CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Journalism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f76dd37-1723-4ed8-8efe-1b5934a3bb3c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Journalism","wgTitle":"Journalism","wgCurRevisionId":1275670383,"wgRevisionId":1275670383,"wgArticleId":15928,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 errors: requires URL","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2021","Use Oxford spelling from August 2016", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2018","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles with excerpts","Journalism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Journalism","wgRelevantArticleId":15928,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11030","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Journalism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Journalism rootpage-Journalism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Journalism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Journalism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Journalism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Journalism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fake_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fake_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fake news</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fake_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early modern newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-News_media_and_the_revolutions_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_media_and_the_revolutions_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>News media and the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_media_and_the_revolutions_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African-American_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5.1</span> <span>African-American press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5.2</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_for_experts_or_for_ordinary_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_for_experts_or_for_ordinary_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5.3</span> <span>Writing for experts or for ordinary citizens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_for_experts_or_for_ordinary_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Digital age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_in_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_in_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Demographics in 2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_in_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethics and standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics_and_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethics and standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Codes_of_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codes_of_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Codes of ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codes_of_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right_to_protect_confidentiality_of_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_protect_confidentiality_of_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Right to protect confidentiality of sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_protect_confidentiality_of_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Academic journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Journalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joernalistiek" title="Joernalistiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joernalistiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="صحافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo" title="Periodismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Periodismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাংবাদিকতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismu" title="Periodismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marandu%27as%C3%A3i" title="Marandu'asãi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marandu'asãi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistika" title="Jurnalistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قزئته‌چیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قزئته‌چیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাংবাদিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2-t%C5%8D" title="Pò-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pò-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Журналістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Журналістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="གསར་འགོད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསར་འགོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetennerezh" title="Kazetennerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazetennerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisme" title="Periodisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Periodisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistika" title="Žurnalistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newyddiaduraeth" title="Newyddiaduraeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Newyddiaduraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistik" title="Journalistik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Journalistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ނޫސްވެރިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނޫސްވެރިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajakirjandus" title="Ajakirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajakirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δημοσιογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοσιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo" title="Periodismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4urnalismo" title="Ĵurnalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵurnalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediorismu" title="Pediorismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pediorismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetaritza" title="Kazetaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazetaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روزنامه‌نگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrkarita" title="Patrkarita – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Patrkarita" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisme" title="Journalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriseoireacht" title="Iriseoireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iriseoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xornalismo" title="Xornalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xornalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="પત્રકારત્વ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પત્રકારત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="저널리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저널리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ժուռնալիստիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժուռնալիստիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewartawanan" title="Kewartawanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kewartawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalismo" title="Jornalismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jornalismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C3%B0amennska" title="Blaðamennska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blaðamennska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalismo" title="Giornalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giornalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עיתונאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיתונאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistik" title="Jurnalistik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jurnalistik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE" title="ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalieth" title="Jornalieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jornalieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uandishi_wa_habari" title="Uandishi wa habari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uandishi wa habari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojnameger%C3%AE" title="Rojnamegerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rojnamegerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnariorum_ars" title="Diurnariorum ars – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diurnariorum ars" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurn%C4%81listika" title="Žurnālistika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žurnālistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismus" title="Journalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistika" title="Žurnalistika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalism" title="Giornalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giornalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajs%C3%A1g%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Újságírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újságírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Новинарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Новинарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പത്രപ്രവർത്തനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പത്രപ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="वृत्तपत्रविद्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वृत्तपत्रविद्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewartawanan" title="Kewartawanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kewartawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Сэтгүүл зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэтгүүл зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သတင်းစာပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတင်းစာပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistiek" title="Journalistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Journalistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistiek" title="Journalistiek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Journalistiek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रकारिता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93" title="報道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="報道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistikk" title="Journalistikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Journalistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistikk" title="Journalistikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Journalistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalisme" title="Jornalisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jornalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistika" title="Jurnalistika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="صحافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="خبريالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خبريالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joernalizim" title="Joernalizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joernalizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%88%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិជ្ជាជីវៈខាងសារព័ត៌មាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិជ្ជាជីវៈខាងសារព័ត៌មាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziennikarstwo" title="Dziennikarstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziennikarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalismo" title="Jornalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jornalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalistika" title="Jurnalistika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalism" title="Jurnalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurnalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willay_kamayuy" title="Willay kamayuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Willay kamayuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Журналістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetaria" title="Gazetaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazetaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalismu" title="Jurnalismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jurnalismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පුවත්පත් කලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුවත්පත් කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Journalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="صحافت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صحافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistika" title="Žurnalistika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbaahin" title="Warbaahin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Warbaahin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕۆژنامەوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژنامەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Новинарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новинарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinarstvo" title="Novinarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismi" title="Journalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Journalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistik" title="Journalistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Journalistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamamahayag" title="Pamamahayag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamamahayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊடகவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊடகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3amsa" title="Taɣamsa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣamsa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналистика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Журналистика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="విలేఖరి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విలేఖరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วารสารศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วารสารศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Рӯзноманигорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рӯзноманигорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetecilik" title="Gazetecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazetecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Журналістика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Журналістика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="صحافت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="ئاخباراتچىلىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاخباراتچىلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalistik" title="Žurnalistik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Žurnalistik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1o_ch%C3%AD" title="Báo chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Báo chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aokir%C3%A4nd%C3%BCs" title="Aokirändüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aokirändüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peryodismo" title="Peryodismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Peryodismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="新闻学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新闻学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="זשורנאליזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשורנאליזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="新聞學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新聞學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDornal%C4%97st%C4%97ka" title="Žornalėstėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žornalėstėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="新闻学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新闻学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepemberitaan" title="Kepemberitaan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kepemberitaan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11030#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Journalism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Journalism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Journalism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Journalism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Journalism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&oldid=1275670383" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Journalism&id=1275670383&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJournalism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJournalism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Journalism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Journalism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Journalism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Journalism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11030" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Production of reports on current events</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reportage" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reportage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reportage (disambiguation)">Reportage (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/Journalism_(journal)" title="Journalism (journal)">Journalism (journal)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics and standards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_desert" title="News desert">News desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Journalism</b> is the production and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Report" title="Report">reports</a> on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree of accuracy. The word, a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, applies to the <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">occupation</a> (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles. </p><p>The appropriate role for journalism varies from country to country, as do perceptions of the profession, and the resulting status. In some nations, the news media are controlled by government and are not independent.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as <a href="/wiki/Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">private industry</a>. In addition, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel cases</a>. </p><p>The proliferation of the Internet and <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a> has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-readers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or <a href="/wiki/News_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="News channel">television news channels</a>. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often regarded as journalists. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts, disclose that they received the products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, many credible news organizations are <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated entities</a>, have an editorial board, and exhibit separate editorial and advertising departments. Many credible news organizations, or their employees, often belong to and abide by the ethics of professional organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_News_Editors" title="American Society of News Editors">American Society of News Editors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists" title="Society of Professional Journalists">Society of Professional Journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investigative_Reporters_%26_Editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigative Reporters & Editors">Investigative Reporters & Editors, Inc.</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Online_News_Association" title="Online News Association">Online News Association</a>. Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> code of standards and ethics<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered particularly rigorous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When crafting news stories, regardless of the medium, fairness and bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent the author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points of view. In a traditional print newspaper and its online version, information is organized into sections. This makes clear the distinction between content based on fact and on opinion. In other media, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", these reflect a journalist's own opinions and ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Feature_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature stories">feature stories</a>, breaking news, and <a href="/wiki/Hard_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard news">hard news</a> stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McChesney" title="Robert W. McChesney">Robert McChesney</a>, healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include a range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many debates center on whether journalism ethics require them to be objective and neutral. Arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate points of view. Additionally, the ability to render a subject's complex and fluid narrative with sufficient accuracy is sometimes challenged by the time available to spend with subjects, the affordances or constraints of the medium used to tell the story, and the evolving nature of people's identities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Journalism genres</a></div> <p>There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a "<a href="/wiki/Fourth_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth estate">fourth estate</a>", acting as a <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">watchdog</a> on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-Photojournalists_photograph_President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Photojournalists photographing US President Barack Obama in November 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_Kova_and_media,_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/220px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/330px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/440px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photo</a> and broadcast journalists interviewing a government official after a <a href="/wiki/2013_Dar_es_Salaam_building_collapse" title="2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse">building collapse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, Tanzania. March 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some forms include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_journalism" title="Access journalism">Access journalism</a> – journalists who self-censor and voluntarily cease speaking about issues that might embarrass their hosts, guests, or powerful politicians or businesspersons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy journalism</a> – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast journalism</a> – written or spoken journalism for radio or television<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg/220px-CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg/330px-CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg/440px-CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4084" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>Journalists in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Radio-Canada/CBC</a> newsroom in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg,_Germany_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg/220px-Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg/330px-Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg/440px-Media_greeting_Cap_Anamur_in_Hamburg%2C_Germany_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Media greeting Cap Anamur II's Rupert Neudeck in Hamburg, 1986 at a press conference</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business journalism</a> – tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activities and changes that take place in societies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism – participatory journalism.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data journalism</a> – the practice of finding stories in numbers, and using numbers to tell stories. Data journalists may use data to support their reporting. They may also report about uses and misuses of data. The US news organization <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> is known as a pioneer of data journalism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_journalism" title="Drone journalism">Drone journalism</a> – use of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drones</a> to capture journalistic footage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo journalism</a> – first championed by <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>, gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_journalism" title="Interactive journalism">Interactive journalism</a> – a type of online journalism that is presented on the web</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative journalism</a> – in-depth reporting that uncovers social problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a> – the practice of telling true stories through images</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Political journalism</a> – coverage of all aspects of politics and political science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science journalism</a> - conveys reporting about science to the public</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor journalism</a> – the use of sensors to support journalistic inquiry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports journalism</a> – writing that reports on matters pertaining to sporting topics and competitions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Student journalism">Student journalism</a> – the practice of journalism by students at an educational institution, often covering topics particularly relevant to the student body</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a> – writing that is light-hearted and entertaining. Considered less legitimate than mainstream journalism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a>) – writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_journalism" title="Global journalism">Global journalism</a> – journalism that encompasses a global outlook focusing on intercontinental issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="War journalism">War journalism</a> – the covering of wars and armed conflicts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of social media has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen journalists</a>. In a 2014 study of journalists in the United States, 40% of participants claimed they rely on social media as a source, with over 20% depending on <a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogs</a> to collect facts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, the conclusion can be drawn that breaking news nowadays often stems from user-generated content, including videos and pictures posted online in social media.