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dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Bryophytes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbraɪ.əˌfaɪts/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a>), sometimes treated as a taxonomic <a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">division</a>, that contains three groups of <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular</a> land plants: the <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> (Bryophyta sensu lato).<a href="#cite_note-pmid12415314-3">[3]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Sensu#Common_qualifiers" title="Sensu">strict sense</a>, the division Bryophyta consists of the mosses only. Bryophytes are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although some species can survive in drier environments.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon2012-4">[4]</a> The bryophytes consist of about 20,000 plant species.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhatrBryo-6">[6]</a> Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (<a href="/wiki/Gametangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametangia">gametangia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporangia">sporangia</a>), but they do not produce <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. They reproduce sexually by <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> and asexually by fragmentation or the production of <a href="/wiki/Gemma_(botany)" title="Gemma (botany)">gemmae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vanderpoorten-7">[7]</a> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Bryophyte <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 443.8–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:69.790769230769px; width:150.20923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:69.790769230769px; width:150.20923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:70.790769230769px; width:148.20923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg/220px-MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg/330px-MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg/440px-MarchantiophytaSp.NonD%C3%A9termin%C3%A9eFL3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="1680"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Marchantia" title="Marchantia">Marchantia</a>, an example of a liverwort (Marchantiophyta) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bryophyta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">Setaphyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Lank.</a>, 1875 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a> – liverworts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a> sensu stricto – mosses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a> – hornworts</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Lejeunites <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sadebeck" title="Richard Sadebeck">Sadebeck</a>, 1886</li> <li>Radulites Sadebeck, 1886</li> <li>Nagpurites Sheikh and Chawhan, 1986</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_(Bryophyta)_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/220px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/330px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/440px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6028" data-file-height="4019"></a><figcaption>An example of moss (Bryophyta) on the forest floor in Broken Bow, Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> Though bryophytes were considered a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> group in recent years, almost all of the most recent <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> evidence supports the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of this group, as originally classified by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Philippe_Schimper" title="Wilhelm Philippe Schimper">Wilhelm Schimper</a> in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-Schimp-8">[8]</a> The term bryophyte comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:βρύον">βρύον</a> (brúon) 'tree moss, liverwort' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:φυτόν">φυτόν</a> (phutón) 'plant'. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Features">1 Features</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Habitat">2 Habitat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Life_cycle">3 Life cycle</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sexuality">3.1 Sexuality</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Classification_and_phylogeny">4 Classification and phylogeny</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Monophyletic_view">4.1 Monophyletic view</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Paraphyletic_view">4.2 Paraphyletic view</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Traditional_morphology">4.3 Traditional morphology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Evolution">5 Evolution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Similarities_to_algae_and_vascular_plants">5.1 Similarities to algae and vascular plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Comparative_morphology">6 Comparative morphology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Uses">7 Uses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The defining features of bryophytes are: <ul><li>Their life cycles are dominated by a multicellular <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> stage</li> <li>Their <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> and unbranched</li> <li>They do not have a true <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> (although some have specialized tissues for the transport of water)<a href="#cite_note-Lucasetal-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Habitat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Bryophytes exist in a wide variety of habitats. They can be found growing in a range of temperatures (cold arctics and in hot deserts), elevations (sea-level to alpine), and moisture (dry deserts to wet rain forests). Bryophytes can grow where vascularized plants cannot because they do not depend on roots for uptake of <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrients_in_soil" title="Plant nutrients in soil">nutrients from soil</a>. Bryophytes can survive on rocks and bare soil.<a href="#cite_note-anbg-10">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png/550px-Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 550px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png/550px-Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png" data-width="550" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png/825px-Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Moss_alternation_of_generations_03-2012.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The life cycle of a dioicous bryophyte. The gametophyte (haploid) structures are shown in green, the sporophyte (diploid) in brown.