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Al-Afdal Shahanshah - Wikipedia
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Al-Afdal+Shahanshah%22">"Al-Afdal Shahanshah"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Al-Afdal+Shahanshah%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Al-Afdal+Shahanshah%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Al-Afdal+Shahanshah%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Al-Afdal+Shahanshah%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Al-Afdal+Shahanshah%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Al-Afdal Shahanshah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأفضل شاهنشاه</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Afḍal Shāhanshāh</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Lavendalius/Elafdalio</i>; 1066 – 11 December 1121), born <b>Abu al-Qasim Shahanshah bin Badr al-Jamali</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Fatimid caliphs</a> of Egypt. According to a later biographical encyclopedia, he was surnamed <b>al-Malik al-Afdal</b> ("the excellent king"),<sup id="cite_ref-Khallikan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khallikan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is not supported by contemporary sources. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">al-Afdal Shahanshah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>1094–1121</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Musta'li Billah">al-Musta'li Billah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1066<br><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, Fatimid Caliphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1121 (aged 54–55)<br><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Fatimid Caliphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Mulk_Husayn" title="Sama' al-Mulk Husayn">Sama' al-Mulk</a> <br> <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Badr al-Jamali (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ascent_to_power"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ascent to power</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Conflict_with_the_Crusaders"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with the Crusaders</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Final_years_and_assassination"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Final years and assassination</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Buildings"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Buildings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ascent_to_power">Ascent to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ascent to power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> mamluk who became Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr was vizier for the Fatimids in Cairo from 1074 until his death in 1094, when al-Afdal succeeded him. Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Al-Mustansir Billah</a> died soon afterwards, and al-Afdal appointed as caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li</a>, a child, instead of al-Mustali's much older brother <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar ibn al-Mustansir</a>. Nizar revolted and was defeated in 1095; which led to tension between Al-Afdal and Nizar’s supporters, mainly <a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Isma'ili</a> group known also as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">order of Assassins</a>. </p><p>At this time Fatimid power in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> had been reduced by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>. In 1097 he captured <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a> from the Seljuks, and in 1098 he took Jerusalem, expelling its <a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqid</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Ilghazi" title="Ilghazi">Ilghazi</a> and installing in his place the Fatimid official <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_al-Dawla" title="Iftikhar al-Dawla">Iftikhar al-Dawla</a>. Al-Afdal restored most of Palestine to Fatimid control, at least temporarily. </p><p>Under al-Afdal, the caliphs were confined in their palace, away from public view, and even bereft of their ceremonial functions, which al-Afdal arrogated to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014164_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014164-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vizier even moved the setting for most public ceremonies and the celebration of festivals away from the caliphal palace to his own palace, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dar al-Mulk</i></span>, which he built in 1106–1108 outside the city walls of Cairo. Built on the shore of the Nile outside the city walls of Cairo, the large vizieral palace of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dar-al-Mulk</i></span> has since disappeared without a trace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Crusaders">Conflict with the Crusaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Crusaders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Al-Afdal misunderstood the Crusaders as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> mercenaries; this misperception caused al-Afdal to conclude that the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> would make for natural allies, as each were enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>. Fatimid overtures for an alliance with the crusaders were rebuffed, and the crusaders continued southward from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">capture Jerusalem</a> from Fatimid control in 1099. </p><p>When it became apparent that the Crusaders would not rest until they had control of the city, al-Afdal marched out from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, but was too late to rescue Jerusalem, which fell on 15 July 1099. On 12 August 1099, the Crusaders under <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> surprised al-Afdal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a> and completely defeated him. Al-Afdal would later reassert Fatimid control of Ascalon, as the Crusaders did not attempt to retain it, and utilize it as a staging ground for later attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">Crusader states</a>. </p><p>When al-Musta'li died in December 1101, al-Afdal raised the five-year-old <a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a> to the throne as imam and caliph. To further strengthen the familial ties with the young caliph, he married him to his own daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the vizier, father-in-law, and uncle of the young ruler, al-Afdal placed the caliph before him on his own horse during al-Amir's inaugural procession. A decree, dictated by al-Afdal, renewed his appointment as vizier with plenipotentiary powers and ensured his ascendancy over the child-caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Afdal marched out every year to attack the nascent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, and in 1105 attempted to ally with Damascus against them, but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1105)" title="Battle of Ramla (1105)">Third Battle of Ramla</a>. Al-Afdal and his army enjoyed success only so long as no European fleet interfered, but they gradually lost control of their coastal strongholds; in 1109 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli" title="Siege of Tripoli">Tripoli</a> was lost, despite the fleet and supplies sent by al-Afdal, and the city became the centre of the Crusader state of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>. In 1110 the governor of Ascalon, Shams al-Khilafa, rebelled against al-Afdal with the intent of handing over the city to Jerusalem (for a large price). Al-Khilafa was assassinated by his Berber troops, sending his head to al-Afdal. </p><p>Al-Afdal also introduced tax (<i><a href="/wiki/Iqta" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqta">iqta</a>'</i>) reform in Egypt, which remained in place until Saladin took over Egypt. Al-Afdal was nicknamed <i>Jalal al-Islam</i> ("Glory of Islam") and <i>Nasir al-Din</i> ("Protector of the Faith"). <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a> describes him as "a firm believer in the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, upright in conduct, a lover of justice towards both troops and civil population, judicious in counsel and plan, ambitious and resolute, of penetrating knowledge and exquisite tact, of generous nature, accurate in his intuitions, and possessing a sense of justice which preserved him from wrongdoing and led him to shun all tyrannical methods." </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Final_years_and_assassination">Final years and assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Final years and assassination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_(Libanon)_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg/220px-Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg/220px-Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg/330px-Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg/440px-Foundation_inscription_-_Sidon_%28Libanon%29_-_1097_-_Louvre_-_OA_8152.