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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Carboniferous compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carboniferous_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stratigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhenohercynian_Zone" title="Special:EditPage/Rhenohercynian Zone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22">"Rhenohercynian Zone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fold belt of west and central Europe, formed during the Hercynian orogeny</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg/350px-Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg/525px-Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg/700px-Hercynian_structures_Europe-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Most important structures and zones of the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Rhenohercynian Zone</b> or <b>Rheno-Hercynian zone</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">structural geology</a> describes a <a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">fold belt</a> of west and central Europe, formed during the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a> (about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=350–280">350 to 280</a> million years ago</span>). The zone consists of <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust</a> <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> that were deposited in a <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basin</a> along the southern margin of the then existing <a href="/wiki/Paleocontinent" title="Paleocontinent">paleocontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurussia">Laurussia</a>. </p><p>The Rhenohercynian Zone, named for the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a> of Antiquity, forms a narrow zone through western and central Europe, from <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Harz_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz mountains">Harz mountains</a> of central <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the east, including the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Massif" title="Rhenish Massif">Rhenish Massif</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a>). The total length of this ancient basin (the <b>Rhenohercynian Basin</b>) could have been more than 2500 km. In the east the basin merges with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=East-Silesian_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East-Silesian basin (page does not exist)">East-Silesian basin</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The sedimentary rocks that were laid down in the basin are often weakly <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenschist_facies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenschist facies">greenschist facies</a>). Most geologists consider the <a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Portuguese_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-Portuguese zone (page does not exist)">South-Portuguese zone</a> to be a continuation of the zone to the west. </p><p>Whether the Rhenohercynian Basin was a continuous feature or rather a string of temporaneously interconnected smaller basins is not well understood, because in many places the Devonian and Carboniferous rock strata are covered with younger deposits. Parts of the basin have their own names, like the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornwall_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornwall basin (page does not exist)">Cornwall basin</a></i> in Cornwall, the <i><a href="/wiki/Munster_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Munster basin">Munster basin</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> or the <i>Rhenisch basin</i> in Belgium and Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonic_structure_and_metamorphism">Tectonic structure and metamorphism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tectonic structure and metamorphism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhenohercynian_Zone" title="Special:EditPage/Rhenohercynian Zone">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22">"Rhenohercynian Zone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synclinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Synclinal.jpg/250px-Synclinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Synclinal.jpg/375px-Synclinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Synclinal.jpg/500px-Synclinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">Syncline</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Profondeville" title="Profondeville">Profondeville</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>. The rock strata are <a href="/wiki/Upper_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Devonian">Upper Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a>, folded during the late phases of the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rhenohercynian Zone is a part of the northern <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland</a> of the Hercynian orogeny. It has a lower grade of metamorphism than the <a href="/wiki/Saxothuringian_Zone" title="Saxothuringian Zone">Saxothuringian Zone</a> to the south, meaning its rocks have generally been at smaller depths and under lower temperatures. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subvariscan_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subvariscan Zone (page does not exist)">Subvariscan Zone</a> north of the Rhenohercynian Zone was untouched by Hercynian metamorphism. During the Hercynian orogeny, the Rhenohercynian zone was folded and thrust internally. It was thrust over the foreland to the north (the <a href="/wiki/London-Brabant_Massif" class="mw-redirect" title="London-Brabant Massif">London-Brabant Massif</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a>). From the south it was overthrust by the <a href="/wiki/Mid-German_Crystalline_High" title="Mid-German Crystalline High">Mid-German Crystalline High</a>, part of the Saxothuringian Zone. </p><p>The metamorphic grade or degree of metamorphism increases towards the south or southeast. The southern edge of the Rhenish Massif lies in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Phyllite_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Phyllite Zone (page does not exist)">Northern Phyllite Zone</a>, which has a higher grade than other parts of the zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geodynamic_history">Geodynamic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geodynamic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Devonian_basin">The Devonian basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Devonian basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rhenohercynian basin was situated north of the <a href="/wiki/Rheic_Ocean" title="Rheic Ocean">Rheic Ocean</a>, the ocean that spread between the continents of Laurussia (north) and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> (south) from