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, though 69.2% of the surveyed journalists agreed that social media allowed them to connect to their audience, only 30% thought it had a positive influence on news credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, a 2021 study done by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> shows that 86% of Americans are getting their news from digital devices.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of these changes, the credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. A 2014 study revealed that only 22% of Americans reported a "great deal" or "quite a lot of confidence" in either television news or newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fake_news">Fake news</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fake news"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20241116_%22Fake_news%22_(topic)_on_Google_Trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/220px-20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/330px-20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/440px-20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a> topic searches for "<a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a>" began a substantial increase in late 2016, about the time of the U.S. presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-FakeNews_GoogleTrends_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FakeNews_GoogleTrends-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>"Fake news" is also deliberately untruthful information, which can often spread quickly on social media or by means of <a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">fake news websites</a>. News cannot be regarded as "fake", but <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> rather. </p><p> It is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a> theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates. One example is a fabricated report of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s email which was published by a non-existent newspaper called The <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> Guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many critics blamed Facebook for the spread of such material. Its news feed algorithm, in particular, was identified by <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> are distributors of disinformation or "fake news".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, the CEO of Facebook, has acknowledged the company's role in this problem: in a testimony before a combined Senate Judiciary and Commerce committee hearing on 20 April 2018, he said:</p><blockquote><p>It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining the credibility of the underlying news organization. </p><p>The phrase was popularized and used by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016">presidential campaign</a> to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, including <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cote_d%E2%80%99Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cote d’Ivoire">Cote d’Ivoire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> journalists have been threatened or <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic">arrested</a> for allegedly spreading fake news about the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. </p><p>On 4 March 2022, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> signed into law a bill introducing <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">prison sentences of up to 15 years</a> for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism" title="History of journalism">History of journalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While publications reporting the news to the general public in a standardized fashion only began to appear in the 17th century and later, governments as early as <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty China</a> made use of regularly published news bulletins.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar publications were established in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bulletins, however, were intended only for government officials, and thus were not journalistic news publications in the modern sense of the term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_newspapers">Early modern newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mass-printing technologies like the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with the news. The first references to privately owned newspaper publishers in China date to the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Carolus" title="Johann Carolus">Johann Carolus</a>'s <i>Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien</i>, published in 1605 in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, is often recognized as the first newspaper in Europe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a> was formally established in Great Britain in 1695, with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rusbridger" title="Alan Rusbridger">Alan Rusbridger</a>, former editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, stating: "licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how the freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first successful English daily, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Courant">Daily Courant</a></i>, was published from 1702 to 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, other countries such as France and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> kept tighter control of the press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform censorship. Other governments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, were even more distrusting of the journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to a weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centres of trade, such as <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, London, and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_media_and_the_revolutions_of_the_18th_and_19th_centuries">News media and the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: News media and the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newspapers played a significant role in mobilizing popular support in favor of the liberal revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonies</a>, newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against the British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalist</a> publications motivated support against the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News publications in the United States would remain proudly and publicly <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisan</a> throughout the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, political newspapers sprang up during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, with <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ami_du_peuple" title="L'Ami du peuple">L'Ami du peuple</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a>, playing a particularly famous role in arguing for the rights of the revolutionary lower classes. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> would reintroduce strict censorship laws in 1800, but after his reign print publications would flourish and play an important role in political culture.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, radical liberal publications such as the <i>Rheinische Zeitung, Pesti Hírlap,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Morgenbladet" title="Morgenbladet">Morgenbladet</a></i> would motivate people toward deposing the <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> governments of Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other liberal publications played a more moderate role: <i>The Russian Bulletin</i> praised <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia's</a> liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and supported increased political and economic freedoms for peasants as well as the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">parliamentary system</a> in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farther to the left, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> newspapers had wide followings in France, Russia and Germany despite being outlawed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism#China" title="History of journalism">History of journalism § China</a></div> <p>Journalism in China before 1910 primarily served the international community. The <i><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">overthrow of the old imperial regime in 1911</a></i> produced a surge in Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nation-wide journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the major cities launched such efforts. By the late 1920s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in the sort of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">History of French journalism</a></div> <p>The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the <i><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></i>; circulation inched up to six million a day from five million in 1910. The major postwar success story was <i><a href="/wiki/Paris-Soir" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Soir">Paris Soir</a></i>; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939 its circulation was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid <i>Le Petit Parisien.</i> In addition to its daily paper <i>Paris Soir</i> sponsored a highly successful women's magazine <i>Marie-Claire.</i> Another magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Match</a></i> was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine <i>Life.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of journalism in the United Kingdom">History of journalism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>By 1900 popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven a success and made its profits through advertising. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe</a> (1865–1922), "More than anyone... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> held the world record for daily circulation until his death. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> quipped it was "written by office boys for office boys".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Described as "the scoop of the century", as a rookie journalist for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> in 1939 <a href="/wiki/Clare_Hollingworth" title="Clare Hollingworth">Clare Hollingworth</a> was the first to report the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While travelling from Poland to Germany, she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> headline read: "1,000 tanks massed on Polish border "; three days later she was the first to report the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> worked as a journalist at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> for seven years, and its editor <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a> gave a copy of Orwell's essay "<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>"—a critique of vague, slovenly language—to every new recruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Good_journalism_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good_journalism-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, literary editor at the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCrum" title="Robert McCrum">Robert McCrum</a> wrote, "Even now, it is quoted in our style book".<sup id="cite_ref-Good_journalism_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good_journalism-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian journalism">History of Indian journalism</a></div> <p>The first newspaper of India, <i><a href="/wiki/Hicky%27s_Bengal_Gazette" title="Hicky's Bengal Gazette">Hicky's Bengal Gazette</a></i>, was published on 29 January 1780. This first effort at journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development, as it gave birth to modern journalism in India. Following Hicky's efforts which had to be shut down just within two years of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about a variety of products. Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. During that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English became a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named 'Bengal Gazette' started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">History of American journalism</a></div> <p>The late 19th and early 20th century in the United States saw the advent of media empires controlled by the likes of <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>. Realizing that they could expand their audience by abandoning politically polarized content, thus making more money off of <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertising</a>, American newspapers began to abandon their partisan politics in favor of less political reporting starting around 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers of this era embraced sensationalized reporting and larger headline typefaces and layouts, a style that would become dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>". Newspaper publishing became much more heavily professionalized in this era, and issues of writing quality and workroom discipline saw vast improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era saw the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> as a legal norm, as President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> tried and failed to sue newspapers for reporting corruption in his handling of the purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, critics note that although government's ability to suppress journalistic speech is heavily limited, the concentration of newspaper (and general media) ownership in the hands of a small number of private business owners leads to other biases in reporting and media self-censorship that benefits the interests of corporations and the government.