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href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics_and_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics_and_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Genetics and breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics_and_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>History of the cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GMO_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GMO_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.1</span> <span>GMO cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GMO_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetable_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetable_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vegetable oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetable_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Animal feed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Biodiesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapeseed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85" title="سلجم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="راپس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راپس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আবাদি সরিষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবাদি সরিষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1" title="रेपसीड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेपसीड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Рапица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рапица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="སྣུམ་ཚལ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྣུམ་ཚལ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uljana_repica" title="Uljana repica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uljana repica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colza" title="Colza – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%C4%83" title="Рапсă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рапсă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukev_%C5%99epka" title="Brukev řepka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brukev řepka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAp" title="Rêp – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rêp" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B7" title="Ελαιοκράμβη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελαιοκράμβη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Репс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Репс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolzo" title="Kolzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koltza" title="Koltza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="کلزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colza" title="Colza – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colza" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ib" title="Ráib – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ráib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colza" title="Colza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B1%84" title="유채 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유채" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Սևուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սևուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कैनोला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैनोला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bpik" title="Rěpik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rěpik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uljana_repica" title="Uljana repica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uljana repica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabeto" title="Nabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repja" title="Repja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Repja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לפתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לפתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რაფსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაფსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsis" title="Rapsis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rapsis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsas" title="Rapsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rapsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colsa" title="Colsa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Colsa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repce" title="Repce – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repce" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="റേപ്സീഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേപ്സീഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85" title="سلجم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلجم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_sesawi" title="Biji sesawi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biji sesawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolzaad" title="Koolzaad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolzaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8A" title="セイヨウアブラナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セイヨウアブラナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1" title="ਰੇਪਸੀਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਪਸੀਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coss%C3%A5" title="Cosså – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cosså" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratabach" title="Ratabach – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ratabach" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzepak" title="Rzepak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzepak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colza" title="Colza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Rapiță – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rapiță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rapeseed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapusta_repkov%C3%A1_prav%C3%A1" title="Kapusta repková pravá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kapusta repková pravá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repna_ogr%C5%A1%C4%8Dica" title="Repna ogrščica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Repna ogrščica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Уљана репица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уљана репица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uljana_repica" title="Uljana repica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uljana repica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa" title="Rapa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rapa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juureskaali" title="Juureskaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juureskaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslus" title="Aslus – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aslus" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ผักกาดก้านขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผักกาดก้านขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanola" title="Kanola – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanola" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рапс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рапс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ріпак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ріпак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raps" title="Raps – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Raps" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_d%E1%BA%A7u" title="Cải dầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cải dầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golz%C3%A5" title="Golzå – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Golzå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" title="Brassica napus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brassica napus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B9%E8%8F%9C" title="欧洲油菜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲油菜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C" title="קאנאלא אויל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנאלא אויל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%A5%E8%8A%B1%E7%B1%BD" title="芥花籽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芥花籽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapsos" title="Rapsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rapsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B9%E8%8F%9C" title="欧洲油菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲油菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rapeseed" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant species grown for its oil-rich seed</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brassica napus" redirects here. For another cultivar of the same species grown for its root, see <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">Rutabaga</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Similar <i>Brassica</i> plants used in cooking as leafy greens, and also called <i>rape</i> may include <a href="/wiki/Rapini" title="Rapini">rapini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choy_sum" title="Choy sum">choy sum</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Rapeseed </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg/250px-Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg/330px-Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg/440px-Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Brassica" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica"><i>Brassica</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. napus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Brassica napus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Rapeseed</b> (<b><i>Brassica napus</i> subsp. <i>napus</i></b>), also known as <b>rape</b> and <b>oilseed rape</b>, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of mildly toxic <a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">erucic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fsa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>" denotes a group of rapeseed <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> that