the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> onwards. The southern margin of Laurussia was formed during the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period, about 420 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">million years ago</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Lochkovian" title="Lochkovian">Gedinnian/Lochkovian</a> (Early Devonian) the southern part of the Caledonian mountain belt became a region of north–south <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extension</a>. An elongated basin was formed parallel to the continental margin. It separated the <a href="/wiki/London-Brabant_Massif" class="mw-redirect" title="London-Brabant Massif">London-Brabant Massif</a> to the north from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normannian_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normannian High (page does not exist)">Normannian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-German_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-German High">Mid-German Highs</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Devonian (from 390 million years ago) a <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a> existed south of Laurussia, where <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_lithosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic lithosphere">oceanic lithosphere</a> of the Rheic Ocean subducted beneath the Mid-German/Normannian highs. <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanism</a> above the subduction zone created a <a href="/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera">cordillera</a>-type mountain chain, the Ligerian cordillera. In the <a href="/wiki/Pragian" title="Pragian">Siegenian/Pragian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emsian" title="Emsian">Emsian</a> the Rhenohercynic basin was a back-arc basin behind this cordillera. <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_subsidence" title="Tectonic subsidence">Tectonic subsidence</a> in a system of <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horsts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> volcanism resulted in the creation of new oceanic <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. In the Middle Devonian a second basin, the <a href="/wiki/Saxothuringian_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxothuringian basin">Saxothuringian</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorican_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armorican basin (page does not exist)">Armorican basin</a>, developed south of the Rhenohercynian basin. To the west some crustal convergence took place, and the Normannian High was partly <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> over the sedimentary basin fill of the Rhenohercynian basin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carboniferous_compression">Carboniferous compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carboniferous compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rhenohercynian basin disappeared when the continent Gondwana <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">collided</a> with Laurussia in the course of the Carboniferous period (the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a>). The sedimentary rocks in the basin were thrust in a series of <a href="/wiki/Piggyback_basin" title="Piggyback basin">piggyback basins</a> over the northern foreland (the London-Brabant Massif). These rocks now form the <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folded</a> sequences of Cornwall, the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> and the Harz. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Frasnian" title="Frasnian">Frasnian</a> age (380 million years ago) the <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic volcanism</a> ended, and the basin came locally under <a href="/wiki/Compression_(geology)" title="Compression (geology)">compressional</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a>, which led to folding and thrusting in the sedimentary rocks. Somewhere near the end of the Devonian, a subduction zone developed under the Mid-German/Normannian highs and Rhenohercynian crust began to subduct.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the short <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretonnic_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bretonnic phase (page does not exist)">Bretonnic phase</a> of the Hercynian orogeny. It was followed, from the <a href="/wiki/Tournaisian" title="Tournaisian">Tournaisian</a> (early Carboniferous, 355 million years ago) till the end of the <a href="/wiki/Visean" class="mw-redirect" title="Visean">Visean</a> by a new period of extension.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetic_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudetic phase (page does not exist)">Sudetic (main) phase</a> of the Hercynian orogeny (330-320 million years ago, Late-Visean and <a href="/wiki/Namurian" title="Namurian">Namurian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Serpukhovian" title="Serpukhovian">Serpukhovian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Compressional_tectonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressional tectonics">compressional tectonics</a> had the upper hand again. In the Namurian age full-scale continental collision between <a href="/wiki/Laurussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurussia">Laurussia</a> and Gondwana resulted in the destruction of the last oceanic crust of the basin. Its sedimentary fill was, however, not (totally) subducted but instead thrust northward. During the later part of the Carboniferous period (<a href="/wiki/Westphalian_(stage)" title="Westphalian (stage)">Westphalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephanian_(stage)" title="Stephanian (stage)">Stephanian</a>) the Rhenohercynian zone formed the foreland of a relatively fast-developing Hercynian mountainbelt to the south. <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">Isostatic</a> subsidence of the foreland resulted in the development of a deep <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basin</a>. This filled with the products of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> in the Hercynian mountains and the contemporaneously uplifted London-Brabant Massif to the north. During the Westphalian, the basin was completely filled and rose above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stratigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhenohercynian_Zone" title="Special:EditPage/Rhenohercynian Zone">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22">"Rhenohercynian Zone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rhenohercynian+Zone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Rhenohercynian basin was filled with Devonian and Carboniferous sediments. Sedimentation was often disrupted by <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">tectonic phases</a>, but nevertheless the total thickness of the sediments can in some places be more than several kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a foreland basin was formed in the Rhenohercynian zone, this was filled with upper Carboniferous (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molasse" title="Molasse">molasse</a> sediments. The Namurian is characterized by flysch, in the Westphalian this gradually grades into molasse and other continental deposits, among which the thick <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> layers of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining#Belgium" title="History of coal mining">Belgian coal measures</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Map is based on Franke (1992, 2000), Matte (2001), von Raumer <i>et al.