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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="مارتن شوارزشيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن شوارزشيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="مارتن شوارتسشیلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتن شوارتسشیلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মার্টিন শোয়ার্জশিল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন শোয়ার্জশিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="مارتن شوارتزشیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتن شوارتزشیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4_%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="마르틴 슈바르츠실트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르틴 슈바르츠실트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="مارتن شوارزشيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن شوارزشيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="マーティン・シュヴァルツシルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・シュヴァルツシルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Шварцшильд, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шварцшильд, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="مارتن شوارزشیڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارتن شوارزشیڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மார்ட்டின் சுவார்சுசைல்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ட்டின் சுவார்சுசைல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Мартін Шварцшильд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Шварцшильд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Schwarzschild" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF" title="馬丁·史瓦西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬丁·史瓦西" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60891#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-American astrophysicist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Martin Schwarzschild</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-05-31</span>)</span>May 31, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 10, 1997<span style="display:none">(1997-04-10)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Langhorne,_Pennsylvania" title="Langhorne, Pennsylvania">Langhorne, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">German; American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Stellar structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_Cleveland_Prize" title="Newcomb Cleveland Prize">Newcomb Cleveland Prize</a> <small>(1957)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild_Medal" title="Karl Schwarzschild Medal">Karl Schwarzschild Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brouwer_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Brouwer Award">Brouwer Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">Foreign Member of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Pisani_Belserene" title="Emilia Pisani Belserene">Emilia Pisani Belserene</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Schwarzschild</b> (May 31, 1912 – April 10, 1997) was a <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> astrophysicist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schwarzschild was born in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> into a distinguished German Jewish academic family. His father was the physicist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Karl Schwarzschild</a> and his uncle the astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emden" title="Robert Emden">Robert Emden</a>. His sister, <a href="/wiki/Agathe_Thornton" title="Agathe Thornton">Agathe Thornton</a>, became a classics scholar in New Zealand. </p><p>In line with a request in his father's will, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> in 1916. Schwarzschild studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> and took his doctoral examination in December 1936. He left Germany in 1936 for Norway and then the United States. Schwarzschild served in the US army intelligence. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Star">Bronze Star</a> for his wartime service. After returning to the US, he married fellow astronomer Barbara Cherry (1914–2008).<sup id="cite_ref-PASP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PASP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Martin Schwarzschild joined his lifelong friend, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> at Princeton University. Spitzer died 10 days before Schwarzschild. </p><p>Schwarzschild's work in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">stellar structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> led to improved understanding of pulsating stars, differential solar rotation, post-main sequence <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary track">evolutionary tracks</a> on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (including how stars become red giants), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_shell_source&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen shell source (page does not exist)">hydrogen shell sources</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>, and the ages of <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">star clusters</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>, he computed some of the first stellar models to correctly ascend the <a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">red-giant branch</a> by steadily burning hydrogen in a shell around the core.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Härm were the first to compute stellar models going through thermal pulses on the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later showed that these models develop convective zones between the helium- and hydrogen-burning shells,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can bring nuclear ashes to the visible surface. Schwarzschild's 1958 book <i>Structure and Evolution of the Stars</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taught a generation of astrophysicists how to apply electronic computers to the computation of stellar models. </p><p>In the 1950s and ’60s he headed the <a href="/wiki/Stratoscope" title="Stratoscope">Stratoscope</a> projects, which took instrumented balloons to unprecedented heights. The first Stratoscope produced high resolution images of <a href="/wiki/Solar_granule" title="Solar granule">solar granules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a>, confirming the existence of convection in the solar atmosphere, and the second obtained infrared spectra of planets, <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> stars, and the nuclei of galaxies. In his later years he made significant contributions toward understanding the dynamics of elliptical galaxies. Schwarzschild was renowned as a teacher and held major leadership positions in several scientific societies. </p><p>In the 1980s, Schwarzschild applied his numerical skills to building models for triaxial galaxies. <sup id="cite_ref-NATURE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATURE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schwarzschild was the Eugene Higgins Professor Emeritus of Astronomy at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where he spent most of his professional life.