were bred to have very low levels of <a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">erucic acid</a> and which are especially prized for use as human and animal food. Rapeseed is the third-largest source of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> and the second-largest source of protein meal in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RapeseedFields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fields" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/RapeseedFields.jpg/250px-RapeseedFields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/RapeseedFields.jpg/330px-RapeseedFields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/RapeseedFields.jpg/500px-RapeseedFields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Growth habit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%28MHNT%29_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg/220px-%28MHNT%29_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%28MHNT%29_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg/330px-%28MHNT%29_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%28MHNT%29_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg/440px-%28MHNT%29_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brassica_napus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blossoms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brassica_napus_2.jpg/220px-Brassica_napus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brassica_napus_2.jpg/330px-Brassica_napus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brassica_napus_2.jpg/440px-Brassica_napus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brassica_napus_fruit7_(14678237321).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pod with seeds inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg/220px-Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg/330px-Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg/440px-Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5772" data-file-height="5772" /></a><figcaption>Under a microscope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_yellow_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""The yellow cloud" by Hanno Karlhuber, depicting a flowering field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_yellow_cloud.jpg/250px-The_yellow_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_yellow_cloud.jpg/330px-The_yellow_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_yellow_cloud.jpg/500px-The_yellow_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>"The yellow cloud" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_Karlhuber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanno Karlhuber (page does not exist)">Hanno Karlhuber</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Brassica napus</i> grows to 100 centimetres (39 inches) in height with hairless, fleshy, <a href="/wiki/Pinnatifid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnatifid">pinnatifid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">glaucous</a> lower leaves<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1965_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1965-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbParnellDoogue1996_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbParnellDoogue1996-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are stalked whereas the upper leaves have no <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed flowers are bright yellow and about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>17 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are radial and consist of four <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a> in a typical cross-form, alternating with four <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a>. They have indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Racemose" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemose">racemose</a> flowering starting at the lowest bud and growing upward in the following days. The flowers have two lateral <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> with short filaments, and four median stamens with longer filaments whose anthers split away from the flower's center upon flowering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapeseed pods are green and elongated <a href="/wiki/Silique" title="Silique">siliquae</a> during development that eventually ripen to brown. They grow on <a href="/wiki/Pedicels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicels">pedicels</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1 to 3 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) long, and can range from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each pod has two <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">compartments</a> separated by an inner central wall within which a row of seeds develops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds are round and have a diameter of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.5 to 3 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in). They have a reticulate surface texture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are black and hard at maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_species">Similar species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Similar species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>B. napus</i> can be distinguished from <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_nigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica nigra">B. nigra</a></i> by the upper leaves which do not clasp the stem, and from <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">B. rapa</a></i> by its smaller petals which are less than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />13 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <i>Brassica napus</i> belongs to the flowering plant family <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a>. Rapeseed is a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Autonym_(botany)" title="Autonym (botany)">autonym</a> <i>B. napus</i> subsp. <i>napus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encompasses winter and spring oilseed, vegetable and fodder rape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siberian kale is a distinct leaf rape form <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">variety</a> (<i>B. napus</i> var. <i>pabularia</i>) which used to be common as a winter-annual vegetable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second subspecies of <i>B. napus</i> is <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga"><i>B. napus </i>subsp.<i> rapifera</i></a> (also subsp. <i>napobrassica</i>; the rutabaga, swede, or yellow turnip).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012b_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCBI2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCBI2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>B. napus</i> is a digenomic <a href="/wiki/Amphidiploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphidiploid">amphidiploid</a> that occurred due to the <a href="/wiki/Interspecific_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interspecific hybridization">interspecific hybridization</a> between <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_oleracea" title="Brassica oleracea">B. oleracea</a></i> and <i>B. rapa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19936_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19936-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a self-compatible pollinating species like the other amphidiploid <i>Brassica</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19937_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19937-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "rape" derives from the Latin word for <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rāpa</i></span> or <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapum">rāpum</a></i>, cognate with the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥάφη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhaphe</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Northern Ireland, <i>B. napus</i> and <i>B. rapa</i> are recorded as <a href="/wiki/Escaped_plant" title="Escaped plant">escapes</a> in roadside verges and waste ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesleyWilde1997104_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeesleyWilde1997104-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blooming field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg/250px-Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg/330px-Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg/500px-Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Crops from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i>, including rapeseed, were among the earliest plants to be widely cultivated by humankind as early as 10,000 years ago. Rapeseed was being cultivated in India as early as 4000 B.C. and it spread to China and Japan 2000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed oil is predominantly cultivated in its winter form in most of Europe and Asia due to the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">vernalization</a> to start the process of flowering. It is sown in autumn and remains in a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">leaf rosette</a> on the soil surface during the winter. The plant grows a long vertical stem in the next spring followed by lateral branch development. It generally flowers in late spring with the process of pod development and ripening occurring over a period of 6–8 weeks until midsummer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, winter rapeseed is grown as an annual break crop in three to four-year rotations with cereals such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and break crops such as <a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">peas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>. This is done to reduce the possibility of pests and diseases being carried over from one crop to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20083_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20083-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter rape is less susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Crop_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop failure">crop failure</a> as it