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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Герцынская складкавасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герцынская складкавасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Херцинска геосинклинална област – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херцинска геосинклинална област" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orog%C3%A8nesi_varisca" title="Orogènesi varisca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orogènesi varisca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynsk%C3%A9_vr%C3%A1sn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Hercynské vrásnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hercynské vrásnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variszische_Orogenese" title="Variszische Orogenese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Variszische Orogenese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenia_varisca" title="Orogenia varisca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orogenia varisca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variskar_orogenia" title="Variskar orogenia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Variskar orogenia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کوه‌زایی واریسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه‌زایی واریسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogen%C3%A8se_varisque" title="Orogenèse varisque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orogenèse varisque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orox%C3%A9nese_herciniana" title="Oroxénese herciniana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oroxénese herciniana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հերցինյան ծալքավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերցինյան ծալքավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeni_Variskan" title="Orogeni Variskan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orogeni Variskan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenesi_ercinica" title="Orogenesi ercinica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orogenesi ercinica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Герциндік қатпарлық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герциндік қатпарлық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercinin%C4%97_kalnodara" title="Hercininė kalnodara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hercininė kalnodara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variszkuszi-hegys%C3%A9grendszer" title="Variszkuszi-hegységrendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Variszkuszi-hegységrendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynische_orogenese" title="Hercynische orogenese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hercynische orogenese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variskiske_fjellkjedefolding" title="Variskiske fjellkjedefolding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Variskiske fjellkjedefolding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hercynske_orogenesen" title="Den hercynske orogenesen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den hercynske orogenesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersin_burmalanishi" title="Gersin burmalanishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gersin burmalanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="កំណភ្នំវ៉ារីស្កាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កំណភ្នំវ៉ារីស្កាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeneza_hercy%C5%84ska" title="Orogeneza hercyńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orogeneza hercyńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenia_herc%C3%ADnica" title="Orogenia hercínica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orogenia hercínica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeneza_hercinic%C4%83" title="Orogeneza hercinică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orogeneza hercinică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Герцинская складчатость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герцинская складчатость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Variscan orogeny" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herc%C3%BDnske_vr%C3%A1snenie" title="Hercýnske vrásnenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hercýnske vrásnenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Херцинска орогенеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херцинска орогенеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercinska_orogeneza" title="Hercinska orogeneza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hercinska orogeneza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variskilaiset_vuorijonot" title="Variskilaiset vuorijonot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Variskilaiset vuorijonot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersiniyen_orojenezi" title="Hersiniyen orojenezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hersiniyen orojenezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Герцинська складчастість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герцинська складчастість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8A%9B%E8%A5%BF%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%B1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="华力西造山运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="华力西造山运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q840828#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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style="display:none">Collision of tectonic plates resulting in the creation of mountains</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercynides_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hercynides_EN.svg/300px-Hercynides_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hercynides_EN.svg/450px-Hercynides_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hercynides_EN.svg/600px-Hercynides_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Hercynian-<a href="/wiki/Alleghenian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleghenian orogeny">Alleghenian</a> mountain belts in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period. Present day coastlines are indicated in grey for reference.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Variscan orogeny</b>, or <b>Hercynian orogeny</b>, was a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a> between <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a> (Laurussia) and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variscan_orogeny&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Variscan</i> comes from the Medieval <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name for the district <i><a href="/wiki/Variscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Variscia">Variscia</a></i>, the home of a Germanic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a>, professor of geology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, coined the term in 1880. (<a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a>, a rare green mineral first discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> in Germany, which is in the Variscan belt, has the same etymology.) </p><p><i>Hercynian</i>, on the other hand, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a>. Both words were descriptive terms of <a href="/wiki/Strike_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike (geology)">strike</a> directions observed by geologists in the field, <i>variscan</i> for southwest to northeast, <i>hercynian</i> for northwest to southeast. The <i>variscan</i> direction reflected the direction of ancient fold belts cropping out throughout Germany and adjacent countries and the meaning shifted from direction to the fold belt proper. </p><p>One of the pioneers in research on the Variscan fold belt was the German geologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kossmat" title="Franz Kossmat">Franz Kossmat</a>, establishing a still valid division of the European Variscides in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other direction, <i>Hercynian</i>, for the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> Mountains in Germany, saw a similar shift in meaning. Today, <i>Hercynian</i> is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for <i>Variscan</i> but is somewhat less used than the latter in the English speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, it is used only for European orogenies; the contemporaneous and genetically linked mountain-building phases in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> have different names.