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="African-American_press">African-American press</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: African-American press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rampant discrimination and segregation against African-Americans led to the founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. While the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> newspapers in America were established in the early 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 20th century these newspapers truly flourished in major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sengstacke_Abbott" title="Robert Sengstacke Abbott">Robert Sengstacke Abbott</a> (1870–1940), publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Defender">Chicago Defender</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_Jr." title="John Mitchell Jr.">John Mitchell Jr.</a> (1863–1929), editor of the <i>Richmond Planet</i> and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a> (1865–1946), publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bee" title="Chicago Bee">Chicago Bee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Vann" title="Robert Lee Vann">Robert Lee Vann</a> (1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="College">College</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it is not completely necessary to have attended college to be a journalist, over the past few years it has become more common to attend. With this becoming more popular, jobs are starting to require a degree to be hired. The first school of Journalism opened as part of the University of Missouri in 1908. In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism" title="History of journalism">History Of Journalism</a> page, it goes into depth on how journalism has evolved into what it is today. As of right now, there are a couple different routes one can take if interested in journalism. If one wanting to expand their skills as a journalist, there are many college courses and workshops one can take. If going the full college route, the average time is takes to graduate with a journalism degree is four years.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The top 5 ranked <a href="/wiki/Journalism_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalism schools">journalism schools</a> in the US for the school year of 2022 are: 1. Washington and Lee University. 2. Northwestern University. 3. Georgetown University. 4. Columbia University in the City of New York. 5. University of Wisconsin - Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Writing_for_experts_or_for_ordinary_citizens">Writing for experts or for ordinary citizens<span class="anchor" id="Lippmann-Dewey"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writing for experts or for ordinary citizens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/170px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/255px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg/340px-Walter_Lippmann_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s in the United States, as newspapers dropped their blatant partisanship in search of new subscribers, political analyst <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> debated the role of journalism in a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their differing philosophies still characterize an ongoing debate about the role of journalism in society. Lippmann's views prevailed for decades, helping to bolster the Progressives' confidence in decision-making by experts, with the general public standing by. Lippmann argued that high-powered journalism was wasted on ordinary citizens, but was of genuine value to an elite class of administrators and experts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey, on the other hand, believed not only that the public was capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, but also that it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. The danger of demagoguery and false news did not trouble Dewey. His faith in popular democracy has been implemented in various degrees, and is now known as "<a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">community journalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1920s debate has been endlessly repeated across the globe, as journalists wrestle with their roles.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Radio</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a> increased in popularity starting in the 1920s, becoming widespread in the 1930s. While most radio programming was oriented toward music, sports, and entertainment, radio also broadcast speeches and occasional news programming. Radio reached the peak of its importance during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as radio and <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a> were major sources of up-to-date information on the ongoing war. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, radio would be heavily utilized by the state to broadcast political speeches by leadership. These broadcasts would very rarely have any additional editorial content or analysis, setting them apart from modern news reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radio would however soon be eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> starting in the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></div> <p>Starting in the 1940s, United States broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_age">Digital age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Digital age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Msc_2008-Saturday,_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg/220px-Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg/330px-Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg/440px-Msc_2008-Saturday%2C_09.00_-_11.00_Uhr-Moerk001_Sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Journalists at a press conference</figcaption></figure> <p>The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through <a href="/wiki/E-readers" class="mw-redirect" title="E-readers">e-readers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>, and other electronic devices. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, in the American media landscape, <a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">newsrooms</a> have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grappling with declining audiences. For example, between 2007 and 2012, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length.<sup id="cite_ref-State_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition.<sup id="cite_ref-State_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Pew Research Center, the circulation for U.S. newspapers has fallen sharply in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital-first, <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">non-profit newsrooms</a> have grown in response to the need for high-quality information that the private sector has been struggling to provide.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The digital era also introduced journalism whose development is done by ordinary citizens, with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen journalism</a> being possible through the Internet. Using video camera-equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like YouTube (which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets). News from a variety of online sources, like <a href="/wiki/Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogs">blogs</a> and other social media, results in a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, rather than only traditional media organizations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens,_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG/220px-Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG/330px-Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG/440px-Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Journalist interviewing a <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplayer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_in_2016">Demographics in 2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics in 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced the following profile:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>57 percent male;</li> <li>Mean age of 38</li> <li>Mean years of experience:13</li> <li>College degree: 56 percent; graduate degree: 29 percent</li> <li>61 percent specialized in journalism/communications at college</li> <li>62 percent identified as generalists and 23 percent as hard-news beat journalists</li> <li>47 percent were members of a professional association</li> <li>80 percent worked full-time</li> <li>50 percent worked in print, 23 percent in television, 17 percent in radio, and 16 percent online.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_and_standards">Ethics and standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethics and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Journalism ethics and standards</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg/220px-News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg/330px-News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg/440px-News_photographers_and_reporters_wait_outside_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis%27_apartment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>News photographers and reporters waiting behind a police line in New York City, in May 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truthfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accuracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accuracy">accuracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (journalism)">objectivity</a>, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kovach" title="Bill Kovach">Bill Kovach</a> and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book <i>The Elements of Journalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their view is that journalism's first loyalty is to the citizenry and that journalists are thus obliged to tell the truth and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and institutions within society. In this view, the essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification. </p><p>Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also include a concern with <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory</a> references in news based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, religion, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, and physical or mental <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>, in particular in cases that are still <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_judice" title="Sub judice">sub judice</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, all newspapers are bound by the Code of Practice of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a>. This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticized the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure the public trust of newspapers. </p><p>This is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the 20th century, where the media market was dominated by smaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of balance or objectivity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Muratov,_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dmitry_Muratov%2C_2012.JPG/220px-Dmitry_Muratov%2C_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dmitry_Muratov%2C_2012.JPG/330px-Dmitry_Muratov%2C_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dmitry_Muratov%2C_2012.JPG/440px-Dmitry_Muratov%2C_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i></span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021 Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his "efforts to safeguard freedom of expression" in Russia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the pressure on journalists to report news promptly and before their competitors, factual errors occur more frequently than in writing produced and edited under less time pressure. Thus a typical issue of a major daily newspaper may contain several corrections of articles published the previous day. Perhaps the most famous journalistic mistake caused by time pressure was the <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a> edition of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a>, based on early election returns that failed to anticipate the actual result of the 1948 US presidential election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codes_of_ethics">Codes of ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Codes of ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 242 codes of ethics in journalism that vary across various regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The codes of ethics are created through an interaction of different groups of people such as the public and journalists themselves. Most of the codes of ethics serve as a representation of the economic and political beliefs of the society where the code was written.