is more vigorous than the summer variety and can compensate for damage done by pests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20084_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20084-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Field pictured in Kärkölä, Päijänne Tavastia, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg/250px-Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg/330px-Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg/500px-Field_in_K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rk%C3%B6l%C3%A4,_P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne_Tavastia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kärkölä, Päijänne Tavastia">Kärkölä, Päijänne Tavastia</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Spring rapeseed is cultivated in Canada, northern Europe and Australia as it is not winter-hardy and does not require vernalization. The crop is sown in spring with stem development happening immediately after <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed can be cultivated on a wide variety of well-drained soils, prefers a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> between 5.5 and 8.3 and has a moderate tolerance of <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgMRC2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgMRC2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is predominantly a <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">wind-pollinated</a> plant but shows significantly increased grain yields when <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee#Pollination" title="Honey bee">bee-pollinated</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambóDe_OliveiraGarciaDuarte-Júnior20142087_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambóDe_OliveiraGarciaDuarte-Júnior20142087-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost double the final yield<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the effect is cultivar dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindströmHerbertssonRundlöfSmith2015759_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindströmHerbertssonRundlöfSmith2015759-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently grown with high levels of nitrogen-containing fertilisers, and the manufacture of these generates <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N<sub>2</sub>O</a>. An estimated 3–5% of nitrogen provided as fertilizer for rapeseed is converted to N<sub>2</sub>O.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed has a high demand for nutrients - in particular, its sulphur demand is the highest among all arable crops. Since the decrease of atmospheric sulphur inputs during the 1980s sulphur fertilization has become a standard measure in oilseed rape production.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the micronutrients, special attention in rapeseed cultivation has to be given to <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div> <p>The cultivatable range for rapeseed is expected to decrease due to climate change. The quality of the crop, in both yield and volume of oil, is also expected to decrease substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers recommend finding alternative varieties of <i>Brassica</i> for cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main diseases of the winter rapeseed crop are <a href="/wiki/Canker" title="Canker">canker</a>, light leaf spot (<i><a href="/wiki/Pyrenopeziza_brassicae" title="Pyrenopeziza brassicae">Pyrenopeziza brassicae</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_stem_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternaria stem rot">alternaria-</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_stem_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotinia stem rot">sclerotinia-</a></i> stem rots. Canker causes <a href="/wiki/Leaf_spot" title="Leaf spot">leaf spotting</a>, and premature <a href="/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening">ripening</a> and weakening of the stem during the autumn-winter (fall-winter) period. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conazole_fungicide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conazole fungicide (page does not exist)">conazole-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triazole_fungicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Triazole fungicide">triazole-</a> fungicide treatment is required in late autumn (fall) and in spring against canker while broad-spectrum fungicides are used during the spring-summer period for alternaria and sclerotinia control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20087_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20087-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oilseed rape cannot be planted in close rotation with itself due to soil-borne diseases such as sclerotinia, <a href="/wiki/Verticillium_wilt" title="Verticillium wilt">verticillium wilt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clubroot" title="Clubroot">clubroot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20083_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20083-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transgenic_rapeseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic rapeseed">Transgenic rapeseed</a> shows great promise for <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Disease_resistance"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Disease_resistance_in_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease resistance in crops">disease resistance</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alt-Diseases_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alt-Diseases-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transexpression" class="mw-redirect" title="Transexpression">Transexpression</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Class_II_chitinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Class II chitinase">class II chitinase</a> from <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) and a <a href="/wiki/Type_I_ribosome_inactivating_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I ribosome inactivating protein">type I ribosome inactivating protein</a> into <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">B. juncea</a></i> produces a large <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="Fungal_disease_resistance"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Fungal_disease_resistance_in_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal disease resistance in crops">fungal resistance effect</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alt-Diseases_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alt-Diseases-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chhikara <i>et al.</i>, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-Combined-Expression_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combined-Expression-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that this combination of <a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">transgenes</a> reduces <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphal</a> growth by 44% and <a href="/wiki/Growth_inhibition" title="Growth inhibition">delays disease presentation</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_brassicicola" title="Alternaria brassicicola">Alternaria brassicicola</a></i> of <i>juncea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alt-Diseases_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alt-Diseases-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blackleg_(Brassica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackleg (Brassica)">Blackleg</a> (<i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i>/<i>Phoma lingam</i>) is a major disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Identification_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identification-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yu <i>et al.</i>, 2005 uses <a href="/wiki/Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism" title="Restriction fragment length polymorphism">restriction fragment length polymorphism</a> analysis on two <a href="/wiki/Doubled_haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubled haploid">doubled haploid</a> populations <a href="/w/index.php?title=DHP95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DHP95 (page does not exist)">DHP95</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DHP96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DHP96 (page does not exist)">DHP96</a>. They find one <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">resistance genes</a> in each, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="LepR1"></span><span class="vanchor-text">LepR1</span></span></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/LepR1" class="mw-redirect" title="LepR1">LepR1</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Identification_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identification-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapeseed is attacked by a wide variety of insects, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="Nematode_pests"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Nematode_pests_of_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematode pests of crops">nematodes</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="Slug_pests"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Slug_pests_of_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Slug pests of crops">slugs</a></span></span> as well as <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">wood pigeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20086_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20086-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brassica pod midge (<i><a href="/wiki/Dasineura_brassicae" title="Dasineura brassicae">Dasineura brassicae</a></i>), cabbage seed weevil (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceutorhynchus_assimilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceutorhynchus assimilis (page does not exist)">Ceutorhynchus assimilis</a></i>), cabbage stem weevil (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceutorhynchus_pallidactylus" title="Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus">Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus</a></i>), cabbage stem flea beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Psylliodes_chrysocephala" title="Psylliodes chrysocephala">Psylliodes chrysocephala</a></i>), rape stem weevil (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceutorhynchus_napi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceutorhynchus napi (page does not exist)">Ceutorhynchus napi</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Pollen_beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollen beetles">pollen beetles</a> are the primary insect pests that prey on the oilseed rape crop in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20089_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20089-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insect pests can feed on developing pods to lay eggs inside and eat the developing seeds, bore into the plant's stem and feed on pollen, leaves and flowers. Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroid</a> insecticides are the main attack vector against insect pests though there is a large-scale use of <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> insecticides in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20087_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20087-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molluscicide" title="Molluscicide">Molluscicide</a> pellets are used either before or after sowing of the rapeseed crop to protect against slugs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20086_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20086-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Genetics"></span><span class="anchor" id="Breeding"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics_and_breeding">Genetics and breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics and breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014 an <a href="/wiki/SNP_array" title="SNP array">SNP array</a> was released for <i>B. napus</i> by Dalton-Morgan <i>et al.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulse-KempLemmPlieskeAshrafi20151188_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulse-KempLemmPlieskeAshrafi20151188-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another by Clarke <i>et al.</i>, in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERasheedHaoXiaKhan20171050_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasheedHaoXiaKhan20171050-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which have since become widely used in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_breeding" title="Molecular breeding">molecular breeding</a>. In a demonstration of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetics</a>, Hauben <i>et al.</i>, 2009 found that <a href="/wiki/Isogenic_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Isogenic line">isogenic lines</a> did <i>not</i> have identical energy use efficiencies in actual growing conditions, due to epigenetic differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERasheedHaoXiaKhan20171054_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasheedHaoXiaKhan20171054-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_locus_amplified_fragment_sequencing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (page does not exist)">Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SLAF-seq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLAF-seq (page does not exist)">SLAF-seq</a>) was applied to <i>B. napus</i> by Geng <i>et al.</i>, in 2016, revealing the genetics of the past domestication process, providing data for <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome-wide association studies">genome-wide association studies</a> (GWAS), and being used to construct a <a href="/wiki/High-density_linkage_map" class="mw-redirect" title="High-density linkage map">high-density linkage map</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERasheedHaoXiaKhan20171054_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasheedHaoXiaKhan20171054-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_the_cultivars">History of the cultivars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History of the cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agricultural scientists</a> launched a marketing campaign to promote <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a> consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiyam-HolländerEskinMatthäus20134_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiyam-HolländerEskinMatthäus20134-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seed, oil, and protein meal derived from rapeseed cultivars which are low in erucic acid and low in glucosinolates was originally registered as a trademark, in 1978, of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canola_Council_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canola Council of Canada (page does not exist)">Canola Council of Canada</a>, as "canola".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMag1983380_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMag1983380-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoché20155_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoché20155-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed, but is still officially defined in Canada as rapeseed oil that "must contain less than 2% erucic acid and less than 30 μmol of glucosinolates per gram of air-dried oil-free meal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoché20155_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoché20155-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECFIA2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECFIA2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s decreasing atmospheric sulphur inputs to Northern European soils in connection with a less efficient internal use of sulphur in the metabolism of the newly bred low-glucosinolate varieties (00-varieties) resulted in an increased appearance of white flowering, a highly specific symptom of sulphur deficiency, in rapeseed crops<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which during the official variety assessment procedures was wrongly attributed to a genetic inhomogeneity ("Canadian blood").<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anticipated damages of wild animals caused by foraging on 00-oilseed rape crops was caused by a shift of the animals diet towards increased uptake protein and sulphur containing metabolites at the expense of fibers, but not to specific features of the genetically altered 00-varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the European Parliament's <a href="/wiki/Transport_Biofuels_Directive_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport Biofuels Directive 2003">Transport Biofuels Directive</a> in 2003 promoting the use of biofuels, the cultivation of winter rapeseed increased dramatically in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bayer_Cropscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer Cropscience">Bayer Cropscience</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/BGI-Shenzhen" class="mw-redirect" title="BGI-Shenzhen">BGI-Shenzhen</a>, China, KeyGene, the Netherlands, and the University of Queensland, Australia, announced it had sequenced the entire genome of <i>B. napus</i> and its constituent genomes present in <i>B. rapa</i> and <i>B. oleracea</i> in 2009. The "A" genome component of the amphidiploid rapeseed species <i>B. napus</i> has been sequenced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinational_Brassica_Genome_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multinational Brassica Genome Project (page does not exist)">Multinational <i>Brassica</i> Genome Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> variety of rapeseed was developed in 1998, engineered for <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> tolerance, and is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola. By 2009, 90% of the rapeseed crops planted in Canada were of this sort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckieHarkerLégèreMorrison201143_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckieHarkerLégèreMorrison201143-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="GMO_cultivars">GMO cultivars</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: GMO cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roundup_Ready_Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup Ready Canola">Roundup Ready Canola</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> company <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered">genetically engineered</a> new cultivars of rapeseed to be resistant to the effects of its <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup</a>. In 1998, they brought this to the Canadian market. Monsanto sought compensation from farmers found to have crops of this cultivar in their fields without paying a license fee. However, these farmers claimed that the pollen containing the <i>Roundup Ready</i> gene was blown into their fields and crossed with unaltered canola. Other farmers claimed that after spraying Roundup in non-canola fields to kill weeds before planting, <i>Roundup Ready</i> <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(botany)" title="Volunteer (botany)">volunteers</a> were left behind, causing extra expense to rid their fields of the weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2008_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a closely followed legal battle, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> found in favor of Monsanto's <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> claim for unlicensed growing of <i>Roundup Ready</i> in its 2004 ruling on <i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Canada_Inc._v._Schmeiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser">Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser</a></i>, but also ruled that Schmeiser was not required to pay any damages. The case garnered international controversy, as a court-sanctioned legitimization for the global patent protection of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a>. In March 2008, an <a href="/wiki/Out-of-court_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-court settlement">out-of-court settlement</a> between Monsanto and Schmeiser agreed that Monsanto would clean up the entire GMO-canola crop on Schmeiser's farm, at a cost of about CAN$660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2008_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartley2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> reports global production of 36 million metric tons (40 million short tons; 35 million long tons) in the 2003–2004 season, and an estimated 58.4 million metric tons (64.4 million short tons; 57.5 million long tons) in the 2010–2011 season.