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTIMES_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild_Medal" title="Karl Schwarzschild Medal">Karl Schwarzschild Medal</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-AAS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_Medal" title="Eddington Medal">Eddington Medal</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1965)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rittenhouse_Medal" title="Rittenhouse Medal">Rittenhouse Medal</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brouwer_Award_(Division_on_Dynamical_Astronomy)" title="Brouwer Award (Division on Dynamical Astronomy)">Brouwer Award</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> (1994, with <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memberships">Memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1954)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_after_him">Named after him</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Named after him"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/4463_Marschwarzschild" class="mw-redirect" title="4463 Marschwarzschild">4463 Marschwarzschild</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratoscope" title="Stratoscope">Stratoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perhapsatron" title="Perhapsatron">Perhapsatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_instability" title="Interchange instability">Interchange instability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMestel1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Mestel" title="Leon Mestel">Mestel, L.</a> (1999). "Martin Schwarzschild. 31 May 1912 -- 10 April 1997: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1996". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>45</b>: 469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0031">10.1098/rsbm.1999.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73338309">73338309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Martin+Schwarzschild.+31+May+1912+--+10+April+1997%3A+Elected+For.Mem.R.S.+1996&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=469&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73338309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mestel&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAVID_M._HERSZENHORN1997" class="citation web cs1">DAVID M. HERSZENHORN (April 12, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/12/us/martin-schwarzschild-84-innovative-astronomer.html">"Martin Schwarzschild, 84, Innovative Astronomer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Martin+Schwarzschild%2C+84%2C+Innovative+Astronomer&rft.date=1997-04-12&rft.au=DAVID+M.+HERSZENHORN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F04%2F12%2Fus%2Fmartin-schwarzschild-84-innovative-astronomer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PASP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PASP_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Trimble1997" class="citation journal cs1">Virginia Trimble (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F134011">"Martin Schwarzschild (1912-1997)"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>109</b>. Astronomical Society of Pacific: 1289. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109.1289T">1997PASP..109.1289T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F134011">10.1086/134011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Martin+Schwarzschild+%281912-1997%29&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=1289&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F134011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PASP..109.1289T&rft.au=Virginia+Trimble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F134011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.towntopics.com/feb0409/obits.php">"Obituary. Barbara Schwarzschild"</a>. <i>Town Topics, Princeton's Community Newspaper</i>. Vol. LXIII, no. 5. February 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Town+Topics%2C+Princeton%27s+Community+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Obituary.+Barbara+Schwarzschild&rft.volume=LXIII&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.towntopics.com%2Ffeb0409%2Fobits.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyleSchwarzschild1955" class="citation cs2">Hoyle, F.; Schwarzschild, M. (1955), "On the Evolution of Type II Stars", <i>Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>, <b>2</b>: 1, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955ApJS....2....1H">1955ApJS....2....1H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190015">10.1086/190015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=On+the+Evolution+of+Type+II+Stars&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955ApJS....2....1H&rft.aulast=Hoyle&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Schwarzschild%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschildHärm1965" class="citation cs2">Schwarzschild, M.; Härm, R. (1965), "Thermal Instability in Non-Degenerate Stars.", <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>, <b>142</b>: 855, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJ...142..855S">1965ApJ...142..855S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F148358">10.1086/148358</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Thermal+Instability+in+Non-Degenerate+Stars.&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=855&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F148358&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965ApJ...142..855S&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=H%C3%A4rm%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschildHärm1967" class="citation cs2">Schwarzschild, M.; Härm, R. (1967), "Hydrogen Mixing by Helium-Shell Flashes", <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>, <b>150</b>: 961, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967ApJ...150..961S">1967ApJ...150..961S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F149396">10.1086/149396</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Mixing+by+Helium-Shell+Flashes&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=961&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F149396&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967ApJ...150..961S&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=H%C3%A4rm%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschild1958" class="citation book cs1">Schwarzschild, M. 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Princeton University Press, Princeton. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ses..book.....S">1958ses..book.....S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+and+evolution+of+the+stars&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+Princeton&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958ses..book.....S&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATURE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATURE_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstriker1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. 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P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F41230">"Obituary: Martin Schwarzschild (1912-97)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>388</b> (6641): 430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.388..430.">1997Natur.388..430.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F41230">10.1038/41230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37318823">37318823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Martin+Schwarzschild+%281912-97%29&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=6641&rft.pages=430&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37318823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F41230&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.388..430.