</figcaption></figure> Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duckett-11">[11]</a> In each cycle, a haploid gametophyte, each of whose cells contains a fixed number of unpaired <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, alternates with a diploid sporophyte, whose cells contain two sets of paired chromosomes. Gametophytes produce haploid sperm and eggs which fuse to form diploid zygotes that grow into sporophytes. Sporophytes produce haploid spores by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, that grow into gametophytes. Bryophytes are gametophyte dominant,<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-12">[12]</a> meaning that the more prominent, longer-lived plant is the haploid gametophyte. The diploid sporophytes appear only occasionally and remain attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In bryophytes, the sporophytes are always unbranched and produce a single <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangium</a> (spore producing capsule), but each gametophyte can give rise to several sporophytes at once. Liverworts, mosses and hornworts spend most of their lives as gametophytes. <a href="/wiki/Gametangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametangia">Gametangia</a> (gamete-producing organs), <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridia</a>, are produced on the gametophytes, sometimes at the tips of shoots, in the axils of leaves or hidden under thalli. Some bryophytes, such as the liverwort <a href="/wiki/Marchantia" title="Marchantia">Marchantia</a>, create elaborate structures to bear the gametangia that are called gametangiophores. Sperm are flagellated and must swim from the antheridia that produce them to archegonia which may be on a different plant. Arthropods can assist in transfer of sperm.<a href="#cite_note-Cronberg-14">[14]</a> Fertilized eggs become zygotes, which develop into sporophyte embryos inside the archegonia. Mature sporophytes remain attached to the gametophyte. They consist of a stalk called a seta and a single sporangium or capsule. Inside the sporangium, haploid spores are produced by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. These are dispersed, most commonly by wind, and if they land in a suitable environment can develop into a new gametophyte. Thus bryophytes disperse by a combination of swimming sperm and spores, in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cryptogams" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogams">cryptogams</a>. The sporophyte develops differently in the three groups. Both mosses and hornworts have a <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> zone where cell division occurs. In hornworts, the meristem starts at the base where the foot ends, and the division of cells pushes the sporophyte body upwards. In mosses, the meristem is located between the capsule and the top of the stalk (seta), and produces cells downward, elongating the stalk and elevating the capsule. In liverworts the meristem is absent and the elongation of the sporophyte is caused almost exclusively by cell expansion.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta#Life_cycle" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta § Life cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss#Life_cycle" title="Moss">Moss § Life cycle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort#Life_cycle" title="Hornwort">Hornwort § Life cycle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sexuality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</a> on an individual bryophyte plant is usually constant within a species, although in some species it may depend on environmental conditions. The main division is between species in which the antheridia and archegonia occur on the same plant and those in which they occur on different plants. The term <a href="/wiki/Monoicy" title="Monoicy">monoicous</a> may be used where antheridia and archegonia occur on the same <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> and the term <a href="/wiki/Dioicy" title="Dioicy">dioicous</a> where they occur on different gametophytes.<a href="#cite_note-GlimBisa14-16">[16]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed plants</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">monoecious</a>" is used where flowers with <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> (microsporangia) and flowers with <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> (megasporangia) occur on the same <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a>" where they occur on different sporophytes. These terms occasionally may be used instead of "monoicous" and "dioicous" to describe bryophyte gametophytes. "Monoecious" and "monoicous" are both derived from the Greek for "one house", "dioecious" and "dioicous" from the Greek for two houses. The use of the "-oicy" terminology refers to the gametophyte sexuality of bryophytes as distinct from the sporophyte sexuality of seed plants.<a href="#cite_note-GlimBisa14-16">[16]</a> Monoicous plants are necessarily hermaphroditic, meaning that the same plant produces gametes of both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-GlimBisa14-16">[16]</a> The exact arrangement of the antheridia and archegonia in monoicous plants varies. They may be borne on different shoots (autoicous), on the same shoot but not together in a common structure (paroicous or paroecious), or together in a common "inflorescence" (synoicous or synoecious).<a href="#cite_note-GlimBisa14-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wats81-17">[17]</a> Dioicous plants are unisexual, meaning that an individual plant has only one sex.<a href="#cite_note-GlimBisa14-16">[16]</a> All four patterns (autoicous, paroicous, synoicous and dioicous) occur in species of the moss genus <a href="/wiki/Bryum" title="Bryum">Bryum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wats81-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Classification_and_phylogeny">Classification and phylogeny</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification and phylogeny" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornwort_(3144429129).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg/220px-Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg/220px-Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg/330px-Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg/440px-Hornwort_%283144429129%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) were once believed to be the closest living relatives of the vascular plants.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg/220px-Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg/220px-Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg/330px-Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg/440px-Bryophyte_sp_Moss_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mosses are one group of bryophytes.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, all living land plants without vascular tissues were classified in a single taxonomic group, often a <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">division</a> (or phylum). The term "Bryophyta" was first suggested by Braun in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> As early as 1879, the term Bryophyta was used by German bryologist Wilhelm Schimper to describe a group containing all three bryophyte clades (though at the time, hornworts were considered part of the liverworts).