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Foundational inscription from Sidon, in the name of al-Afdal</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1115, an assassin tried to kill al-Afdal, but he was saved by his bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was not harmed, his health deteriorated from that time, leading to assigning his brother Ja'far the task of adding the official, calligraphic signature to documents, while in 1115, he designated his son, <a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Mulk_Husayn" title="Sama' al-Mulk Husayn">Sama' al-Mulk Husayn</a>, as his deputy (and thus heir-apparent).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251–252_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251%E2%80%93252-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following another failed attack by three assassins in 1118, al-Afdal suspected his own sons, and had them deprived of their positions and incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251–252_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251%E2%80%93252-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 December 1121, during a procession on the last day of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, al-Afdal was assassinated. The deed was commonly attributed to (and claimed by) the Nizari <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Order of Assassins</a>. However, the contemporary Syrian chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a> states that the murder was the work of the Caliph al-Amir, and of al-Afdal's chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a>, who would succeed him as vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars commonly accept the Assassins' responsibility for the deed, apparently as revenge for Nizar's death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1969118_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1969118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but whatever his true role in his master's death, al-Bata'ihi moved quickly to take control of the situation. He took his master's body to the vizieral palace and delayed the announcement of his death until al-Amir could be notified. On the morning of the next day, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, al-Amir appointed al-Bata'ihi as vizier and publicly reasserted his position as head of the state by presiding at the day's ceremony. Al-Afdal's adult sons were imprisoned, but the other members of al-Afdal's family, to whom after all the caliph himself was related, were allowed to partake in the ceremony, and al-Afdal received a funeral and burial appropriate to his station.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, al-Amir moved quickly to confiscate al-Afdal's enormous wealth, houses, and estates, and brought the moveable items to his <a href="/wiki/Great_Fatimid_Palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fatimid Palaces">own palace</a>. So great was the treasure amassed by al-Afdal that chroniclers describe it as larger than that of any previous king, and it took forty days to move it to the caliph's palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Little survives today of the buildings commissioned by al-Afdal during his long regency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only known mosque commissioned by al-Afdal was the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Elephant" title="Mosque of the Elephant">Mosque of the Elephant</a>, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1105</span> south of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (Old Cairo), on a hill above the Lake of the Abyssinians (Birkat al-Habash).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168–169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168%E2%80%93169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the site of the first, failed attempt to build a new observatory in 1119, before it was realised that the site was unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014137–138_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014137%E2%80%93138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reports indicate that al-Afdal also rebuilt the mosque at <a href="/wiki/Gizeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizeh">Gizeh</a>, which had been destroyed by the Nile floods, but this cannot be corroborated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Afdal did also erect new <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, including at the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr">Mosque of Amr</a>, but these do not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large vizieral palace (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dar-al-Mulk</i></span>) that was built on the shore of the Nile, outside the city walls of Cairo, has also disappeared without a trace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only surviving piece of work is the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>, commissioned during the first months of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169–170_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169%E2%80%93170-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Khallikan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khallikan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khallikan1843" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9jd70CULyYC&pg=PA612">"Al-Afdal Shahanshah"</a>. <i>Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Mac_Guckin_de_Slane" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Guckin de Slane">Mac Guckin de Slane</a>. Paris. pp. 612–615.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Afdal+Shahanshah&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khallikan%27s+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=612-615&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Ibn+Khallikan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9jd70CULyYC%26pg%3DPA612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1997" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Yaacov (1997). <i>War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th centuries</i>. Brill. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10032-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10032-6"><bdi>90-04-10032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Society+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%2C+7th%E2%80%9315th+centuries&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10032-6&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014164-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014164_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017234_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251–252-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251%E2%80%93252_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017251%E2%80%93252_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017252_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1969118-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1969118_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1969">Lewis 1969</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2011">Walker 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168–169-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014168%E2%80%93169_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014137–138-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014137%E2%80%93138_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169–170-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014169%E2%80%93170_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014">Halm 2014</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/28px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1033"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/28px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" data-alt="logo" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/43px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/57px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Portal:Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <i>The Fatimid Empire</i>. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Edinburgh+History+of+the+Islamic+Empires&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4076-8&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2014). <i>Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171</i> [<i>Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171</i>] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-66163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-66163-1"><bdi>978-3-406-66163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalifen+und+Assassinen%3A+%C3%84gypten+und+der+vordere+Orient+zur+Zeit+der+ersten+Kreuzz%C3%BCge%2C+1074%E2%80%931171&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-406-66163-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1969) [1955]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusOne.i0019&id=History.CrusOne">"The Ismāʿīlites and the Assassins"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a>; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AVOOV2XGSB6CIH8A"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years</i></a> (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 99–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04834-9"><bdi>0-299-04834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABlites+and+the+Assassins&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Madison%2C+Milwaukee%2C+and+London&rft.pages=99-133&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-299-04834-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Darticle%26did%3DHistory.CrusOne.i0019%26id%3DHistory.CrusOne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, <i>A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1951.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1951" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, S. M. (1951). "The Succession to the Fatimid Imam al-Āmir, the Claims of the Later Fatimids to the Imamate, and the Rise of Ṭayyibī Ismailism". <i>Oriens</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 193–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1579511">10.2307/1579511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1579511">1579511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens&rft.atitle=The+Succession+to+the+Fatimid+Imam+al-%C4%80mir%2C+the+Claims+of+the+Later+Fatimids+to+the+Imamate%2C+and+the+Rise+of+%E1%B9%ACayyib%C4%AB+Ismailism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-255&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1579511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1579511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>. <i>A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea</i>. Edited and translated by E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.</li> <li><i>The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/H.A.R._Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="H.A.R. Gibb">H.A.R. Gibb</a>, London, 1932.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Paul E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23060">"al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23060">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-%C4%80mir+bi-A%E1%B8%A5k%C4%81m+All%C4%81h&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23060&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Afdal+Shahanshah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> </b><br>1094–1121 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐846f74b78b‐jfkgx Cached time: 20241128022242 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.692 seconds Real time usage: 0.890 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10250/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 101001/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5361/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43276/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.423/10.000 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Rendering was triggered because: unknown --> </section></div> <!-- MobileFormatter took 0.012 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&oldid=1256332911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&oldid=1256332911</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Afdal_Shahanshah&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="AnomieBOT" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731153407"> <span>Last edited on 9 November 2024, at 11:56</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="الأفضل شاهنشاه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأفضل شاهنشاه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%80fdal_ibn_Badr_al-Jamal%C3%AD" title="Al-Àfdal ibn Badr al-Jamalí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Àfdal ibn Badr al-Jamalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Schahanschah" title="Al-Afdal Schahanschah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Afdal Schahanschah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BA_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%91%CF%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Μαλίκ αλ-Αφντάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαλίκ αλ-Αφντάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="افضل شاهنشاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افضل شاهنشاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Sh%C3%A2h%C3%A2nsh%C3%A2h" title="Al-Afdal Shâhânshâh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Afdal Shâhânshâh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D6%86%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ալ-Աֆդալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Աֆդալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdhal_Syahansyah" title="Al-Afdhal Syahansyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Afdhal Syahansyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="الأفضل شاهنشاه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الأفضل شاهنشاه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdhal_Syahansyah" title="Al-Afdhal Syahansyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Afdhal Syahansyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshoh" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Al-Afdal Shahanshoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal" title="Al-Afdal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Afdal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavend%C3%A1lio" title="Lavendálio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lavendálio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_%C8%98ahan%C8%99ah" title="Al-Afdal Șahanșah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Afdal Șahanșah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аль-Афдаль Шаханшах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Афдаль Шаханшах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ал-Афдал Шаханшах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ал-Афдал Шаханшах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Afdal_%C5%A0ahan%C5%A1ah" title="Al-Afdal Šahanšah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Afdal Šahanšah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Efd%C3%A2l_%C5%9Eehin%C5%9F%C3%A2h" title="El-Efdâl Şehinşâh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El-Efdâl Şehinşâh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%B1%89%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="阿夫达·沙汉沙阿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿夫达·沙汉沙阿" data-language-autonym="中文" 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