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide production of rapeseed (including canola) has increased sixfold between 1975 and 2007. The production of canola and rapeseed since 1975 has opened up the edible oil market for rapeseed oil. Since 2002, production of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> has been steadily increasing in EU and U.S. to 6 million metric tons (6.6 million short tons; 5.9 million long tons) in 2006. Rapeseed oil is positioned to supply a good portion of the vegetable oils needed to produce that fuel. World production was thus expected to trend further upward between 2005 and 2015 as biodiesel content requirements in Europe go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top rapeseed producers in millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT1961-2021_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT1961-2021-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>1961</th> <th>1971</th> <th>1981</th> <th>1991</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>0.4</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>13.4</td> <td>14.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>14.6</td> <td>14.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>10.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td><0.007</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td><0.007</td> <td><0.06</td> <td><0.03</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>0.006</td> <td>0.004</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.009</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>0.002</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0.09</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>World Total</b></td> <td>3.6</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>27.8</td> <td>36.0</td> <td>62.8</td> <td>72.0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapeseed,_roasted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roasted canola seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg/220px-Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg/330px-Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg/440px-Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Roasted canola</figcaption></figure> <p>Rapeseed is grown for the production of edible vegetable oils, animal feed, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>. Rapeseed was the third-leading source of vegetable oil in the world in 2000, after <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the world's second-leading source of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> meal after soybean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetable_oil">Vegetable oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vegetable oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed oil</a></div> <p>Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils, but historically was used in limited quantities due to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Erucic_acid" title="Erucic acid">erucic acid</a>, which is damaging to <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a> of animals, and glucosinolates, which made it less nutritious in animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapeseed oil can contain up to 54% erucic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food-grade oil derived from rapeseed cultivars, known as canola oil or low-erucic-acid rapeseed oil (LEAR oil), has been <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2% in the EU,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid are not believed to cause harm in human <a href="/wiki/Infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Infants">infants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEC1980_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEC1980-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Animal feed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Processing of rapeseed for oil production produces rapeseed meal as a byproduct. The byproduct is a high-protein animal feed, competitive with soybean. Rapeseed is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> crop (fermented and stored in air-tight conditions for later use as a winterfeed). The feed is employed mostly for <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> feeding, but is also used for <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the high levels of <a href="/wiki/Glucosinolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosinolates">glucosinolates</a>, sinapine, and phytic acid in the seed cake of rapeseed cause detrimental health effects to animals, reduce digestibility of certain nutrients, reduce palatability, and contribute to eutrophication of waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPottsRakowMales1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPottsRakowMales1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, rapeseed meal is mostly used as a soil fertilizer rather than for animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonjeanDequidtSangLimagrain20166_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonjeanDequidtSangLimagrain20166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biodiesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles. Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and is frequently combined with fossil-fuel <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel. Owing to the costs of growing, crushing, and refining rapeseed biodiesel, rapeseed-derived biodiesel from new oil costs more to produce than standard diesel fuel, so diesel fuels are commonly made from the used oil. Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for biodiesel production in most of Europe, accounting for about 80% of the feedstock,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> partly because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources, such as soybeans, but primarily because canola oil has a significantly lower <a href="/wiki/Gel_point_(petroleum)" title="Gel point (petroleum)">gel point</a> than most other vegetable oils. </p><p>Because of anticipated changes to climate, a 2018 study predicted that rapeseed would become an unreliable source of oil for biofuels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapeseed is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crop</a> in the US during the winter as it prevents <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, produces large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, suppresses weeds and can improve soil <a href="/wiki/Tilth" title="Tilth">tilth</a> with its root system. Some cultivars of rapeseed are also used as annual forage and are ready for grazing livestock 80 to 90 days after planting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgMRC2018_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgMRC2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed has a high <a href="/wiki/Melliferous_flower" title="Melliferous flower">melliferous</a> potential (produces substances that can be collected by insects) and is a main forage crop for <a href="/wiki/Honeybees" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybees">honeybees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monofloral rapeseed honey has a whitish or milky yellow color, peppery taste and, due to its fast crystallization time, a soft-solid texture. It crystallizes within 3 to 4 weeks and can ferment over time if stored improperly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixandru2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELixandru2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low fructose-to-glucose ratio in <a href="/wiki/Monofloral_honey" title="Monofloral honey">monofloral rapeseed honey</a> causes it to quickly granulate in the <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a>, forcing beekeepers to extract the honey within 24 hours of it being capped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Lubricant#Biolubricant" title="Lubricant">biolubricant</a>, rapeseed has possible uses for bio-medical applications (e.g., lubricants for artificial joints) and the use of personal lubricant for sexual purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalimonSalihYousif2010522_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalimonSalihYousif2010522-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biolubricant containing 70% or more canola/rapeseed oil has replaced petroleum-based chainsaw oil in Austria although it is typically more expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrett1998_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrett1998-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed has been researched as a means of containing <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a> that contaminated the soil after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2004-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it has a rate of uptake up to three times more than other grains, and only about 3 to 6% of the radionuclides go into the oilseeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2004-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapeseed meal can be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Biofumigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofumigant">biofumigant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Recent-Advances_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recent-Advances-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suppresses such <a href="/wiki/Fungal_crop_pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal crop pathogen">fungal crop pathogens</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia_solani" title="Rhizoctonia solani">Rhizoctonia solani</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratylenchus_penetr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratylenchus penetr (page does not exist)">Pratylenchus penetr</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Recent-Advances_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recent-Advances-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_U" title="Triangle of U">Triangle of U</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brassica napus</i> was originally described and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> 2:666. 