<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2019-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schimp-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Morgan_Smith" title="Gilbert Morgan Smith">G.M. Smith</a> placed this group between Algae and <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">Pteridophyta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GMSmith-20">[20]</a> Although a 2005 study supported this traditional monophyletic view,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> by 2010 a broad consensus had emerged among systematists that bryophytes as a whole are not a natural group (i.e., are <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Konrat2-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18205621-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoop-24">[24]</a> However, a 2014 study concluded that these previous phylogenies, which were based on nucleic acid sequences, were subject to composition biases, and that, furthermore, phylogenies based on amino acid sequences suggested that the bryophytes are monophyletic after all.<a href="#cite_note-CoxLiFostEmbl14-25">[25]</a> Since then, partially thanks to a proliferation of genomic and transcriptomic datasets, almost all phylogenetics studies based on nuclear and chloroplastic sequences have concluded that the bryophytes form a monophyletic group.<a href="#cite_note-CoxLiFostEmbl14-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puttick2018-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2019-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeebensMack2019-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris2020-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li2020-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2020a-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Su2021-32">[32]</a> Nevertheless, phylogenies based on mitochondrial sequences fail to support the monophyletic view.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2020b-33">[33]</a> The three bryophyte <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a> (liverworts), <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a> (mosses) and <a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a> (hornworts).<a href="#cite_note-glossary-34">[34]</a> However, it has been proposed that these clades are de-ranked to the classes Marchantiopsida, Bryopsida, and Anthocerotopsida, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2019-19">[19]</a> There is now strong evidence that the liverworts and mosses belong to a monophyletic clade, called <a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">Setaphyta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Puttick2018-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2020b-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox2018-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monophyletic_view">Monophyletic view</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monophyletic view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The favored model, based on amino acids phylogenies, indicates bryophytes as a monophyletic group:<a href="#cite_note-CoxLiFostEmbl14-25">[25]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">bryophytes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">setaphytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Liverwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverwort">liverworts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Consistent with this view, compared to other living land plants, all three lineages lack vascular tissue containing lignin and branched sporophytes bearing multiple sporangia. The prominence of the gametophyte in the life cycle is also a shared feature of the three bryophyte lineages (extant vascular plants are all sporophyte dominant). However, if this phylogeny is correct, then the complex sporophyte of living vascular plants might have evolved independently of the simpler unbranched sporophyte present in bryophytes.<a href="#cite_note-CoxLiFostEmbl14-25">[25]</a> Furthermore, this view implies that <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> evolved only once in plant evolution, before being subsequently lost in the liverworts.<a href="#cite_note-Puttick2018-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris2020-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraphyletic_view">Paraphyletic view</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paraphyletic view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">embryophytes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <a href="/wiki/Hornworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornworts">hornworts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">setaphytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosses">mosses</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:8.48em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:4.36em;color:green;white-space:nowrap">bryophytes</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thallose_liverwort_(Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.)_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg/220px-Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1162"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg/220px-Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg/330px-Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg/440px-Thallose_liverwort_%28Marchantia_and_Lunularia_spp.%29_showing_clonal_plantlets_in_gemma_cups.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Liverworts are included in the bryophyte group</figcaption></figure> In this alternative view, the Setaphyta grouping is retained, but hornworts instead are sister to vascular plants.<a href="#cite_note-Cox2018-35">[35]</a> (Another paraphyletic view involves hornworts branching out first.)<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2020b-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_morphology">Traditional morphology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditional morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Traditionally, when basing classifications on morphological characters, bryophytes have been distinguished by their lack of vascular structure. However, this distinction is problematic, firstly because some of the earliest-diverging (but now extinct) non-bryophytes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Horneophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Horneophyte">horneophytes</a>, did not have true vascular tissue, and secondly because many mosses have well-developed water-conducting vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodribbetal-37">[37]</a> A more useful distinction may lie in the structure of their <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a>. In bryophytes, the sporophyte is a simple unbranched structure with a single spore-forming organ (<a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangium</a>), whereas in all other land plants, the <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">polysporangiophytes</a>, the sporophyte is branched and carries many sporangia.