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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implicature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implicature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Implicature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implicature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_point_of_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_point_of_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The point of poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_point_of_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_related_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_related_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References and related reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_related_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stylistics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistiek_(taalkunde)" title="Stilistiek (taalkunde) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stilistiek (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أسلوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسلوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil%C3%ADstica" title="Estilística – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estilística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika_(linqvistika)" title="Stilistika (linqvistika) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stilistika (linqvistika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শৈলীবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শৈলীবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стылістыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стылістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стылістыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стылістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стилистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стилистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil%C3%ADstica" title="Estilística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estilística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistika" title="Stylistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stylistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arddulleg" title="Arddulleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arddulleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stilistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stilistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil%C3%ADstica" title="Estilística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistiko" title="Stilistiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stilistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilistika" title="Estilistika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estilistika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سبک‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistique" title="Stylistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stylistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil%C3%ADstica" title="Estilística – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estilística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%B2%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="문체론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문체론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ոճաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոճաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="शैलीविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैलीविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistiko" title="Stilistiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stilistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistica" title="Stilistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stilistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תורת הסגנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורת הסגנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಶೈಲಿ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶೈಲಿ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стилистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стилистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimumitindo" title="Elimumitindo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimumitindo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стилистика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стилистика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilisztika" title="Stilisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stilisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ശൈലീവിജ്ഞാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൈലീവിജ്ഞാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Найруулга зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Найруулга зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistiek" title="Stilistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stilistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BD%93%E8%AB%96" title="文体論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文体論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼ੈਲੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਲੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سټایلیسټیک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټایلیسټیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistyka" title="Stylistyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stylistyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil%C3%ADstica" title="Estilística – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estilística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistic%C4%83" title="Stilistică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stilistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Штілістіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штілістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стилистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стилистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tylistika" title="Štylistika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štylistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika" title="Stilistika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Stilistika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistika_(lingvistika)" title="Stilistika (lingvistika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stilistika (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistiikka" title="Stilistiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stilistiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stilistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilistika_(panitikan)" title="Estilistika (panitikan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estilistika (panitikan)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стилістика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стилістика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_c%C3%A1ch_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phong cách học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong cách học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="文体学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文体学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8" title="文體學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文體學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of applied linguistics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Stylistics" title="The Stylistics">The Stylistics</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stylistics</b>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a>, is the study and interpretation of texts of all types, but particularly literary texts, and spoken language with regard to their linguistic and tonal <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">style</a>, where style is the particular <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of language used by different individuals in different situations and settings. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, or everyday language, may be used among casual friends, whereas more formal language, with respect to <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">pronunciation or accent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> or choice of words, is often used in a cover letter and résumé and while speaking during a job interview. </p><p>As a discipline, stylistics links <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. It does not function as an autonomous domain on its own, and it can be applied to an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> as well as linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources of study in stylistics may range from canonical works of writing to popular texts, and from <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> copy to <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-fiction, and <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">popular culture</a>, as well as to political and religious <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, as recent work in critical stylistics,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multimodal stylistics<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mediated_stylistics" title="Mediated stylistics">mediated stylistics</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has made clear, non-literary texts may be of just as much interest to stylisticians as literary ones. Literariness, in other words, is here conceived as 'a point on a cline rather than as an absolute'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stylistics as a conceptual discipline may attempt to establish principles capable of explaining particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as in the literary production and reception of <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>, in the study of spoken <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, and can be applied to areas such as <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>. </p><p>Plain language has different features. Common stylistic features are using <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>, regional <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a> and individual idioms (or <a href="/wiki/Idiolects" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiolects">idiolects</a>). Stylistically, also <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> length prevalence and language register use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_twentieth_century">Early twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The analysis of literary style goes back to the study of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">classical rhetoric</a>, though modern stylistics has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Formalism">Russian Formalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the related <a href="/wiki/Prague_Linguistic_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Linguistic Circle">Prague School</a> of the early twentieth century. </p><p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bally" title="Charles Bally">Charles Bally</a> proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Saussurean</a> linguistics. For Bally, Saussure's linguistics by itself couldn't fully describe the language of personal expression.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bally's programme fits well with the aims of the Prague School.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking forward the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School built on the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Foregrounding" title="Foregrounding">foregrounding</a></i>, where it is assumed that poetic language is considered to stand apart from non-literary background language, by means of <i> deviation</i> (from the norms of everyday language) or <i><a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Prague School, however, this background language isn't constant, and the relationship between poetic and everyday language is therefore always shifting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_twentieth_century">Late twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Late twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a> had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s. He brought together Russian Formalism and American <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> in his <i>Closing Statement</i> at a conference on stylistics at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published as <i>Linguistics and Poetics</i> in 1960, Jakobson's lecture is often credited with being the first coherent formulation of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>poetic function</i> was one of six general <a href="/wiki/Jakobson%27s_functions_of_language" title="Jakobson's functions of language">functions of language</a> he described in the lecture. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Halliday" title="Michael Halliday">Michael Halliday</a> is an important figure in the development of British stylistics.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1971 study <i>Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the Language of William Golding's <b>The Inheritors</b></i> is a key essay.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Halliday's contributions has been the use of the term <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> to explain the connections between language and its context.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Halliday register is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>. Dialect refers to the habitual language of a particular user in a specific geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> choices which depend on three variables: <i>field</i> ("what the participants... are actually engaged in doing", for instance, discussing a specific subject or topic),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tenor_(linguistics)" title="Tenor (linguistics)">tenor</a></i> (who is taking part in the exchange) and <i>mode</i> (the use to which the language is being put). </p><p>Fowler comments that different fields produce different language, most obviously at the level of <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist <a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">David Crystal</a> points out that Halliday's 'tenor' stands as a roughly equivalent term for 'style', which is a more specific alternative used by linguists to avoid ambiguity (Crystal. 1985, 292). Halliday's third category, <i>mode</i>, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation. Downes recognises two distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that not only does it describe the relation to the medium: written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of the text (Downes. 1998, 316). Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not simply been used before, but that predetermines the selection of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the principal characteristic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable (Downes. 1998, 309). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_stylistics">Literary stylistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary stylistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and 'valued' language within literature, i.e. 'literary stylistics'. He goes on to say that in such examination the scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>, for instance, its 'deviant' and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels (Crystal. 1987, 71). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as conventional styles of language there are the unconventional – the most obvious of which is <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. In <i>Practical Stylistics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Widdowson" title="Henry Widdowson">HG Widdowson</a> examines the traditional form of the <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a>, as found on headstones in a cemetery. For example:<br /> </p> <dl><dd>His memory is dear today</dd> <dd>As in the hour he passed away.