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010a_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGRIN2010a">GRIN 2010a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fsa_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Food Standards Australia New Zealand (June 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/documents/Erucic%20acid%20monograph.pdf">Erucic acid in food: A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112106/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/documents/Erucic%20acid%20monograph.pdf">Archived</a> 23 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Technical report series No. 21; Page 4 paragraph 1; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-34526-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-34526-0">0-642-34526-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUSDA2002">USDA 2002</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020">Heuzé et al. 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1965-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1965_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1965">Martin 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParnellCurtisWebb2012">Parnell, Curtis & Webb 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbParnellDoogue1996-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbParnellDoogue1996_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebbParnellDoogue1996">Webb, Parnell & Doogue 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallihanBrennanMillerBrown2000">Callihan et al. 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnowdonLühsFriedt2006">Snowdon, Lühs & Friedt 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlford2008">Alford 2008</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012a_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGRIN2012a">GRIN 2012a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnowdonLühsFriedt2006">Snowdon, Lühs & Friedt 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010b-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010b_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGRIN2010b">GRIN 2010b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012b-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012b_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGRIN2012b">GRIN 2012b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENCBI2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCBI2013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNCBI2013">NCBI 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19936-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19936_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowneyRimmer1993">Downey & Rimmer 1993</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19937-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19937_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowneyRimmer1993">Downey & Rimmer 1993</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED2016">OED 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeesleyWilde1997104-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesleyWilde1997104_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeesleyWilde1997">Beesley & Wilde 1997</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford20083-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20083_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20083_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlford2008">Alford 2008</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li 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id="CITEREFGuptaGangoliyaSingh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Raj Kishor; Gangoliya, Shivraj Singh; Singh, Nand Kumar (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325021">"Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains"</a>. <i>J Food Sci Technol</i>. <b>52</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">676–</span>684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13197-013-0978-y">10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325021">4325021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694676">25694676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Food+Sci+Technol&rft.atitle=Reduction+of+phytic+acid+and+enhancement+of+bioavailable+micronutrients+in+food+grains&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E684&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4325021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25694676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13197-013-0978-y&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Raj+Kishor&rft.au=Gangoliya%2C+Shivraj+Singh&rft.au=Singh%2C+Nand+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4325021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonjeanDequidtSangLimagrain20166-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonjeanDequidtSangLimagrain20166_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonjeanDequidtSangLimagrain2016">Bonjean et al. 2016</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELixandru2017-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixandru2017_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLixandru2017">Lixandru 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalimonSalihYousif2010522-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalimonSalihYousif2010522_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalimonSalihYousif2010">Salimon, Salih & Yousif 2010</a>, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrett1998-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrett1998_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrett1998">Garrett 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2004-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2010-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2010_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2010">Walker 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recent-Advances-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recent-Advances_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recent-Advances_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReddy2013" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, Parvatha (2013). <i>Recent Advances in Crop Protection</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-0723-8">10.1007/978-81-322-0723-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-0723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-0723-8"><bdi>978-81-322-0723-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012948035">2012948035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13212055">13212055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Advances+in+Crop+Protection&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-81-322-0723-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13212055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012948035&rft.isbn=978-81-322-0723-8&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Parvatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapeseed&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgMRC2018" class="citation web cs1">AgMRC (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/grains-oilseeds/rapeseed">"Rapeseed"</a>. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapeseed&rft.pub=Agricultural+Marketing+Resource+Center&rft.date=2018&rft.au=AgMRC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agmrc.org%2Fcommodities-products%2Fgrains-oilseeds%2Frapeseed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlford2008" class="citation book cs1">Alford, David V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tv-0bmKqVMC"><i>Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Pests</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405171564" title="Special:BookSources/9781405171564"><bdi>9781405171564</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biocontrol+of+Oilseed+Rape+Pests&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405171564&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=David+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Tv-0bmKqVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckieHarkerLégèreMorrison2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beckie, Hugh J.; Harker, K Neil; Légère, Anne; Morrison, Malcolm J; Séguin-Swartz, Ginette; Falk, Kevin C (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canolawatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20110309_FPJ_Aut11_Beckie.et_.al_.pdf">"GM Canola: The Canadian Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Policy_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farm Policy Journal (page does not exist)">Farm Policy Journal</a></i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Farm+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=GM+Canola%3A+The+Canadian+Experience&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Beckie&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rft.au=Harker%2C+K+Neil&rft.au=L%C3%A9g%C3%A8re%2C+Anne&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Malcolm+J&rft.au=S%C3%A9guin-Swartz%2C+Ginette&rft.au=Falk%2C+Kevin+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canolawatch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F10%2F20110309_FPJ_Aut11_Beckie.et_.al_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeesleyWilde1997" class="citation book cs1">Beesley, Stan; Wilde, John (1997). <i>Urban Flora of Belfast</i>. 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"Crismer values and erucic acid contents of rapeseed oils". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oil_Chemists%27_Society" title="Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society">Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society</a></i>. <b>54</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02672436">10.1007/BF02672436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84400266">84400266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oil+Chemists%27+Society&rft.atitle=Crismer+values+and+erucic+acid+contents+of+rapeseed+oils&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02672436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84400266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sahasrabudhe&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapeseed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalimonSalihYousif2010" class="citation journal cs1">Salimon, Jumat; Salih, Nadia; Yousif, Emad (2010). 