<a href="#cite_note-Kenrick1997a-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick1997b-39">[39]</a> The contrast is shown in the cladogram below:<a href="#cite_note-Crane2004-40">[40]</a> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">land plants </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> bryophytes </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">polysporangiophytes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "protracheophytes", such as <a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horneophyton" title="Horneophyton">Horneophyton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> tracheophytes or vascular plants </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There have probably been several different terrestrialization events, in which originally aquatic organisms colonized the land, just within the lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerrienne-41">[41]</a> Between 510 and 630 million years ago, however, land plants emerged within the <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Molecular phylogenetic studies conclude that bryophytes are the earliest diverging lineages of the extant land plants.<a href="#cite_note-Konrat2-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12415314-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-KaroArumBoorDuff102-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-44">[44]</a> They provide insights into the migration of plants from aquatic environments to land. A number of physical features link bryophytes to both land plants and aquatic plants.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_to_algae_and_vascular_plants">Similarities to algae and vascular plants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similarities to algae and vascular plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants all have chlorophyll a and b, and the chloroplast structures are similar.<a href="#cite_note-Evert-46">[46]</a> Like green algae and land plants, bryophytes also produce starch stored in the plastids and contain cellulose in their walls.<a href="#cite_note-Evert-46">[46]</a> Distinct adaptations observed in bryophytes have allowed plants to colonize Earth's terrestrial environments. To prevent desiccation of plant tissues in a terrestrial environment, a waxy cuticle covering the soft tissue of the plant may be present, providing protection. In hornworts and mosses, stomata provide gas exchange between the atmosphere and an internal intercellular space system. The development of gametangia provided further protection specifically for gametes, the zygote and the developing sporophyte.<a href="#cite_note-Bryophytes-47">[47]</a> The bryophytes and vascular plants (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a>) also have embryonic development which is not seen in green algae.<a href="#cite_note-Evert-46">[46]</a> While bryophytes have no truly vascularized tissue, they do have organs that are specialized for transport of water and other specific functions, analogous for example to the functions of leaves and stems in vascular land plants.<a href="#cite_note-Evert-46">[46]</a> Bryophytes depend on water for reproduction and survival. In common with ferns and <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">lycophytes</a>, a thin layer of water is required on the surface of the plant to enable the movement of the flagellated sperm between gametophytes and the fertilization of an egg.<a href="#cite_note-Bryophytes-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Comparative_morphology">Comparative morphology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparative morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Summary of the morphological characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a> of the three groups of bryophytes: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Liverworts </th> <th>Mosses </th> <th>Hornworts </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Structure </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalloid">Thalloid</a> or foliose </td> <td>Foliose </td> <td>Thalloid </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Symmetry </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorsiventral" title="Dorsiventral">Dorsiventral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Radial_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">radial</a> </td> <td>Radial </td> <td>Dorsiventral </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rhizoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizoids">Rhizoids</a> </th> <td>Unicellular </td> <td>Pluricellular </td> <td>Unicellular </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chloroplasts/cell </th> <td>Many </td> <td>Many </td> <td>One </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Protonema" title="Protonema">Protonemata</a> </th> <td>Reduced </td> <td>Present </td> <td>Absent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Gametangia (<a href="/wiki/Antheridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antheridia">antheridia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archegonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archegonia">archegonia</a>) </th> <td>Superficial </td> <td>Superficial </td> <td>Immersed </td></tr></tbody></table> Summary of the morphological characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> of the three groups of bryophytes: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Liverworts </th> <th>Mosses </th> <th>Hornworts </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">Stomata</a> </th> <td>Absent </td> <td>Present </td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Structure </th> <td>Small, without chlorophyll </td> <td>Large, with chlorophyll </td> <td>Large, with chlorophyll </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Persistence </th> <td>Ephemeral </td> <td>Persistent </td> <td>Persistent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Growth </th> <td>Defined </td> <td>Defined </td> <td>Continuous </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Apical growth<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </th> <td>Absent </td> <td>Present </td> <td>Absent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">Seta</a> </th> <td>Present </td> <td>Present </td> <td>Absent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">Capsule</a> form </th> <td>Simple </td> <td>Differentiated (<a href="/wiki/Operculum_(botany)" title="Operculum (botany)">operculum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peristome" title="Peristome">peristome</a>) </td> <td>Elongated </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Maturation of spores </th> <td>Simultaneous </td> <td>Simultaneous </td> <td>Gradual </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dispersion of spores </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Elater" title="Elater">Elaters</a> </td> <td>Peristome teeth </td> <td>Pseudo-elaters </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Columella_(botany)" title="Columella (botany)">Columella</a> </th> <td>Absent </td> <td>Present </td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">Dehiscence</a> </th> <td>Longitudinal or irregular </td> <td>Transverse </td> <td>Longitudinal </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Environmental Characteristics of bryophytes make them useful to the environment. Depending on the specific plant texture, bryophytes have been shown to help improve the water retention and air space within soil.