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that there are a variety of codes of ethics, some of the core elements present in all codes are: remaining objective, providing the truth, and being honest.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalism does not have a universal <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a>; individuals are not legally obliged to follow a certain set of rules like a doctor or a lawyer does.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been discussions for creating a universal code of conduct in journalism. One suggestion centers on having three claims for <a href="/wiki/Credibility" title="Credibility">credibility</a>, justifiable consequence, and the claim of <a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the claim of credibility, journalists are expected to provide the public with reliable and trustworthy information, and allowing the public to question the nature of the information and its acquisition. The second claim of justifiable consequences centers on weighing the benefits and detriments of a potentially harmful story and acting accordingly. An example of justifiable consequence is exposing a professional with dubious practices; on the other hand, acting within justifiable consequence means writing compassionately about a family in mourning. The third claim is the claim of humanity which states that journalists are writing for a global population and therefore must serve everyone globally in their work, avoiding smaller loyalties to country, city, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Media law">Media law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/220px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/330px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/440px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Turkish journalists protesting <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom in Turkey">imprisonment of their colleagues</a> on <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a>, 10 December 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif/220px-10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif/330px-10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif/440px-10.1177_0022343316680859-fig1.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Number of journalists reported killed between 2002 and 2013<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Governments have widely varying policies and practices towards journalists, which control what they can research and write, and what press organizations can publish. Some governments guarantee the freedom of the press; while other nations severely restrict what journalists can research or publish. </p><p>Journalists in many nations have some privileges that members of the general public do not, including better access to public events, crime scenes and press conferences, and to extended interviews with public officials, celebrities and others in the public eye. </p><p>Journalists who elect to cover <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">conflicts</a>, whether wars between nations or <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgencies</a> within nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection from the government. Journalists who are captured or detained during a conflict are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released to their national government. Many governments around the world target journalists for intimidation, harassment, and violence because of the nature of their work.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_protect_confidentiality_of_sources">Right to protect confidentiality of sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Right to protect confidentiality of sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of sources">Protection of sources</a></div> <p>Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a>, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of a <a href="/wiki/Confidential_informant" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidential informant">confidential informant</a> private even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding their sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail. </p><p>In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> court. However, federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal their sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and there is no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when ordered to can be found in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> and fined or jailed. On the journalistic side of keeping sources confidential, there is also a risk to the journalist's credibility because there can be no actual confirmation of whether the information is valid. As such it is highly discouraged for journalists to have confidential sources<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_journalism" title="Glossary of journalism">Glossary of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallin%27s_spheres" title="Hallin's spheres">Hallin's spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalism_awards" title="List of journalism awards">List of journalism awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_journalists" title="Lists of journalists">Lists of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_India" title="List of journalists killed in India">List of journalists killed in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_RTI_activists_in_India" title="Attacks on RTI activists in India">Attacks on RTI activists in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Journalistic objectivity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviews">Reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Journalism_Review" title="American Journalism Review">American Journalism Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Health_News_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Health News Review">Health News Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ryerson_Review_of_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryerson Review of Journalism">Ryerson Review of Journalism</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Academic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Journalism_(journal)" title="Digital Journalism (journal)">Digital Journalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journalism_(journal)" title="Journalism (journal)">Journalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journalism_Practice" title="Journalism Practice">Journalism Practice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journalism_Studies" title="Journalism Studies">Journalism Studies</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php">10 Most Censored Countries</a>," Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2012, page retrieved 23 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/01/circulation-and-revenue-fall-for-newspaper-industry/">"Circulation, revenue fall for US newspapers overall despite gains for some"</a>. June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circulation%2C+revenue+fall+for+US+newspapers+overall+despite+gains+for+some&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F06%2F01%2Fcirculation-and-revenue-fall-for-newspaper-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking">"The FTC's Endorsement Guides: What People Are Asking"</a>. 7 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+FTC%27s+Endorsement+Guides%3A+What+People+Are+Asking&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Ftips-advice%2Fbusiness-center%2Fguidance%2Fftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytco.com/who-we-are/culture/standards-and-ethics/">"Standards and Ethics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standards+and+Ethics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytco.com%2Fwho-we-are%2Fculture%2Fstandards-and-ethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalancesmb.com/oped-what-is-it-and-how-to-write-it-1360714">"What Is an Op-Ed Article?"</a>. <i>The Balance Small Business</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Balance+Small+Business&rft.atitle=What+Is+an+Op-Ed+Article%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebalancesmb.com%2Foped-what-is-it-and-how-to-write-it-1360714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcChesney2012" class="citation journal cs1">McChesney, Robert W. (1 October 2012). "Farewell to Journalism?". <i>Journalism Practice</i>. <b>6</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">614–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17512786.2012.683273">10.1080/17512786.2012.683273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-2786">1751-2786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149010028">149010028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Practice&rft.atitle=Farewell+to+Journalism%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E614-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149010028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-2786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2012.683273&rft.aulast=McChesney&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thomson, T.J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/123992/2/The%2520Evolution%2520of%2520Story.pdf">"The Evolution of Story: How Time and Modality Affect Visual and Verbal Narratives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Visual Communication Quarterly</i>. 25: 4 (4): <span class="nowrap">199–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15551393.2018.1498742">10.1080/15551393.2018.1498742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149906671">149906671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Story%3A+How+Time+and+Modality+Affect+Visual+and+Verbal+Narratives&rft.volume=25%3A+4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15551393.2018.1498742&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149906671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F123992%2F2%2FThe%252520Evolution%252520of%252520Story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneO'DonnellBanning1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Gerald C.; O'Donnell, Mary K.; Banning, Stephen (1 January 1997). "Public perceptions of a newspaper's watchdog role". <i>Newspaper Research Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073953299701800108">10.1177/073953299701800108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:107456650">107456650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newspaper+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Public+perceptions+of+a+newspaper%27s+watchdog+role&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F073953299701800108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A107456650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Gerald+C.&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Mary+K.&rft.au=Banning%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcup2011" class="citation book cs1">Harcup, Tony (2011). <i>Journalism: principles and practice</i> (2. ed., repr ed.). London: SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-250-0"><bdi>978-1-84787-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism%3A+principles+and+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2.+ed.%2C+repr&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84787-250-0&rft.aulast=Harcup&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorcoran2012" class="citation news cs1">Corcoran, Mark (21 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-21/drone-journalism-takes-off/3840616">"Drone journalism takes off"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Drone+journalism+takes+off&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft.aulast=Corcoran&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-02-21%2Fdrone-journalism-takes-off%2F3840616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1069436/gonzo-journalism">"Gonzo Journalism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gonzo+Journalism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1069436%2Fgonzo-journalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillnat2014" class="citation web cs1">Willnat, Lars (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2014/05/2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf">"The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Key Findings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Journalist+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+Key+Findings&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Willnat&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.news.indiana.edu%2Freleases%2Fiu%2F2014%2F05%2F2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/12/more-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices/">"86% of Americans get news online from smartphone, computer or tablet"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=86%25+of+Americans+get+news+online+from+smartphone%2C+computer+or+tablet&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2Fmore-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Sue (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Journalism as Process": The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News". <i>Journalism & Communication Monographs</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F152263791101300302">10.1177/152263791101300302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146669105">146669105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+%26+Communication+Monographs&rft.atitle=%22Journalism+as+Process%22%3A+The+Organizational+Implications+of+Participatory+Online+News&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F152263791101300302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146669105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeflin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Heflin, Heflin (2015). "The Internet Is Not the Antidote: A Cultural-Historical Analysis of Journalism's Crisis of Credibility and the Internet as a Remedy". <i>Journalism History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.2015.12059127">10.1080/00947679.2015.12059127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147655744">147655744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Is+Not+the+Antidote%3A+A+Cultural-Historical+Analysis+of+Journalism%27s+Crisis+of+Credibility+and+the+Internet+as+a+Remedy&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.2015.12059127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147655744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heflin&rft.aufirst=Heflin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FakeNews_GoogleTrends-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FakeNews_GoogleTrends_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fg%2F1210rwkh&hl=en">"Fake news / topic"</a>. <i>Google Trends</i>. 