&rft.aulast=Ostriker&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F41230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTIMES-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTIMES_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAVID_M._HERSZENHORN1997" class="citation web cs1">DAVID M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winners+of+the+Gold+Medal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.pub=Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ras.org.uk%2Fawards-and-grants%2Fawards%2F268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/martin-schwarzschild">"Martin Schwarzschild"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Martin+Schwarzschild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fmartin-schwarzschild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/50695.html">"Martin Schwarzschild"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Martin+Schwarzschild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F50695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Martin+Schwarzschild&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMartin%2BSchwarzschild%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schwarzschild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Published papers of Martin Schwarzschild on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/basic_connect?qsearch=Martin+Schwarzschild&version=1">SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System</a></li> <li>D. Merritt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9906250">Martin Schwarzschild's Contributions to Galaxy Dynamics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4870-1">Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzschild, 4 sessions, 1977</a>. Niels Bohr Library, <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>, College Park, MD.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107629">Oral history interview with Martin Schwarzschild, 1986</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Jonathan Ashmore">Jonathan Ashmore</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165792" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165792">David Beach</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166054" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166054">John Michael Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dobson" title="Chris Dobson">Chris Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Dowling" title="Patrick J. Dowling">Patrick J. Dowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Edwards" title="Dianne Edwards">Dianne Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Edwards_(chemist)" title="Peter Edwards (chemist)">Peter Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Feast" title="Jim Feast">Jim Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Denis_Gale" title="Michael Denis Gale">Michael Denis Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gubbins" title="David Gubbins">David Gubbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jessell" title="Thomas Jessell">Thomas Jessell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(oncologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lane (oncologist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Geoffrey_Low" title="Martin Geoffrey Low">Martin Geoffrey Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lyne" title="Andrew Lyne">Andrew Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Manton" title="Nicholas Manton">Nicholas Manton</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166323" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166323">Francis Patrick McCormick</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macintyre" title="Iain Macintyre">Iain MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Meade" title="Thomas Meade">Thomas Meade</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166093" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166093">Stewart Crichton Miller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165128" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165128">Ian Mark Mills</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Narasimhan" title="M. S. Narasimhan">M. S. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Partridge" title="Linda Partridge">Linda Partridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166619" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166619">Malcolm Peaker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Pickett" title="John A. Pickett">John A. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pusey" title="Peter Pusey">Peter Pusey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Roth_(psychiatrist)" title="Martin Roth (psychiatrist)">Martin Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sachrajda" title="Christopher Sachrajda">Christopher Sachrajda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekhard_Salje" title="Ekhard Salje">Ekhard Salje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Shallice" title="Tim Shallice">Tim Shallice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._W._Smith" title="George D. W. Smith">George D. W. Smith</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166197" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166197">Edwin Smith</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ian_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ian Stuart">David Ian Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Robert_Sutherland" title="Grant Robert Sutherland">Grant Robert Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Taylor" title="Martin J. Taylor">Martin J. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_V._Tobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip V. Tobias">Phillip V. Tobias</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18529937" class="extiw" title="d:Q18529937">James Whitelaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Benjamin_Mountcastle" title="Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle">Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Rice" title="James R. Rice">James R. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rossmann" title="Michael Rossmann">Michael Rossmann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Schwarzschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132511800">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83827671">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12280658d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12280658d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35108077">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p141200553">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:schwarzschild.martin">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/157495">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/martin-schwarzschild/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/828977">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132511800.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031627765">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t9pnj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&oldid=1245494967">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schwarzschild&oldid=1245494967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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