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> Bryophytes are used in pollution studies to indicate soil pollution (such as the presence of heavy metals), air pollution, and UV-B radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> Gardens in Japan are designed with moss to create peaceful sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> Some bryophytes have been found to produce natural pesticides. The liverwort, Plagiochila, produces a chemical that is poisonous to mice.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> Other bryophytes produce chemicals that are antifeedants which protect them from being eaten by slugs.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> When Phythium sphagnum is sprinkled on the soil of germinating seeds, it inhibits growth of "damping off fungus" which would otherwise kill young seedlings.<a href="#cite_note-Wolffhechel-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg/220px-Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3383" data-file-height="2260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg/220px-Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg/330px-Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg/440px-Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Moss peat is made from Sphagnum</figcaption></figure> Commercial <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a> is a fuel produced from dried bryophytes, typically <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a>. Bryophytes' antibiotic properties and ability to retain water make them a useful packaging material for vegetables, flowers, and bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> Also, because of its antibiotic properties, <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a> was used as a surgical dressing in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Glime-49">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexuality">Plant sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_county_and_local_bryophyte_floras" title="List of British county and local bryophyte floras">List of British county and local bryophyte floras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallophyta">Thallophyta</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (8): 1745–1755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb91-222">10.1139/b91-222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Differences+in+lichen+and+bryophyte+communities+between+old-growth+and+managed+second-growth+forests+in+the+Swan+Valley%2C+Montana&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1745-%3C%2Fspan%3E1755&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fb91-222&rft.aulast=Lesica&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=McCune%2C+B.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=Hong%2C+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABryophyte" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" 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Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bryophyta" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewspink.nl/mosses/">Andrew's Moss Site</a> Photos of bryophytes</li> <li>27-May-2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22656239">Centuries-old frozen plants revived</a>, 400-year-old bryophyte specimens left behind by <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreating glaciers</a> in Canada are brought back to life in the laboratory.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFargeWilliamsEngland2013" class="citation journal cs1">Farge, Catherine La; Williams, Krista H.; England, John H. (22 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683725">"Regeneration of Little Ice Age bryophytes emerging from a polar glacier with implications of totipotency in extreme environments"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (24): 9839–9844. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110.9839L">2013PNAS..110.9839L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1304199110">10.1073/pnas.1304199110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683725">3683725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23716658">23716658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Regeneration+of+Little+Ice+Age+bryophytes+emerging+from+a+polar+glacier+with+implications+of+totipotency+in+extreme+environments&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9839-%3C%2Fspan%3E9844&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3683725%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23716658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1304199110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110.9839L&rft.aulast=Farge&rft.aufirst=Catherine+La&rft.au=Williams%2C+Krista+H.&rft.au=England%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3683725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABryophyte" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Magill, R. E., ed. (1990). Glossarium polyglottum bryologiae. A multilingual glossary for bryology. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 33, 297 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209031512/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/tropicos/most/Glossary/glosefr.html">Online version: Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=Bryophyte&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 February 2025, at 21:55 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Moose" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نباتات طحلبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نباتات طحلبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarpaql%C4%B1_mam%C4%B1rlar_(%C5%9F%C3%B6b%C9%99)" title="Yarpaqlı mamırlar (şöbə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarpaqlı mamırlar (şöbə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্রায়োফাইটা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রায়োফাইটা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мохападобныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мохападобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Мъхове – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъхове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahovine" title="Mahovine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mahovine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bri%C3%B2fits_en_sentit_ampli" title="Briòfits en sentit