was restored to Dutch control. The British gained the right of free trade with part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, which had been a major war aim for British merchants. The French also returned the other Dutch colonies they had recaptured from the British, including the ones in the West Indies (like St. Eustatius that had been taken by Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a> in February 1781, but was retaken by the French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">De Grasse</a> on 27 November 1781).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war proved a disaster for the Netherlands, particularly economically. It also proved to be confirmation of the weakening of Dutch power in the 18th century. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the bad result was blamed on the stadholder's mismanagement (if not worse) by his opponents, who coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(Dutch_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (Dutch Republic)">Patriot party</a>. These managed for a while to roll back a number of the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period#Crisis_and_the_Orangist_revolution_of_1747" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">revolution of 1747</a>, strongly diminishing his powers. However, this <a href="/wiki/Patriottentijd" title="Patriottentijd">Patriot revolt</a> was <a href="/wiki/Prussian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Prussian invasion of Holland">suppressed in 1787</a> by Prussian and British intervention. The Patriots were driven abroad, but returned in 1795 with the help of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French revolutionary</a> armies and established a <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> in place of the old Dutch Republic. The <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> remained central to British strategic thinking, and they sent expeditionary forces to the Netherlands in 1793, 1799, and 1809. The war caused severe damage to the VOC, which already in a severe crisis, was to go bankrupt just a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_military_history" class="mw-redirect" title="British military history">British military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_military_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch military history">Dutch military history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter 2017, p. 133–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirks, J. J. B. (1871), <i>De Nederlandsche Zeemagt in Hare verschillende Tijdperken Geschetst</i>. Part 3 (in Dutch), Rotterdam: H. Nijgh, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, pp. 985–998, 1067–1087, 1090–1097</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 28–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 42–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 95–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 163–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 62–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 88–91, 151–152, 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirks1871">Dirks 1871</a>, p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirks1871">Dirks 1871</a>, p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirks1871">Dirks 1871</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 178–179, 193–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 200–203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirks1871">Dirks 1871</a>, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirks1871">Dirks 1871</a>, pp. 306–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDirks1871">Dirks 1871</a>, pp. 330–353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2006">Rodger 2006</a>, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boswell, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinsma, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdler2001">Edler 2001</a>, pp. 181–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/18cen/anglodutch4.html">"The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 1780-1784"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Anglo-Dutch+War%2C+1780-1784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fmilitary%2F18cen%2Fanglodutch4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1782" class="citation cs2">Boswell, James (1782), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157"><i>The Scots Magazine, Volume 44</i></a>, Edinburgh: Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1765266">1765266</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scots+Magazine%2C+Volume+44&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Sands%2C+Brymer%2C+Murray+and+Cochran&rft.date=1782&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1765266&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeIRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirks1871" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dirks, J. J. B. (1871), <i>De Nederlandsche Zeemagt in Hare verschillende Tijdperken Geschetst. Deel 3</i> (in Dutch), Rotterdam: H. Nijgh</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+in+Hare+verschillende+Tijdperken+Geschetst.+Deel+3&rft.place=Rotterdam&rft.pub=H.+Nijgh&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Dirks&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsonKristianson2004" class="citation cs2">Hobson, Rolf; Kristianson, Tom, eds. (2004), <i>Navies in Northern Waters</i>, Portland: Frank Cass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5541-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5541-4"><bdi>0-7146-5541-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+in+Northern+Waters&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5541-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan</a> (1995), <i>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdler2001" class="citation cs2">Edler, F. (2001) [1911], <i>The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution</i>, Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-269-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-269-8"><bdi>0-89875-269-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+and+The+American+Revolution&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89875-269-8&rft.aulast=Edler&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2005" class="citation cs2">Adams, Julia (2005), <i>The Familial State: Ruling Families And Merchant Capitalism In Early Modern Europe</i>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3308-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3308-8"><bdi>0-8014-3308-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Familial+State%3A+Ruling+Families+And+Merchant+Capitalism+In+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-3308-8&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinsma1872" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meinsma, Johannes Jacobus (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQxXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA203"><i>Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Bezittingen</i></a> (in Dutch), Delft: J. IJkema, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23421932">23421932</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+Nederlandsche+Oost-Indische+Bezittingen&rft.place=Delft&rft.pub=J.+IJkema&rft.date=1872&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23421932&rft.aulast=Meinsma&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Jacobus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQxXAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2003" class="citation cs2">Moore, Bob, ed. (2003), <i>Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850</i>, Aldershot: Ashgate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0492-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0492-6"><bdi>0-7546-0492-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Empires+Compared%3A+Britain+and+the+Netherlands%2C+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-0492-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (2006), <i>The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815</i>, London: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102690-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102690-1"><bdi>0-14-102690-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102690-1&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1977), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriots_and_Liberators:_Revolution_in_the_Netherlands_1780%E2%80%931813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813 (page does not exist)">Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813</a></i>, New York: Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48516-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-48516-5"><bdi>0-394-48516-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriots+and+Liberators%3A+Revolution+in+the+Netherlands+1780%E2%80%931813&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-394-48516-5&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scott, Hamish M. "Sir Joseph Yorke, Dutch politics and the origins of the fourth Anglo-Dutch war." <i>The Historical Journal</i> 31#3 (1988): 571–589.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Simms" title="Brendan Simms">Simms, Brendan</a> (2008), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threevictoriesan00simm"><i>Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire</i></a></span>, New York: Basic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01332-6"><bdi>978-0-465-01332-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Victories+and+a+Defeat%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+First+British+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01332-6&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreevictoriesan00simm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancke2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Francke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Francke (page does not exist)">Francke, Johan</a> (2019), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_die_willen_te_kaap%27ren_varen._De_Nederlandse_commissievaart_tijdens_de_Vierde_Engelse_Oorlog,_1780-1784&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al die willen te kaap'ren varen. De Nederlandse commissievaart tijdens de Vierde Engelse Oorlog, 1780-1784 (page does not exist)">Al die willen te kaap'ren varen. De Nederlandse commissievaart tijdens de Vierde Engelse Oorlog, 1780-1784</a></i>, Zutphen: Walburg Pers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6249325-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6249325-4"><bdi>978-94-6249325-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+die+willen+te+kaap%27ren+varen.+De+Nederlandse+commissievaart+tijdens+de+Vierde+Engelse+Oorlog%2C+1780-1784&rft.place=Zutphen&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-94-6249325-4&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFourth+Anglo-Dutch+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576292#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005062">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čtvrtá anglo-nizozemská válka (1780-1784)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1060198&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294850605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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