16 November 2024. <q>Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Trends&rft.atitle=Fake+news+%2F+topic&rft.date=2024-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrends.google.com%2Ftrends%2Fexplore%3Fdate%3Dall%26q%3D%252Fg%252F1210rwkh%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37896753">"US election: Fake news becomes the news"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+election%3A+Fake+news+becomes+the+news&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-37896753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/new-money/2016/11/6/13509854/facebook-politics-news-bad">"Mark Zuckerberg is in denial about how Facebook is harming our politics"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Mark+Zuckerberg+is+in+denial+about+how+Facebook+is+harming+our+politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fnew-money%2F2016%2F11%2F6%2F13509854%2Ffacebook-politics-news-bad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimbergRomm2018" class="citation news cs1">Timberg, Craig; Romm, Tony (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/04/09/facebook-chief-executive-mark-zuckerberg-to-captiol-hill-it-was-my-mistake-and-im-sorry/">"Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg to Capitol Hill: 'It was my mistake, and I'm sorry.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Facebook+CEO+Mark+Zuckerberg+to+Capitol+Hill%3A+%27It+was+my+mistake%2C+and+I%27m+sorry.%27&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Timberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Romm%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2018%2F04%2F09%2Ffacebook-chief-executive-mark-zuckerberg-to-captiol-hill-it-was-my-mistake-and-im-sorry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/5/9/17335306/trump-tweet-twitter-latest-fake-news-credentials">"Trump finally admits that "fake news" just means news he doesn't like"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Trump+finally+admits+that+%22fake+news%22+just+means+news+he+doesn%27t+like&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2018%2F5%2F9%2F17335306%2Ftrump-tweet-twitter-latest-fake-news-credentials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/turkey-covid19-pandemic-increases-climate-of-fear-for-journalists/">"Turkey: COVID-19 pandemic increases climate of fear for journalists"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+COVID-19+pandemic+increases+climate+of+fear+for+journalists&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2Fturkey-covid19-pandemic-increases-climate-of-fear-for-journalists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing/">"Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 3 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Egypt+is+more+concerned+with+controlling+information+than+containing+the+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-egypt-is-more-concerned-with-controlling-information-than-containing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/2020/04/journalists-detained-assaulted-in-india-during-cov.php">"Journalists detained, assaulted in India during COVID-19 lockdown"</a>. <i>Committee to Protect Journalists</i>. 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.atitle=Journalists+detained%2C+assaulted+in+India+during+COVID-19+lockdown&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F2020%2F04%2Fjournalists-detained-assaulted-in-india-during-cov.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/bangladeshi-journalists-cartoonist-arrested-covid-19-coverage">"Bangladeshi journalists, cartoonist, arrested for Covid-19 coverage"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+journalists%2C+cartoonist%2C+arrested+for+Covid-19+coverage&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fbangladeshi-journalists-cartoonist-arrested-covid-19-coverage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505210016/https://rsf.org/en/news/iran-press-freedom-violations-recounted-real-time-january-2020">"Iran: Press freedom violations recounted in real time January 2020"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. 14 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/iran-press-freedom-violations-recounted-real-time-january-2020">the original</a> on 5 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Press+freedom+violations+recounted+in+real+time+January+2020&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Firan-press-freedom-violations-recounted-real-time-january-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521204841/https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/coronavirus-law-used-to-arrest-nigerian-journalist-over-health-story-2020-04-20?mod=mw_more_headlines&tesla=y">"Coronavirus Law Used to Arrest Nigerian Journalist Over Health Story"</a>. <i>Market Watch</i>. 20 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/coronavirus-law-used-to-arrest-nigerian-journalist-over-health-story-2020-04-20?mod=mw_more_headlines&tesla=y">the original</a> on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Market+Watch&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+Law+Used+to+Arrest+Nigerian+Journalist+Over+Health+Story&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fpress-release%2Fcoronavirus-law-used-to-arrest-nigerian-journalist-over-health-story-2020-04-20%3Fmod%3Dmw_more_headlines%26tesla%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/06/ethiopia-free-speech-risk-amid-covid-19">"Ethiopia: Free Speech at Risk Amid Covid-19"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Free+Speech+at+Risk+Amid+Covid-19&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2F06%2Fethiopia-free-speech-risk-amid-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/04/protect-kenyas-journalists-reporting-covid-19">"Protect Kenya's Journalists Reporting on Covid-19"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Protect+Kenya%27s+Journalists+Reporting+on+Covid-19&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2F04%2Fprotect-kenyas-journalists-reporting-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifex.org/authorities-across-west-africa-attacking-journalists-covering-covid-19-pandemic/">"Authorities across West Africa attacking journalists covering COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IFEX_(organization)" title="IFEX (organization)">IFEX</a></i>. 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IFEX&rft.atitle=Authorities+across+West+Africa+attacking+journalists+covering+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifex.org%2Fauthorities-across-west-africa-attacking-journalists-covering-covid-19-pandemic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2020/03/26/concern-for-rights-in-montenegro-amid-covid-19-fight/">"Concern for Rights in Montenegro amid COVID-19 Fight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a></i>. 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Concern+for+Rights+in+Montenegro+amid+COVID-19+Fight&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2020%2F03%2F26%2Fconcern-for-rights-in-montenegro-amid-covid-19-fight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/kazakh-journalists-harassed-over-covid-19-reporting">"Kazakh journalists harassed over Covid-19 reporting"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakh+journalists+harassed+over+Covid-19+reporting&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fkazakh-journalists-harassed-over-covid-19-reporting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/16/azerbaijan-crackdown-critics-amid-pandemic">"Azerbaijan: Crackdown on Critics Amid Pandemic"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Crackdown+on+Critics+Amid+Pandemic&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F04%2F16%2Fazerbaijan-crackdown-critics-amid-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/blog/2020/05/malaysian-journalist-faces-six-years-in-prison-ove.php">"Malaysian journalist faces six years in prison over COVID-19 Facebook posts"</a>. <i>Committee to Protect Journalists</i>. 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.atitle=Malaysian+journalist+faces+six+years+in+prison+over+COVID-19+Facebook+posts&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Fblog%2F2020%2F05%2Fmalaysian-journalist-faces-six-years-in-prison-ove.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/singapores-fake-news-and-contempt-laws-threat-media-journalists-say">"Singapore's Fake News and Contempt Laws a Threat to Media, Journalists Say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+Fake+News+and+Contempt+Laws+a+Threat+to+Media%2C+Journalists+Say&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fpress-freedom%2Fsingapores-fake-news-and-contempt-laws-threat-media-journalists-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/coronavirus-crisis-excuses-curbs-free-speech-70177977">"Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Some+leaders+use+pandemic+to+sharpen+tools+against+critics&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fcoronavirus-crisis-excuses-curbs-free-speech-70177977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/somali-journalists-arrested-intimidated-while-covering-covid-19">"Somali Journalists Arrested, Intimidated While Covering COVID-19"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Somali+Journalists+Arrested%2C+Intimidated+While+Covering+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fextremism-watch%2Fsomali-journalists-arrested-intimidated-while-covering-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/putin-signs-law-introducing-jail-terms-for-fake-news-on-army-a76768">"Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army"</a>. <i>Moscow Times</i>. 4 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314132340/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/putin-signs-law-introducing-jail-terms-for-fake-news-on-army-a76768">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Signs+Law+Introducing+Jail+Terms+for+%27Fake+News%27+on+Army&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F04%2Fputin-signs-law-introducing-jail-terms-for-fake-news-on-army-a76768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2022" class="citation news cs1">Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison">"In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison"</a>. <i>CSMonitor.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSMonitor.com&rft.atitle=In+Russia%2C+critiquing+the+Ukraine+war+could+land+you+in+prison&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2022%2F1205%2FIn-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/02/03/1k-journalists-have-fled-russia-since-ukraine-invasion-report-a80135">"1K Journalists Have Fled Russia Since Ukraine Invasion – Report"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=1K+Journalists+Have+Fled+Russia+Since+Ukraine+Invasion+%E2%80%93+Report&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F03%2F1k-journalists-have-fled-russia-since-ukraine-invasion-report-a80135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Walravens: "The Early East Asian Press in the Eyes of the West. Some bibliographical notes", World Library and Information Congress, 72nd General Conference and Council of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), 20–24 August 2006, Seoul, Korea, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2002. 212, 214, 216–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Brook_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Brook (historian)">Brook, Timothy</a>. (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Confusions_of_Pleasure:_Commerce_and_Culture_in_Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China">The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China</a></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22154-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22154-0">0-520-22154-0</a> (Paperback). p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html">"Leveson Inquiry: British press freedom is a model for the world, editor tells inquiry"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 14 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Leveson+Inquiry%3A+British+press+freedom+is+a+model+for+the+world%2C+editor+tells+inquiry&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fjournalists%2Fgordon-rayner%2F8812486%2FLeveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">"First Journalism School". Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Journalism+School&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurit Schleifman, "A Russian Daily Newspaper and Its New Readership:" Severnaia Pchela", 1825–1840." <i>Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique</i> (1987): 127–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Sloan and Julie Hedgepeth Williams, <i>The early American press, 1690–1783</i> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaughn, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of American Journalism</i> (2008), pp. 17–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Sue Humphrey, <i>This popular engine: New England newspapers during the American Revolution, 1775–1789</i> (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard L. Kaplan, <i>Politics and the American press: The rise of objectivity, 1865–1920</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Michael Baker, et al., <i>The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848</i> (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sperber, Jonathan, <i>Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848</i> (Princeton, 1991), p. 99;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Balmuth, <i>"The Russian Bulletin," 1863–1917: A Liberal Voice in Tsarist Russia</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles A. Ruus, <i>Fighting Words: Imperial Censorship and the Russian Press, 1804–1906</i> (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Osterroth, Dieter Schuster: <i>Chronik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie.</i> J.H.W. Dietz Nachf., Hannover 1963, S. 50. fes.de. German text</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Tebbel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tebbel">John Tebbel</a> (2003). "Print Media. France". <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>. Retrieved 1 November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen MacKinnon, "Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period", <i>Modern China</i> 23#1 (1997) pp. 3–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy B. Weston, "China, professional journalism, and liberal internationalism in the era of the First World War." <i>Pacific Affairs</i> 83.2 (2010): 327–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutton 2:692–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._P._Catterall" class="mw-redirect" title="P. P. Catterall">P. P. Catterall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Seymour-Ure" title="Colin Seymour-Ure">Colin Seymour-Ure</a>, "Northcliffe, Viscount." in John Ramsden, ed. <i>The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics</i> (2002) p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Quotations</i> (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643">"Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Clare+Hollingworth%3A+British+war+correspondent+dies+aged+105&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-38573643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/business/media/clare-hollingworth-reporter-who-broke-news-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-105.html">"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 10 January 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Good_journalism-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Good_journalism_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_journalism_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/09/georgeorwell">"George Orwell and the eternal truths of good journalism"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Orwell+and+the+eternal+truths+of+good+journalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fnov%2F09%2Fgeorgeorwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lee Kaplan, <i>Politics and the American press: the rise of objectivity, 1865–1920</i> (2002) p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Luther Mott, <i>American Journalism: A History, 1690–1960</i> (Macmillan, 3rd ed. 1962) pp. 603–05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mott, <i>American Journalism</i> (3rd ed, 1962) pp. 605–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges, Chris</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Illusion" title="Empire of Illusion">Empire of Illusion</a>: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle.</i> Nation Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56858-613-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56858-613-2">1-56858-613-2</a> p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a>. <i>A People's History of the United States</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Harper Perennial Modern Classics</a>, 2005. p. 671 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083865-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083865-5">0-06-083865-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scammell, Margaret; <a href="/wiki/Holli_Semetko" title="Holli Semetko">Semetko, Holli</a> (11/22/2017). <i>The Media, Journalism, and Democracy</i> (1st ed.). London: Routiedge. p. 482. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-74711-0">978-1-351-74711-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles A. Simmons, <i>The African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827–1965</i> (McFarland, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick S. Washburn, <i>The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRush2017" class="citation web cs1">Rush, Morgan (28 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careertrend.com/how-long-do-you-go-to-school-to-be-a-journalist-12541473.html">"How Long Do You Go to School to Be a Journalist?"</a>. <i>Career Trend</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Career+Trend&rft.atitle=How+Long+Do+You+Go+to+School+to+Be+a+Journalist%3F&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft.aulast=Rush&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareertrend.com%2Fhow-long-do-you-go-to-school-to-be-a-journalist-12541473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collegefactual.com/majors/communication-journalism-media/journalism/rankings/top-ranked/">"2022 Best Journalism Schools"</a>. <i>www.collegefactual.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collegefactual.com&rft.atitle=2022+Best+Journalism+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegefactual.com%2Fmajors%2Fcommunication-journalism-media%2Fjournalism%2Frankings%2Ftop-ranked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noortje Marres, "The issues deserve more credit: Pragmatist contributions to the study of public involvement in the controversy." <i>Social studies of science</i> 37.5 (2007): 759–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis_"Buzz"_MerrittMaxwell_E._McCombs2014" class="citation book cs1">Davis "Buzz" Merritt; Maxwell E. McCombs (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0GRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>The Two W's of Journalism: The Why and What of Public Affairs Reporting</i></a>. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-70471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-70471-1"><bdi>978-1-135-70471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+W%27s+of+Journalism%3A+The+Why+and+What+of+Public+Affairs+Reporting&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-70471-1&rft.au=Davis+%22Buzz%22+Merritt&rft.au=Maxwell+E.+McCombs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0GRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Bybee, "Can democracy survive in the post-factual age?: A return to the Lippmann-Dewey debate about the politics of news." <i>Journalism & Communication Monographs</i> 1.1 (1999): 28–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Hermida, et al. "The active recipient: Participatory journalism through the lens of the Dewey-Lippmann debate." <i>International Symposium on Online Journalism</i> 1#2 (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Lovell, "Broadcasting Bolshevik: The radio voice of Soviet culture, 1920s–1950s." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 48.1 (2013): 78–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/overview-5/">"The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826025836/http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/overview-5/">Archived</a> 26 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/01/circulation-and-revenue-fall-for-newspaper-industry/">"Despite subscription surges for largest U.S. newspapers, circulation and revenue fall for industry overall"</a>. 1 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despite+subscription+surges+for+largest+U.S.+newspapers%2C+circulation+and+revenue+fall+for+industry+overall&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F06%2F01%2Fcirculation-and-revenue-fall-for-newspaper-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauder2021" class="citation web cs1">Bauder, David (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/business-arts-and-entertainment-media-journalism-media-industry-347379aeb64268cbf3e0b18e7721e87c">"Independent websites team up to boost rural journalism"</a>. <i>AP News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Independent+websites+team+up+to+boost+rural+journalism&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Bauder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness-arts-and-entertainment-media-journalism-media-industry-347379aeb64268cbf3e0b18e7721e87c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye2021" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/business/media/when-the-local-paper-shrank-these-journalists-started-an-alternative.html">"When the Local Paper Shrank, These Journalists Started an Alternative"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+the+Local+Paper+Shrank%2C+These+Journalists+Started+an+Alternative&rft.date=2021-06-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fwhen-the-local-paper-shrank-these-journalists-started-an-alternative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Hanitzsch, et al. eds. <i>Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe</i> (2019) pp. 73–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Worlds-Journalism-Journalistic-Cultures-Institute/dp/0231186436/">see excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325004218/https://www.fourthestate.org/core-journalism-principles/">"Fourth Estate – Core Journalism Principles, Standards and Practices"</a>. Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fourthestate.org/core-journalism-principles/">the original</a> on 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Estate+%E2%80%93+Core+Journalism+Principles%2C+Standards+and+Practices&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate+Public+Benefit+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourthestate.org%2Fcore-journalism-principles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifj.org/en/articles/status-of-journalists-and-journalism-ethics-ifj-principles">IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) – Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114075747/http://www.ifj.org/en/articles/status-of-journalists-and-journalism-ethics-ifj-principles">Archived</a> 14 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081130181610/http://www.ifj.org/assets/docs/060/151/2bcb53c-c641f97.doc">DOC version)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605161914/http://www.asne.org/kiosk/archive/principl.htm">"ASNE (American Society of Newspapers Editors) – Statement of Principles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asne.org/kiosk/archive/principl.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASNE+%28American+Society+of+Newspapers+Editors%29+%E2%80%93+Statement+of+Principles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asne.org%2Fkiosk%2Farchive%2Fprincipl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622123407/http://www.apme.com/ethics/">"APME (Associated Press Managing Editors) – Statement of Ethical Principles"</a>. 22 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APME+%28Associated+Press+Managing+Editors%29+%E2%80%93+Statement+of+Ethical+Principles&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apme.com%2Fethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320184606/http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp">"(Society of Professional Journalists) – Code of Ethics"</a>. SPJ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp">the original</a> on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Society+of+Professional+Journalists%29+%E2%80%93+Code+of+Ethics&rft.pub=SPJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spj.org%2Fethicscode.