ampli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Briòfits en sentit ampli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C4%83%D0%BA_%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мăк евĕрли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мăк евĕрли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumot" title="Lumot – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lumot" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechorosty" title="Mechorosty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mechorosty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammaltaimed" title="Sammaltaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sammaltaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta_sensu_lato" title="Bryophyta sensu lato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bryophyta sensu lato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briofitoj" title="Briofitoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Briofitoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خزه‌تباران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خزه‌تباران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bryophyte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moas" title="Moas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%ADf%C3%ADt" title="Brífít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brífít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bri%C3%B3fitas" title="Briófitas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Briófitas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9C%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="선태식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선태식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մամռակերպեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մամռակերպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रायोफाइटा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रायोफाइटा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahovnja%C4%8De" title="Mahovnjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mahovnjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_lumut" title="Tumbuhan lumut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan lumut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosar" title="Mosar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mosar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טחבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טחבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumut" title="Lumut – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lumut" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಬ್ರಯೋಫೈಟ್‍ಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಯೋಫೈಟ್‍ಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ხავსისნაირნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხავსისნაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мүктәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мүктәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABnaugi" title="Sūnaugi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūnaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosplanzen" title="Moosplanzen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moosplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanos" title="Samanos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samanos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moh%C3%A1k" title="Mohák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mohák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="ബ്രയോഫൈറ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രയോഫൈറ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نباتات طحلبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نباتات طحلبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossen_in_wijdere_zin" title="Mossen in wijdere zin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mossen in wijdere zin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="コケ植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コケ植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B6sk" title="Möösk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Möösk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moser" title="Moser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mose" title="Mose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biriyoofaayitoota" title="Biriyoofaayitoota – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biriyoofaayitoota" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਰਾਏਓਫਾਇਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਾਏਓਫਾਇਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="برائوفائیٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برائوفائیٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mszaki" title="Mszaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mszaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta_sensu_lato" title="Bryophyta sensu lato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bryophyta sensu lato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Мохообразные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мохообразные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BF%D0%BF%D3%A9%D1%85" title="Көппөх – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көппөх" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moas" title="Moas – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Moas" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myshqet" title="Myshqet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Myshqet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bryophyte" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machorasty" title="Machorasty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Machorasty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briofiti" title="Briofiti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Briofiti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حەزازییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەزازییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammalet" title="Sammalet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sammalet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossor" title="Mossor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mossor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பிரயோபைற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரயோபைற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ไบรโอไฟต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไบรโอไฟต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_yosunlar%C4%B1" title="Kara yosunları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara yosunları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Мохоподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мохоподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAu" title="Rêu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苔藓植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔藓植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苔藓植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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