</dd> <dd>(Ernest C. Draper 'Ern'. Died 4.1.38)</dd> <dd>(Widdowson. 1992, 6)</dd></dl> <p>Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very interesting and suggests that they may even be dismissed as 'crude verbal carvings' and crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and preserve affectionate recollections of a beloved friend or family member. However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic <a href="/wiki/Phraseology" title="Phraseology">phraseology</a> but in where it appears. The verse may be given undue reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, unlike words set in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications (Widdowson. 1992, 4). </p><p>Two problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry are noted by PM Wetherill in <i>Literary Text: An Examination of Critical Methods</i>. The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important (Wetherill. 1974, 133). The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced (Wetherill. 1974, 133). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implicature">Implicature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implicature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_Effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poetic Effects (page does not exist)">Poetic Effects</a>' from <i>Literary Pragmatics</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of '<a href="/wiki/Implicature" title="Implicature">implicature</a>', as instigated in the previous work of <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Wilson" title="Deirdre Wilson">Deirdre Wilson</a>. Implicature may be divided into two categories: 'strong' and 'weak' implicature, yet between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or reader may conclude. </p><p>Pilkington's '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetic_effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poetic effects (page does not exist)">poetic effects</a>', as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply 'read in' by the hearer or reader. Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or reader's conjecture of meaning diverge remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says: 'there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearer's responsibility.' (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkington's poetic effects in understanding a poem's meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tense">Tense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Widdowson points out that in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a>" (1798), the mystery of the Mariner's abrupt appearance is sustained by an idiosyncratic use of tense. (Widdowson. 1992, 40) For instance, the Mariner 'holds' the wedding-guest with his 'skinny hand' in the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, but releases it in the <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> ('...his hands dropt he.'); only to hold him again, this time with his 'glittering eye', in the present (Widdowson. 1992, 41). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_point_of_poetry">The point of poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The point of poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Widdowson notices that when the content of poetry is summarised, it often refers to very general and unimpressive observations, such as 'nature is beautiful; love is great; life is lonely; time passes', and so on (Widdowson. 1992, 9). But to say:<br /> </p> <dl><dd>Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,</dd> <dd>So do our minutes hasten to their end ...</dd> <dd>William Shakespeare, '60'.</dd></dl> <p>Or, indeed:<br /> </p> <dl><dd>Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,</dd> <dd>Nor hours, days months, which are the rags of time ...</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, '<a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Rising_(poem)" title="The Sun Rising (poem)">The Sun Rising</a>', <i>Poems</i> (1633)</dd></dl> <p>This language gives the reader a new perspective on familiar themes and allows us to look at them without the personal or social conditioning that we unconsciously associate with them (Widdowson. 1992, 9). So, although the reader may still use the same exhausted words and vague terms like 'love', 'heart' and 'soul' to refer to human experience, to place these words in a new and refreshing context allows the poet the ability to represent humanity and communicate honestly. This, in part, is stylistics, and this, according to Widdowson, is the point of poetry (Widdowson. 1992, 76). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">Acrolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureation" title="Aureation">Aureation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">Basilect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">Classical language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role_in_language" title="Gender role in language">Gender role in language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Contini" title="Gianfranco Contini">Gianfranco Contini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Spitzer" title="Leo Spitzer">Leo Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">Liturgical language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_stylistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Media stylistics">Media stylistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_and_Linguistics_Association" title="Poetics and Linguistics Association">Poetics and Linguistics Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_linguistics" title="Quantitative linguistics">Quantitative linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylometry" title="Stylometry">Stylometry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Widdowson, H.G. 1975. Stylistics and the teaching of literature. Longman: London. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-55076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-55076-9">0-582-55076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Paul. 2004. Stylistics : A resource book for students. Routledge p. 2: "Stylistics is a method of textual interpretation in which primacy of place is assigned to language".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attenborough, F. (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7604758/Rape_is_rape_except_when_it_s_not_the_media_recontextualisation_and_violence_against_women">Rape is rape (except when it's not): the media, recontextualisation and violence against women</a>". <i>Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict</i>. 2(2): 183-203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, M. (2007) The attraction of opposites: the ideological function of conventional and created oppositions in the construction of in-groups and out-groups in news texts, in L. Jeffries, D. McIntyre, D. Bousfield (eds.) Stylistics and Social Cognition. Amsterdam: Rodopi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Paul. 2004. Stylistics: A resource book for students. Routledge p. 3: "The preferred object of study in stylistics is literature, whether that be institutionally sanctioned 'literature' as high art or more popular 'non-canonical' forms of writing.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffries, L. (2010) Critical Stylistics. Basingstoke: Palgrave.