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002000433/http://www.journalism.org/node/72">"The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect – Introduction | Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ)"</a>. Journalism.org. 19 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalism.org/node/72">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Journalism%3A+What+Newspeople+Should+Know+and+the+Public+Should+Expect+%E2%80%93+Introduction+%26%23124%3B+Project+for+Excellence+in+Journalism+%28PEJ%29&rft.pub=Journalism.org&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalism.org%2Fnode%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int//main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/documents/adoptedtext/ta93/ERES1003.HTM">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe – Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism</a> (see clause 33) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626122000/http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta93%2Feres1003.htm">Archived</a> 26 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcc.org.uk/cop/practice.html">UK – Press Complaints Commission – Codes of Practice</a> (see item 12, "Discrimination") <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214011756/http://www.pcc.org.uk/cop/practice.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412103717/http://www.fnsi.it/Contenuto/Documentazione/CarteDeontologiche/Carta_dei_Doveri.htm">"Italy – FNSI's La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart of Duties)"</a> (in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+%E2%80%93+FNSI%27s+La+Carta+dei+Doveri+%28The+Chart+of+Duties%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnsi.it%2FContenuto%2FDocumentazione%2FCarteDeontologiche%2FCarta_dei_Doveri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (section "Principi")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fape.es/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=101&Itemid=120">Spain – FAPE's Código Deontológico (Deontological Code)</a> (see <i>Principios Generales</i>, item 7, "a")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003115513/http://www.fenaj.org.br/federacao/cometica/codigo_de_etica_dos_jornalistas_brasileiros.pdf">"Brazil – FENAJ's Code of Ethics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenaj.org.br/federacao/cometica/codigo_de_etica_dos_jornalistas_brasileiros.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+%E2%80%93+FENAJ%27s+Code+of+Ethics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fenaj.org.br%2Ffederacao%2Fcometica%2Fcodigo_de_etica_dos_jornalistas_brasileiros.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20.8 KB)</span> (see Article 6, item XIV)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int//main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/documents/adoptedtext/ta93/ERES1003.HTM">PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626122000/http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta93%2Feres1003.htm">Archived</a> 26 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see clause 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangTaylorSaffer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Aimei; Taylor, Maureen; Saffer, Adam J (1 March 2016). "Ethical convergence, divergence or communitas? An examination of public relations and journalism codes of ethics". <i>Public Relations Review</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">146–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pubrev.2015.08.001">10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-8111">0363-8111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Relations+Review&rft.atitle=Ethical+convergence%2C+divergence+or+communitas%3F+An+examination+of+public+relations+and+journalism+codes+of+ethics&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pubrev.2015.08.001&rft.issn=0363-8111&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Aimei&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Saffer%2C+Adam+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson-Smith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson-Smith, Anthony (3 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=a001e71b-a816-42a1-8f25-61e48b50fcf4%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=911611&db=a9h">"The Conflict of Journalists"</a>. <i>Maclean's</i>: 11 – via Academic Search Complete.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=The+Conflict+of+Journalists&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1998-08-03&rft.aulast=Wilson-Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.b.ebscohost.com%2Fehost%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D2%26sid%3Da001e71b-a816-42a1-8f25-61e48b50fcf4%2540sessionmgr102%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3D911611%26db%3Da9h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Stephen (5 March 2018). "Philosophical Foundations for Global Journalism Ethics". <i>Journal of Mass Media Ethics</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327728jmme2001_2">10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144636048">144636048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mass+Media+Ethics&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Foundations+for+Global+Journalism+Ethics&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327728jmme2001_2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144636048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohdesCarey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gohdes, AR; Carey, SC (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427995">"Canaries in a coal-mine? What the killings of journalists tell us about future repression"</a>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343316680859">10.1177/0022343316680859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427995">5427995</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28546646">28546646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Canaries+in+a+coal-mine%3F+What+the+killings+of+journalists+tell+us+about+future+repression&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5427995%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28546646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343316680859&rft.aulast=Gohdes&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Carey%2C+SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5427995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/">"Press Freedom Online"</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Online&rft.pub=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpj.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLashmar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lashmar, Paul (3 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2016.1179587">"No More Sources?: The impact of Snowden's revelations on journalists and their confidential sources"</a>. <i>Journalism Practice</i>. <b>11</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">665–</span>688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17512786.2016.1179587">10.1080/17512786.2016.1179587</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-2786">1751-2786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147752393">147752393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Practice&rft.atitle=No+More+Sources%3F%3A+The+impact+of+Snowden%27s+revelations+on+journalists+and+their+confidential+sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E665-%3C%2Fspan%3E688&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147752393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-2786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2016.1179587&rft.aulast=Lashmar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2016.1179587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hanitzsch, Thomas et al. eds. <i>Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=55340">online review</a></li> <li>Rodgers, Ronald R. 2018. <i>The Struggle for the Soul of Journalism : The Pulpit Versus the Press 1833-1923</i>. Columbia Missouri: University of Missouri Press.</li> <li>Kaltenbrunner, Andy and Matthias Karmasin and Daniela Kraus, eds. "The Journalism Report V: Innovation and Transition", Facultas, 2017</li> <li>Marthoz, J.-P. (2016). Giving up on the graft and the grind: Why journalists are failing to cover difficult stories. <i>Index on Censorship</i>, 45(2), 22–27.</li> <li>Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of journalism</i>, *(6 vol, SAGE, 2009).</li> <li>de Beer Arnold S. and John C. Merrill, eds. <i>Global Journalism: Topical Issues and Media Systems</i> (5th ed. 2008)</li> <li>Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Akiba A. Cohen, eds. <i>News Around the World: Content, Practitioners, and the Public</i> (2nd ed. 2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaliststoolbox.org">Journalist's Toolbox</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists" title="Society of Professional Journalists">Society of Professional Journalists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism" title="Template:Journalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism" title="Template talk:Journalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics and standards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_desert" title="News desert">News desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">List of journalism articles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_journalism" title="Outline of journalism">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/19px-Ambox_globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/29px-Ambox_globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/38px-Ambox_globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/19px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/29px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Journalism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/journalism" class="extiw" title="wikt:journalism">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Journalism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Journalism">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Journalism" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Journalism">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Journalism" class="extiw" title="q:Journalism">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Journalism" class="extiw" title="v:School:Journalism">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1903" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1903" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11030#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028779-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85070736">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940665x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940665x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ジャーナリズム"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574981">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="žurnalistika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117282&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="novinářská profese"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph218846&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532668">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050609&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536278105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638984">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journalism&oldid=1275670383">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journalism&oldid=1275670383</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Journalism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: requires URL">CS1 errors: requires URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2021">Use dmy dates from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_August_2016" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from August 2016">Use Oxford spelling from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2018">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 February 2025, at 10:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journalism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Journalism</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>127 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mrd9b","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.922","walltime":"2.278","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5942,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":173979,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3617,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":274526,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1995.718 1 -total"," 36.74% 733.289 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.40% 347.244 1 Template:Journalism"," 17.20% 343.237 1 Template:Navbox"," 14.51% 289.563 6 Template:Excerpt"," 12.63% 252.103 20 Template:Cite_web"," 8.90% 177.591 1 Template:Journalism_sidebar"," 8.75% 174.551 1 Template:Sidebar"," 8.56% 170.932 28 Template:Cite_news"," 8.46% 168.834 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.345","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20243128,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","25.4"],["?","220","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","180","13.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","10.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","6.0"],["type","80","6.0"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","3.0"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","20","1.5"],["[others]","120","9.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-8ndbz","timestamp":"20250214104052","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Journalism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Journalism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11030","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11030","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-05T02:37:19Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T10:40:47Z","headline":"investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience"}</script> </body> </html>