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hwilliams_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hwilliams-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regional term <i>Variscan</i> underwent a further meaning shift since the 1960s. Geologists generally began to use it to characterize late Paleozoic fold-belts and orogenic phases having an age of approximately 380 to 280 Ma. </p><p>Some publications use the term <i>Variscan</i> for fold belts of even younger age,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deviating from the meaning as a term for the North American and European orogeny related to the Gondwana-Laurasia collision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variscan_orogeny&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png/300px-Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png/450px-Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png/600px-Distribution_of_varisican_orogenies.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of orogenies with similar ages to the Variscan orogeny (shaded)</figcaption></figure> <p>The North American and European Variscan Belt includes the mountains of Portugal and Spain (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>), southwestern Ireland (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>. Its effects are present in France from <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, below the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. </p><p>The Variscan Belt reappears in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in Italy and in Germany where the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Massif" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Massif">Rhine Massif</a> (Ardennes, <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a> and other regions on both sides of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a> Valley), the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz Mountains">Harz Mountains</a> remain as testimony. In southern Iberia it is marked by a classic strike-slip suture zone between very distinct suspect terranes, and clear evidence can be seen of ductile shearing between high-grade <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a> and lower grade sedimentary rocks in a wide belt north of the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and extending into the northernmost part the autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Czech Republic and southwestern Poland the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Massif" title="Bohemian Massif">Bohemian Massif</a> is the eastern end of the unmodified Variscan belt of crustal deformation in Europe. Further Variscan developments to the southeast are partly hidden and <a href="/wiki/Overprinting_(geology)" title="Overprinting (geology)">overprinted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> a Variscan core is built by <a href="/wiki/Mercantour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantour">Mercantour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelvoux" title="Pelvoux">Pelvoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belledonne" title="Belledonne">Belledonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Montblanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aar_Massif" class="mw-redirect" title="Aar Massif">Aar Massif</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dinarides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinarides">Dinaric</a>, Greek and Turkish mountain chains are the southeastern termination of the Variscan proper.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Variscan was contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_orogeny" title="Acadian orogeny">Acadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alleghenian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleghenian orogeny">Alleghenian orogeny</a> in the United States and Canada, responsible for forming the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Ouachita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. North American areas with Variscan foldbelts include <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Meseta" title="Moroccan Meseta">Moroccan Meseta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Atlas" title="Anti-Atlas">Anti-Atlas</a> in northwestern Africa show close relations to the Appalachian Mountains and used to form the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian orogeny">Appalachian orogeny</a> before the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Variscan' mountains in a broad chronological sense include the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> and other Asian foldbelts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variscan_orogeny&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Variscan orogeny involved a complicated heterogeneous assembly of different microplates and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterochronous" class="extiw" title="wikt:heterochronous">heterochronous</a> collisions, making the exact reconstruction of the plate tectonic processes difficult. Plate convergence that caused the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> continued to form the Variscan orogeny in the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Periods. Both orogenies resulted in the assembly of a super-continent, <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, which was essentially complete by the end of the Carboniferous. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> Period, a land mass, which has been named Gondwana (present day South America, Africa, Antarctica, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> and Australia), straddled the space between the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> on one side of the globe. Off to the west were three other masses: <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, located as if on the vertices of a triangle. To the south of them was a large archipelago, the <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>, rifted off the north Gondwana margin in early <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>. </p><p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early Devonian</a> times, Baltica and Laurentia drifted towards each other, closing the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a> between them. They collided in the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> and formed the Caledonide mountains of North America, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, the British Isles and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a> to the south of Avalonia pushed the latter into north Laurentia and thrust up the northern Appalachian Mountains in the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_orogeny" title="Acadian orogeny">acadian phase</a> of the Caledonian orogeny. Contemporaneously the <a href="/wiki/Tornquist_Sea" title="Tornquist Sea">Tornquist Sea</a> between Avalonia and Baltica was entirely closed. Thus Avalonia formed the southern coast of the new continent <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laurussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurussia">Laurussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a> continent in present-day North America, the British Isles, northern Germany, Scandinavia and western Russia). </p><p>In late Devonian and in the Carboniferous the archipelago <a href="/wiki/Armorican_terrane" title="Armorican terrane">Armorica</a> of southern Europe, which had rifted off Gondwana after Avalonia later in the Ordovician, was pushed into Avalonia, creating a second range, the North American/European Variscan, to the east of the Caledonide/Appalachian. The collision of Gondwana proper with Laurussia followed in the early Carboniferous, when the Variscan belt was already in place and actively developing. </p><p>By the end of the Carboniferous, Gondwana had united with Laurussia on its western end through northern South America and northwestern Africa. Siberia was approaching from the northeast, separated from Laurussia only by shallow waters. Collision with Siberia produced the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in the latest Paleozoic and completed the formation of Pangaea. Eastern Laurussia was still divided from Gondwana by the <a href="/wiki/Paleotethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleotethys">Paleotethys</a> Ocean. In the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> Period of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> Era, animals could move without oceanic impediment from Siberia over the North Pole to Antarctica over the South Pole. In the Mesozoic Era, rifting and subsequent opening of the Atlantic split Pangaea. As a consequence, the Variscan Belt around the then periphery of Baltica ended up many hundreds of miles from the Appalachians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variscan_orogeny&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on <a href="#CITEREFMatte2001">Matte 2001</a> and <a href="#CITEREFZiegler1990">Ziegler 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKossmat1927" class="citation journal cs1">Kossmat, F. (1927). "Gliederung des varistischen Gebirgsbaus". <i>Abh. Sächs. Geol. L.-A</i>. <b>1</b>. Leipzig: 1–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abh.+S%C3%A4chs.+Geol.+L.-A.&rft.atitle=Gliederung+des+varistischen+Gebirgsbaus&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kossmat&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Google search on December 29, 2007: approximately 44,500 for <i>Variscan orogeny</i>, approximately 15,000 <i>Hercynian orogeny</i>. In German: 1,170 for "variszische Orogenese", 154 for "herzynische Orogenese".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Variscan+*%2CHercynian+*&year_start=1940&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=3">https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Variscan+*%2CHercynian+*&year_start=1940&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=3</a> ; retrieved 17 November 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/devonian/devtect.html"><i>Tectonics of the Devonian</i></a>. Website of University of California Museum of Paleontology. Accessed on December 29, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hwilliams-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hwilliams_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927053810/http://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/GEOL_3020/exam3review.htm">"The Hercynian Orogeny"</a>. Historical Geology, University of North Texas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, K. Y. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913035632/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1871">"Geology of petroleum and coal deposits in the North China Basin, Eastern China"</a>. <i>USGS Bulletin 1871</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/b/b1871">the original</a> on 2019-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-17</span></span>. Table 1, p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USGS+Bulletin+1871&rft.atitle=Geology+of+petroleum+and+coal+deposits+in+the+North+China+Basin%2C+Eastern+China&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=K.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%2Fusgspubs%2Fb%2Fb1871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Catalán2012" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez Catalán, José R. (2012-07-01). "The Central Iberian arc, an orocline centered in the Iberian Massif and some implications for the Variscan belt". <i>International Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>101</b> (5): 1299–1314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJEaS.101.1299M">2012IJEaS.101.1299M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00531-011-0715-6">10.1007/s00531-011-0715-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1437-3262">1437-3262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195334509">195334509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Central+Iberian+arc%2C+an+orocline+centered+in+the+Iberian+Massif+and+some+implications+for+the+Variscan+belt&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1299-1314&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00531-011-0715-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195334509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1437-3262&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012IJEaS.101.1299M&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Catal%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo-BlancOrozco1991" class="citation journal cs1">Crespo-Blanc, Ana; Orozco, Miguel (1991-10-01). "The boundary between the Ossa-Morena and Southportuguese Zones (Southern Iberian Massif): Major suture in the European Hercynian Chain". <i>Geologische Rundschau</i>. <b>80</b> (3): 691–702. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991GeoRu..80..691C">1991GeoRu..80..691C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01803695">10.1007/BF01803695</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1149">1432-1149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128688878">128688878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologische+Rundschau&rft.atitle=The+boundary+between+the+Ossa-Morena+and+Southportuguese+Zones+%28Southern+Iberian+Massif%29%3A+Major+suture+in+the+European+Hercynian+Chain&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=691-702&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01803695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128688878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-1149&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991GeoRu..80..691C&rft.aulast=Crespo-Blanc&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Orozco%2C+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unil.ch/igp/page22669_fr.html">Tectonic Map of the western Tethysides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423091159/http://www.unil.ch/igp/page22669_fr.