</i> (2003) and Walter (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohl, Horst; Marcinek, Joachim and Nitz, Bernhard (1986). <i>Geography of the German Democratic Republic</i>, VEB Hermann Haack, Gotha, pp. 8 ff. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7301-0522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7301-0522-1">978-3-7301-0522-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in Ziegler (1990), pp. 31-32 and enclosure 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franke (1989); Ziegler (1990), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler (1990), pp. 37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler (1990), pp. 41-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeveridgeHartley2006" class="citation journal cs1">Leveridge, B.; Hartley, Adrian (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268259053">"0 The Variscan Orogeny: the development and deformation of Devonian/Carboniferous basins in SW England and South Wales The Variscan of SW England"</a>. <i>The Geology of England and Wales</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGOEWP.10">10.1144/GOEWP.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geology+of+England+and+Wales&rft.atitle=0+The+Variscan+Orogeny%3A+the+development+and+deformation+of+Devonian%2FCarboniferous+basins+in+SW+England+and+South+Wales+The+Variscan+of+SW+England&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGOEWP.10&rft.aulast=Leveridge&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Hartley%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F268259053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhenohercynian+Zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenohercynian_Zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Franke, W.; 1989: "Tectonostratigraphic units in the Variscan belt of Central Europe", in: Dallmeyer (eds.): <i>Terranes in the Circum-Atlantic Paleozoic orogens</i>, <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> Special Paper <b>230</b>, pp. 67–90.</li> <li>Franke, W.; 1992: "Phanerozoic structures and events in central Europe", in: Blundell, D. J.; Freeman, R. & Mueller, S. (eds.): <i>A Continent Revealed - The European Geotraverse</i>, 297 pp., Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42948-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42948-X">0-521-42948-X</a>, pp. 164–179.</li> <li>Franke, W.; 2000: "The mid-European segment of the Variscides: tectonostratigraphic units, terrane boundaries and plate tectonic evolution", in: Franke, W.; Haak, V.; Oncken, O. & Tanner, D. (eds.); <i>Orogenic Processes, Quantification and Modelling in the Variscan Belt</i>, Geological Society of London, Special Publications <b>179</b>, pp. 35–61.</li> <li>Matte, P.; 2001: "The Variscan collage and orogeny (480±290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review", <i>Terra Nova</i> <b>13</b>, 122–128.</li> <li>von Raumer, J. F.; Stampfli, G. M. & Bussy, F.; 2003: "Gondwana-derived microcontinents – the constituents of the Variscan and Alpine collisional orogens", <i>Tectonophysics</i> <b>365</b>, pp. 7–22.</li> <li>Walter, R.; 2003: <i>Erdgeschichte – Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane</i>, 325 pp., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (5th printing), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017697-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017697-1">3-11-017697-1</a>.</li> <li>Ziegler, P. A.; 1990: <i>Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV</a> (2nd ed.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6644-125-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-6644-125-9">90-6644-125-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Norway" title="Geology of Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jan_Mayen" title="Geology of Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Svalbard" title="Geology of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Romania" title="Geology of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_San_Marino" title="Geology of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Serbia" title="Geology of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Slovakia" title="Geology of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Sweden" title="Geology of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ukraine" title="Geology of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_England" title="Geology of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Alderney" title="Geology of Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guernsey" title="Geology of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jersey" title="Geology of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Geology of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_geological_map-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/200px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/300px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/400px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_geology" title="Regional geology">Geologic regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_orogeny" title="Acadian orogeny">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belomorian_Province" title="Belomorian Province">Belomorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadomian_Orogeny" title="Cadomian Orogeny">Cadomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalslandian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalslandian orogeny">Dalslandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothian_orogeny" title="Gothian orogeny">Gothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grampian_orogeny" title="Grampian orogeny">Grampian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallandian-Danopolonian_event" title="Hallandian-Danopolonian event">Hallandian-Danopolonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_orogeny" title="Hellenic orogeny">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxfordian_orogeny" title="Laxfordian orogeny">Laxfordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopian_orogeny" title="Lopian orogeny">Lopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saamian_orogeny" title="Saamian orogeny">Saamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandian_orogeny" title="Scandian orogeny">Scandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourian_orogeny" title="Scourian