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montoro, R. (2006) Analysting literature through films, in G. Watson, S. Zyngier (eds.) Literature and Stylistics for Language Learners: Theory and Practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 48-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attenborough, F. (2014) Jokes, pranks, blondes and banter: recontextualising sexism in the British print press, Journal of Gender Studies, 23(2): 137-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffries, L., McIntyre, D. (2010) Stylistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, R., Nash, W. (1990) Seeing through Language: a guide to styles of English writing. Oxford: Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley Jeffries, Daniel McIntyre, <i>Stylistics</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-72869-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-72869-X">0-521-72869-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Talbot J. Taylor, <i>Mutual Misunderstanding: Scepticism and the Theorizing of Language and Interpretation</i>, Duke University Press, 1992, p 91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1249-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1249-2">0-8223-1249-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Ammon, <i>Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties</i>, Walter de Gruyter, 1989, p 518. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89925-356-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89925-356-3">0-89925-356-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katie Wales, <i>A Dictionary of Stylistics</i>, Pearson Education, 2001, p 315. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-31737-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-31737-1">0-582-31737-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rob Pope, <i>The English Studies Book: an Introduction to Language, Literature and Culture</i>, Routledge, 2002, p 88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25710-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25710-7">0-415-25710-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bradford, <i>A Linguistic History of English Poetry</i>, Routledge, 1993, p 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07057-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07057-0">0-415-07057-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolas Coupland, <i>Style: Language Variation and Identity</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85303-6">0-521-85303-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raman Selden, <i>The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: From Formalism to Poststructuralism</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30013-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30013-4">0-521-30013-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Simpson, <i>Stylistics: a Resource Book for Students</i>, Routledge, 2004, p75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28104-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28104-0">0-415-28104-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Leckie-Tarry, <i>Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1995, p6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85567-272-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85567-272-3">1-85567-272-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolas Coupland, <i>Style: Language Variation and Identity</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85303-6">0-521-85303-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher S. Butler, <i>Structure and Function: a Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories</i>, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003, p 373. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58811-361-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58811-361-2">1-58811-361-2</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_related_reading">References and related reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References and related reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">David Crystal</a>. 1998. <i>Language Play</i> (London: Penguin)</li> <li>ed. David Birch. 1995. <i>Context and Language: A Functional Linguistic Theory of Register</i> (London, New York: Pinter)</li> <li>Michael Burke. 2010. <i>Literary Reading, Cognition and Emotion: An Exploration of the Oceanic Mind</i> (London and New York: Routledge)</li> <li>Richard Bradford. 1985. <i>A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</i>, 2nd edition (Oxford: Basil Blackwell)</li> <li>Richard Bradford. 1997. <i>Stylistics</i> (London and New York: Routledge)</li> <li>Richard Bradford. 1997. <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fowler" title="Roger Fowler">Roger Fowler</a>. 1996. <i>Linguistic Criticism</i>, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press)</li> <li>William Downes. 1995. <i>The Language of George Orwell</i> (London: Macmillan Press)</li> <li>William Downes. 1998. <i>Language and Society</i>, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)</li> <li>A McIntosh and P Simpson. 1964. <i>The Linguistic Science and Language Teaching</i> (London: Longman)</li> <li>Adrian Pilkington. 1991. 'Poetic Effects', <i>Literary Pragmatics</i>, ed. Roger Sell (London: Routledge)</li> <li>Brian Lamont. 2005. <i>First Impressions</i> (Edinburgh: Penbury Press)</li> <li>ed. Jean Jacques Weber. 1996. <i>The Stylistics Reader: From Roman Jakobson to the Present</i> (London: Arnold Hodder)</li> <li>ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. 1960. <i>Style in Language</i> (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Geoffrey Leech</a> and Michael H. Short. 1981. <i>Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose</i> (London: Longman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>. 1949. <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i> (London: Heinemann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Widdowson" title="Henry Widdowson">H. G. Widdowson</a>. 1992. <i>Practical Stylistics</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-Campoy2016" class="citation book cs1">Hernández-Campoy, Juan M. (2016). <i>Sociolinguistic Styles</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73764-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73764-4"><bdi>978-1-118-73764-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Styles&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-73764-4&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Campoy&rft.aufirst=Juan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStylistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katie_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katie Wales (page does not exist)">Katie Wales</a>. 2001. <i>A Dictionary of Stylistics</i>, 2nd edition, (Harlow: Longman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAK_Halliday" class="mw-redirect" title="MAK Halliday">MAK Halliday</a>. 1964. <i>Inside the Whale and Other Essays</i> (London: Penguin Books)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAK_Halliday" class="mw-redirect" title="MAK Halliday">MAK Halliday</a>. 1978. <i>Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning</i> (London: Edward Arnold)</li> <li>Michael Toolan. 1998. <i>Language in Literature: An Introduction to Stylistics</i> (London: Hodder Arnold)</li> <li>PM Wetherill. 1974. <i>Literary Text: An Examination of Critical Methods</i> (Oxford: Basil Blackwell)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/stylistics/start.htm">A CC licensed introductory course to Stylistics from Lancaster University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040919012542/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2342/is_1_37/ai_101862389">Checklist of American and British programs in stylistics and literary linguistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uastudent.com/stylistics-theoretical-issues-of-stylistics/">Stylistics – Theoretical issues of stylistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142529/http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/stylistics-from-scratch-my-take-on-stylistics-and-how-to-go-about-a-stylistic-analysis-150147.kjsp?RH=CDL_ANG000000">Stylistics from Scratch: My 'Take' on Stylistics and How to Go About a Stylistic Analysis</a> Professor Mick Short</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pala.ac.uk">The <i>Poetics and Linguistics Association</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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