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links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brassica_napus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brassica napus">Brassica napus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rapeseed_oil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed oil</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cantonese_cuisine364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantonese_cuisine" title="Template:Cantonese cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantonese_cuisine" title="Template talk:Cantonese cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantonese cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cantonese_cuisine364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao yu">Bao yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's nest soup">Bird's nest soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_delight" title="Buddha's delight">Buddha's delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_seafood_soup" title="Cantonese seafood soup">Cantonese seafood soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_steamed_eggs" title="Chinese steamed eggs">Chinese steamed eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Congee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispy_fried_chicken" title="Crispy fried chicken">Crispy fried chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_tiger_phoenix" title="Dragon tiger phoenix">Dragon tiger phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_foo_young" title="Egg foo young">Egg foo young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_treasure_duck" title="Eight treasure duck">Eight treasure duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">Hot pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_chicken" title="Lemon chicken">Lemon chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_knuckles_and_ginger_stew" title="Pork knuckles and ginger stew">Pork knuckles and ginger stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_birdsnest" title="Seafood birdsnest">Seafood birdsnest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_bite_chicken" title="Snake bite chicken">Snake bite chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce_chicken" title="Soy sauce chicken">Soy sauce chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_minced_pork" title="Steam minced pork">Steam minced pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgum" title="Subgum">Subgum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Suckling pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour_pork" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet and sour pork">Sweet and sour pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_boiled_shrimp" title="White boiled shrimp">White boiled shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_cut_chicken" title="White cut chicken">White cut chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonton_noodles" title="Wonton noodles">Wonton noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_fried_rice" title="Yangzhou fried rice">Yangzhou fried rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">yum cha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_tofu" title="Almond tofu">Almond tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">Beef tripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha_siu_bao" title="Cha siu bao">Cha siu bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_feet" title="Chicken feet">Chicken feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_bar" title="Coconut bar">Coconut bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_gow" title="Har gow">Har gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_dui" title="Jian dui">Jian dui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_mai_gai" title="Lo mai gai">Lo mai gai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_gao" title="Nian gao">Nian gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox-tongue_pastry" title="Ox-tongue pastry">Ox-tongue pastry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_noodle_roll" title="Rice noodle roll">Rice noodle roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumai" title="Shumai">Shumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_roll" title="Spring roll">Spring roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamed_meatball" title="Steamed meatball">Steamed meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wing" title="Swiss wing">Swiss wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro_cake" title="Taro cake">Taro cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taro_dumpling" title="Taro dumpling">Taro dumpling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_as_food" title="Tendon as food">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu_skin_roll" title="Tofu skin roll">Tofu skin roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip_cake" title="Turnip cake">Turnip cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chestnut_cake" title="Water chestnut cake">Water chestnut cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yau_gok" title="Yau gok">Yau gok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">Youtiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaliang" title="Zhaliang">Zhaliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine#Siu_laap" title="Cantonese cuisine">Siu laap</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_siu" title="Char siu">Char siu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sausage" title="Chinese sausage">Chinese sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_mei" title="Lou mei">Lou mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_cuttlefish" title="Orange cuttlefish">Orange cuttlefish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_mei" title="Siu mei">Siu mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yuk" title="Siu yuk">Siu yuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_cut_chicken" title="White cut chicken">White cut chicken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desserts and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_bakery_products" title="List of Chinese bakery products">pastry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_almond_biscuit" title="Chinese almond biscuit">Almond biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscuit roll">Biscuit roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuk_Deuk_Tong" title="Deuk Deuk Tong">Deuk Deuk Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douhua" title="Douhua">Douhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_milk_curd" title="Ginger milk curd">Ginger milk curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_mai_chi" title="Lo mai chi">Lo mai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_sponge_cake" title="Malay sponge cake">Malay sponge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">Mooncake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_cake" title="Red bean cake">Red bean cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Red bean soup">Red bean soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage_bun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sausage bun">Sausage bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_bu_shuai" title="Tang bu shuai">Tang bu shuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_sui" title="Tong sui">Tong sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar_sponge_cake" title="White sugar sponge cake">White sugar sponge cake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Condiments and spices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_bean_curd" title="Fermented bean curd">Fermented bean curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sauce" title="XO sauce">XO sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_ball" title="Beef ball">Beef ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bean_paste" title="Black bean paste">Black bean paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conpoy" title="Conpoy">Conpoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Fermented black beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ball" title="Fish ball">Fish ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcake" title="Fishcake">Fishcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glebionis_coronaria" title="Glebionis coronaria">Garland chrysanthemum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gai_lan" title="Gai lan">Kai-lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Mantis shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ong_choy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ong choy">Ong choy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_blood_curd" title="Pig blood curd">Pig blood curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_ear_(food)" title="Pig's ear (food)">Pig's ear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saang_mein" title="Saang mein">Saang mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahe_fen" title="Shahe fen">Shahe fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_roe_noodles" title="Shrimp roe noodles">Shrimp roe noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_ribs" title="Spare ribs">Spare ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_cai" title="Suan cai">Suan cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu_skin" title="Tofu skin">Tofu skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">Wonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_mein" title="Yi mein">Yi mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youmian" title="Youmian">Youmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zha_cai" title="Zha cai">Zha cai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herb_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese herb tea">Chinese herb tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_shredded_squid" title="Dried shredded squid">Dried shredded squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_fo_tong" title="Lou fo tong">Lou fo tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_restaurant" title="Cantonese restaurant">Cantonese restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_cuisine" title="Shanghai