orogeny">Scourian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timanide_Orogen" title="Timanide Orogen">Timanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecofennian_orogeny" title="Svecofennian orogeny">Svecofennian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveconorwegian_orogeny" title="Sveconorwegian orogeny">Sveconorwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralian_orogeny" title="Uralian orogeny">Uralian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain ranges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Alps" title="Geology of the Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains#Geology" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains#Geology" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps#Geology" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harz#Geology_and_pedology" title="Harz">Harz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massif_Central_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massif Central (geology)">Massif Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains#Geology" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Geology of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains#Geology" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetes#Geology" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains#Geology" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Western_Carpathians" title="Geology of the Western Carpathians">Western Carpathians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean#Geology_and_plate_tectonics" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean#Geology" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay" title="Geology of the Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea#Geology_and_bathymetry" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea#Geology" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Norwegian_Sea" title="Geology of the Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_subsidence" title="Tectonic subsidence">Intracontinental<br />basins and grabens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquitaine_Basin" title="Aquitaine Basin">Aquitaine Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Basin" title="Barents Basin">Barents Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Geology of the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper-Donets_Rift" title="Dnieper-Donets Rift">Dnieper–Donets Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebro_Basin" title="Ebro Basin">Ebro Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cenozoic_Rift_System" title="European Cenozoic Rift System">European Cenozoic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Trench" title="Hellenic Trench">Hellenic Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limagne_Graben" title="Limagne Graben">Limagne Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezen_Basin" title="Mezen Basin">Mezen Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasse_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Molasse Basin">Molasse Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Basin" title="Moscow Basin">Moscow Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_North_Sea" title="Geology of the North Sea">North Sea Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Rift">Oslo Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Depression" title="Caspian Depression">Peri-Caspian Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timan-Pechora_Basin" title="Timan-Pechora Basin">Timan-Pechora Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea_Rift_System" title="White Sea Rift System">White Sea Rift System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">Tectonic plates</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">microcontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_plate" title="Adriatic plate">Adriatic plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_plate" title="Aegean Sea plate">Aegean Sea plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian plate">Anatolian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_plate" title="Iberian plate">Iberian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen Microcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_plate" title="Moesian plate">Moesian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelso_plate" title="Pelso plate">Pelso plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_plate" title="Tisza plate">Tisza plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terranes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_terrane" title="Armorican terrane">Armorican terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_European_Craton" title="East European Craton">East European Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandian Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Craton" title="Sarmatian Craton">Sarmatian Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgo%E2%80%93Uralia" title="Volgo–Uralia">Volgo–Uralia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Aggtelek_Karst_and_Slovak_Karst" title="Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst">Aggtelek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calanques_de_Piana" title="Calanques de Piana">Calanques de Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durmitor" title="Durmitor">Durmitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirangerfjord" title="Geirangerfjord">Geirangerfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus_thrust" title="Glarus thrust">Glarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_High_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="The High Coast">High Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungfrau-Aletsch_protected_area" title="Jungfrau-Aletsch protected area">Jungfrau-Aletsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Komi_Forests" title="Virgin Komi Forests">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvarken" title="Kvarken">Kvarken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laponian_area" title="Laponian area">Laponia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messel_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel pit">Messel Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Perdido" title="Monte Perdido">Monte Perdido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6r%C3%B8yfjord" title="Nærøyfjord">Nærøyfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirin_National_Park" title="Pirin National Park">Pirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_National_Park" title="Plitvice Lakes National Park">Plitvice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Gorge" title="Rhine Gorge">Rhine Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandola_Nature_Reserve" title="Scandola Nature Reserve">Scandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kocjan_Caves" title="Škocjan Caves">Škocjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevns_Klint" title="Stevns Klint">Stevns Klint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtsey" title="Surtsey">Surtsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir" 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