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Institute of Geology and Paleontology of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Accessed on December 29, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhardCaritgHelgRobert-Charrue2006" class="citation journal cs1">Burkhard, M.; Caritg, S.; Helg, U.; Robert-Charrue, C.; Soulaimani, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soulaimani.chez-alice.fr/Burkhardet%20al_2006.pdf">"Tectonics of the anti-Atlas of Morocco"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comptes Rendus Geoscience</i>. <b>338</b> (1): 11–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006CRGeo.338...11B">2006CRGeo.338...11B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crte.2005.11.012">10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.012</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Tectonics+of+the+anti-Atlas+of+Morocco&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-24&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crte.2005.11.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006CRGeo.338...11B&rft.aulast=Burkhard&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Caritg%2C+S.&rft.au=Helg%2C+U.&rft.au=Robert-Charrue%2C+C.&rft.au=Soulaimani%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoulaimani.chez-alice.fr%2FBurkhardet%2520al_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unil.ch/igp/page22666_en.html"><i>Paleotethys</i>. Paleogeographic reconstructions for the Devonian and Carboniferous</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151513/http://www.unil.ch/igp/page22666_en.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Tethyan Plate Tectonic Working Group</i> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Accessed on December 29, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage4.htm">Paleogeographic configuration Lower Carboniferous</a>. <i>Paleomap Project</i> by C.Scotese. Accessed on December 29, 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variscan_orogeny&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatte2001" class="citation journal cs1">Matte, P. (2001). "The Variscan collage and orogeny (480 ±290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review". <i>Terra Nova</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001TeNov..13..122M">2001TeNov..13..122M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3121.2001.00327.x">10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129727506">129727506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terra+Nova&rft.atitle=The+Variscan+collage+and+orogeny+%28480+%C2%B1290+Ma%29+and+the+tectonic+definition+of+the+Armorica+microplate%3A+a+review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-128&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129727506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-3121.2001.00327.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001TeNov..13..122M&rft.aulast=Matte&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ziegler" title="Peter Ziegler">Ziegler, P.A.</a> (1990). <i>Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe</i> (2 ed.). Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6644-125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6644-125-5"><bdi>978-90-6644-125-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+Atlas+of+Western+and+Central+Europe&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Shell+Internationale+Petroleum+Maatschappij+BV&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-6644-125-5&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_RaumerStampfliBorelBussy2002" class="citation journal cs1">von Raumer, J.; Stampfli, G.M.; Borel, G.D.; Bussy, F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/310796/files/531_2002_Article_200.pdf">"The organisation of pre-Variscan basement areas at the north-Gondwanan margin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 35–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJEaS..91...35V">2002IJEaS..91...35V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs005310100200">10.1007/s005310100200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131617311">131617311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+organisation+of+pre-Variscan+basement+areas+at+the+north-Gondwanan+margin&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-52&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131617311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs005310100200&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002IJEaS..91...35V&rft.aulast=von+Raumer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stampfli%2C+G.M.&rft.au=Borel%2C+G.D.&rft.au=Bussy%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F310796%2Ffiles%2F531_2002_Article_200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_RaumerStampfliBussy2003" class="citation journal cs1">von Raumer, J.; Stampfli, G.M.; Bussy, F. (2003). "Gondwana-derived microcontinents - the constituents of the Variscan and Alpine collisional orogens". <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>365</b> (1–4): 7–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Tectp.365....7V">2003Tectp.365....7V</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.430.1420">10.1.1.430.1420</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2803%2900015-5">10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00015-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Gondwana-derived+microcontinents+-+the+constituents+of+the+Variscan+and+Alpine+collisional+orogens&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=7-22&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.430.1420%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2803%2900015-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Tectp.365....7V&rft.aulast=von+Raumer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stampfli%2C+G.M.&rft.au=Bussy%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampfliBorel2004" class="citation book cs1">Stampfli, GM; Borel, GD (2004). "The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain". In Cavazza W; Roure F; Spakman W; Stampfli GM; Ziegler P (eds.). <i>The TRANSMED Atlas: the Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle</i>. Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-22181-4"><bdi>978-3-540-22181-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+TRANSMED+Transects+in+Space+and+Time%3A+Constraints+on+the+Paleotectonic+Evolution+of+the+Mediterranean+Domain&rft.btitle=The+TRANSMED+Atlas%3A+the+Mediterranean+Region+from+Crust+to+Mantle&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-22181-4&rft.aulast=Stampfli&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Borel%2C+GD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariscan+orogeny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variscan_orogeny&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Scotese" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher R. Scotese">Christopher R. Scotese</a>, Paleomap Project: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage3.htm">Early Devonian Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage4.htm">Early Carboniferous Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/late.htm">Late Carboniferous Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage8.htm">Triassic Map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Blakey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Blakey (page does not exist)">Ronald Blakey</a>, Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpgeosystems.com/300_Carb_Penn_EurMap_plates.jpg">Europe in the Late Carboniferous</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922025225/http://cpgeosystems.com/300_Carb_Penn_EurMap_plates.jpg">Archived</a> 2015-09-22 at the <a 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