cuisine">Shanghai cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">History of Chinese cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brassica568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brassica" title="Template:Brassica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brassica" title="Template talk:Brassica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brassica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brassica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brassica568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_carinata" title="Brassica carinata">Brassica carinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_elongata" title="Brassica elongata">Brassica elongata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_fruticulosa" title="Brassica fruticulosa">Brassica fruticulosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_hilarionis" title="Brassica hilarionis">Brassica hilarionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">Brassica juncea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus">Brassica napus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_oleracea" title="Brassica oleracea">Brassica oleracea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">Brassica rapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_tournefortii" title="Brassica tournefortii">Brassica tournefortii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomdong" title="Bomdong">Bomdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">Bok choy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">Napa cabbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_sum" title="Choy sum">Choy sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">Collard greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">Kohlrabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanohana" title="Nanohana">Nanohana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapini" title="Rapini">Rapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">Rutabaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_greens_(Brassica_oleracea)" title="Spring greens (Brassica oleracea)">Spring greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsoi" title="Tatsoi">Tatsoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_U" title="Triangle of U">Triangle of U</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brassica" title="Category:Brassica">Brassica</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brassicaceae" title="Category:Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables" title="Cruciferous vegetables">Cruciferous vegetables</a>)</b>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Brassica" title="Template:Brassica">Brassica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cruciferous_Biochemistry" title="Template:Cruciferous Biochemistry">Cruciferous Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae#Genera" title="Brassicaceae">genera (list)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers7382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers7382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Brassica napus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177932" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q177932">Q177932</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Brassica napus">Brassica napus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=4235">4235</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=1217">1217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/78037">78037</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39209">39209</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=1143">1143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/N82B">N82B</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=549">549</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/583918">583918</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BRSNN">BRSNN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/164206">164206</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/2995">2995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200009263">200009263</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Brassica%20napus">Brassica napus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009263">200009263</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/BRANAP">BRANAP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3042636">3042636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=7661">7661</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/75869">75869</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=2793">2793</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/279419-1">279419-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10197341">10197341</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/91761">91761</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23060">23060</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=614">614</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151959/">2.151959</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000002801">NBNSYS0000002801</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3708">3708</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Brassica~napus">Brassica~napus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/dc7e4b57-2a59-4142-b5e1-2e8878653183">dc7e4b57-2a59-4142-b5e1-2e8878653183</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6479/">6479</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=309234">309234</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Brassica_napus">Brassica_napus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=1650">1650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2682380">kew-2682380</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/BRNA">BRNA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A279419-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279419-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/143093/wd/Details">143093</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/4100068">4100068</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3922">3922</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/845dd989-72c0-4eea-88ae-ea4f9fcc1244">845dd989-72c0-4eea-88ae-ea4f9fcc1244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=2784">2784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=226">226</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000571271">wfo-0000571271</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993758">993758</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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tooltip-dotted" title="Raps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129767-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85111405">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="řepka olejka"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph230279&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="řepka setá"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph230278&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563122105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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[\"CITEREFHaneklausMessickSchnug1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulse-KempLemmPlieskeAshrafi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaimeAlcántaraManzanedaRey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindströmHerbertssonRundlöfSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLixandru2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMag1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNCBI2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnellCurtisWebb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPottsRakowMales1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasheedHaoXiaKhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoché2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahasrabudhe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalimonSalihYousif2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnugHaneklaus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghMehtaMeena2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnowdonLühsFriedt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiyam-HolländerEskinMatthäus2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSDA2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSFDA2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbParnellDoogue1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuLydiateRimmer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFzum_FeldeStrackBeckerBaumert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Genetics\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BLR\"] = 1,\n [\"Bioenergy\"] = 1,\n [\"Brassica\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"CZE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cantonese cuisine\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"DEN\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBR\"] = 1,\n [\"GER\"] = 1,\n [\"HUN\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"LIT\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Open access\"] = 2,\n [\"POL\"] = 1,\n [\"ROM\"] = 1,\n [\"RP\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 73,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"UKR\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","180","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","160","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","140","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","8.9"],["type","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.6"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","20","1.8"],["[others]","160","14.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-x8qpl","timestamp":"20250330020547","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rapeseed","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapeseed","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q177932","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q177932","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-01T11:24:13Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T01:22:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/57\/Brassica_napus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-169.jpg","headline":"plant species grown for its oil-rich seed"}</script> </body> </html>